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French Third Republic	french victory battle marne september ensured failure germanys strategy win quickly.became long bloody war attrition france emerged winning side.french intellectuals welcomed war avenge humiliation defeat loss territory .grass roots paul déroulèdes league patriots protofascist movement based lower middle class advocated war revenge since s. strong socialist movement long opposed war preparation war.however leader jean jaurès pacifist assassinated start war french socialist movement abandoned antimilitarist positions joined national war effort.prime minister rené viviani called unity form union sacrée sacred union france dissenters.
French Third Republic	fighting french army successfully defended paris conflict became one trench warfare along western front high casualty rates.became war attrition.spring almost territorial gains losses either side.georges clemenceau whose ferocious energy determination earned nickname le tigre tiger led coalition government determined defeat germany.meanwhile large swaths northeastern france fell brutal control german occupiers.
French Third Republic	bloodbath war attrition reached apogee battles verdun somme.mutiny air.consensus among soldiers agreed resist german attacks postpone french attacks americans arrived.a state emergency proclaimed censorship imposed leading creation satirical newspaper le canard enchaîné bypass censorship.economy hurt german invasion major industrial areas northeast.although occupied area contained frances industrial workers produced steel coal.
French Third Republic	war economy government implemented war economy controls rationing.war economy went high gear millions french women colonial men replaced civilian roles many million soldiers.considerable assistance came influx american food money raw materials .war economy would important reverberations war would first breach liberal theories noninterventionism.the production munitions proved striking success well ahead britain united states even germany.challenges monumental german seizure industrial heartland northeast shortage manpower mobilization plan left france brink defeat.
French Third Republic	nevertheless france producing munitions artillery allies supplying virtually heavy equipment needed arriving american army.building foundations laid early months war ministry war matched production operational tactical needs army emphasis meeting insatiable demands artillery.elaborately designed link industry army compromises made ensure artillery shells required quantity quality supplied proved crucial french success battlefield.in end damages caused war amounted gross domestic product gdp chiefly destruction productive capital housing.national debt rose gdp reflecting heavy use bond issues pay war.inflation severe franc losing half value british pound.
French Third Republic	morale uplift french national spirit many intellectuals began fashion patriotic propaganda.union sacrée sought draw french people closer actual front thus garner social political economic support soldiers.antiwar sentiment weak among general population.however among intellectuals pacifistic ligue des droits de lhomme league rights mankind ldh.kept low profile first two years war holding first congress november background slaughters french soldiers western front.
French Third Republic	theme conditions lasting peace.discussions focused frances relationship autocratic undemocratic ally russia particular square support ldh stood russias bad treatment oppressed minorities especially poles.secondly many delegates wanted issue demand negotiated peace.rejected lengthy debate showed ldh divided majority believed arbitration could applied times peace minority demanded immediate end carnage.spring desperate german offensive failed allies successfully pushed back.
French Third Republic	french people classes rallied prime minister george clemenceaus demand total victory harsh peace terms.peace revenge entry war united states side allies precipitated change fortunes late summer autumn led defeat germany world war i. important factors led surrender germany exhaustion four years fighting arrival large numbers troops united states beginning summer .peace terms imposed germany big four great britain france united states italy.clemenceau demanded harshest terms treaty versailles .germany largely disarmed forced take full responsibility war meaning expected pay huge war reparations.
French Third Republic	france regained alsacelorraine german industrial saar basin coal steel region occupied france.german african colonies kamerun partitioned france britain.remains ottoman empire germanys ally world war also collapsed end conflict france acquired mandate syria mandate lebanon.interwar period france governed two main groupings political alliances.one hand rightcenter bloc national led georges clemenceau raymond poincaré aristide briand.
French Third Republic	bloc supported business finance friendly toward army church.main goals revenge germany economic prosperity french business stability domestic affairs.hand leftcenter cartel des gauches dominated édouard herriot radical socialist party.herriots party fact neither radical socialist rather represented interests small business lower middle class.intensely anticlerical resisted catholic church.
French Third Republic	cartel occasionally willing form coalition socialist party.antidemocratic groups communists left royalists right played relatively minor roles.the flow reparations germany played central role strengthening french finances.government began largescale reconstruction program repair wartime damages burdened large public debt.taxation policies inefficient widespread evasion financial crisis grew worse poincaré levied new taxes reformed system tax collection drastically reduced government spending balance budget stabilize franc.holders national debt lost face value bonds runaway inflation occur.
French Third Republic	french economy prospered manufacturing flourished.foreign observers noted excesses french upper classes emphasized rapid rebuilding regions northeastern france seen warfare occupation.reported improvement financial markets brilliance postwar literature revival public morale.great depression world economic crisis known great depression affected france bit later countries hitting around .gdp grew strong rate .per year rate fell .. comparison countries united states great britain germany depression relatively mild unemployment peaked fall production output.
French Third Republic	addition banking crisis.in wellorganized veterans movement demanded received pensions wartime service.funded lottery—the first one allowed france since .lottery immediately became popular became major foundation annual budget.although great depression yet severe lottery appealed charitable impulses greed respect veterans.contradictory impulses produced cash make possible french welfare state crossroads philanthropy market public sphere.
French Third Republic	february crisis february crisis antiparliamentarist street demonstration paris organized multiple farright leagues culminated riot place de la concorde near seat french national assembly.police shot killed demonstrators.one major political crises third republic –.frenchmen left feared attempt organize fascist coup détat.result actions day several antifascist organisations created comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes attempt thwart rise fascism france.
French Third Republic	according historian joel colton consensus among scholars concerted unified design seize power leagues lacked coherence unity leadership accomplish end.foreign policy foreign policy growing concern france interwar period fears german militarism forefront.horrible devastation war including death .million french soldiers devastation much steel coal regions longterm costs veterans always remembered.france demanded germany assume many costs incurred war annual reparation payments.
French Third Republic	french foreign security policy used balance power alliance politics compel germany comply obligations treaty versailles.problem united states britain rejected defensive alliance.potential allies eastern europe poland czechoslovakia yugoslavia weak confront germany.russia long term french ally east controlled bolsheviks deeply distrusted paris.frances transition conciliatory policy response pressure britain united states well french weakness.france enthusiastically joined league nations felt betrayed president woodrow wilson promises united states would sign defence treaty france join league rejected united states congress.
French Third Republic	main goal french foreign policy preserve french power neutralize threat posed germany.germany fell behind reparations payments france seized industrialized ruhr region.british labour prime minister ramsay macdonald viewed reparations impossible pay successfully pressured french premier édouard herriot series concessions germany.total france received £ million germany reparations ended france pay war debts united states thus net gain £ million.france tried create web defensive treaties germany poland czechoslovakia romania yugoslavia soviet union.little effort build military strength technological capabilities small allies remained weak divided among themselves.
French Third Republic	end alliances proved worthless.france also constructed powerful defensive wall form network fortresses along german border.called maginot line trusted compensate heavy manpower losses first world war.the main goal foreign policy diplomatic response demands french army form alliances german threat especially britain smaller countries central europe.appeasement increasingly adopted germany grew stronger france suffered stagnant economy unrest colonies bitter internal political fighting.appeasement says historian martin thomas coherent diplomatic strategy copying british.france appeased italy ethiopia question could afford risk alliance italy germany.
French Third Republic	hitler sent troops rhineland—the part germany troops allowed—neither paris london would risk war nothing done.military alliance czechoslovakia sacrificed hitlers demand france britain agreed terms munich .popular front socialist movement split majority forming french communist party.minority led léon blum kept name socialist greatly outnumbered disorganized communists.stalin told french communists collaborate others left popular front made possible emphasis unity fascism.
French Third Republic	socialists radicals formed coalition communist support complete it.the popular fronts narrow victory elections spring brought power government headed socialists alliance radicals.communists supported domestic policies take seats cabinet.prime minister léon blum technocratic socialist avoided making decisions.two years office focused labour law changes sought trade unions especially mandatory hour work week hours.workers given twoweek paid vacation.
French Third Republic	collective bargaining law facilitated union growth membership soared one year workers political strength enhanced communist noncommunist unions joined together.government nationalized armaments industry tried seize control bank france effort break power richest families country.farmers received higher prices government purchased surplus wheat farmers pay higher taxes.wave wave strikes hit french industry .wage rates went work week cut back cost living rose little real gain average worker.
French Third Republic	higher prices french products resulted decline overseas sales government tried neutralize devaluing franc measure led reduction value bonds savings accounts.overall result significant damage french economy lower rate growth.most historians judge popular front failure although call partial success.general agreement failed live expectations left.politically popular front fell apart blums refusal intervene vigorously spanish civil war demanded communists.culturally popular front forced communists come terms elements french society long ridiculed patriotism veterans sacrifice honour army officer prestige bourgeois leadership socialist party parliamentary republic.communists portrayed french nationalists.
French Third Republic	young communists dressed costumes revolutionary period scholars glorified jacobins heroic predecessors.conservatism historians turned attention right interwar period looking various categories conservatives catholic groups well far right fascist movement.conservative supporters old order linked haute bourgeoisie upper middle class well nationalism military power maintenance empire national security.favourite enemy left especially represented socialists.conservatives divided foreign affairs.
French Third Republic	several important conservative politicians sustained journal gringoire foremost among andré tardieu.revue des deux mondes prestigious past sharp articles major conservative organ.summer camps youth groups organized promote conservative values workingclass families help design career path.croix de feuparti social français cfpsf especially active.relations catholicism frances republican government long strongly anticlerical.law separation church state expelled many religious orders declared church buildings government property led closing church schools.
French Third Republic	since time pope benedict xv sought rapprochement achieved reign pope pius xi –.papal encyclical maximam gravissimamque many areas dispute tacitly settled bearable coexistence made possible.the catholic church expanded social activities especially forming youth movements.example largest organization young working women jeunesse ouvrière chrétienneféminine jocf founded progressive social activist priest joseph cardijn.encouraged young working women adopt catholic approaches morality prepare future roles mothers time promoted notions spiritual equality encouraged young women take active independent public roles present.model youth groups expanded reach adults ligue ouvrière chrétienne féminine league working christian women mouvement populaire des familles.catholics far right supported several shrill small groupings preached doctrines similar fascism.
French Third Republic	influential action française founded vitriolic author charles maurras.intensely nationalistic antisemitic reactionary calling return monarchy domination state catholic church.pope pius xi condemned action française pope decided folly french church continue tie fortunes unlikely dream monarchist restoration distrusted movements tendency defend catholic religion merely utilitarian nationalistic terms.action française never fully recovered denunciation active vichy era.downfall third republic looming threat france nazi germany delayed munich conference .
French Third Republic	france great britain abandoned czechoslovakia appeased germans giving demands concerning acquisition sudetenland portions czechoslovakia germanspeaking majorities.intensive rearmament programs began redoubled would bear fruit .historians debated two themes regarding sudden collapse french government .one emphasizes broad cultural political interpretation pointing failures internal dissension sense malaise ran french society.second one blames poor military planning french high command.according british historian julian jackson dyle plan conceived french general maurice gamelin destined failure since drastically miscalculated ensuing attack german army group b central belgium.
French Third Republic	dyle plan embodied primary war plan french army stave wehrmacht army groups b c much revered panzer divisions low countries.french st th th armies british expeditionary force moved belgium meet army group b german army group outflanked allies battle sedan coming ardennes broken heavily forested terrain believed impassable armoured units.germans also rushed along somme valley toward english channel coast catch allies large pocket forced disastrous battle dunkirk.result brilliant german strategy embodied manstein plan allies defeated stunning fashion.france accept terms imposed adolf hitler second armistice compiègne signed june railway carriage germans signed armistice ended first world war november .the third republic officially ended july french parliament gave full powers marshal philippe pétain proclaimed following days état français french state commonly known vichy regime vichy france following relocation town vichy central france.
French Third Republic	charles de gaulle made appeal june earlier exhorting french accept defeat rally free france continue fight allies.throughout seventyyear history third republic stumbled crisis crisis dissolved parliaments appointment mentally ill president paul deschanel.fought bitterly first world war german empire interwar years saw much political strife growing rift right left.france liberated called restoration third republic constituent assembly established government provisional french republic draft constitution successor established fourth republic december parliamentary system unlike third republic.interpreting third republic adolphe thiers first president third republic called republicanism form government divides france least.france might agreed republic never fully accepted third republic.
French Third Republic	frances longestlasting governmental system since revolution third republic consigned history books unloved unwanted end.yet longevity showed capable weathering many storms particularly first world war.one surprising aspects third republic constituted first stable republican government french history first win support majority population intended interim temporary government.following thierss example orleanist monarchists progressively rallied republican institutions thus giving support large part elites republican form government.hand legitimists remained harshly antirepublicans charles maurras founded action française .farright monarchist movement became influential quartier latin s. also became model various far right leagues participated february riots toppled second cartel des gauches government.
French Third Republic	historiography decadence major historiographical debate latter years third republic concerns concept la décadence decadence.proponents concept argued french defeat caused regard innate decadence moral rot france.notion la décadence explanation defeat began almost soon armistice signed june .marshal philippe pétain stated one radio broadcast regime led country ruin.another said defeat punishment moral failures france rotted third republic.
French Third Republic	riom trial held bringing several leaders third republic trial declaring war germany accusing enough prepare france war.john gunther defeat france reported third republic reductio ad absurdum democracy cabinets average length eight months former prime ministers living.marc bloch book strange defeat written published posthumously argued french upper classes ceased believe greatness france following popular front victory allowed fall spell fascism defeatism.bloch said third republic suffered deep internal rot generated bitter social tensions unstable governments pessimism defeatism fearful incoherent diplomacy hesitant shortsighted military strategy finally facilitated german victory june .french journalist andré géraud wrote pen name pertinax book gravediggers france indicted prewar leadership regarded total incompetence.after concept la décadence widely embraced different french political fractions way discrediting rivals.french communist party blamed defeat corrupt decadent capitalist third republic conveniently hiding sabotaging french war effort nazisoviet pact opposition imperialist war germany –.from different perspective gaullists called third republic weak regime argued france regime headed strongman president like charles de gaulle defeat could avoided.
French Third Republic	power exactly started fifth republic.group french historians centered around pierre renouvin protégés jeanbaptiste duroselle maurice baumont started new type international history take renouvin called forces profondes profound forces influence domestic politics foreign policy.however renouvin followers still followed concept la décadence renouvin arguing french society third republic sorely lacking initiative dynamism baumont arguing french politicians allowed personal interests override ...any sense general interest.in duroselle published wellknown book entitled la décadence offered total condemnation entire third republic weak cowardly degenerate.even france concept la décadence accepted englishspeaking world british historians a. j. p. taylor often described third republic tottering regime verge collapse.a notable example la décadence thesis william l. shirers book collapse third republic french defeat explained result moral weakness cowardice french leaders.shirer portrayed édouard daladier wellmeaning weak willed georges bonnet corrupt opportunist even willing deal nazis marshal maxime weygand reactionary soldier interested destroying third republic defending general maurice gamelin incompetent defeatist pierre laval crooked cryptofascist charles maurras shirer represented frances influential intellectual preacher drivel marshal philippe pétain senile puppet laval french royalists paul reynaud petty politician controlled mistress countess hélène de portes.
French Third Republic	modern historians subscribe la décadence argument take critical view frances pre leadership without necessarily subscribing la décadence thesis include talbot imlay anthony adamthwaite serge berstein michael carely nicole jordan igor lukes richard crane.the first historian denounce la décadence concept explicitly canadian historian robert j. young book command france argued french society decadent defeat due military factors moral failures third republics leaders done best difficult conditions s. young argued decadence existed impact french military planning readiness fight.young finds american reporters late portrayed calm united competent confident france.praised french art music literature theatre fashion stressed french resilience pluck face growing nazi aggression brutality.nothing tone content articles foretold crushing military defeat collapse june .young followed historians robert frankenstein jeanpierre azema jeanlouis crémieuxbrilhac martin alexander eugenia c. kiesling martin thomas argued french weakness international stage due structural factors impact great depression french rearmament nothing french leaders decadent cowardly stand nazi germany.timeline september following collapse empire napoleon iii francoprussian war third republic created government national defence ruled siege paris september – january .may treaty frankfurt peace treaty ending francoprussian war.
French Third Republic	france lost alsace lorraine pay cash indemnity new nation germany.paris commune.formal sense paris commune simply local authority exercised power paris two months spring .separate new government adolphe thiers.regime came end bloody suppression thierss government may .– nation faced immediate political problems needed establish permanent form government.
French Third Republic	thiers wanted base constitutional monarchy britain however realized france would remain republican.expressing belief violated pact bordeaux angering monarchists assembly.result forced resign .marshal macmahon conservative roman catholic made president republic.duc de broglie orleanist prime minister.
French Third Republic	unintentionally monarchists replaced absolute monarchy parliamentary one.feb series parliamentary acts established organic constitutional laws new republic.apex president republic.twochamber parliament created along ministry president council nominally answerable president republic parliament.may public opinion swinging heavily favour republic president republic patrice macmahon monarchist made one last desperate attempt salvage monarchical cause dismissing republicminded prime minister jules simon reappointing monarchist leader duc de broglie office.dissolved parliament called general election.hope halt move towards republicanism backfired spectacularly president accused staged constitutional coup détat known le seize mai date happened.
French Third Republic	republicans returned triumphant finally killing prospect restored french monarchy gaining control senate january .macmahon resigned january leaving seriously weakened presidency shape jules grévy.jesuits several religious orders dissolved members forbidden teach state schools.following may crisis legitimists pushed power republic finally governed republicans called opportunist republicans favour moderate changes firmly establish new regime.jules ferry laws free mandatory secular public education voted one first sign republican control republic public education exclusive control catholic congregations.
French Third Republic	religious instruction removed state schools.measures accompanied abolition chaplains armed forces removal nuns hospitals.due fact france mainly roman catholic greatly opposed.republic rocked sudden shorttimed boulanger crisis spawning rise modern intellectual émile zola.later panama scandals also quickly criticized press.
French Third Republic	following anarchist auguste vaillants bombing national assembly killing nobody injuring one deputies voted lois scélérates limited freedom press laws.following year president sadi carnot stabbed death italian anarchist caserio.dreyfus affair jewish artillery officer alfred dreyfus arrested charges relating conspiracy espionage.allegedly dreyfus handed important military documents discussing designs new french artillery piece german military attaché named max von schwartzkoppen.francorussian alliance formed.
French Third Republic	writer émile zola published article entitled jaccuse... article alleged antisemitic conspiracy highest ranks military scapegoat dreyfus tacitly supported government catholic church.fashoda incident nearly causes anglofrench war.radicalsocialist party founded remained important party third republic starting end th century.year followers léon gambetta raymond poincaré became president council created democratic republican alliance ard became main centerright party world war parliamentary disappearance monarchists bonapartists.french foreign minister théophile delcassé negotiated lord lansdowne british foreign secretary entente cordiale .
French Third Republic	government introduced law separation church state heavily supported emile combes strictly enforcing voluntary association law law religious congregations freedom teaching private teaching establishments closed state causing bitter opposition catholic conservative population.became apparent documents handed schwartzkoppen dreyfus forgery dreyfus exonerated previously pardoned serving years prison.sfio french section workers international leader jean jaurèss assassination days german invasion belgium french socialist movement whole second international abandoned antimilitarist positions joined national war effort.first world war begins.see also belle époque –paris belle époqueinterwar france –economic history france–economic history france–women francefrench colonial empirelist french possessions coloniesfrench presidential elections third republicfrance long nineteenth centuryhistory france present notes references citationsbibliographysurveysbell david et al.
French Third Republic	biographical dictionary french political leaders since short articles expertsbernard philippe henri dubief.decline third republic – cambridge history modern france excerpt text searchbeaupré nicolas.les grandes guerres – paris éditions belin pp.isbn french online review english james e. connolly nov. brogan d. w development modern france – onlinebury j. p. t. france – ch –encyclopædia britannica th ed.comprises th edition plus three new volumes cover events since thorough coverage war well every country colony.
French Third Republic	included also th edition partly onlinefull text vol abbe english history online freefortescue william.third republic france – conflicts continuities excerpt text searchfuret françois.revolutionary france – pp –.survey political history leading scholarlucien edward henry .current history france.
French Third Republic	royal family france –.wikidata q.hutton patrick h. ed.historical dictionary third french republic – greenwood larkin maurice.france since popular front government people – oxford mayeur jeanmarie madeleine rebirioux.third republic origins great war – cambridge history modern france excerpt text searchshirer william l. collapse third republic inquiry fall france new york simon schuster online free borrowthomson david.
French Third Republic	democracy france third republic onlinewolf john b. france present online free pp –.wright gordon.france modern times th erd.pp –foreign policy coloniesadamthwaite anthony.grandeur misery frances bid power europe – excerpt text searchconklin alice l. mission civilize republican idea empire france west africa – excerpt text searchduroselle jeanbaptiste.france nazi threat collapse french diplomacy – translation highly influential la décadence – gooch g.p.
French Third Republic	francogerman relations – macmillan margaret.war ended peace road .macmillan margaret.paris six months changed world .nere j. foreign policy france – quinn frederick.french overseas empire taylor a.j.p..
French Third Republic	struggle mastery europe –.political ideas practicehanson stephen e .founding french third republic.comparative political studies.– –.doi.. scid .jackson julian.
French Third Republic	politics depression france – excerpt text searchkennedy sean.reconciling france democracy croix de feu parti social français – mcgillqueens pressmqup kreuzer marcus.institutions innovation voters parties interest groups consolidation democracy—france germany – u. michigan press lehning james r. citizen political culture early french third republic passmore kevin .french third republic stalemate society cradle fascism.french history.
French Third Republic	–.doi.fh...roberts john.general boulanger history today oct pp – onlineculture societyla belle époque.new york metropolitan museum art..
French Third Republic	isbn .price roger.social history nineteenthcentury france robb graham.discovery france historical geography revolution first world war weber eugen.hollow years france weber eugen.peasants frenchmen modernization rural france – excerpt text searchweber eugen.
French Third Republic	france fin de siècle zeldin theodore.france – politics anger anxiety hypocrisy taste corruption intellect pride ambition love vol topical historywomen sexuality gendercampbell caroline.gender politics interwar vichy france.contemporary european history .–.
French Third Republic	onlinecopley a. r. h. sexual moralities france – new ideas family divorce homosexuality diamond hanna.women second world war france – choices constraints harlow longman moses claire.french feminism th century excerpt text searchpedersen jean.legislating french family feminism theater republican politics – excerpt text searchworld war iaudoinrouzeau stephane annette becker.– understanding great war isbn becker jean jacques.
French Third Republic	great war french people darrow margaret h. french women first world war war stories home front doughty robert a. pyrrhic victory french strategy operations great war pp excerpt text search military historyfridenson patrick ed.french home front – .gooch g. p. recent revelations european diplomacy pp – summarizes published memoirs main participantssmith leonard v. et al.france great war tucker spencer ed.european powers first world war encyclopedia winter jay jeanlouis robert eds.capital cities war paris london berlin – vol.
French Third Republic	chapters pp comprehensive coverage scholars vol excerpt vol excerpt text searchprimary sourcesanderson f.m..constitutions select documents illustrative history france –.h. w. wilson company .complete text online
Black Wednesday	time united kingdom held presidency council european union.in uk treasury estimated cost black wednesday £.billion revised £.billion following documents released freedom information act earlier estimates placed losses much higher range £– billion.trading losses august september made minority losses estimated £ million majority loss central bank arose nonrealised profits potential devaluation.treasury papers suggested government maintained billion foreign currency reserves pound fallen amount uk could made £.
Black Wednesday	billion profit pound sterlings devaluation.the crisis damaged credibility second major ministry handling economic matters.ruling conservative party suffered landslide defeat five years later united kingdom general election return power .rebounding uk economy years black wednesday led reassessment legacy crisis john majors government adopted inflation targeting policy alternative erm set foundation prospering economy years prior financial crisis – british public turned increasingly eurosceptic.prelude erm set united kingdom declined join.controversial decision chancellor exchequer geoffrey howe staunchly proeuropean.
Black Wednesday	successor nigel lawson whilst advocating fixed exchange rate system nevertheless admired low inflationary record west germany become mideighties selfstyled exchangerate monetarist one viewing sterlingdeutschmark exchange rate least reliable guide domestic inflation hence setting interest rates various mm measures beloved labelled simonpure monetarists.justified pointing dependable strength deutsche mark reliably antiinflationary management mark bundesbank explained citing lasting impact germany disastrous hyperinflation interwar weimar republic.thus although uk joined erm lawsons direction prime minister margaret thatchers reluctant acquiescence early march treasury followed semiofficial policy shadowing deutsche mark.matters came head clash lawson thatchers economic adviser alan walters walters claimed exchange rate mechanism half baked.this led lawsons resignation chancellor replaced former treasury chief secretary john major douglas hurd foreign secretary convinced cabinet sign britain erm october effectively guaranteeing uk government would follow economic monetary policy preventing exchange rate pound member currencies fluctuating .october thatcher entered pound erm dm .
Black Wednesday	pound.hence exchange rate ever neared bottom permitted range dm .€.dmeuro conversion rate government would obliged intervene.uk inflation three times rate germany higher interest rates much lower labour productivity france germany indicated uks different economic state comparison erm countries.from beginning high german interest rates set bundesbank counteract inflationary effects related excess expenditure german reunification caused significant stress across whole erm.
Black Wednesday	uk italy additional difficulties double deficits uk also hurt rapid depreciation united states dollar – currency many british exports priced – summer.issues national prestige commitment doctrine fixing exchange rates within erm pathway single european currency inhibited adjustment exchange rates.wake rejection maastricht treaty danish electorate referendum spring announcement would referendum france well erm currencies trading close bottom erm bands came pressure foreign exchange traders.in months leading black wednesday among many currency traders george soros building huge short position pounds sterling would become immensely profitable pound fell lower band erm.soros believed rate united kingdom brought exchange rate mechanism high inflation high triple german rate british interest rates hurting asset prices.currency traders act uk government attempted prop depreciating pound avoid withdrawal monetary system country joined two years earlier.
Black Wednesday	john major raised interest rates authorised spending billions pounds foreign currency reserves buy sterling sold currency markets.measures failed prevent pound falling minimum level erm.treasury took decision defend sterlings position believing devalue would promote inflation.currency traders began massive selloff pounds tuesday september .exchange rate mechanism required bank england accept offers sell pounds.however bank england accepted orders trading day.
Black Wednesday	markets opened london next morning bank england began attempt prop currency decided norman lamont chancellor exchequer robin leighpemberton governor bank england.began accepting orders £ million twice little effect.bank englands intervention ineffective traders dumping pounds far faster.bank england continued buy traders continued sell lamont told prime minister john major pound purchasing failing produce results.at september british government announced increase base interest rate already high tempt speculators buy pounds.despite promise later day raise base rates dealers kept selling pounds convinced government would keep promise.
Black Wednesday	evening lamont announced britain would leave erm rates would remain new level however next day interest rate back .it later revealed decision withdraw agreed emergency meeting day lamont major foreign secretary douglas hurd president board trade michael heseltine home secretary kenneth clarke latter three staunch proeuropeans well senior cabinet ministers interest rate hike temporary measure prevent rout pound afternoon.aftermath erm countries italy whose currencies breached bands day returned system broadened bands adjusted central parities.even relaxed form ermi proved vulnerable ten months later rules relaxed point imposing little constraint domestic monetary policies member states.the effect low german interest rates high british interest rates arguably put britain recession large numbers businesses failed housing market crashed.commentators following norman tebbit took referring erm eternal recession mechanism uk fell recession early s. many people uk recall black wednesday national disaster permanently affected countrys international prestige conservatives claim forced ejection erm golden wednesday white wednesday day paved way economic revival conservatives handing tony blairs new labour much stronger economy existed new economic policy swiftly devised aftermath black wednesday led reestablishment economic growth falling unemployment inflation.monetary policy switched inflation targeting.the conservative party governments reputation economic excellence damaged extent electorate inclined support claim opposition time – economic recovery ought credited external factors opposed government policies implemented conservatives.
Black Wednesday	conservatives recently general election gallup poll september showed small lead .conservative party.october poll following black wednesday share intended vote poll plunged .conservative government suffered string byelection defeats saw seat majority eroded december .partys performances local government elections similarly dismal time labour made huge gains.black wednesday major factor conservatives finally losing general election labour landslide leadership tony blair.
Black Wednesday	conservatives failed gain significant ground general election leadership william hague labour winning another landslide majority.conservatives take government david cameron led victory general election years later.five years later party first overall majority years last five months crisis.george soros made £ billion profit short selling sterling.see also impossible trinitysale uk gold reserves – footnotes external links black wednesday bbc.co.uk.
Thai Rak Thai Party	retrieved january .black wednesday remembered dark day british economic history.clouds lined gold.martin upton head centre financial management open university business school tells ione mako upside open.edu september .ruling party founder prime minister thaksin shinawatra.brief existence thai rak thai three general elections contested.eight months military coup forced thaksin remain exile party dissolved may constitutional tribunal violation electoral laws former party members banned participating politics five years.party platform electoral outcomes thai rak thai registered july telecommunications entrepreneur thaksin shinawatra founding members including somkid jatusripitak thanong bidaya sudarat keyuraphan purachai piumsombun thammarak isaragura na ayuthaya prommin lertsuridej.the thai rak thai party populist platform appealing indebted farmers become indebted result asian financial crisis promises strong economic recovery.party also reached rural villages struggling businesses.
Thai Rak Thai Party	thai rak thais policies included baht per hospital visit scheme extended debt moratorium farmers one million baht microcredit development funds rural districts one tambon one product project.however neglected rural areas southern provinces since thaksin openly stated saw reason anything areas vote him.thai rak thai legislative election landslide ruling democrat party led prime minister chuan leekpai.forty percent elected mps freshmen.thai rak thai able negotiate merger new aspiration party coalition thai nation party resulting majority seats coalition government thaksin shinawatra.the thai rak thai party first political party thailand represented half members house representatives.legislative election partys candidates elected occupy seats seats house representatives defeating largest opposition party democrat party.
Thai Rak Thai Party	seats.election thailands first single party government successfully formed.in invalid elections april trt .percent vote seats many without opposition rest remaining vacant election boycotted opposition parties first past post electoral system.factions amalgam several different parties thai rak thai politicians owed allegiance different factions.precise figures faction membership exist estimates numerical strength major factions provided below.
Thai Rak Thai Party	numbers based membership house representatives elected general election dissolved february .wang bua ban – led thaksins sister yaowapa wongsawat faction one partys important groupings included many members prime ministers inner circle.factions base thaksins home province chiang mai.estimated wang bua ban commanded support mps december mostly northern region.wang nam yom – originally splinter group wang bua ban wang nam yom led thenlabour minister somsak thepsutin industry minister suriya jungrungreangkit also served thai rak thais secretarygeneral.financial backing suriya whose family controls largest auto parts manufacturer thailand observers claimed faction resources form party right.group said include mps hailing northern northeastern central regions thailand.wang nam yen – notorious faction led veteran political powerbroker sanoh thienthong former interior minister held title chief advisor thai rak thai party.
Thai Rak Thai Party	native sa kaeo province sanoh built political empire came dominate several border provinces eastern northeastern thailand.rather start political party however sanoh preferred play role kingmaker shifting group party party.collapse promilitary government sanoh supported faction moved chart thai party went win elections held .amid squabbles chart thai leader banharn silpaarcha sanoh defected new aspiration party elections.however new aspirations star waning forced power sanoh decided cast lot thai rak thai elections.
Thai Rak Thai Party	since joining thai rak thai however wang nam yen largely sidelined thaksin amid occasional squabbles sanoh.result sanoh become one thaksins vocal critics thai rak thai party.wang nam yens electoral fortunes also declined slightly since joining thai rak thai expense factions february sanoh commanded loyalty mps.wife resigned trt february establish royalist peoples party.wang phayanak – group led deputy prime minister phinij jarusombat leader small seritham party merged thai rak thai election.factions following approximately mps december hail northeastern region group often competes wang nam yen influence.wang lam takong – faction composed remnants old chart pattana national development party merged thai rak thai elections.
Thai Rak Thai Party	chart pattanas former leader deputy prime minister suwat liptapanlop served head group.factions influence derives strength countrys secondmost populous province nakhon ratchasima stronghold chart pattana.wang lam katongs membership estimated include many mps.bangkok faction – leader group sudarat keyuraphan chalerm yubamrungchonburi faction – former sports tourism minister sontaya kunplome led faction split chart thai party elections join thai rak thai.sontayas father infamous somchai khunpluem godfather chonburi better known kamnan po.dominant political force eastern provinces chonburi rayong faction counts approximately seven mps wing.buriram faction – like chonburi faction group also defected chart thai party elections.
Thai Rak Thai Party	factions leader prime ministers office minister newin chidchob probably one popular members thai rak thai time considered one thaksins right hand men.solid base newins home province buriram neighboring surin province.phor mod dam – group also known rim nam led deputy house speaker suchart tancharoen key figure former new aspiration party merged thai rak thai elections.faction around members.maleenont faction – led sports tourism minister february pracha maleenont whose family controls local broadcasting entertainment group bec world.groups influence derives maleenont familys role one leading financiers thai rak thai party.pongsak faction – leadership transport minister pongsak raktapongpisak group emerged recently significant force within party counting approximately mps supporters december .pongsaks alleged close friendship khunying potjaman shinawatra wife prime minister thaksin said allow wield considerable influence party government affairs.
Thai Rak Thai Party	september coup whereabouts party leaders coup evening september thai military seized control bangkok take government.thaksin shinawatra new york city attending meeting united nations general assembly.trt executive leadership also abroad deputy premier surakiart sathirathai thaksin new york finance minister thanong bidaya singapore attending annual meeting world bankimf commerce minister somkid jatusripitak attending thaifrance cultural exhibition paris foreign minister kantathi suphamongkhon hrh princess sirindhorn.several party executives remaining thailand arrested detained junta.deputy prime minister charge national security chitchai wannasathit defence minister thammarak isaragura na ayuthaya thailand immediately arrested detained junta.secretarygeneral premier prommin lertsuridej also arrested.
Thai Rak Thai Party	natural resources environmental minister yongyuth tiyapairat deputy agriculture minister newin chidchop ordered report junta september.reported ordered detained.several party executives including chaturon chaisang phumtham wechayachai suranand vejjajiva veera musikapong party deputy industry minister suriya jungrungreangkit former social development human security minister watana muangsook reported thailand free.reactions party members thaksin key party executives either abroad arrested reaction trt party members muted disorganized.thaksins absence chaturon chaisang became acting party leader.several former mps believed party would dissolved junta including former khon kaen mp prajak kaewklaharn.however former udon thani mp thirachai saenkaew called junta allow thaksin contest next election claiming trt supporters wanted thaksin return politics.former sakon nakhon mp chalermchai ulankul said although others might unemployed year faction firm preparing run election next year.
Thai Rak Thai Party	long thai rak thai party dissolved cant say move party.however dont know continue trt.many party members reported dropped party membership aftermath coup.included somsak thepsuthin members wang nam yom faction.clear whether suriya jungrungreangkit another influential member faction would also resign.sonthaya kunplome also reported led members chonburi faction resigning party.
Thai Rak Thai Party	fear party would dissolved junta members banned politics fueled defections.on october thaksin shinawatra former deputy somkid jatusripitak resigned thai rak thai party probability ending political force.party dissolution partys future doubt following military coup ousted thaksins government september .party dissolved may order constitutional tribunal violation election laws.highranking party members found directly involved bribing several small parties competing constituencies bases former opposition parties ensure minimum turnout rules met favor trt party partners.former prime minister thaksin shinawatra members party barred participating politics fiveyear period eight charged acquitted.
Thai Rak Thai Party	remaining mps members party reorganized peoples power party.general election results reading allen hicken .party fabrication constitutional reform rise thai rak thai pdf.journal east asian studies –.duncan mccargo ukrist pathamanand .thaksinization thailand.
Thai Rak Thai Party	copenhagen nias press.somchai phatharathananuntha .thai rak thai party elections northeastern thailand.journal contemporary asia.–.doi.. scid .
Downtime	references external links arda – trt factionsa look thaksins cabinet – bangkok.combangkokian pongsak carves turf nation decembercommon reasons unplanned outages system failures crash communications failures commonly known network outage.the term also commonly applied industrial environments relation failures industrial production equipment.facilities measure downtime incurred work shift hour period.another common practice identify downtime event operational electrical mechanical origin.the opposite downtime uptime.types industry standards term outage duration maintenance duration different point initiation completion thus following clarification used avoid conflicts contract executionturnkey engrossing outage types.outage maintenance starts operator plant equipment pressing shutdown stop button initiate halt operation.
Downtime	unless otherwise noted outage maintenance considered completed plant equipment back normal operation ready begin manufacturing ready synchronized system grid ready perform duties pump compressor.breaker breaker outage maintenance starts operator plant equipment removing power circuit main power breaker disengaged oncooldown control circuit operation.still would allow equipment cooled brought ambient outagemaintenance work prepared initiated.depending equipment types breaker breaker outage advantageous contracting controls related maintenance type maintenance work performed main equipment still cooldown standby.unless otherwise noted type outage considered complete power circuit reenergized via engaging power breaker.completion lockouttagout outage maintenance sometimes mistaken offcooldown starts operator plant equipment removing power circuit disengaging control circuit performing neutralization potential power hazard sources typically called lockout tagout loto point maintenance period typically last phase outage initiation stage actual work starts facility plant equipment.safety briefing always follow loto activity work conducted.
Downtime	unless otherwise noted type outage considered complete equipment reached mechanical completion ready placed slowroll many heavy rotating equipment bumptest rotation check motors etc.must follow return work permit per loto procedures.any online testing performance testing tuning required count towards outage duration activities typically conducted completion outage maintenance event control maintenance contractors.characteristics unplanned downtime may result equipment malfunction etc.telecommunication outage classifications downtime caused failure inhardware physical equipmentlogic controlling equipmentinterconnecting equipment cables facilities routers...transmission wireless microwave satellite andorcapacity system limits.the failures occur ofdamagefailuredesignprocedural improper use humansengineering use deploymentoverload traffic system resources stressed beyond designed limitsenvironment support systems like power hvacoutages designed system purpose software upgrades equipment growthother none known orunknown.the failures responsibility ofcustomerservice providervendorsupplierutilitygovernmentcontractorend customerpublic individualact natureother none known orunknown.impact outages caused system failures serious impact users computernetwork systems particular industries rely nearly hour servicemedical informaticsnuclear power infrastructurebanks financial institutionsaeronautics airlinesnews reportingecommerce online transaction processingpersistent online gamesalso affected users isp customers telecommunication network.corporations lose business due network outage may default contract resulting financial losses.
Downtime	according veeam cloud data management report organizations encounter unplanned downtime average times per year average cost one hour downtime .those people organizations affected downtime sensitive particular aspectssome affected length outage matters much time takes recover problemothers sensitive timing outage outages peak hours affect mostthe demanding users require high availability.famous outages mothers day sunday may fire broke main switching room hinsdale central office illinois bell telephone company.one largest switching systems state facility processed .million calls day serving customers including numerous businesses hospitals chicagos ohare midway airports.virtually entire att network ess toll tandems switches went service january disrupting longdistance service entire united states.problem dissipated traffic slowed down.
Downtime	software bug found.att lost frame relay network hours april .affected many thousands customers bank transactions one casualty.att failed meet service level agreement contracts customers refund customer accounts costing millions dollars.xbox live intermittent downtime – holiday season lasted thirteen days.increased demand xbox purchasers largest number new user signups history xbox live given reason downtime order make amends service issues microsoft offered users opportunity receive free game.sonys playstation network april outage began april gradually restored may starting united states.outage longest amount time psn offline since inception .
Downtime	sony stated problem caused external intrusion resulted confiscation personal information.sony reported april large amount user data obtained hack resulted downtime.telstras ryde switch failed late water egressed electrical switch board continuing wet weather.ryde switch one largest area switches australia affected services.the miami datacenter serveraxis went offline unannounced february never restored.impacted multiple providers hundreds websites.outage impacted coverage ncaa womens division basketball tournament wbbstate one affected sites far comprehensive provider womens basketball statistics available.
Downtime	service levels service level agreements common mention percentage value per month per year calculated dividing sum downtimes timespans total time reference time span e.g.month.downtime means server available time.for internet servers downtimes per year worse regarded unacceptable means downtime days per year.ecommerce industrial use value .usually considered unacceptable.
Downtime	response reduction impact duty network designer make sure network outage happen.happen welldesigned system reduce effects outage localized outages detected fixed soon possible.a process needs place detect malfunction network monitoring restore network working condition generally involves help desk team troubleshoot problem one composed trained engineers separate help desk team usually necessary order field user input particularly demanding downtime.a network management system used detect faulty degrading components prior customer complaints proactive fault rectification.risk management techniques used determine impact network outages organisation actions may required minimise risk.risk may minimised using reliable components performing maintenance upgrades using redundant systems contingency plan business continuity plan.technical means reduce errors error correcting codes retransmission checksums diversity scheme.one biggest causes downtime misconfiguration planned change goes wrong.typically organisations rely manual effort manage process configuration backups requires highly skilled engineers time manage process across multivendor network.automation tools available manage backups solutions handle configuration recovery needed minimize overall impact outage.
Downtime	planning planned outage result planned activity system owner andor service provider.outages often scheduled maintenance window used perform tasks including followingdeferred maintenance e.g.deferred hardware repair deferred restart clean garbled memorydiagnostics isolate detected faulthardware fault repairfixing error omission configuration database omission recent configuration database changefixing error application database error recent application database changesoftware patchingsoftware updates fix software fault.outages also planned result predictable natural event sun outage.maintenance downtimes carefully scheduled industries rely computer systems.many cases systemwide downtimes averted using called rolling upgrade process incrementally taking parts system upgrade without affecting overall functionality.avoidance websites website monitoring available.
Downtime	website monitoring synthetic passive service monitors downtime users site.usage downtime also refer time human capital assets go down.instance employees meetings unable perform work due another constraint down.equally expensive result another asset i.e.computersystems down.
Bobby Jindal	also commonly known dead time.downtime also generalized personal sense used refer period sleep recreation.this term used also factories industrial use.see total productive maintenance tpm.measuring downtime many external services used monitor uptime downtime well availability service host.see also high availabilityuptimemean timeplanned downtimecarrier grade referencesjindal previously served member u.s. house representatives chairman republican governors association.in jindal appointed secretary louisiana department health hospitals.appointed president university louisiana system.jindal became youngest person hold position.president george w. bush appointed jindal principal adviser u.s. secretary health human services.jindal first ran governor louisiana narrowly lost runoff election democratic candidate kathleen blanco.elected u.s. house representatives becoming second indian american congress reelected .
Bobby Jindal	date indianamerican republican ever served congress.jindal ran governor election won.jindal reelected landslide winning percent vote.first indian american governor one nikki haley elected governor south carolina .on june jindal announced candidacy republican nomination presidential election.suspended campaign november subsequently announcing support marco rubio.
Bobby Jindal	finished term governor january .early life education piyush jindal born june baton rouge louisiana immigrant indian punjabi hindu parents.first two sons raj née gupta amar jindal punjab india.father civil engineer graduate guru nanak dev university punjab university.mother graduate rajasthan university worked nuclear physics post graduate institute medical education research chandigarh.
Bobby Jindal	migrating united states parents lecturers indian engineering college.at time move u.s. raj jindal doctoral candidate physics.left malerkotla punjab january six months son born.jindals paternal grandfather merchant khanpur samrala maternal grandfather ferozepur banker.the family settled near louisiana state university.jindal attended baton rouge magnet high school graduating .high school competed tennis tournaments started various enterprises computer newsletter retail candy business mailorder software company.
Bobby Jindal	spent free time working stands lsu football games.jindal graduated brown university age honors two majors biology public policy.jindal admitted program liberal medical education plme guaranteeing place brown medical school.pursue medical doctorate.jindal credited leading brown universitys college republicans student group.jindal named usa today allusa academic team.applied accepted harvard medical school yale law school studied rhodes scholar received mlitt political science emphasis health policy new college oxford .subject thesis needsbased approach health care.
Bobby Jindal	career completing studies oxford jindal turned offer study d.phil.politics instead joining consulting firm mckinsey company.interned office rep. jim mccrery louisiana mccrery assigned work healthcare policy jindal spent two weeks studying medicare compile extensive report possible solutions medicares financial problems presented mccrery.early political career – foster administration u.s. representative jim mccrery jindal worked summer intern introduced governor mike foster.foster appointed jindal secretary louisiana department health hospitals agency represented percent state budget employed people.
Bobby Jindal	foster called jindal genius great deal medical knowledge.jindal time.during tenure louisianas medicaid program went bankruptcy million deficit three years surpluses totaling million.jindal criticized campaign louisiana aflcio closing local clinics reach surplus.jindals term louisiana nationally rose third place child healthcare screenings child immunizations rising introduced new expanded services elderly disabled.in jindal appointed executive director national bipartisan commission future medicare member panel charged devising plans reform medicare.request louisiana governors office louisiana state legislature jindal examined louisiana might use .billion share tobacco settlement.in jindal received samuel s. beard award greatest public service individual years old award given annually jefferson awards.at years age jindal appointed become youngestever president university louisiana system nations th largest system higher education students.
Bobby Jindal	bush administration march nominated president george w. bush assistant secretary health human services planning evaluation.later unanimously confirmed vote united states senate began serving july .position served principal policy adviser secretary health human services.resigned post february return louisiana run governor.assigned help fight nurse shortage examining steps improve nursing education.
Bobby Jindal	election governor jindal came national prominence election governor louisiana.louisianans call open primary technically nonpartisan blanket primary jindal finished first percent vote.received endorsements largest paper louisiana timespicayune newly elected democratic mayor new orleans ray nagin outgoing republican governor mike foster.in second balloting jindal faced outgoing lieutenant governor kathleen babineaux blanco lafayette democrat.despite winning blancos hometown lost many normally conservative parishes north louisiana blanco prevailed percent popular vote.some political analysts blamed jindals loss refusal answer questions targeted religion ethnic background brought several democratic advertisements jindal campaign called negative attack ads.despite losing election run governor made jindal wellknown figure states political scene rising star within republican party.
Bobby Jindal	u.s. house representatives – elections weeks gubernatorial runoff jindal decided run louisianas st congressional district.incumbent david vitter running senate seat vacated john breaux.louisiana republican party endorsed primary although mike rogers also republican running seat.st district republican hands since special election widely considered staunchly conservative.jindals campaign able raise million early campaign making harder candidates effectively raise funds oppose him.
Bobby Jindal	election percent vote.jindal second indianamerican elected united states congress dalip singh saund elected november .jindal reelection second term vote.congressional tenure second indian american elected congress.reportedly lived kenner metairie baton rouge.in jindal criticized bushs budget calling enough spending cuts.warned growth medicaid saying congress may act without them...there seems growing momentum status quo defensible.

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