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Social science	briefer yet study people seek satisfy needs wants study financial aspects human behavior.economics two broad branches microeconomics unit analysis individual agent household firm macroeconomics unit analysis economy whole.another division subject distinguishes positive economics seeks predict explain economic phenomena normative economics orders choices actions criterion orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments.since early part th century economics focused largely measurable quantities employing theoretical models empirical analysis.quantitative models however traced far back physiocratic school.economic reasoning increasingly applied recent decades social situations politics law psychology history religion marriage family life social interactions.this paradigm crucially assumes resources scarce sufficient satisfy wants economic value willingness pay revealed instance market arms length transactions.
Social science	rival heterodox schools thought institutional economics green economics marxist economics economic sociology make grounding assumptions.example marxist economics assumes economics primarily deals investigation exchange value human labour source.the expanding domain economics social sciences described economic imperialism.education education encompasses teaching learning specific skills also something less tangible profound imparting knowledge positive judgement welldeveloped wisdom.education one fundamental aspects imparting culture generation generation see socialization.educate means draw latin educare facilitate realization individuals potential talents.
Social science	application pedagogy body theoretical applied research relating teaching learning draws many disciplines psychology philosophy computer science linguistics neuroscience sociology anthropology.the education individual human begins birth continues throughout life.believe education begins even birth evidenced parents playing music reading baby womb hope influence childs development.struggles triumphs daily life provide far instruction formal schooling thus mark twains admonition never let school interfere education.geography geography discipline split broadly two main sub fields human geography physical geography.former focuses largely built environment space created viewed managed humans well influence humans space occupy.
Social science	may involve cultural geography transportation health military operations cities.latter examines natural environment climate vegetation life soil oceans water landforms produced interact.physical geography examines phenomena related measurement earth.result two subfields using different approaches third field emerged environmental geography.environmental geography combines physical human geography looks interactions environment humans.
Social science	branches geography include social geography regional geography geomatics.geographers attempt understand earth terms physical spatial relationships.first geographers focused science mapmaking finding ways precisely project surface earth.sense geography bridges gaps natural sciences social sciences.historical geography often taught college unified department geography.modern geography allencompassing discipline closely related gisc seeks understand humanity natural environment.fields urban planning regional science planetology closely related geography.
Social science	practitioners geography use many technologies methods collect data gis remote sensing aerial photography statistics global positioning systems gps.history history continuous systematic narrative research past human events interpreted historiographical paradigms theories.used name field study history refers study interpretation record humans societies institutions topic changed time.traditionally study history considered part humanities.modern academia history occasionally classified social science.united states national endowment humanities includes history definition humanities applied linguistics.
Social science	however national research council classifies history social science.historical method comprises techniques guidelines historians use primary sources evidence research write history.social science history association formed brings together scholars numerous disciplines interested social history.law social science law jurisprudence common parlance means rule unlike rule ethics capable enforcement institutions.however many laws based norms accepted community thus ethical foundation.
Social science	study law crosses boundaries social sciences humanities depending ones view research objectives effects.law always enforceable especially international relations context.defined system rules interpretive concept achieve justice authority mediate peoples interests even command sovereign backed threat sanction.however one likes think law completely central social institution.legal policy incorporates practical manifestation thinking almost every social science humanities.
Social science	laws politics politicians create them.law philosophy moral ethical persuasions shape ideas.law tells many historys stories statutes case law codifications build time.law economics rule contract tort property law labour law company law many longlasting effects distribution wealth.noun law derives late old english lagu meaning something laid fixed adjective legal comes latin word lex.
Social science	linguistics linguistics investigates cognitive social aspects human language.field divided areas focus aspects linguistic signal syntax study rules govern structure sentences semantics study meaning morphology study structure words phonetics study speech sounds phonology study abstract sound system particular language however work areas like evolutionary linguistics study origins evolution language psycholinguistics study psychological factors human language cut across divisions.the overwhelming majority modern research linguistics takes predominantly synchronic perspective focusing language particular point time great deal it—partly owing influence noam chomsky—aims formulating theories cognitive processing language.however language exist vacuum brain approaches like contact linguistics creole studies discourse analysis social interactional linguistics sociolinguistics explore language social context.sociolinguistics often makes use traditional quantitative analysis statistics investigating frequency features disciplines like contact linguistics focus qualitative analysis.certain areas linguistics thus understood clearly falling within social sciences areas like acoustic phonetics neurolinguistics draw natural sciences.
Social science	linguistics draws secondarily humanities played rather greater role linguistic inquiry th early th centuries.ferdinand saussure considered father modern linguistics.political science political science academic research discipline deals theory practice politics description analysis political systems political behaviour.fields subfields political science include political economy political theory philosophy civics comparative politics theory direct democracy apolitical governance participatory direct democracy national systems crossnational political analysis political development international relations foreign policy international law politics public administration administrative behaviour public law judicial behaviour public policy.political science also studies power international relations theory great powers superpowers.political science methodologically diverse although recent years witnessed upsurge use scientific method proliferation formaldeductive model building quantitative hypothesis testing.
Social science	approaches discipline include rational choice classical political philosophy interpretivism structuralism behaviouralism realism pluralism institutionalism.political science one social sciences uses methods techniques relate kinds inquiries sought primary sources historical documents interviews official records well secondary sources scholarly articles used building testing theories.empirical methods include survey research statistical analysis econometrics case studies experiments model building.herbert baxter adams credited coining phrase political science teaching history johns hopkins university.psychology psychology academic applied field involving study behaviour mental processes.
Social science	psychology also refers application knowledge various spheres human activity including problems individuals daily lives treatment mental illness.word psychology comes ancient greek ψυχή psyche soul mind logy study.psychology differs anthropology economics political science sociology seeking capture explanatory generalizations mental function overt behaviour individuals disciplines focus creating descriptive generalizations functioning social groups situationspecific human behaviour.practice however quite lot crossfertilization takes place among various fields.psychology differs biology neuroscience primarily concerned interaction mental processes behaviour overall processes system simply biological neural processes though subfield neuropsychology combines study actual neural processes study mental effects subjectively produced.many people associate psychology clinical psychology focuses assessment treatment problems living psychopathology.reality psychology myriad specialties including social psychology developmental psychology cognitive psychology educational psychology industrialorganizational psychology mathematical psychology neuropsychology quantitative analysis behaviour.psychology broad science rarely tackled whole major block.
Social science	although subfields encompass natural science base social science application others clearly distinguished little social sciences lot social sciences.example biological psychology considered natural science social scientific application clinical medicine social occupational psychology generally speaking purely social sciences whereas neuropsychology natural science lacks application scientific tradition entirely.british universities emphasis tenet psychology student studied andor concentrated communicated degree conferred b.psy.indicates balance natural social sciences b.sc.indicates strong entire scientific concentration whereas b.a.
Social science	underlines majority social science credits.always necessarily case however many uk institutions students studying b.psy b.sc.b.a.follow curriculum outlined british psychological society options specialism open regardless whether choose balance heavy science basis heavy social science basis degree.applied read b.a.
Social science	example specialized heavily sciencebased modules still generally awarded b.a.sociology sociology systematic study society individuals relationship societies consequences difference aspects human social action.meaning word comes suffix logy means study derived ancient greek stem soci latin word socius meaning companion society general.auguste comte – coined term sociology way apply natural science principles techniques social world .comte endeavoured unify history psychology economics descriptive understanding social realm.proposed social ills could remedied sociological positivism epistemological approach outlined course positive philosophy – general view positivism .
Social science	though comte generally regarded father sociology discipline formally established another french thinker émile durkheim – developed positivism foundation practical social research.durkheim set first european department sociology university bordeaux publishing rules sociological method.established journal lannée sociologique.durkheims seminal monograph suicide case study suicide rates among catholic protestant populations distinguished sociological analysis psychology philosophy.karl marx rejected comtes positivism nevertheless aimed establish science society based historical materialism becoming recognized founding figure sociology posthumously term gained broader meaning.around start th century first wave german sociologists including max weber georg simmel developed sociological antipositivism.
Social science	field may broadly recognized amalgam three modes social thought particular durkheimian positivism structural functionalism marxist historical materialism conflict theory weberian antipositivism verstehen analysis.american sociology broadly arose separate trajectory little marxist influence emphasis rigorous experimental methodology closer association pragmatism social psychology.chicago school developed symbolic interactionism.meanwhile frankfurt school pioneered idea critical theory interdisciplinary form marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers diverse sigmund freud friedrich nietzsche.critical theory would take something life world war ii influencing literary criticism birmingham school establishment cultural studies.sociology evolved academic response challenges modernity industrialization urbanization secularization perceived process enveloping rationalization.
Social science	field generally concerns social rules processes bind separate people individuals members associations groups communities institutions includes examination organization development human social life.sociological field interest ranges analysis short contacts anonymous individuals street study global social processes.terms sociologists peter l. berger thomas luckmann social scientists seek understanding social construction reality.sociologists work one subfields.one useful way describe discipline cluster subfields examine different dimensions society.
Social science	example social stratification studies inequality class structure demography studies changes population size type criminology examines criminal behaviour deviance political sociology studies interaction society state.since inception sociological epistemologies methods frames enquiry significantly expanded diverged.sociologists use diversity research methods collecting quantitative qualitative data draw upon empirical techniques engage critical theory.common modern methods include case studies historical research interviewing participant observation social network analysis survey research statistical analysis model building among approaches.since late many sociologists tried make discipline useful purposes beyond academy.results sociological research aid educators lawmakers administrators developers others interested resolving social problems formulating public policy subdisciplinary areas evaluation research methodological assessment public sociology.in early women sociologists began question sociological paradigms invisibility women sociological studies analysis courses.
Social science	feminist sociologists challenged disciplines androcentrism american sociological associations annual conference.led founding organization sociologists women society eventually new sociology journal gender society.today sociology gender considered one prominent subfields discipline.new sociological subfields continue appear — community studies computational sociology environmental sociology network analysis actornetwork theory gender studies growing list many crossdisciplinary nature.additional fields study additional applied interdisciplinary fields related social sciences includearchaeology science studies human cultures recovery documentation analysis interpretation material remains environmental data including architecture artifacts features biofacts landscapes.area studies interdisciplinary fields research scholarship pertaining particular geographical nationalfederal cultural regions.behavioural science term encompasses disciplines explore activities interactions among organisms natural world.computational social science umbrella field encompassing computational approaches within social sciences.demography statistical study human populations.development studies multidisciplinary branch social science addresses issues concern developing countries.environmental social science broad transdisciplinary study interrelations humans natural environment.environmental studies integrate social humanistic natural science perspectives relation humans natural environment.gender studies integrates several social natural sciences study gender identity masculinity femininity transgender issues sexuality.information science interdisciplinary science primarily concerned collection classification manipulation storage retrieval dissemination information.international studies covers international relations study foreign affairs global issues among states within international system international education comprehensive approach intentionally prepares people active engaged participants interconnected world.legal management social sciences discipline designed students interested study state legal elements.library science interdisciplinary field applies practices perspectives tools management information technology education areas libraries collection organization preservation dissemination information resources political economy information.management consists various levels leadership administration organization business human organizations.effective execution getting people together accomplish desired goals objectives adequate planning executing controlling activities.marketing identification human needs wants defines measures magnitude demand understanding process consumer buying behaviour formulate products services pricing promotion distribution satisfy needs wants exchange processes building longterm relationships.political economy study production buying selling relations law custom government.public administration one main branches political science broadly described development implementation study branches government policy.
Social science	pursuit public good enhancing civil society social justice ultimate goal field.though public administration historically referred government management increasingly encompasses nongovernmental organizations ngos also operate similar primary dedication betterment humanity.religious studies western esoteric studies incorporate inform socialscientific research phenomena broadly deemed religious.religious studies western esoteric studies social sciences developed dialogue one another.methodology social research origin survey traced back least early domesday book scholars pinpoint origin demography publication john graunts natural political observations upon bills mortality.social research began intentionally however positivist philosophy science th century.in contemporary usage social research relatively autonomous term encompassing work practitioners various disciplines share aims methods.
Social science	social scientists employ range methods order analyse vast breadth social phenomena census survey data derived millions individuals indepth analysis single agents social experiences monitoring happening contemporary streets investigation ancient historical documents.methods originally rooted classical sociology statistical mathematics formed basis research disciplines political science media studies marketing market research.social research methods may divided two broad schoolsquantitative designs approach social phenomena quantifiable evidence often rely statistical analysis many cases across intentionally designed treatments experiment create valid reliable general claims.qualitative designs emphasize understanding social phenomena direct observation communication participants analysis texts may stress contextual subjective accuracy generality.social scientists commonly combine quantitative qualitative approaches part multistrategy design.questionnaires fieldbased data collection archival database information laboratorybased data collections measurement techniques used.noted importance measurement analysis focusing difficult achieve goal objective research statistical hypothesis testing.mathematical model uses mathematical language describe system.
Social science	process developing mathematical model termed mathematical modelling also modeling.eykhoff defined mathematical model representation essential aspects existing system system constructed presents knowledge system usable form.mathematical models take many forms including limited dynamical systems statistical models differential equations game theoretic models.these types models overlap given model involving variety abstract structures.system set interacting interdependent entities real abstract forming integrated whole.concept integrated whole also stated terms system embodying set relationships differentiated relationships set elements relationships element set elements part relational regime.
Social science	dynamical system modeled mathematical formalization fixed rule describes time dependence points position ambient space.small changes state system correspond small changes numbers.evolution rule dynamical system fixed rule describes future states follow current state.rule deterministic given time interval one future state follows current state.social scientists often conduct program evaluation systematic method collecting analyzing using information answer questions projects policies programs particularly effectiveness efficiency.public private sectors stakeholders often want know whether programs funding implementing voting receiving objecting producing intended effect.
Social science	program evaluation first focuses around definition important considerations often include much program costs per participant program could improved whether program worthwhile whether better alternatives unintended outcomes whether program goals appropriate useful.theory social theorists emphasize subjective nature research.writers espouse social theory perspectives include various types followingcritical theory examination critique society culture drawing knowledge across social sciences humanities disciplines.dialectical materialism philosophy karl marx formulated taking dialectic hegel joining materialism feuerbach.feminist theory extension feminism theoretical philosophical discourse aims understand nature gender inequality.marxist theories revolutionary theory class theory cover work philosophy strongly influenced karl marxs materialist approach theory written marxists.phronetic social science theory methodology social science focusing ethics political power based contemporary interpretation aristotelian phronesis.postcolonial theory reaction cultural legacy colonialism.postmodernism refers point departure works literature drama architecture cinema design well marketing business interpretation history law culture religion late th century.rational choice theory framework understanding often formally modeling social economic behaviour.social constructionism considers social phenomena develop social contexts.structuralism approach human sciences attempts analyze specific field instance mythology complex system interrelated parts.structural functionalism sociological paradigm addresses social functions various elements social system perform regard entire system.other fringe social theorists delve alternative nature research.writers share social theory perspectives include various types followingantiintellectualism describes sentiment critique towards evaluation intellectuals intellectual pursuits.antiscience position critical science scientific method.education degrees universities offer degrees social science fields.
Social science	bachelor social science degree targeted social sciences particular often flexible indepth degrees include social science subjects.in united states university may offer student studies social sciences field bachelor arts degree particularly field within one traditional liberal arts history bsc bachelor science degree given london school economics social sciences constitute one two main branches science natural sciences.addition institutions degrees particular social science bachelor economics degree though specialized degrees relatively rare united states.graduate students may get masters degree master arts master science fieldspecific degree master public administration ph.d. low priority social science social sciences receive less funding natural sciences.estimated .funding climaterelated research spent social science climate change mitigation.vastly funding spent natural science studies climate change considerable sums also spent studies impact adaptation climate change.
Social science	argued misallocation resources urgent puzzle current juncture work change human behavior mitigate climate change whereas natural science climate change already well established decades centuries handle adaptation.see also general outline social sciencestructure agencynational nothing day methods ethnographyparticipatory action researchrepresentation theory areas geographic information science people frantz fanonw.e.b.duboisedward saidalkindiibn khaldunaugustinefranz boasmanuel castellsconfuciuswade davislouis dumontnorbert eliasfriedrich engelsmilton friedmananthony giddenserving goffmanmaja göpelthomas hobbesarlie hochschilddavid humemarie jahodajohn maynard keynespaul f. lazarsfeldjohn lockejohn lubbock st baron aveburyniklas luhmannniccolò machiavellimarcel maussmargaret meadjohn stuart millbaidyanath misramontesquieujean piagetsteven pinkerplatojohn rawlsdavid ricardojeanbaptiste sayalfred schutzb.f.skinneradam smithherbert spencerdeborah tannenvictor turner ethnologygulbenkian commissionlabellingobshestvovedenysocial constructionismphilosophy social sciences notes references bibliography michie jonathan ed.readers guide social sciences vol.
Social science	pages annotating major topics late th century social sciences.th st centuries sources neil j. smelser paul b. baltes .international encyclopedia social behavioral sciences amsterdam elsevier.byrne d.s..complexity theory social sciences introduction.
Social science	routledge.isbn kuper a. kuper j. .social science encyclopedia.london routledge kegan paul.ed.
Social science	limited preview version availablelave c.a.march j.g..introduction models social sciences.lanham md university press america.perry john erna perry.
Social science	contemporary society introduction social science th edition college textbookpotter d. .society social sciences introduction.london routledge u.a..david l. sills robert k. merton .international encyclopedia social sciences.seligman edwin r.a. alvin johnson .encyclopedia social sciences.
Social science	vol.ward l.f. .dynamic sociology applied social science based upon statical sociology less complex sciences.new york d. appleton.leavitt f.m.brown e. .elementary social science.
Social science	new york macmillan.bogardus e.s..introduction social sciences textbook outline.los angeles ralston press.small a.w..
Social science	meaning social science.chicago university chicago press.th century sources andrews s.p..science society.
Social science	boston mass sarah e. holmes.denslow v.b..modern thinkers principally upon social science think why.chicago belford clarke co.harris william torrey .method study social science lecture delivered st. louis social science association march .
Social science	st. louis g.i.jones co .hamilton r.s..present status social science.review historical critical progress thought social philosophy.
Social science	new york h.l.hinton.carey h.c. .principles social science.philadelphia j.b. lippincott co. etc.. volume volume ii volume iii.calvert g.h..
Social science	introduction social science discourse three parts.new york redfield.general sources backhouse roger e. philippe fontaine eds.historiography modern social sciences cambridge university press .backhouse roger e. fontaine philippe eds..
Social science	history social sciences since .cambridge university press.covers conceptual institutional wider histories economics political science sociology social anthropology psychology human geography.delanty g. .social science beyond constructivism realism.minneapolis univ.
Social science	minnesota press.hargittai e. .research confidential solutions problems social scientists pretend never have.ann arbor university michigan press.isbn .isbn hunt e.f. colander d.c. .social science introduction study society.
Social science	boston peasonallyn bacon.isbn .carey h.c. mckean k. .manual social science condensation principles social science.philadelphia baird.galavotti m.c..
Social science	observation experiment natural social sciences.boston studies philosophy science.vol..dordrecht kluwer academic.
Social science	isbn .gorton w.a..karl popper social sciences.suny series philosophy social sciences.albany state university new york press.harris f.r.
Social science	.social science national policy.new brunswick n.j. transaction books.isbn .distributed duttonkrimerman l.i.
Social science	.nature scope social science critical anthology.new york appletoncenturycrofts.isbn .rule j.b. .theory progress social science.
Social science	cambridge cambridge university press.isbn .shionoya y. .schumpeter idea social science metatheoretical study.historical perspectives modern economics.cambridge cambridge university press.singleton royce a. straits bruce c. .
Social science	approaches social research.oxford university press.isbn .archived original march .thomas d. .naturalism social science postempiricist philosophy social science.
Social science	cup archive.isbn .trigg r. .understanding social science philosophical introduction social sciences.malden mass blackwell publishers.weber m. .relations rural community branches social science congress arts science universal exposition.
Social science	st. louis houghton mifflin company.creswell john w. author.educational research planning conducting evaluating quantitative qualitative research.isbn .oclc .cite book last generic name helpcs maint multiple names authors list link academic resources annals american academy political social science issn electronic issn paper sage publicationsefferson c. richerson p.j.in press.
Social science	prolegomenon nonlinear empiricism human behavioral sciences.philosophy biology.full text opponents critics george h. smith .intellectuals libertarianism thomas sowell robert nisbetphil hutchinson rupert read wes sharrock .theres thing social science.
Social science	isbn sabia d.r.wallulis j. .changing social science critical theory critical perspectives.albany state university new york press.external links institute comparative research human social sciences icr japancentre social work researchfamily therapy systemic research centreinternational conference social sciencesinternational social science councilintroduction hutchinson et al.
Sadiq Khan	theres thing social scienceintute social sciences uksocial science research societysocial science virtual librarysocial science virtual library canaktanweb turkishsocial sciences humanitiesuc berkeley experimental social science laboratorythe dialectic social science paul a. baranamerican academy commission humanities social sciencespreviously member parliament mp tooting .member labour party khan partys soft left ideologically characterised social democrat.born tooting south london workingclass british pakistani family khan earned law degree university north london.subsequently worked solicitor specialising human rights issues chaired liberty advocacy group three years.joining labour party khan councillor london borough wandsworth elected mp tooting general election.openly critical several policies labour prime minister tony blair including invasion iraq new antiterror legislation.
Sadiq Khan	blairs successor gordon brown khan appointed parliamentary undersecretary state communities local government later becoming minister state transport.key ally next labour leader ed miliband served milibands shadow cabinet shadow secretary state justice shadow lord chancellor shadow minister london.khan elected mayor london mayoral election defeating conservative candidate zac goldsmith resigned mp.mayor implemented hopper fare unlimited bus tram journeys hour increased cost area covered london congestion charge introduced new charges ulez tcharge older polluting vehicles driving city.also backed expansion london city airport gatwick airport.vocal supporter unsuccessful britain stronger europe peoples vote campaigns uk remain european union attracted international attention twitter arguments united states president donald trump.
Sadiq Khan	established commission diversity public realm following george floyd protests.although khan initially froze transport london tfl fares implemented transport fare rises since return £.billion bailout uk government covid pandemic also lobbied government introduce public health restrictions several occasions throughout pandemic.reelected mayor may defeating conservative candidate shaun bailey.he included time list influential people world.khan praised making londons transport accessible reducing number polluting vehicles central london.
Sadiq Khan	however criticised rising levels gun knife crimes city along response crime general.early life sadiq aman khan born october st georges hospital tooting south london workingclass sunni muslim family.grandparents migrated lucknow united provinces british india pakistan following partition india .his father amanullah mother sehrun arrived london pakistan .khan fifth eight children seven boys.london amanullah worked bus driver sehrun seamstress.khan siblings grew threebedroom council flat henry prince estate earlsfield.
Sadiq Khan	attended fircroft primary school ernest bevin school local comprehensive.khan studied science mathematics alevel hope eventually becoming dentist.teacher recommended read law instead argumentative personality.teachers suggestion along american television programme l.a. law inspired khan so.read law university north london london metropolitan university.
Sadiq Khan	parents later moved council flat purchased home.like brothers khan fan sport particularly enjoying football cricket boxing.from earliest years khan worked surrounded mum dad working time soon could get job got job.got paper round saturday job—some summers laboured building site.family continues send money relatives pakistan blessed country.family often encountered racism led brothers taking boxing earlsfield amateur boxing club.
Sadiq Khan	studying degree ages saturday job peter jones department store sloane square.legal career entering house commons khan practised solicitor.after completing law degree khan took law society finals college law guildford.married saadiya ahmed also solicitor.also khan became trainee solicitor firm solicitors called christian fisher firm undertook mainly legal aid cases.partners michael fisher louise christian.khan became partner firm like christian specialised human rights law.
Sadiq Khan	fisher left firm renamed christian khan.khan left firm became prospective labour candidate tooting parliamentary constituency.during legal career acted actions employment discrimination law judicial reviews inquests police crime involved cases including followingbubbins vs united kingdom european court human rights – shooting unarmed individual police marksmenhsu thompson v met police wrongful arrestpolice damagesreeves v met police duty care prisonersmurray v cab discriminationahmed v university oxford racial discrimination studentdr jadhav v secretary state health racial discrimination employment indian doctors health serviceci logan v met police racial discriminationsupt dizaei v met police police damages discriminationinquest death david rocky bennett use restraintslead solicitor mayday demonstration test case litigation human rights actfarrakhan v home secretary human rights act khan represented american nation islam leader louis farrakhan high court overturned ban entering united kingdom first imposed .government subsequently appeal.in february khan represented group kurdish actors arrested metropolitan police rehearsal harold pinter play mountain language securing £ damages group wrongful arrest trauma caused arrest.mcdowell taylor v met police leroy mcdowell wayne taylor successfully sued metropolitan police assault false imprisonment.represented maajid nawaz reza pankhurst ian nisbet egyptian court arrested charges trying revive hizb uttahrir.parliamentary career first term – entering parliament khan represented tooting councillor wandsworth council granted title honorary alderman wandsworth upon retirement local politics.in tooting constituency labour party decided open parliamentary selection interested candidates including incumbent mp since tom cox.prompted cox mids announce retirement rather risk deselection.
Sadiq Khan	subsequent selection contest khan defeated five local candidates become labours candidate seat.elected parliament general election.khan one labour mps led successful opposition prime minister tony blairs proposed introduction days detention without charge suspected terrorism offences.recognition spectator—a rightwing magazine edited boris johnson—awarded newcomer year award parliamentarian year awards.magazines editorial board stated received award toughmindedness clarity spoken difficult issues islamic terror.august signatory open letter tony blair signed prominent muslims published guardian.
Sadiq Khan	letter criticised uk foreign policy particular invasion iraq stating blairs policies caused great harm civilians middle east provided ammunition extremists threaten us all.khan repay £ expenses relation newsletter sent constituents featuring labour rose deemed unduly prominent.content newsletter deemed party political rose logo found unduly prominent may effect promoting political party.suggestion khan deliberately dishonestly compiled expenses claims explicitly disallowed rules time.rules retrospectively changed disallowing claim previously approved house commons authorities.on february sunday times claimed conversation khan prisoner babar ahmad – constituent accused involvement terrorism – woodhill prison milton keynes bugged metropolitan police antiterrorist branch.inquiry launched justice secretary jack straw.
Sadiq Khan	concern bugging contravened wilson doctrine police bug mps.report concluded doctrine apply affected bugging requiring approval home secretary khans case monitoring authorised senior police officer.home secretary jacqui smith announced policy review said bugging discussions mps constituents banned.in june blair stood prime minister labour party leader replaced gordon brown.brown thought highly khan moved parliamentary ranks browns premiership.brown made khan party whip therefore charged ensuring laboursponsored legislation made parliamentary process become law.
Sadiq Khan	july khan helped push government proposal permit detention suspected terror offences days without charge.part khan criticised libertys shami chakrabarti others claimed khan contravened principles civil liberties issues.on prime minister gordon browns cabinet reshuffle october khan appointed parliamentary undersecretary state communities local government.in fabian society published khans book fairness favours.work khan argued labour party reconnect british muslims arguing lost trust community result iraq war.also said british muslims part play reconnecting politicians arguing needed rid victim mentality take greater responsibility community.house commons january khan criticised pope benedict xvi rehabilitation bishop richard williamson following remarks holocaust move described highly unsavoury great concern.in june promoted minister state transport.
Sadiq Khan	believed first mp khan used twitter account selfannounce promotion.though khan member cabinet attended meetings agenda items covering policy area thus becoming first muslim attend british cabinet.transport minister khan supported plans expand heathrow airport addition third runway.during period khan served chairman socialist fabian society remaining executive committee.jenny jeger award best fabian pamphlet work fairness favours reconnect british muslims.in march khan publicly stated second successive year would taking pay rise mp minister declaring time many people tooting throughout country accept pay freezes dont think appropriate mps accept pay rise.second third term – khan reelected mp tooting despite swing party .
Sadiq Khan	halving previous majority.campaign tooting supported harris bokhari reportedly used antiahmadiyya sentiment mobilise muslim voters mosque tooting vote khan instead liberal democrat candidate nasser butt ahmadiyya.bokhari appointed join khans new diversity equality inclusion advisory group.subsequent labour leadership election khan early backer ed miliband becoming campaign manager.wake labours election defeat acting leader harriet harman appointed khan shadow secretary state transport.
Sadiq Khan	khan orchestrated ed milibands successful campaign become labour leader appointed senior roles shadow lord chancellor shadow justice secretary.in april revealed khan repaid falsely claimed expenses two occasions literature sent constituents.first incident concerned letters sent general election ruled unintentional effect promoting return office second £ repayment christmas eid birthday cards constituents dating back .house commons rules prepaid envelopes official stationery used official parliamentary business.khans claim greetings cards initially rejected presented new invoice longer identifying nature claim accepted.khan attributed improper claim cards inexperience human error apologised breaking expenses rules.in early miliband appointed khan shadow minister london position held addition responsibilities.
Sadiq Khan	december fabian society published collection essays edited khan titled london.khan also tasked overseeing labours campaign london local elections party advanced control city gaining hold twenty thirtytwo boroughs.point much talk khan making bid london mayoralty incumbent mayor boris johnson would stepping down.options affected outcome general election labour would expected become government minister lost would free pursue mayoralty.december khan voted cameron governments plans expand bombing targets islamic state.polls suggested labour could largest party hung parliament following general election ultimately conservatives secured victory.
Sadiq Khan	vote khan returned third term mp tooting defeating conservative rival votes.one labour mps nominate jeremy corbyn candidate labour leadership election said patsy corbyn would stand him.later stated nominated corbyn broaden debate vote him.on may khan resigned mp appointment ancient office crown steward bailiff three chiltern hundreds customary practice uk.triggered byelection tooting held june .he regularly named among top london politicians london evening standards annual poll influential londoners ambassador mosaic network initiative set prince charles.mayor london sadiq khan ran become mayor london elected vote.
Sadiq Khan	became third ever london mayor londons first muslim mayor first ethnic minority mayor.khan officially sworn mayor multifaith ceremony held southwark cathedral following day.first act mayor appearance holocaust memorial ceremony rugby stadium north london although due delays results election officially took office may.candidacy nomination labour candidate labours defeat general election khan resigned shadow cabinet.announced candidate labour nominee london mayoral elections .
Sadiq Khan	khan soon gained support prominent figures party including former mayor london ken livingstone labours leftist socialist wing oona king centrist blairite wing.also received backing labouraffiliated gmb unite unions nomination labours parliamentary constituent parties london leaving one top two contenders.khans main rival conservative candidate zac goldsmith khan described spoiled dilettante never finishes anything starts.yougov poll lbc suggested main contender labour nominee tessa jowell would defeat goldsmith mayoral election khan would not.hustings khan placed emphasis workingclass origins would play jowells wealthier upbringing argued need change london thereby insinuating jowell would represent much continuity outgoing johnson administration.september khan announced winning nominee.
Sadiq Khan	gained votes .jowells .. favourite candidate three voting categories labour party members members affiliated trade unions organisations registered supporters paid £ order vote.campaign khan vowed elected would freeze public transport fares london four years.claimed would deprive transport london tfl £ million tfl stated would deprive £.billion taking account projected population growth period.
Sadiq Khan	although previously backed heathrow expansion opposed instead calling expansion gatwick airport likely aware supporting former vote loser london.aware severe housing shortage london also spoke clamping foreign property investors proposed establishment london living rent tenure notforprofit lettings agency could undercut commercial operators order ease high cost renting city.also called house building land owned tfl insisting least constructed genuinely affordable.the yougov poll revealed londoners stated would comfortable muslim mayor.aware many voters suspicious regarding loyalties british muslims british state khan emphasised commitment liberal social values.part declared opposition homophobia said would zero tolerance antisemitism.
Sadiq Khan	openly condemned islamic extremism called muslim community take leading role combating although time acknowledged islamophobia many british muslims faced.also distanced corbyn rebuking labours socialist leader links armed antiisrael groups criticising singing national anthem event commemorating battle britain.concerned corbyns socialist platform alienating many londons businesses khan declared would probusiness mayor ever met groups federation small businesses city london corporation.also ensured campaign run entirely separate corbyn.conversely goldsmiths conservative campaign emphasised connections khan corbyn.
Sadiq Khan	conservative campaign several conservativealigned newspapers sought tar khan apologist even sympathiser islamic extremism.international press sources often focused religious identity many rightwing american media outlets reacting horror election.khan election vote..million votes received largest uk politician personally received date.various press sources noted khans election made first actively affiliated muslim become mayor major western capital.reelection khan reelected second term defeating conservative candidate shaun bailey.
Sadiq Khan	expected continue serve mayor least .mayoralty august khan declared support owen smiths failed bid oust jeremy corbyn leader labour party.although describing principled labour man khan said corbyn failed gain popularity electorate labour would win general election corbyns leadership.on january khan announced planned council tax rise .help fund policing free transport pensioners schoolchildren london.mr khans proposal would see overall increase .
Sadiq Khan	£.year average band council tax payer.since first budget – mr khan increased greater london authoritys council tax precept £ year £.year band property.day khan also ordered london residents cease travelling declared covid crisis london major incident control spread infection rates london estimated around highs parts city.
Sadiq Khan	european union brexit buildup referendum uks continuing membership european union eu khan vocal supporter remain camp.agreed attend britain stronger europe campaign event conservative prime minister david cameron demonstrate crossparty support remaining within eu criticised labour shadow chancellor john mcdonnell claimed sharing platform conservatives discredits us.murder mp jo cox campaign khan called country pause reflect manner leave remain camps approaching debate stating marred climate hatred poison negativity cynicism.following success leave vote khan insisted eu citizens living london welcome city grateful contribution made it.endorsed metropolitan polices stand together campaign combat rise racial abuse following referendum later backed london open campaign encourage businesses artists performers continue coming city despite brexit.on october khan marched peoples vote protestors park lane parliament square support referendum final brexit deal.
Sadiq Khan	march started khan featured speeches delia smith steve coogan.organisers march said almost people took part.police stated unable estimate numbers involved later police debriefing document prepared khans greater london authority estimated number .on march khan took part put people march london support second brexit referendum.khan addressed rally end march alongside snp leader nicola sturgeon conservative peer michael heseltine former attorney general dominic grieve labours deputy leader tom watson mps jess phillips justine greening david lammy.diversity issues fasting islamic holy month ramadan khan declared would use period opportunity help break mystique suspicion surrounding islam britain help get build bridges communities organising iftars held synagogues churches mosques.
Sadiq Khan	appeared trafalgar square celebration eid alfitr endorsing religious freedom lambasting criminals bad things use name islam justify do.following orlando nightclub shooting khan attended vigil old compton street soho insisted everything power ensure lgbt londoners feel safe every part city later month marched lgbt pride london parade.in june george floyd protests united kingdom protesters sprayed graffiti statue winston churchill parliament square two successive days including following inscription churchill words racist.result khan controversially announced ordered statue temporarily covered preserve vandalism.on june response unrest khan said believed statues slavers london taken established commission diversity public realm.commission tasked reviewing londons statues street names monuments sculptures artworks landmarks potential removal.commission response antiracist protests saw protesters topple statue edward colston bristol whilst also defacing number statues across country.
Sadiq Khan	evening statue robert milligan merchant slave trader outside museum london docklands removed local authority canal river trust.on june joint statement guys st thomas nhs foundation trust announced statue robert clayton together thomas guy would removed public view would work khan issue.transport policies transport khan immediately announced introduction hopper bus ticket would allow passenger take two bus tram journeys within hour price one intended benefit low incomes most.january system upgraded offer unlimited journeys allowing travel tube rail services between.june khan announced electoral pledge prevent transport fare rises would apply single fares pay go fares daily monthly weekly yearly railcards widely criticised this.month ordered tfl ban advertising network deemed body shame demean women.
Sadiq Khan	july urged government allow tfl take control failing southern rail service august launched hour night tube service fridays saturdays idea initially proposed johnson.khan backed expansion london city airport removing block instituted johnsons administration environmentalist campaigners like siân berry stated breach khans pledge londons greenest ever mayor.opposing expansion heathrow airport urged prime minister theresa may instead support expansion gatwick airport stating would bring substantial economic benefits london.in august khan announced crossrail new east–west rail link centre london referred elizabeth line delayed requiring additional £.billion funding complete project.line originally due open covid pandemic government bailout covid pandemic khan criticized closing stations reducing services tube network resulting overcrowding putting key workers travelling work risk.march khan announced london underground would begin running reduced service due virus.khan shut waterloo city line several tube stations night tube.
Sadiq Khan	march tube stations closed.khan first british political leader call face masks worn public april .april khan warned tfl could run money pay staff end april unless boris johnsons government stepped in.two days later tfl announced furloughing around employees quarter staff help mitigate reduction fare revenues.on may transport london capitals transport authority khan chairs requested £ billion government bailout keep services running september .without agreement government deputy mayor transport heidi alexander said tfl might issue section notice – equivalent public body going bust.may khan uk government agreed £.
Sadiq Khan	billion emergency funding package keep tube bus services running.achieve bailout package khan raise tfl fares inflation went pledge made mayoral election campaign increase fares.transport secretary grant shapps mp blamed khan poor condition tfl’s financial position four years mayor.from june khan implemented increase london congestion charge £ day £.. hours operation also extended – pm every day including weekends.despite covid pandemic teachers police officers firefighters transport workers also included charge despite campaign metropolitan police federation exempt them.khan began discussing local leaders plans restrictions london late september delivered plan central government introduce measures curb worsening outbreak called circuitbreaker lockdown london october citing advice sage.plan used second national lockdown introduced october.
Sadiq Khan	declared major incident due need emergency coordination mitigate major strain londons healthcare system january .according polling march londoners agreed khan handled covid well badly.in july khan maintained face mask requirement london transport despite government removing requirement nationwide citing risk virus transmission.later expressed frustration subsequent fall compliance tfl staffs inability enforce rules said would lobby government introduce legal backing rule.housing policies first weeks mayor khan criticised foreign investors treating homes london gold bricks investment instead urging invest construction affordable homes londoners new agency homes londoners would funded public private money.homes londoners governed board chaired khan.however contrast one preelection statements revealed longer supported rent freezes city.insisting would oppose building green belt even important created khan vetoed construction football stadium two blocks flats green belt land chislehurst plan already supported bromley council.khan launched nights sleeping rough taskforce tackle youth homelessness london october .
Sadiq Khan	air pollution khan called air pollution “the biggest public health emergency generation.” october introduced toxicity charge tcharge operating within hours zone london congestion charge tcharge levied £ fine top older polluting vehicles typically diesel petrol ones registered meet euro standards.year announced plans establish replacement ultra low emission zone ulez across london would charge owners polluting cars fine £.per day top congestion charge.day every day except christmas day zone introduced central london applying diesel cars vans whose engines arent latest euro standard well petrol cars years old addition noncompliant buses coaches lorries pay £.zone extended north south circulars october .
Sadiq Khan	resulted drop worst polluting vehicles entering zone day march april charge introduced.khan criticised uk government june lack drive improving general air quality.stated governments action plan issue lacked “serious detail fails tackle emission sources buildings construction river utilise government’s full resources powers” reflecting low prioritisation issue past.in september announced first air quality audits primary schools worstpolluted areas city launched objective reduce air pollution around public schools.audits continue end reports published .khan plans construct tunnel thames greenwich silvertown tunnel something office claims needed relieve traffic congestion.however environmentalists say induce demand lead worsening air quality car dependency leading green party liberal democrats conservatives even labour mps mayors come project.july london labour regional conference called tunnel scrapped .
Sadiq Khan	crime policing since khan became mayor crime rates london increasing every reporting year whereby london currently experiencing upsurge serious violent crime particularly among teenagers young men.figures released office national statistics ons crime london five times higher rest united kingdom .killings using blade saw percent increase .while knife crime london fell three years row – – boris johnson khans predecessor mayor london khan presided increase knife crime offences – –.february reported murders london exceeded new york city first time.london recorded murders january march whereas new york recorded .in interview lbc khan accepted responsibility rising crime london police crime commissioner city blamed budgetary cuts uk conservative government.
Sadiq Khan	khan stated knife crime rising across england wales clearly national problem requires national solutions.following london bridge stabbing khan stated “you can’t disaggregate terrorism security cuts made resources police probation tools judges … key thing need support police security service.... point making safer police resources.”whilst khan mayor londons murder rate tenyear high.metropolitan police recorded homicides december.five years homicide rate increased cases .
Sadiq Khan	political image views writing spectator political commentator nick cohen described khan centreleft social democrat journalist amol rajan termed torchbearer social democratic wing labour party.bbc describe khan located partys soft left.article al jazeera marxist commentator richard seymour described khan centrist matt wrack general secretary fire brigades union characterised khan belonging part labour party government blair brown.journalist dave hill described khan social liberal.khan described proud feminist.april khan joined jewish labour movement.
Sadiq Khan	criticised trump administrations decision recognise jerusalem capital israel.khan said british government apologise jallianwala bagh massacre britishruled india.khan condemned plans protest march narendra modis government indias treatment kashmir hindu festival deepavali.khan practising muslim.quotes quran hadith discussing terrorism.received death threats islamic extremists voting favour marriage sex couples act.
Sadiq Khan	also threatened farright group britain first threatened take direct action khan lives works prays part antimuslim campaign.journalist dave hill said khan savvy streetwise averse scrap whilst also describing joshing livewire offstage personality differed formal image often projected onstage.khan used perform standup comedy running mayor including tenminute moneyraising stand labour routine.comedian arthur smith stated khan could become good clublevel comedian one day.mayoral campaign goldsmith referred khan caricature machine politician... sort politician justified peoples mistrust politics evidence citing khans uturn supporting heathrow expansion.another rival mayoral campaign george galloway respect party referred khan flipflop merchant product blairite machine.there ongoing political feud khan former us president donald trump since khan criticised trump proposed muslim ban trump responded attacking khan number times twitter next several years.shortly trumps state visit uk khan compared trump european dictators s. upon arrival trump responded twitter calling stonecold loser comparing another mayor also targets bill de blasio.on june khan said believed statues slavers london taken established commission diversity public realm so.on february khan criticised cressida dicks resignation cressida dick claimed khan longer sufficient confidence leadership continue.awards became member majestys honourable privy council.
Sadiq Khan	entitled honorific right honourable life.six months election mp tooting spectator awarded khan newcomer year.khan nominated politician year award british muslim awards january award february .in late khan accepted british gq’s politician year award.in awarded honorary doctorate university law.in khan conferred sitaraepakistan services pakistan pakistani president mamnoon hussain.in became honorary fellow royal institute british architects.in khan became honorary bencher middle temple inn.personal life khan practising muslim observes fast ramadan regularly attends almuzzammil mosque tooting.journalist dave hill described khan moderate socially liberal muslim.khan expressed view often people representing islamic faith arent representative theyre angry men beards.islam about.khan married saadiya ahmed fellow solicitor .
Canada Revenue Agency	two daughters raised islamic faith.supporter liverpool f.c.see also london mayoral electionlist british pakistanis references sources external links official websitesadiq khan – labour candidate mayor london official siteprofile parliament united kingdomcontributions parliament hansardvoting record public whiprecord parliament theyworkforyousadiqkhan verified twitter accountmayoroflondon official verified twitter accountcra collects taxes administers tax law policy delivers benefit programs tax credits.legislation administered cra includes income tax act parts excise tax act parts laws relating canada pension plan employment insurance ei tariffs duties.agency also oversees registration charities canada enforces much countrys tax laws.from tax services programs administered department national revenue otherwise known revenue canada.revenue canada reorganized canada customs revenue agency ccra.canada border services agency cbsa created ccra leading customs dropped agencys mandate agencys current name.the cra largest organization canadian federal public service number personnel employing people operating budget .
Canada Revenue Agency	billion fiscal year.agencys headquarters based ottawa divided program branches directly support cras core responsibilities corporate branches deliver internal services within organization.cra also operations throughout rest canada including tax centres tcs national verifications collections centres nvccs tax services offices tsos organized four regions atlantic ontario quebec western.during tax year cra collected approximately billion revenue behalf federal provincial governments administered nearly billion benefits canadians.the cra responsible parliament minister national revenue diane lebouthillier since .daytoday operations agency overseen commissioner revenue bob hamilton since .history prior confederation collection taxes customs duties responsibility department customs british north american colonies.
Canada Revenue Agency	parliament enacted legislation established two separate departments inland revenue customs.end world war majority federal revenue came customs excise duties war effort placed increasing pressure government finances borden government introduced personal income tax .intended temporary measure first federal government since continued levy personal income taxes largest source revenue federal government.inland revenue customs eventually merged single department customs excise .department national revenue act enacted parliament changed name department customs excise national revenue retaining earlier mandate.
Canada Revenue Agency	department national revenue would gain increasing responsibility new social programs canada pension plan new streams revenue goods services tax gst gradually introduced latter half th century.efile first made available canadian taxpayers wishing submit taxes electronically.in chrétien government introduced legislation would transform revenue canada department new agency canada customs revenue agency.change intended reduce duplication tax administration streamline services canadians provide tax administration flexibility corporate planning forming relationships provincial territorial indigenous governments.ccra given broad mandate covered taxation customs border protection.arrangement lasted december canada border services agency spun ccra due issues relating interdepartmental collaboration ccra citizenship immigration canada canadian food inspection agency border protection immigration enforcement.following cbsa spinoff ccra rebranded canada revenue agency strategic direction pivoting towards enforcing compliance canadas tax laws delivering benefits canadians.
Canada Revenue Agency	result covid pandemic cra joined several government departments transitioning temporary telecommuting arrangements.cra also extended deadlines filing returns payments tax year.agency also tasked delivering emergency financial benefits canadians behalf federal government processing millions applications systems.structure leadership cra led minister national revenue commissioner revenue agencys chief executive officer ceo.minister national revenue minister accountable parliament cabinet cras operations matters pertaining tax benefit administration canada.
Canada Revenue Agency	current minister diane lebouthillier appointed november .commissioner chief executive officer commissioner cras ceo.commissioner manages daytoday operations agency advises minister duties functions cra prescribed legislation.current commissioner bob hamilton appointed position august .the commissioner supported deputy commissioner fulfils specific duties assignments provided commissioner acts commissioner event absence incapacity.current deputy commissioner christine donoghue appointed position august .
Canada Revenue Agency	board management minister commissioner supported board management.board management consists members appointed governor council appointed provinces territories federal government remaining seat filled commissioner revenue exofficio member board.board members typically appointed term three years.board develops cras corporate business plan year sets objectives performance expectations financial allocations within agency.the board management divided four committees audit governance social responsibility human resources resources one subcommittee service transformation.committees allow detailed review items brought board establish work plans respective activities year.the board management directly involved cras business operations.

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