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Bobby Jindal	jindal praised bushs leadership social security reform saying administration lot work continue educating american people serious challenges facing social security.in response hurricane katrina jindal stated investing resources restoring coast wouldnt prevented storm barrier islands would absorbed tidal surge.committee assignments house committee homeland securityhouse committee resourceshouse committee education workforcehe made vicechairman house subcommittee prevention nuclear biological attacks.jindal served president incoming freshman class congressmen .elected position house assistant majority whip senior leadership role.served capacity .
Bobby Jindal	gubernatorial election january jindal announced candidacy governor.polling data showed early lead race remained favorite throughout campaign.defeated eleven opponents nonpartisan blanket primary held october including two prominent democrats state senator walter boasso chalmette louisiana public service commissioner foster campbell bossier city independent new orleans businessman john georges.jindal finished votes percent.boasso ran second votes percent.georges finished percent campbell also former state senator ran fourth percent.
Bobby Jindal	remaining candidates collectively polled three percent vote.jindal polled pluralities majorities states parishes equivalent counties states.lost narrowly georges orleans parish boasso st. bernard parish boasso represented legislature two neighboring north louisiana parishes red river bienville located south shreveport historically democratic supported campbell.contest blanco jindal lost northern parishes.marked first time nonincumbent candidate governor elected without runoff louisiana election system.
Bobby Jindal	governor louisiana – first term governorelect jindal named new ethics team democratic shreveport businesswoman virginia kilpatrick shehee first woman served state senate vicechairman panel.jindal assumed position governor took oath office january .thirtysix became youngest sitting governor united states.also louisianas first nonwhite governor since p. b. s. pinchback served thirtyfive days reconstruction first nonwhite governor elected pinchback succeeded position lieutenant governor death oscar dunn governor upon impeachment henry clay warmoth.additionally jindal became first indian american elected governor state united states.in jindal ranked one nations popular governors approval rating .one jindals first appointments mike edmonson superintendent louisiana state police.
Bobby Jindal	edmonson twenty preceding years bodyguard confidant lsu tigers football coaches.edmonson also deputy secretary department public safety agency employees budget nearly million.in jindal compelled urge repeal state law earlier signed provided enhanced retirement benefits edmonson inadvertently one state trooper.jindal said unaware legislation called media edmonson act applied two persons.urged legislature rewrite law.thereafter janice clark state district court judge baton rouge declared portion law enhancing retirement benefits edmonson unconstitutional.another early appointee former state representative frank p. simoneaux baton rouge attorney chairman louisiana ethics commission.
Bobby Jindal	jimmy faircloth attorney alexandria pineville influential executive counsel stepped run unsuccessfully louisiana supreme court.faircloth considered legal architect special legislative session ethics reform.guided jindal administration aftermath hurricanes gustav ike.leaving administration continued periodic legal advisor jindal.on june louisianas secretary state confirmed recall petition filed jindal response jindals refusal veto bill would doubled current state legislative pay.gubernatorial campaign jindal pledged prevent legislative pay raises would take effect current term.jindal responded saying opposed pay increase pledged let legislature govern themselves.on june jindal reversed earlier position vetoing pay raise legislation stating made mistake staying pay raise issue.
Bobby Jindal	response petitioners dropped recall effort.standard poors raised louisianas bond rating credit outlook stable positive .announcing change organization gave credit states strong management commitment streamlining government functions.jindal met president barack obama october governor pushed increased federal dollars cover rising medicaid costs speeding construction hurricaneprotection barriers financing proposed louisiana state university teaching hospital.town hall meeting obama praised jindal hard working man good job state expressed support governors overhaul states educational system area increased charter schools.louisiana state government watchdog c.b.forgotston former counsel house appropriations committee supported jindals election expressed disappointment governor regard legislative pay raise fiscal issues.
Bobby Jindal	forgotston said would grade jindal public relations fiscal performance office.jindal negotiated agreement whereby foster farms private chicken processor would receive million taxpayer funds purchase chicken processing plant owned bankrupt pilgrims pride.some claimed conflict interest pilgrims pride founder lonnie bo pilgrim contributed jindals campaign .contributors jindals campaign benefited economic development spending include albemarle edison chouest offshore.jindal however released statement saying legislation saved jobs serves stimulus louisianas economy wide bipartisan support.hurricane gustav jindal oversaw one largest evacuations u.s. history nearly two million people late august prior louisiana landfall hurricane gustav.issued mandatory evacuation orders states coastal areas activated national guardsman aid exodus.
Bobby Jindal	also ordered state purchase generators provide needed power hospitals nursing homes without power.government officials vacated hospitals nursing homes put poor ill elderly buses trains town.evacuation credited one reason gustav resulted deaths u.s. states successful response hurricane gustav stark contrast failed hurricane response system hurricane katrina .jindal received bipartisan praise leadership gustav.jindal scheduled address republican national convention cancelled plans order focus louisianas needs storm.
Bobby Jindal	reelection campaign jindal announced intention seek reelection .high approval ratings big amounts campaign funds democrats struggled land recruit substance.running four democrats libertarian four independents jungle primary jindal received vote blanket primary thereby winning election first round.second term august american legislative exchange council alec awarded jindal thomas jefferson freedom award outstanding public service.on october preparing second term jindal tapped republican state representative chuck kleckley lake charles state senator john alario westwego choices speaker louisiana house representatives louisiana senate president respectively.confirmed legislators.
Bobby Jindal	alario longterm democrat switched parties prior elections.january jindal elevated john c. white shortterm superintendent recovery school district new orleans position state superintendent education.in august jindal declared statewide state emergency due threat subsidence subsurface instability threatens lives property citizens state.by end jindals second term saw marked drop state popularity problems budget deficit cuts public expenditure.could stand third term governor louisiana subject term limits.tax system proposals january jindal released plan would eliminate louisiana state income tax felt would expand business investment state raise sales taxes order keep plan revenueneutral.selfstyled taxpayer watchdog former legislative aide c.b.
Bobby Jindal	forgotston correctly predicted jindals plan would fail clear legislature higher sales taxes lack needed support democrats likelihood plan would increase overall state revenues.on april first day legislative session jindal dropped plan acknowledging negative response plan legislators public said would still like legislature formulate plan could end state income tax.energy plan jindal announced september sixpoint energy platform would among things open energy production federal land eliminated proposed carbon restrictions.private sector career –present jindal took position operating adviser ares management global investment firm based los angeles.national politics speculation vice presidential nomination february conservative radio host rush limbaugh mentioned syndicated show jindal could possible choice republican vice presidential nomination .said jindal might perceived asset john mccains campaign wide support conservative moderate wings republican party immigrant past offsets mccains white heritage.
Bobby Jindal	mccain presidency would oldest president ever inaugurated first term.heightening speculation mccain invited jindal gov.charlie crist florida gov.tim pawlenty minnesota mccains former rivals mitt romney mike huckabee meet mccains home arizona may according republican familiar decision romney huckabee pawlenty already well acquainted mccain declined prior commitments.meeting may served different purpose consideration jindal opportunity speak republican national convention similar fashion barack obama democratic national convention cementing place party opening gate future run presidency.speculation fueled simultaneous july reports mccain making sudden visit louisiana confer jindal mccain readying name running mate within week.
Bobby Jindal	however july jindal said would republican vice presidential nominee .jindal added never talked senator mccain vice presidency thoughts selecting vice president.ultimately august mccain chose thengov.sarah palin alaska running mate.jindal given primetime speech slot party convention offered keynote speech.
Bobby Jindal	presidential campaign jindal expressed admiration senators mccain obama maintained made positive contributions nation.republican response president obamas address congress february jindal delivered official republican response president obamas address joint session congress.jindal called presidents economic stimulus plan irresponsible argued government intervention.used hurricane katrina warn government solutions economic crisis.today washington promising government rescue us economic storms raging around us jindal said.
Bobby Jindal	us lived hurricane katrina doubts.praised late sheriff harry lee standing government katrina.the speech met biting reviews members democratic republican parties.referring jindal devoid substantive ideas governing country political commentator rachel maddow summarized jindals katrina remark follows jindal states since government failed hurricane katrina understand government allowed fail government...never works.government cant work therefore stop seeking functioning government.david johnson republican political strategist criticized jindals mention hurricane katrina stating one thing republicans want forget katrina.
Bobby Jindal	jindals speech poorly received several democratic republican critics others argued speech judged substance rather delivery style.jindals story meeting lee immediate aftermath hurricane katrina questioned following speech jindal new orleans time.february spokesman jindal clarified timing meeting stating story took place days storm.opportunity give response president obamas speech compared commentators winning second prize beauty contest reference board game monopoly.presidential election jindal mentioned potential candidate presidential election.december jindal indicated would likely run president saying focus reelection would make transitioning national campaign difficult though rule possible presidential bid.speculation increased republicans chose jindal deliver response president obamas first address joint session congress.the jindal president draft council inc. pac formed raise funds future presidential run.
Bobby Jindal	jindal stated involvement pac.april speaking southern republican leadership conference jindal ruled running republican nomination president .in jindal traveled across country support mitt romneypaul ryan ticket.louisiana deep south states voted heavily gop jindal could hence devote campaign time elsewhere.august politico reported bobby jindal would considered would likely take appointment united states secretary health human services potential romney cabinet.after defeat romneyryan jindal called party return basics... want people like us like first said interview program fox news sunday.incoming president republican governors association thirty members jindal questioned romney criticized president obama provided extraordinary financial gifts government.
Bobby Jindal	reply romney jindal said dont start like people insulting saying votes bought.jindal said party must convince majority voters supports middle class principle upward mobility.also criticized termed stupid remarks regarding rape conception made defeated republican u.s. senate nominees todd akin missouri richard mourdock indiana.presidential candidacy november election jindal featured time magazine article titled lets get party started listed possible republican candidate presidency .article cited fiscal social conservative policies indian american background would bring diversity gop.in polls showing jindals approval ratings louisiana falling significantly analysts wrote jindal serious national contender though others pointed romney example someone still presidential nomination despite poor approval ratings home state.
Bobby Jindal	october jindal told fox news sunday still mulling presidential run.on may jindal formed presidential exploratory committee determine whether would run candidate presidential election announced candidacy june .as early september jindal polling percent among republican primary electorate.november jindal appeared special report bret baier fox news channel announcing ending run president saying ive come realization time.during campaign jindal called donald trump narcissist egomaniacal madman afterward said would support trump electing donald trump would secondworst thing could november better electing hillary clinton serve third term obama administrations radical policies.political positions abortion stem cell research jindal antiabortion voting record according national right life committee.opposes abortion general condemn medical procedures aimed saving life mother indirectly result loss unborn child salpingectomy ectopic pregnancy.in jindal stated object use emergency contraception case rape victim requests it.house representatives supported two bills prohibit transporting minors across state lines obtain abortion bills aimed prevent doctors others helping minor avoid parental notification laws home state procuring abortion another state.
Bobby Jindal	opposed voted expanding public funding embryonic stem cell research.samesex marriage jindal opposed legalization samesex marriage civil unions.congress voted federal marriage amendment restrict marriage union one man one woman.also voted local law enforcement hate crimes prevention act .december jindal announced formation louisiana commission marriage familyfollowing supreme courts rulings doma proposition said believe every child deserves mom dad.
Bobby Jindal	opinion leaves matter marriage states people decide.louisiana opt traditional marriage.let people decide via representatives via referendum marriage conscience act april jindal announced would sign law louisiana marriage conscience act proposed newly elected republican state representative mike johnson.guest editorial new york times jindal said contacted several corporations oppose bill free voice opinions deter me.johnsons bill proposed bar state revoking licenses refusing engage contract individuals businesses oppose marriage two persons sex.
Bobby Jindal	johnsons bill meant guarantee tax status groups support traditional marriage.may legislature killed measure.four republican members pete huval breaux bridge gregory a. miller norco clay schexnayder gonzales nancy landry lafayette joined democrats killing bill.jindal responded issuing executive order bj marriage conscience order attempted achieve goals failed legislation.johnson said intended reintroduce measure .
Bobby Jindal	government ethics vetoed state legislation increase pay state legislators.however louisiana governors office ranked last transparency united states prior subsequent jindals election reported wdsu iteam.least two legislators state representatives walker hines neil abramson argued may attributed legislation removed governors records public domain argued legislation surreptitiously inserted lastminute amendment education bill jindals office last day session providing time properly review passed legislature signed law jindal.in jindal signed law bill sponsored democratic state representative jeff arnold new orleans permit francis c. heitmeier democratic former member houses louisiana legislature unsuccessful candidate louisiana secretary state lobby legislators even though heitmeiers brother david heitmeier time sitting senator district includes algiers neighbourhood new orleans.special exemption permitted immediate family member elected official lobbyist executive branch state government year prior january able lobby legislature.david heitmeier abstained voting measure written intent benefiting francis heitmeier.
Bobby Jindal	gun rights gun control jindal fervent supporter second amendment generally opposes gun control.endorsed national rifle association received rating gun owners america congress.as congressman sponsored disaster recovery personal protection act senator vitter.in july interview cbs jindal stated supported stricter background checks every state begin enact tougher background checks gun buyers.tax policy private citizen jindal voted louisiana constitutional amendment known stelly plan lowered sales taxes exchange higher income taxes.taking office jindal cut taxes total six times including largest income tax cut louisianas history – cut .billion five years along accelerating elimination tax business investments.
Bobby Jindal	january jindal said wanted eliminate louisiana corporate personal income taxes without giving details proposal.as u.s. representative louisiana jindal received grades b b c national taxpayers union conservative taxpayers advocacy organization.governor louisiana jindal received grades b b cato institute libertarian think tank biennial fiscal policy report card americas governors.education jindal came favour common core state standards initiative louisiana adopted .in jindal wrote become fashionable news media believe rightwing conspiracy common core.in jindal said investments technology would render common core obsolete.jindal proposed budgets impose cuts higher education funding louisiana leading protests students education advocates.jindal proposed several controversial education reforms including vouchers low income students public schools attend private institutions using minimum foundation program funds.the legislation also included controversial changes teacher evaluations tenure pensions.hundreds teachers administrators public education supporters protested legislation capital louisiana cancelled classes attend demonstrations.
Bobby Jindal	many participants circulated petitions recall jindal republican house speaker chuck kleckley.april louisiana public broadcasting program examined possible conflicts aspects jindal education reform plan federal desegregation orders still place many parts louisiana.jindal said believed every child learns differently.accomplish great things public school learn better online program still others make waves charter schools parochial schools dualenrollment programmes.however choices parents must trusted make best decisions children.evolution jindal signed law permitted teachers public schools supplement standard evolutionary curricula analysis critiques may include intelligent design.
Bobby Jindal	law forbids promotion religious doctrine discriminate religion nonreligion.louisiana aclu director marjorie esman said act utilized written would firm constitutional footing stating act susceptible constitutional challenge.despite calls veto john derbyshire genetics professors brown university jindal signed louisiana academic freedom act passed vote – state house – state senate .the society integrative comparative biology rejected new orleans site meeting american society biochemistry molecular biology conduct future meetings louisiana.civil liberties jindal voted extend patriot act voted favour military commissions act supported constitutional amendment banning flag burning voted real id act .in legislative session jindal expressed support bill state representative james h. morris oil city would permit motorcyclists choose whether wear helmet.morris bill easily passed house blocked thesenate health committee.
Bobby Jindal	immigration laws criticized illegal immigration drain economy well unfair entered country legal means.voted build fence along mexican border opposed granting amnesty illegal immigrants.health care jindal refused accept federal funds expand medicaid passage affordable care act costing state .billion federal healthcare assistance poor.supported increased health insurance portability laws promoting coverage preexisting medical conditions cap malpractice lawsuits easing restrictions importation prescription medications implementation streamlined electronic medical records system emphasis preventative care rather emergency room care tax benefits aimed making health insurance affordable uninsured targeted promote universal access.
Bobby Jindal	jindal tenure uninsured children added states childrens health insurance program.also opposed federal governmentrun singlepayer system supported state efforts reduce uninsured population.also supported expanding services autistic children promoted national childhood cancer database.collaboration health secretary alan levine jindal drafted louisiana health first initiative.plan focused expanding health insurance coverage states indigent population increasing medicaid choice reducing fraud authorizing funding new charity hospital increasing transparency medicaid making performance measures available internet.
Bobby Jindal	jindal supported copayments medicaid.due congressional reduction federal medicaid financing rates jindal administration chose levy largest slice cuts network lsu charity hospitals clinics requiring facilities close.environmental issues offshore drilling jindal issued executive order increasing office recycling programs reducing solid waste promoting paperless practices offering tax credit hybrid fuel vehicles increasing average fuel economy goals well increasing energy efficiency goals standards state.stated opposition voted criminalization oil cartels opec.representative house supported million bill fund louisiana coastal restoration.
Bobby Jindal	addition chief sponsor successful legislation expand jean lafitte national historical park acres km.jindal signed bill sb would limit actions aimed oil gas companies operating along coast.jindal pledged state support development economically friendly cars northeastern louisiana conjunction alternative energy advocate t. boone pickens.september jindal stated global warming increasing government regulation released energy plan critical obama administrations policies.earmarks jindal led louisiana house delegation ranked th among house members requested earmark funding nearly million however requests jindal cosponsor primary initiator earmark legislation.
Bobby Jindal	million jindals earmark requests state defense indigent healthcare related expenditures another million increasing safety louisianas waterways levees breaches following hurricane katrina remainder targeted towards coastal restoration alternative energy research.governor jindal used line item veto strike million earmarks state budget declined veto million legislatoradded spending.jindal vetoed earmarks state budget twice total number vetoes previous governors preceding years.opposition recovery act jindal opponent american recovery reinvestment act .citing concerns augmentation unemployment insurance may obligate state raise taxes businesses jindal indicated intention forgo federal stimulus plan funds million aimed increasing unemployment insurance louisiana.
Bobby Jindal	louisiana since obligated raise taxes businesses unemployment trust fund dropped prescribed threshold.louisiana set receive .billion overall.jindal intended accept least .billion stimulus package.
Bobby Jindal	called parts plan irresponsible saying way lead raise taxes put money power hands washington politicians.nogo zones jindal travelled uk speak socalled nogo zones allegedly london western cities.british prime minister david cameron earlier stated nogo zones uk.jindal later confirmed meaning knew speaking truth going make people upset.later asked cnn provide specific examples jindal declined.
Bobby Jindal	later added muslim immigrants trying colonize cities europe overtake culture could happen next u.s. personal life jindal raised hindu household.indian descent u.s. citizen birthright.converted christianity baton rouge magnet high school.first year brown university baptized catholic church adult rite christian initiation adults rcia.family attends sunday mass saint aloysius parish baton rouge.before jindal born father amar jindal assistant professor engineering punjab university chandigarh.
Bobby Jindal	settling louisiana jindals father went work louisiana railroad company mother transitioned it.jindals mother raj jindal serves information technology director louisiana workforce commission formerly louisiana department labor served assistant secretary former state labor secretary garey forster administration gov.mike foster jindal younger brother nikesh registered republican supported brothers campaign governor.nikesh went dartmouth college graduated honors yale law school.nikesh lawyer washington d.c.jindals nickname dates childhood identification bobby brady character sitcom brady bunch.
Bobby Jindal	known nickname ever since although legal name remains piyush jindal.in jindal married supriya jolly born new delhi india mother visiting family there.parents lived baton rouge time born.two attended high school supriyas family moved baton rouge new orleans freshman year.supriya jindal earned bachelors degree chemical engineering m.b.a. degree tulane university.created supriya jindal foundation louisianas children nonprofit organization aimed improving math science education grade schools.they three children selia elizabeth shaan robert slade ryan.
Bobby Jindal	shaan born congenital heart defect surgery infant.jindals outspoken advocates children congenital defects particularly without insurance.wife delivered third child home receiving medical coaching phone deliver boy.jindal enjoys hunting louisiana.as july jindal living former louisiana governor following death predecessors edwin edwards buddy roemer mike foster kathleen blanco .writings list jindals published writings found hearing report u.s. senate confirmation.include newspaper columns law review articles first authorships several scientific policy articles appeared prominent journal american medical association journal louisiana state medical association hospital outlook.jindals pre writings include several articles new oxford review one later made news gubernatorial race.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	article titled physical dimensions spiritual warfare jindal described events leading apparent exorcism friend felt unable help time.however jindal questioned whether saw actually example spiritual warfare.in november jindal published book leadership crisis semiautobiography significantly influenced deepwater horizon explosion oil spill.see also list asian americans pacific islands americans united states congressrepublican party presidential candidates references external links bobby jindal governorbobby jindal curlieappearances cspanbobby jindal “i running president” full transcriptbiography biographical directory united states congressfinancial information federal office federal election commissioncpsu sole governing party soviet union congress peoples deputies modified article soviet constitution previously granted cpsu monopoly political system.the party roots russian social democratic labour party.rsdlp founded russia ruled absolute monarchy.broad antitsarist ideology driving factor initial growth.russians across political spectrum flocked party marxists socialists centrists made ranks.despite tsars harsh oppression including imprisoning even executing party members rsdlp continued grow albeit underground.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	initially party operated unified cohesive manner cracks within party unity began show.vladimir lenin one leading marxists engaged fierce debates others revolutionary tactic theory.lenin believed party lead small committee vehicle mobilizes working class carry socialist revolution oust tsar.radical views initially unpopular ostracized rsdlp.lenins opponents majority party leadership refused entertain ideology denied clear path power.realizing ability push forward agenda lenin supporters created schism party .
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	lenins new faction called bolsheviks majority espoused lenins interpretation marx held similar radical views.schism also produced moderate mensheviks minority faction.following abdication tsar failure provisional government exit wwi bolsheviks seized power october revolution.operating government bolsheviks underwent name change referred communist party following year.russia divided communists anticommunists engaged bloody civil war concluded bolshevik victory.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	civil war also saw formation soviet union communists founded soviet union became sole legal party would remain years.august group cpsu hardliners attempted coup détat remove general secretary mikhail gorbachev curtailed soviet presence eastern bloc.nearly three months following coup attempt november party banned soviet union dissolved december.the cpsu communist party based democratic centralism.principle conceived lenin entails democratic open discussion policy issues within party followed requirement total unity upholding agreed policies.highest body within cpsu party congress convened every five years.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	congress session central committee highest body.central committee met twice year daytoday duties responsibilities vested politburo previously presidium secretariat orgburo .party leader head government held office either general secretary premier head state two three offices concurrently never three time.party leader de facto chairman cpsu politburo chief executive soviet union.tension party state council ministers soviet union shifting focus power never formally resolved.after founding soviet union lenin introduced mixed economy commonly referred new economic policy allowed capitalist practices resume communist party dictation order develop necessary conditions socialism become practical pursuit economically undeveloped country.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	joseph stalin became leader party marxism–leninism fusion original ideas german philosopher economic theorist karl marx lenin became formalized partys guiding ideology would remain throughout rest existence.party pursued state socialism industries nationalized command economy implemented.recovering second world war reforms implemented decentralized economic planning liberalized soviet society general nikita khrushchev.various factors including continuing cold war ongoing nuclear arms race united states western european powers unaddressed inefficiencies economy led stagnant economic growth alexei kosygin leonid brezhnev growing disillusionment.younger vigorous mikhail gorbachev assumed leadership following two shortterm elderly leaders yuri andropov konstantin chernenko quickly died succession rapid steps taken transform tottering soviet economic system direction market economy again.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	gorbachev allies envisioned introduction economy similar lenins earlier new economic policy program perestroika restructuring reforms along institution free multicandidate elections led decline partys power dissolution soviet union banning party later last rsfsr president boris yeltsin subsequent first president evolving democratic freemarket economy successor russian federation.a number causes contributed cpsus loss control dissolution soviet union early s. historians written gorbachevs policy glasnost political openness root cause noting weakened partys control society.gorbachev maintained perestroika without glasnost doomed failure anyway.others blamed economic stagnation subsequent loss faith general populace communist ideology.final years cpsus existence communist parties federal subjects russia united communist party russian soviet federative socialist republic rsfsr.cpsus demise communist parties union republics became independent underwent various separate paths reform.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	russia communist party russian federation emerged regarded inheritor cpsus old bolshevik legacy present day.history name may – march russian social democratic labour party bolsheviks russian российская социалдемократическая рабочая партия большевиков рсдрпб romanized rossiyskaya sotsialdemokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya bolshevikov rsdspb march – december russian communist party bolsheviks russian российская коммунистическая партия большевиков ркпб romanized rossiyskaya kommunisticheskaya partiya bolshevikov rkpb december – october allunion communist party bolsheviks russian всесоюзная коммунистическая партия большевиков вкпб romanized vsesoyuznaya kommunisticheskaya partiya bolshevikov vkpb october – november communist party soviet union russian коммунистическая партия советского союза кпсс romanized kommunisticheskaya partiya sovetskogo soyuza kpss early years – origin cpsu bolshevik faction russian social democratic labour party rsdlp.faction arose split followers julius martov vladimir lenin august partys second conference.martovs followers called mensheviks means minority russian lenins bolsheviks majority.two factions fact fairly equal numerical size.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	split became formalized factions became named russian social democratic labour party bolsheviks russian social democratic labour party mensheviks.prior february revolution first phase russian revolutions party worked underground organized antitsarist groups.time revolution many partys central leaders including lenin exile.with emperor nicholas ii – reigned – deposed february republic established administered provisional government largely dominated interests military former nobility major capitalists business owners democratic socialists.alongside grassroots general assemblies spontaneously formed called soviets dualpower structure soviets provisional government place time differences would reconciled postprovisional government.lenin time exile switzerland dissidents exile managed arrange imperial german government safe passage germany sealed train back russia continent amidst ongoing world war.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	april lenin arrived petrograd renamed former st. petersburg condemned provisional government calling advancement revolution towards transformation ongoing war war working class capitalism.rebellion proved yet tensions social forces aligned soviets councils provisional government led alexander kerensky – power came explosive tensions summer.the bolsheviks rapidly increased political presence may onward popularity program notably calling immediate end war land reform peasants restoring food allocation urban population.program translated masses simple slogans patiently explained solution crisis revolution created.july policies disseminated publications pravda main paper readership .roughly halved repression bolsheviks following july days demonstrations even end august principal paper bolsheviks print run copies.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	despite ideas gained increasing popularity elections soviets.the factions within soviets became increasingly polarized later summer armed demonstrations soldiers call bolsheviks attempted military coup commanding gen. lavr kornilov eliminate socialists provisional government.general consensus within soviets moved leftward less militant forces began abandon leaving bolsheviks stronger position.october bolsheviks demanding full transfer power soviets total rejection kerensky led provisional governments legitimacy.provisional government insistent maintaining universally despised war effort eastern front treaty ties allies fears imperial german victory become socially isolated enthusiastic support streets.november october old style bolsheviks led armed insurrection overthrew kerensky provisional government left soviets sole governing force russia.in aftermath october revolution soviets united federally russian socialist federative soviet republic worlds first constitutionally socialist state established.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	bolsheviks majority within soviets began fulfill campaign promises signing damaging peace end war germans treaty brestlitovsk transferring estates imperial lands workers peasants soviets.context rsdlpb became allrussian communist party bolsheviks.outside russia socialdemocrats supported soviet government began identify communists opposed retained socialdemocratic label.in civil war drawing close lenin proposed new economic policy nep system state capitalism started process industrialization postwar recovery.nep ended brief period intense rationing called war communism began period market economy communist dictation.bolsheviks believed time russia among economically undeveloped socially backward countries europe yet reached necessary conditions development socialism become practical pursuit would wait conditions arrive capitalist development achieved advanced countries england germany.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	december russian sfsr joined former territories russian empire form union soviet socialist republics ussr lenin elected leader.march lenin suffered stroke incapacitated effectively ended role government.died january thirteen months founding soviet union would become regarded founding father.stalin era – lenins death power struggle ensued joseph stalin partys general secretary leon trotsky minister defence highly contrasting visions future direction country.trotsky sought implement policy permanent revolution predicated notion soviet union would able survive socialist character surrounded hostile governments therefore concluded necessary actively support similar revolutions advanced capitalist countries.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	stalin however argued foreign policy would feasible capabilities possessed soviet union would invite countrys destruction engaging armed conflict.rather stalin argued soviet union meantime pursue peaceful coexistence invite foreign investment order develop countrys economy build socialism one country.ultimately stalin gained greatest support within party trotsky increasingly viewed collaborator outside forces effort depose stalin isolated subsequently expelled party exiled country .stalins policies henceforth would later become collectively known stalinism.name party changed allunion communist party bolsheviks reflecting republics outside russia proper longer part allencompassing russian state.acronym usually transliterated vkpb sometimes vcpb.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	stalin sought formalize partys ideological outlook philosophical hybrid original ideas lenin orthodox marxism would called marxism–leninism.stalins position general secretary became top executive position within party giving stalin significant authority party state policy.by end diplomatic relations western countries deteriorating point growing fear another allied attack soviet union.within country conditions nep enabled growing inequalities increasingly wealthy strata remaining poor.combination tensions led party leadership conclude necessary governments survival pursue new policy would centralize economic activity accelerate industrialization.first fiveyear plan implemented .
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	plan doubled industrial workforce proletarianizing many peasants removing land assembling urban centers.peasants remained agricultural work also made similarly proletarian relationship labor policies collectivization turned feudalstyle farms collective farms would cooperative nature direction state.two shifts changed base soviet society towards workingclass alignment.plan fulfilled ahead schedule .the success industrialization soviet union led western countries united states open diplomatic relations soviet government.years unsuccessful workers revolutions including shortlived bavarian soviet republic spiraling economic calamity adolf hitler came power germany violently suppressing revolutionary organizers posing direct threat soviet union ideologically supported them.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	threat fascist sabotage imminent attack greatly exacerbated already existing tensions within soviet union communist party.wave paranoia overtook stalin party leadership spread soviet society.seeing potential enemies everywhere leaders government security apparatuses began severe crackdowns known great purge.total hundreds thousands people many posthumously recognized innocent arrested either sent prison camps executed.also time campaign religion waged russian orthodox church long political arm tsarism revolution targeted repression organized religion generally removed public life made completely private matter many churches mosques shrines repurposed demolished.the soviet union first warn impending danger invasion nazi germany international community.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	western powers however remained committed maintaining peace avoiding another war breaking many considering soviet unions warnings unwanted provocation.many unsuccessful attempts create antifascist alliance among western countries including trying rally international support spanish republic struggle fascist military coup supported germany italy soviet union signed nonaggression pact germany would broken june german military invading soviet union largest land invasion history beginning great patriotic war.the communist international dissolved concluded organization failed prevent rise fascism global war necessary defeat it.allied victory world war ii party held doctrine establishing socialist governments postwar occupied territories would administered communists loyal stalins administration.party also sought expand sphere influence beyond occupied territories using proxy wars espionage providing training funding promote communist elements abroad leading establishment cominform .in communists emerged victorious chinese civil war causing extreme shift global balance forces greatly escalating tensions communists western powers fueling cold war.europe yugoslavia leadership josip broz tito acquired territory trieste causing conflict western powers stalin administration opposed provocative move.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	furthermore yugoslav communists actively supported greek communists civil war frustrating soviet government.tensions led tito–stalin split marked beginning international sectarian division within world communist movement.poststalin years – stalins death khrushchev rose top post overcoming political adversaries including lavrentiy beria georgy malenkov power struggle.khrushchev achieved demotion malenkov secured position soviet leader.early rule support several members presidium khrushchev initiated thaw effectively ended stalinist mass terror prior decades reduced socioeconomic oppression considerably.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	th congress held khrushchev denounced stalins crimes careful omit reference complicity sitting presidium members.economic policies bringing improvements enough fix fundamental problems soviet economy.standard living ordinary citizens increase million people moved new housing .khrushchevs foreign policies led sinosoviet split part consequence public denunciation stalin.khrushchev improved relations josip broz titos league communists yugoslavia failed establish close partytoparty relations wanted.thaw reduced political oppression home led unintended consequences abroad hungarian revolution unrest poland local citizenry felt confident enough rebel soviet control.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	khrushchev also failed improve soviet relations west partially hawkish military stance.aftermath cuban missile crisis khrushchevs position within party substantially weakened.shortly eventual ousting tried introduce economic reforms championed evsei liberman soviet economist tried implement market mechanisms planned economy.khrushchev ousted october central committee plenum officially cited inability listen others failure consulting members presidium establishment cult personality economic mismanagement antiparty reforms reasons longer fit remain head party.succeeded office leonid brezhnev first secretary alexei kosygin chairman council ministers.the brezhnev era began rejection khrushchevism virtually every arena except one continued opposition stalinist methods terror political violence.khrushchevs policies criticized voluntarism brezhnev period saw rise neostalinism.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	stalin never rehabilitated period conservative journals country allowed highlight positive features rule.at rd congress held names office first secretary body presidium reverted original names general secretary politburo respectively.start premiership kosygin experimented economic reforms similar championed malenkov including prioritizing light industry heavy industry increase production consumer goods.similar reforms introduced hungary name new economic mechanism however rise power alexander dubček czechoslovakia called establishment socialism human face nonconformist reform attempts soviet union stopped.during rule brezhnev supported détente passive weakening animosity west goal improving political economic relations.however th congress held political economic social problems within soviet union began mount brezhnev administration found increasingly difficult position.previous year brezhnevs health began deteriorate.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	became addicted painkillers needed take increasingly potent medications attend official meetings.trust cadres policy implemented administration cpsu leadership evolved gerontocracy.end brezhnevs rule problems continued amount consented soviet intervention afghanistan save embattled communist regime supported oppression solidarity movement poland.problems grew home abroad brezhnev increasingly ineffective responding growing criticism soviet union western leaders prominently us presidents jimmy carter ronald reagan uk prime minister margaret thatcher.cpsu wishfully interpreted financial crisis beginning end capitalism found country falling far behind west economic development.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	brezhnev died november succeeded yuri andropov november.andropov staunch antistalinist chaired kgb brezhnevs reign.appointed several reformers leadership positions kgb many later became leading officials gorbachev.andropov supported increased openness press particularly regarding challenges facing soviet union.andropov office briefly appointed number reformers including yegor ligachev nikolay ryzhkov mikhail gorbachev important positions.also supported crackdown absenteeism corruption.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	andropov intended let gorbachev succeed office konstantin chernenko supporters suppressed paragraph letter called gorbachevs elevation.andropov died february succeeded chernenko.throughout short leadership chernenko unable consolidate power effective control party organization remained gorbachevs control.chernenko died march succeeded office gorbachev march .gorbachev partys demise – politburo elected gorbachev cpsu general secretary march one day chernenkos death.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	gorbachev acceded power soviet union stagnating stable might continued largely unchanged st century gorbachevs reforms.gorbachev conducted significant personnel reshuffling cpsu leadership forcing old party conservatives office.early new leadership party called uskoreniye russian ускоре́ние lit.acceleration.gorbachev reinvigorated party ideology adding new concepts updating older ones.positive consequences included allowance pluralism thought call establishment socialist pluralism literally socialist democracy.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	gorbachev introduced policy glasnost russian гла́сность meaning openness transparency led wave unintended democratization.according british researcher russian affairs archie brown democratization soviet union brought mixed blessings gorbachev helped weaken conservative opponents within party brought accumulated grievances suppressed previous decades.in reaction changes conservative movement gained momentum response boris yeltsins dismissal first secretary cpsu moscow city committee.march nina andreyeva university lecturer wrote article titled cannot forsake principles.publication planned occur gorbachev protege alexander yakovlev visiting foreign countries.place yegor ligachev led party organization told journalists article benchmark need ideology today.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	upon gorbachevs return article discussed length politburo meeting revealed nearly half members sympathetic letter opposed reforms could weaken party.meeting lasted two days april politburo resolution responded pointbypoint rebuttal andreyevas article.gorbachev convened th party conference june .criticized leading party conservatives – ligachev andrei gromyko mikhail solomentsev.turn conservative delegates attacked gorbachev reformers.according brown much open discussion dissent party meeting since early s.despite deepseated opposition reform cpsu remained hierarchical conservatives acceded gorbachevs demands deference position cpsu general secretary.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	th conference approved establishment congress peoples deputies cpd allowed contested elections cpsu independent candidates.organized parties allowed.cpd elected onethird seats appointed cpsu public organizations sustain soviet oneparty state.elections democratic elected cpd members opposed radical reform.elections featured highest electoral turnout russian history election since higher participation rate.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	organized opposition established within legislature name interregional group deputies dissident andrei sakharov.unintended consequence reforms increased anticpsu pressure march session supreme soviet soviet union party forced relinquish political monopoly power effect turning soviet union liberal democracy.the cpsus demise began march state bodies eclipsed party elements power.soviet unions disestablishment gorbachev ruled country newly created post president soviet union.following central party apparatus didnt play practical role soviet affairs.gorbachev become independent politburo faced constraints party leaders.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	summer party convened th congress.new politburo elected previous incumbents except gorbachev vladimir ivashko cpsu deputy general secretary removed.later year party began work new program working title towards humane democratic socialism.according brown program reflected gorbachevs journey orthodox communist european social democrat.freedoms thought organization gorbachev allowed led rise nationalism soviet republics indirectly weakening central authorities.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	response referendum took place union republics voted preserve union different form.reaction conservative elements within cpsu launched august coup overthrew gorbachev failed preserve soviet union.gorbachev resumed control august coups collapse resigned cpsu august operations handed ivashko.august activity cpsu suspended throughout country november yeltsin banned activities party russia gorbachev resigned presidency december following day soviet republics dissolved soviet union.on november constitutional court russian federation recognized ban activities primary organizations communist party formed territorial basis inconsistent constitution russia upheld dissolution governing structures cpsu governing structures republican organization – communist party rsfsr.after dissolution soviet union russian adherents cpsu tradition particularly existed gorbachev reorganized within communist party russian federation cprf.today wide range parties russia present successors cpsu.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	several used name cpsu.however cprf generally seen due massive size heir cpsu russia.additionally cprf initially founded communist party russian sfsr sometime abolition cpsu seen critics russiannationalist counterpart cpsu.governing style style governance party alternated collective leadership cult personality.collective leadership split power politburo central committee council ministers hinder attempts create oneman dominance soviet political system.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	contrast stalins period leader characterized extensive cult personality.regardless leadership style political power soviet union concentrated organization cpsu.democratic centralism democratic centralism organizational principle conceived lenin.according soviet pronouncements democratic centralism distinguished bureaucratic centralism referred highhanded formulae without knowledge discussion.democratic centralism decisions taken discussions general party line formed discussion subject must cease.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	member organizational institution may dissent policy agreed upon partys governing body would lead expulsion party formalized th congress.stance lenin initiated ban factions approved th congress.lenin believed democratic centralism safeguarded party unity ideological correctness.conceived system events several socialist parties deformed actively began supporting nationalist sentiments.lenin intended devotion policy required centralism would protect parties revisionist ills bourgeois deformation socialism.lenin supported notion highly centralized vanguard party ordinary party members elected local party committee local party committee elected regional committee regional committee elected central committee central committee elected politburo orgburo secretariat.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	lenin believed party needed ruled center disposal power mobilize party members will.system later introduced communist parties abroad communist international comintern.vanguardism central tenet leninism vanguard party.capitalist society party represent interests working class exploited capitalism general however become part class.lenin decided partys sole responsibility articulate plan longterm interests oppressed classes.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	responsible daily grievances classes responsibility trade unions.according lenin party oppressed classes could never become one party responsible leading oppressed classes victory.basic idea small group organized people could wield power disproportionate size superior organizational skills.despite end life lenin warned danger party could taken bureaucrats small clique individual.toward end life criticized bureaucratic inertia certain officials admitted problems partys control structures supervise organizational life.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	organization congress congress nominally highest organ party convened every five years.leading october revolution stalins consolidation power congress partys main decisionmaking body.however stalins ascension congresses became largely symbolic.cpsu leaders used congresses propaganda control tool.noteworthy congress since th congress khrushchev denounced stalin speech titled personality cult consequences.despite delegates congresses losing powers criticize remove party leadership congresses functioned form elitemass communication.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	occasions party leadership express party line next five years ordinary cpsu members general public.information provided general ensuring party leadership retained ability make specific policy changes saw fit.the congresses also provided party leadership formal legitimacy providing mechanism election new members retirement old members lost favor.elections congresses predetermined candidates stood seats central committee central auditing commission approved beforehand politburo secretariat.congress could also provide platform announcement new ideological concepts.instance nd congress khrushchev announced soviet union would see communism twenty years— position later retracted.a conference officially referred allunion conference convened congresses central committee discuss party policy make personnel changes within central committee.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	conferences convened cpsus existence.th congress held removed clause partys statute stipulated party conference could convened.clause reinstated rd congress held .central committee central committee collective body elected annual party congress.mandated meet least twice year act partys supreme governing body.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	membership central committee increased full members .central committee members elected seats offices held personal merit.central committee commonly considered indicator sovietologists study strength different institutions.politburo elected reported central committee.besides politburo central committee also elected secretariat general secretary—the de facto leader soviet union.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	– orgburo also elected manner politburo secretariat plenums central committee.central committee plenums politburo secretariat legally empowered make decisions behalf.central committee politburo andor secretariat behalf could issue nationwide decisions decisions behalf party transmitted top bottom.under lenin central committee functioned much politburo poststalin era serving partys governing body.however membership central committee increased role eclipsed politburo.congresses central committee functioned soviet leaderships source legitimacy.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	decline central committees standing began reduced compliant body party leadership great purge.according party rules central committee convene least twice year discuss political matters—but matters relating military policy.body remained largely symbolic stalins consolidation leading party officials rarely attended meetings central committee.central auditing commission central auditing commission cac elected party congresses reported party congress.many members central committee.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	responsible supervising expeditious proper handling affairs central bodies party audited accounts treasury enterprises central committee.also responsible supervising central committee apparatus making sure directives implemented central committee directives complied party statute.statute statute also referred rules charter constitution partys bylaws controlled life within cpsu.st statute adopted nd congress russian social democratic labour party—the forerunner cpsu.statute structured organized led schism within party leading establishment two competing factions bolsheviks literally majority mensheviks literally minority.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	st statute based upon lenins idea centralized vanguard party.th congress despite majority menshevik delegates added concept democratic centralism article statute.st statute lasted th congress adopted nd statute.nearly five times long st statute contained articles.amended th congress.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	th congress rd statute adopted minor amendments made.new statutes approved th th congresses respectively.last party statute existed dissolution cpsu adopted nd congress.central committee apparatus general secretary general secretary central committee title given overall leader party.office synonymous leader soviet union joseph stalins consolidation power s. stalin used office general secretary create strong power base himself.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	office formally titled first secretary .politburo political bureau politburo known presidium highest party organ congress central committee session.th conference politburo alongside secretariat controlled appointments dismissals nationwide.poststalin period politburo controlled central committee apparatus two channels general department distributed politburos orders central committee departments personnel overlap existed within politburo secretariat.personnel overlap gave cpsu general secretary way strengthening position within politburo secretariat.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	kirill mazurov politburo member accused brezhnev turning politburo second echelon power.accomplished discussing policies politburo meetings mikhail suslov andrei kirilenko fyodor kulakov dmitriy ustinov among others held seats politburo secretariat.mazurovs claim later verified nikolai ryzhkov chairman council ministers gorbachev.ryzhkov said politburo meetings lasted minutes people close brezhnev already decided approved.the politburo abolished replaced presidium th congress.aftermath th congress st plenum th central committee stalin ordered creation bureau presidium acted standing committee presidium.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	march one day stalins death new smaller presidium elected bureau presidium abolished joint session presidium supreme soviet council ministers.until cpsu general secretary acted informal chairman politburo.first decades cpsus existence politburo officially chaired chairman council peoples commissars first lenin aleksey rykov molotov stalin malenkov.lenin incapacitated lev kamenev deputy chairman council peoples commissars chaired politburos meetings.tradition lasted khrushchevs consolidation power.first poststalin years malenkov chaired politburo meetings khrushchev first secretary signed central committee documents force.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	khrushchev chaired politburo first secretary dismissed succeeded nikolai bulganin chairman council ministers.period informal position second secretary—later formalized deputy general secretary—was established.second secretary became responsible chairing secretariat place general secretary.general secretary could chair meetings politburo second secretary would take place.system survived dissolution cpsu .to elected politburo member serve central committee.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	central committee elected politburo aftermath party congress.members central committee given predetermined list candidates politburo one candidate seat reason election politburo usually passed unanimously.greater power held sitting cpsu general secretary higher chance politburo membership would approved.secretariat secretariat headed cpsus central apparatus solely responsible development implementation party policies.legally empowered take duties functions central committee plenum hold meeting.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	many members secretariat concurrently held seat politburo.according soviet textbook party procedures secretariats role leadership current work chiefly realm personnel selection organization verification fulfillment partystate decisions.selections personnel russian podbor kadrov instance meant maintenance general standards criteria selecting various personnel.verification fulfillment russian proverka ispolneniia party state decisions meant secretariat instructed bodies.the powers secretariat weakened mikhail gorbachev central committee commissions took functions secretariat .yegor ligachev secretariat member said changes completely destroyed secretariats hold power made body almost superfluous.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	secretariat rarely met next two years.revitalized th party congress deputy general secretary became official head secretariat.orgburo organizational bureau orgburo existed one three leading bodies party central committee session.responsible organizational questions recruitment allocation personnel coordination activities party government social organizations e.g.trade unions youth organizations improvement partys structure distribution information reports within party.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	th congress abolished orgburo duties responsibilities taken secretariat.beginning orgburo held three meetings week reported central committee every second week.lenin described relation politburo orgburo orgburo allocates forces politburo decides policy.decision orgburo implemented secretariat.however secretariat could make decisions orgburos name without consulting members one orgburo member objected secretariat resolution resolution would implemented.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	central committee could convene politburo orgburo would hold joint session place.control commission central control commission ccc functioned partys supreme court.ccc established th allrussian conference september rules organizing procedure enacted th congress.th congress formally established ccc party levels stated could elected party congress party conference.ccc ccs formally independent make decisions party committees level led practice lose administrative independence.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	first primary responsibility ccs respond party complaints focusing mostly party complaints factionalism bureaucratism.th congress brief ccs expanded became responsible overseeing party discipline.bid centralize powers ccc presidium ccc functioned similar manner politburo relation central committee established .th congress party rules regarding ccc changed elected central committee subordinate central committee.ccc members could concurrently members central committee.create organizational link ccc centrallevel organs th allrussian conference created joint cc–ccc plenums.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	ccc powerful organ th congress allowed expel full candidate central committee members members subordinate organs twothirds attendants cc–ccc plenum voted such.first session lenin tried persuade joint plenum expel alexander shliapnikov party instead expelling shliapnikov given severe reprimand.departments leader department usually given title head russian zaveduiuschchii.practice secretariat major say running departments example five eleven secretaries headed departments .normally specific secretaries given supervising duties one departments.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	department established cells—called sections—which specialized one fields.gorbachev era variety departments made central committee apparatus.party building cadre work department assigned party personnel nomenklatura system.state legal department supervised armed forces kgb ministry internal affairs trade unions procuracy.central committee several departments abolished year.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	among departments economics department responsible economy whole one machine building one chemical industry etc.party abolished departments remove daytoday management economy favor government bodies greater role market part perestroika process.place gorbachev called creations commissions responsibilities departments giving independence state apparatus.change approved th conference held .six commissions established late .
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	pravda pravda truth leading newspaper soviet union.organizational department central committee organ empowered dismiss pravda editors.pravda began project members ukrainian social democratic labour party.leon trotsky approached possibility running new paper previous work ukrainian newspaper kyivan thought.first issue pravda published october lvov continued publication sixth issue november operation moved vienna austriahungary.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	russian civil war sales pravda curtailed izvestia government run newspaper.time average reading figure pravda .viennabased newspaper published last issue succeeded year new newspaper dominated bolsheviks also called pravda headquartered st. petersburg.papers main goal promote marxist–leninist philosophy expose lies bourgeoisie.paper reached circulation .

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