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Grey hat	tried repeatedly inform facebook bug told facebook issue bug.incident facebook corrected vulnerability could powerful weapon hands professional spammers.shreateh compensated facebooks white hat program violated policies thus making grey hat incident.see also anonymous groupcomputer crimecyber warfarehacktivismit riskmetasploitmischiefpenetration test references reading daniel regalado shon harris allen harper chris eagle jonathan ness branko spasojevic ryan linn stephen sims .gray hat hacking ethical hackers handbook th ed.. new york mcgrawhill education.
Login	isbn .a e .grey hat seo effective safest techniques web developers.secrets rank high including fastest penalty recoveries.research co. asin bhorm.user credentials typically form username matching password credentials sometimes referred login logon signin signon.practice modern secure systems often require second factor email sms confirmation extra security.social login allows user use existing user credentials social networking service sign create account new website.when access longer needed user log log sign sign off.procedure logging usually used enter specific page website application trespassers cannot see.user logged login token may used track actions user taken connected site.
Login	logging may performed explicitly user taking actions entering appropriate command clicking website link label such.also done implicitly user powering workstation closing web browser window leaving website refreshing website within defined period.a login page may return url parameter specifies redirect back logging out.example returnto site.in case websites use cookies track sessions user logs sessiononly cookies site usually deleted users computer.addition server invalidates associations session thereby making sessionhandle users cookie store useless.feature comes handy user using public computer computer using public wireless connection.
Login	security precaution one rely implicit means logging system especially public computer instead one explicitly log wait confirmation request taken place.logging computer leaving common security practice preventing unauthorised users tampering it.also people choose passwordprotected screensaver set activate period inactivity thereby requiring user reenter login credentials unlock screensaver gain access system.different methods logging may via image fingerprints eye scan password oral textual input etc.history etymology terms became common time sharing systems bulletin board systems bbs s. early home computers personal computers generally require windows nt os linux s.the noun login comes verb log analogy verb clock in.computer systems keep log users access system.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	term log comes chip log historically used record distance travelled sea recorded ships log log book.sign connotes idea based analogy manually signing log book visitors book.while agreed difference meaning three terms login logon signin different technical communities tend prefer one another – unix novell linux apple typically use login apples style guide says users log file server log to.... contrast microsofts style guides traditionally suggested opposite prescribed log logon.past microsoft reserved signin accessing internet windows onward moved signin terminology local authentication.see also accountcomputer securitylogin sessionlogin spoofingopenidpasswordpassword policypersonal identification numbervarlogwtmp referencesorigins mgb mgb one many incarnations soviet state security apparatus.revolution bolsheviks relied strong political police security force support control regime.russian civil war cheka power relinquishing state political directorate gpu fighting over.gpu renamed people’s commissariat internal affairs nkvd .mids creation kgb organ state security reorganized renamed multiple times depending needs fears leadership.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	statesecurity function separated nkvd became peoples commissariat state security nkgb reintegrated months later nazi invasion soviet union.nkgb made independent organization response soviet occupation parts eastern europe.smersh—anecdotally derived phrase translated death spies—was designed counterintelligence unit within red army ensure loyalty army personnel.following end war nkvd nkgb converted ministries redubbed ministry internal affairs mvd ministry state security mgb.mgb mvd merged orchestrated lavrenty beria arrested executed.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	kgb took mantle nkgb mgb broke reformed mvd.functions mgb mgb essentially inherited secret police function old nkvd conducting espionage counterespionage well enacting policy supervision surveillance keep control prevent disloyalty.world war ii mgb used bring newly acquired eastern bloc soviet control.enforced rigid conformity satellite states eastern europe infiltrated destroyed anticommunist antisoviet independent groups.the protection policing supervision soviet union fell new agency main agency responsible security union.mgb directed espionage networks home abroad also organized domestic foreign counterintelligence.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	also responsible enforcing security regulations monitoring censoring information leaving coming country supervising vast majority soviet life including planting organizing agents track monitor public opinion loyalty well ensuring safety important government party officials.the mgb else security organization designed covert clandestine surveillance supervision.intelligence apparatus able permeate every level branch state administration agents planted collective farms factories local governments well throughout upper level rank file soviet bureaucracy.department within government also official supervisor special section staffed mgb keep tabs regulate employees ensure absence disloyalty.the ministry retained high level autonomy remarkable amount freedom operation within soviet system agency responsible central committee.mgb agents power arrest sentence opponents upon receiving approval higher authority clause oft ignored.oso special council state security ministry convicted arrestees charged committing political crimes including espionage could banish certain areas ussr entirely.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	stalin’s last years soviet citizens arrested punished.many arrests made mgb founded flimsy fabricated evidence notably suspicion espionage podozreniye shpionazha psh.since many cases impossible prove espionage activities even intention spy case built suspicion espionage making acquittal impossible.structure general structure mgb much organization came nkgb organization followed kgbthe mgb composed several departments directorates specific purpose within organization.major departments first main directorate first main directorate responsible foreign intelligence.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	first main directorate maintained surveillance soviet colony sk—sovetskaya koloniya i.e.personnel soviet diplomatic trade technical cultural agencies functioning abroad.also sought infiltrate foreign governmental bodies businesses public organizations sensitive industrial plants cultural educational institutions etc.placing mgb agents strategic posts intelligencegathering possible covert action.in gru military intelligence mgbs st main directorate combined recently created foreign intelligence agency committee information ki control vyacheslav molotov attempt streamline intelligence needs state.military personnel ki returned gru.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	ki sections dealing new east bloc soviet émigrés returned mgb later year.ki returned mgb first main directorate ministry state security.second third main directorates second main directorate focused domestic counterintelligence acted internal security political police force.goal department combat foreign intelligence operations within ussr territories.second directorate worked mainly inside country combat foreign espionage study forms methods used foreign intelligence services territory u.s.s.r. work abroad aimed organize operationaltechnical intelligence i.e.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	investigation forms working methods regulations intelligence counterintelligence police administrative organs foreign countries.the third main directorate concerned military counterintelligence.carried many tasks smersh absorbed conducted political surveillance armed forces.relied heavily army special section ensure loyalties soldiers officers.mgb operatives used supervise personnel daily action well carry counterintelligence operations.fifth main directorate fifth main directorate evolved main secret political administration.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	responsible regulating repressing real imagined dissent within party apparatus soviet society.involved supervising almost every aspect soviet life including intelligentsia bureaucracy general administrative agencies cultural organizations educational institutions even party apparatus itself.investigated political reliability entire population soviet union particular attention party soviet apparatus highest leaders party government.also secretly supervised activity entire administrative economic apparatus state scientific public church organizations.goal hunt deviations general line opposition leanings within party ferret eliminate bourgeois nationalism soviet satellites i.e.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	antisoviet movements guise nationalism.minor departments fourth directorate beginning mgb fourth directorate designed prototerrorist force combat antisoviet underground nationalist formations hostile elements.however viktor abakumov dissolved department kept main players special service group could continue pattern violence fourth directorate known for.group also ultimately dissolved .upon destruction fourth directorate terrorist group department transitioned transportation security.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	responsible preparation security mobilization transport.department also responsible counterintelligence surveillance operations within transport programs.sixth directorate department shortlived organization designed collect process signals intelligence sigint.department initially composed nkgb’s th directorate responsible wartime communications independent cryptography department nd special department.however directorate competing another betterfunded communications organization department ‘r’ specialized radio counterintelligence.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	th directorate dissolved resources personnel absorbed special services department guss cryptanalysis information security branch central committee.economic administration known ‘k’ division organization supervised economy ran economic counterintelligence industrial security.concerned implementation security programs requirements well supervision monitoring workers leading make extensive use special sections within state local organizations.second special administration sometimes called seventh directorate section responsible providing tools techniques manpower accommodate physical surveillance needs mgb.offered facilities devices methodology help demands intelligence departments.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	able outdoor tailing photographic surveillance well able tap phone lines monitor conversations rooms hidden microphones covertly examining mail.also sections devoted codes cryptography ciphers.division protection leaders otherwise known guards directorate charged personal security top party officials.division provided personal security members alternates presidium central committee ministers u.s.s.r. deputies secretaries central committee number high officeholders specifically listed.division also responsible guarding important agencies installations secret police themselves.a number top officials department implicated doctors plot showing inherent mistrust suspicion within soviet security apparatus.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	list ministers viktor abakumov october – july sergei ogoltsov july – august actingsemyon ignatyev august – march major campaigns leningrad affairmingrelian affairoperation northnight murdered poetsdoctors plot intelligence operations red orchestra spycambridge five popular culture tom rob smiths novel child first leo demidov trilogy demidov mgb agent see also eastern bloc politicsstasi references reading see also bibliography stalinism soviet union § terror famine gulagstructure kgb ussr.aventura.ru.archived original june .origins mgb mgb one many incarnations soviet state security apparatus.revolution bolsheviks relied strong political police security force support control regime.russian civil war cheka power relinquishing state political directorate gpu fighting over.gpu renamed people’s commissariat internal affairs nkvd .mids creation kgb organ state security reorganized renamed multiple times depending needs fears leadership.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	statesecurity function separated nkvd became peoples commissariat state security nkgb reintegrated months later nazi invasion soviet union.nkgb made independent organization response soviet occupation parts eastern europe.smersh—anecdotally derived phrase translated death spies—was designed counterintelligence unit within red army ensure loyalty army personnel.following end war nkvd nkgb converted ministries redubbed ministry internal affairs mvd ministry state security mgb.mgb mvd merged orchestrated lavrenty beria arrested executed.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	kgb took mantle nkgb mgb broke reformed mvd.functions mgb mgb essentially inherited secret police function old nkvd conducting espionage counterespionage well enacting policy supervision surveillance keep control prevent disloyalty.world war ii mgb used bring newly acquired eastern bloc soviet control.enforced rigid conformity satellite states eastern europe infiltrated destroyed anticommunist antisoviet independent groups.the protection policing supervision soviet union fell new agency main agency responsible security union.mgb directed espionage networks home abroad also organized domestic foreign counterintelligence.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	also responsible enforcing security regulations monitoring censoring information leaving coming country supervising vast majority soviet life including planting organizing agents track monitor public opinion loyalty well ensuring safety important government party officials.the mgb else security organization designed covert clandestine surveillance supervision.intelligence apparatus able permeate every level branch state administration agents planted collective farms factories local governments well throughout upper level rank file soviet bureaucracy.department within government also official supervisor special section staffed mgb keep tabs regulate employees ensure absence disloyalty.the ministry retained high level autonomy remarkable amount freedom operation within soviet system agency responsible central committee.mgb agents power arrest sentence opponents upon receiving approval higher authority clause oft ignored.oso special council state security ministry convicted arrestees charged committing political crimes including espionage could banish certain areas ussr entirely.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	stalin’s last years soviet citizens arrested punished.many arrests made mgb founded flimsy fabricated evidence notably suspicion espionage podozreniye shpionazha psh.since many cases impossible prove espionage activities even intention spy case built suspicion espionage making acquittal impossible.structure general structure mgb much organization came nkgb organization followed kgbthe mgb composed several departments directorates specific purpose within organization.major departments first main directorate first main directorate responsible foreign intelligence.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	first main directorate maintained surveillance soviet colony sk—sovetskaya koloniya i.e.personnel soviet diplomatic trade technical cultural agencies functioning abroad.also sought infiltrate foreign governmental bodies businesses public organizations sensitive industrial plants cultural educational institutions etc.placing mgb agents strategic posts intelligencegathering possible covert action.in gru military intelligence mgbs st main directorate combined recently created foreign intelligence agency committee information ki control vyacheslav molotov attempt streamline intelligence needs state.military personnel ki returned gru.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	ki sections dealing new east bloc soviet émigrés returned mgb later year.ki returned mgb first main directorate ministry state security.second third main directorates second main directorate focused domestic counterintelligence acted internal security political police force.goal department combat foreign intelligence operations within ussr territories.second directorate worked mainly inside country combat foreign espionage study forms methods used foreign intelligence services territory u.s.s.r. work abroad aimed organize operationaltechnical intelligence i.e.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	investigation forms working methods regulations intelligence counterintelligence police administrative organs foreign countries.the third main directorate concerned military counterintelligence.carried many tasks smersh absorbed conducted political surveillance armed forces.relied heavily army special section ensure loyalties soldiers officers.mgb operatives used supervise personnel daily action well carry counterintelligence operations.fifth main directorate fifth main directorate evolved main secret political administration.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	responsible regulating repressing real imagined dissent within party apparatus soviet society.involved supervising almost every aspect soviet life including intelligentsia bureaucracy general administrative agencies cultural organizations educational institutions even party apparatus itself.investigated political reliability entire population soviet union particular attention party soviet apparatus highest leaders party government.also secretly supervised activity entire administrative economic apparatus state scientific public church organizations.goal hunt deviations general line opposition leanings within party ferret eliminate bourgeois nationalism soviet satellites i.e.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	antisoviet movements guise nationalism.minor departments fourth directorate beginning mgb fourth directorate designed prototerrorist force combat antisoviet underground nationalist formations hostile elements.however viktor abakumov dissolved department kept main players special service group could continue pattern violence fourth directorate known for.group also ultimately dissolved .upon destruction fourth directorate terrorist group department transitioned transportation security.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	responsible preparation security mobilization transport.department also responsible counterintelligence surveillance operations within transport programs.sixth directorate department shortlived organization designed collect process signals intelligence sigint.department initially composed nkgb’s th directorate responsible wartime communications independent cryptography department nd special department.however directorate competing another betterfunded communications organization department ‘r’ specialized radio counterintelligence.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	th directorate dissolved resources personnel absorbed special services department guss cryptanalysis information security branch central committee.economic administration known ‘k’ division organization supervised economy ran economic counterintelligence industrial security.concerned implementation security programs requirements well supervision monitoring workers leading make extensive use special sections within state local organizations.second special administration sometimes called seventh directorate section responsible providing tools techniques manpower accommodate physical surveillance needs mgb.offered facilities devices methodology help demands intelligence departments.
Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)	able outdoor tailing photographic surveillance well able tap phone lines monitor conversations rooms hidden microphones covertly examining mail.also sections devoted codes cryptography ciphers.division protection leaders otherwise known guards directorate charged personal security top party officials.division provided personal security members alternates presidium central committee ministers u.s.s.r. deputies secretaries central committee number high officeholders specifically listed.division also responsible guarding important agencies installations secret police themselves.a number top officials department implicated doctors plot showing inherent mistrust suspicion within soviet security apparatus.
Border Security Force	list ministers viktor abakumov october – july sergei ogoltsov july – august actingsemyon ignatyev august – march major campaigns leningrad affairmingrelian affairoperation northnight murdered poetsdoctors plot intelligence operations red orchestra spycambridge five popular culture tom rob smiths novel child first leo demidov trilogy demidov mgb agent see also eastern bloc politicsstasi references reading see also bibliography stalinism soviet union § terror famine gulagstructure kgb ussr.aventura.ru.archived original june .automated threats popular internet complete large amounts repetitive tasks almost cost execute.threat ontology owasp automated threat handbook provides threat ontology list classifying automated threats enumerated below.referencesone five central armed police forces india raised wake war december ensuring security borders india matters connected with.it various active roles outbreak war.capf fullfledged water wing air wing even artillery regiment own.comes ministry home affairs.bsf cadre officers head designated directorgeneral dg since raising officer indian police service.bsf grown exponentially battalions battalions sanctioned strength personnel including expanding air wing marine wing artillery regiment specialized units.
Border Security Force	currently stands worlds largest border guarding force.bsf termed first line defence indian territories.history since independence protection indias international boundaries responsibility local police belonging border state little interstate coordination.however indopakistani war pakistan attacked sardar post chhar bet beria bet april kutch.attack exposed inadequacy state armed police cope armed aggression.
Border Security Force	end war government created border security force unified central agency specific mandate guarding indias international boundaries.act brought greater cohesion border security.k f rustamji indian police service first director general bsf.since new force officers deputed inducted outside fill various vacancies various levels forces cadre matures sufficiently.keeping mind emergency commissioned officers ss officers indian army inducted large numbers force along ips officers deputed force high level appointments.the bsfs capabilities used indopakistani war pakistani forces areas regular forces thinly spread bsf troops took part several operations including famous battle longewala.
Border Security Force	fact bsf war eastern front started well war actually broke december .bsf trained supported formed part mukti bahini entered erstwhile east pakistan actual hostilities broke out.bsf played important role liberation bangladesh indira gandhi sheikh mujibur rehman also acknowledged.engagements indopakistani war operation blue staroperation black thunderinsurgency punjabinsurgency jammu kashmiroperation vijay – kargil war bangladeshiindian border skirmishes– operation prakarm – indiapakistan standoff indiapakistan border skirmishes– india–pakistan border skirmishes– india–pakistan border skirmishes india–pakistan border skirmishes objectives peacetimeborder guard security.prevention transborder crimes unauthorized entry exit territory india.prevention smuggling illegal activities border.antiinfiltration duties.collection transborder intelligence.to promote sense security among people living border areas.during war timeholding ground assigned sectors.limited aggressive action irregular forces enemy.maintenance law order enemy territory administered armys control.acting guides army border areas.assistance control refugees.provision escorts.performing special tasks connected intelligence including crossborder raids.replenishing manpower.bsf also employed internal security duties law order duties requisition state government.central armed police force entrusted policing duties place apart mandate.
Border Security Force	organisation border security force headquarters new delhi known force headquarters fhq headed director general.various directorates like operations communications training engineering general law provisioning administration personnel armaments medical finance etc.function dg.directorate headed ig.eastern theatre looked spl dg hq eastern command kolkata western theatre looked spl dg hq western command chandigarh.
Border Security Force	field formations bsf headed ig known frontiers headquarters ftrhq.frontier sector headquarters shq function headed dig each.shq command – infantry battalions along attachments artillery air water wings.presently battalions sanctioned bsf.five major training institutions ten subsidiary training centres stcs imparting abinitio well inservice training ranks cposspos including ips probationers.bsf central armed police force air wing artillery regiment besides itbp water wing.all specialized wings support general duty battalions operations.
Border Security Force	financial adviser bsf indian revenue service officer rank joint secretary also dy advisers indian audit accounts service indian civil account service indian defence account service.the bsf also national level school breeding training dogs.dogs cpos state police sent national training centre dogs ntcd trained infantry patrol detection explosives tracking like.the bsf maintains tear smoke unit tsu unique india.tsu responsible producing tear gas munitions required antiriot forces.also exports substantial quantity countries.three battalions bsf located kolkata guwahati patna designated national disaster response force ndrf.battalion maintains selfcontained specialist search rescue teams personnel including engineers technicians electricians dog squads medics paramedics.
Border Security Force	establishment battalion personnel.ndrf multidisciplinary multiskilled hightech force types disasters deploy disasters air sea land.battalions equipped trained natural disasters including combating chemical biological radiological nuclear cbrn disasters.since part modernisation bsf also started installing infrared thermal imagers aerostats aerial surveillance ground sensors radars sonar systems secure riverine borders fibreoptic sensor laser beam intrusion detection systems specific sections border pakistan well bangladesh.hitech systems installed areas barbed wire fencing could installed due treacherous terrain marshy riverine topography.largest section system located dhubri assamwhere brahmaputra river enters bangladesh.orbatwestern command chandigarhgujarat frontier gandhinagarbarmer sectorgandhinagar sectorbhuj sectorrajasthan frontier jodhpurjaisalmer sectorjaisalmer ii sectorbikaner sectorganganagar sectorpunjab frontier jalandharferozepur sectoramritsar sectorgurdaspur sectorjammu frontier jammujammu sectorsunderbani sectorrajauri sectorinagar sectorkashmir frontier humhamasrinagar sectorbaramulla sectorbandipore sectorkupwara sectoreastern command kolkatasouth bengal frontier kolkatanorth bengal frontier kadamtalameghalaya frontiershq mawpat shillongfhq umpling shillongtripura frontier agartalamizoram cachar frontier masimpuraizawl sectorcachar sectorci ops manipurassam frontier guwahatianoantinaxal operation frontier bangalore special detachments creek crocodile creek crocodile specialized commando unit bsf.
Border Security Force	primary objective unit act quick reaction force prevent smuggling infiltration unwanted elements.unit specifically deployed indus river estuaries gujarat sir creek.raised .base operations unit located koteshwar outpost bsf.current strength .
Border Security Force	camel contingent bsf camel contingent specialized battalionsize camelry unit roots bikaner camel corps.primary purpose unit patrol desert section border pakistan.unit strength camels riders.camels well riders trained camel training centre located bsf frontier headquarters jodhpur.force modernization pacing bsf equipped formation across western border allterrain vehicles specialized apparatus.
Border Security Force	list dgs bsf mr. k.f.rustamji ips appointed first director general border security force july september current director general mr. pankaj singh ips since september .counterinsurgency operations although originally charged guarding indias external boundaries.bsf also given task counterinsurgency counterterrorism operations jammu andnd kashmir punjab northeastern seven sister states.punjab bsf took part operations like blue star black thunder .
Border Security Force	however insurgency jammu kashmir broke moved towards state handed operations punjab crpf local police.jammu kashmir state police thinlydeployed central reserve police force crpf struggled cope spiraling violence deployed combat these.in jammu kashmir bsf initially suffered casualties terrorist attacks later saw successes.initial years terrorist activity even reached jammu parts northen punjab himachal pradesh.however due successful operations bsf late area activity restricted valley.bsf also successful setting robust humint network.
Border Security Force	bsf also credited killing ghazi baba chief jaishemohammed mastermind indian parliament attack august along deputy commander.bsf raided babas hideout srinagar killed ensuing gun battle along deputy chief.however changing tactical operational conditions expansion modernization state police government withdrew bsf battalions redeployed indopakistani border bangladesh–india border.troops replaced fresh troops crpf undergone specialised training counterterrorism.some units bsf also deployed central india combat naxal violence.countermaoist operations diversified between.bsf deployed kanker district chhattisgarh naxal strength comparatively thinner parts bastar region.
Border Security Force	present total battalions bsf stationed different parts kanker district combat naxal menace.after recent civilian killings kashmir home ministry reinducted bsf counterinsurgency operations lawandorder duties valley.bsf units deployed sensitive areas lie various districts kashmir valley.proposal regarding guarding indomyanmar border cabinet committee security ccs considering proposal entrust borderguarding duty along indomyanmar border border security force bsf.presently kilometres mi indomyanmar border guarded assam rifles.the proposed move guard indomyanmar border follows proposal bsf take role raising new battalions one headquarters additional director general four frontier headquarters headed ig rank official sector headquarters headed dig level officials.however march decided ministry home affairs keep authority border assam rifles only.proposed orbat myanmar bordernortheast command hq imphalmizoram frontiermanipur frontiernagaland frontierarunachal frontier rank structure officersenlisted ranks awards bsf personnel recipients following awards military awards mahavir chakrakirti chakravir chakraati vishisht seva medalshaurya chakrasena medalvishisht seva medalmentioned despatches civil awards padma bhushanpadmashriprime ministers medal life savingarjuna awards police medals presidents police medal gallantrypolice medal gallantrypresidents police medal distinguished servicepolice medal meritorious service arjuna awardees comdt retd nripjit singh volleyballdy comdt retd udham singh hockeydy comdt retd praveen kumar athleticinspr retd jagjit singh hockeyasst comdt retd ajit pal singh hockeydy comdt retd balwant singh volleyballsecincommand anil kumar bballdy inspr gen retd mohinder singh shootingasst comdt mahabir singh wrestlingasst comdt subhash verma wrestlinginspr rajesh kumar wrestlinginspr sanjay kumar wrestling equipment equipment including uniforms weapons ammunition vehicles bullet proof vehicles troop carriers logistics vehicles mine protected vehicles manufactured indigenously indian ordnance factories control ordnance factories board.
Border Security Force	pistols handguns iof .revolver – shot handgunpistol auto mm mm × mm submachine guns carbines heckler koch mp mm × mm smgheckler koch mp k mm × mm smgberetta mx storm submachine guns.smgs procured replaced saf carbine a. assault rifles akm .xmm assault rifle.insas .mm × mm assault rifle.service rifle force.tavor x mtar version used standard issue carbine.and trichy assault rifle machine guns insas lmgfn mag mmgnsv hmg sniper rifles vidhwansak antimateriel rifle amr largecalibre sniper riflesteyr ssg fn fal completely phased service rifle insas rifle still used dmr.
Border Security Force	multirole recoilless rifle carl gustav mm recoilless rifles grenade launchers ags automatic grenade launcher artillery mm mortar mm mortar mm mortar mm indian field gun aircraft embraer bj mi v helicopter mi v helicopter alhdhruv helicopter hal cheetah manpads sa gimletsa grail criticism controversy canadian controversy canadian visa officials rejected immigration application retired bsf soldier fateh singh pandher terming bsf notoriously violent paramilitary unit engaged systematic attacks civilians responsible torturing suspected criminals.accusation go well indian government.indian external affairs ministry asked home minister take issue canada.home ministry india well indian public general several indias political parties expressed outrage attack called canadas actions discriminatory spurious charges bsf baseless unproven.indian government threatened diplomatic retaliation unless canada withdrew allegations.
Border Security Force	canadian government respond immediately.speculated diplomatic retaliation india consist banning canadians going participate war afghanistan india.public outrage india prompted canadian authorities express great respect indias armed forces related institutions.subsequently indias ministry external affairs summoned canadian high commissioner joseph caron demanded blatant discrimination indian security agencies cease.indias minister external affairs sm krishna condemned canadas actions expressed pride accomplishments bsf.following complaints made indian government criticism canadas actions india harper government retracted earlier accusations bsf security officials.
Border Security Force	canadas minister citizenship immigration jason kenney termed unfortunate incidents involving use foul language canadian high commission visa rejection letters individuals kenney said language inaccurate impression created way reflects policy position government canada.bangladesh border killings according bangladeshi government civilians killed others suffered injuries .indian government said killed injured .bangladesh government bangladeshi organizations protested heavily alleged killings.media reports claim august indian bsf officials admitted killed persons bangladeshis indians rest unidentified trying cross border illegally prior six months.
Border Security Force	indian media claimed bangladesh rifles ambushed killed bsf soldiers chasing bangladeshi smugglers back bangladesh.since bsf compelled act tough bangladeshi illegals.perceived retaliation bsf averted home ministers countries talks issue.in july channel news reported apparently hundreds bangladeshis indians indiscriminately killed bsf along indobangladeshi barrier.bsf claims barriers main purpose check illegal immigration india prevent crossborder terrorism islamists.bangladeshi media accused bsf abducting bangladeshi children aged haripur upazila thakurgaon district bangladesh .children setting fishing nets near border.in human rights watch hrw issued page report alleged abuses bsf first decade st century.
Border Security Force	report compiled interviews victims bsf shootings witnesses members bsf bangladeshi counterpart.according hrw killed crossed indian territory indulging cattle raiding smuggling activities.in february bsf website hacked bangladeshi hackers retaliation.hackers later shared news internet also social sites claimed defaced sites asking bsf stop killing bangladeshis border.site became normal sometime february .see also assam riflesborder security force water wingcentral industrial security forcecentral reserve police forceindotibetan border policesashastra seema bal references external links official websiteborder security force india defenceglobal securityci operations jammu kashmir
WebRTC	allows audio video communication work inside web pages allowing direct peertopeer communication eliminating need install plugins download native apps.supported apple google microsoft mozilla opera webrtc specifications published world wide web consortium wc internet engineering task force ietf.according webrtc.org website purpose project enable rich highquality rtc applications developed browser mobile platforms iot devices allow communicate via common set protocols.history may google bought global ip solutions gips voip videoconferencing software company developed many components required rtc codecs echo cancellation techniques.google opensourced gips technology engaged relevant standards bodies ietf wc ensure industry consensus.may google released opensource project browserbased realtime communication known webrtc.
WebRTC	followed ongoing work standardize relevant protocols ietf browser apis wc.in january ericsson labs built first implementation webrtc using modified webkit library.october wc published first draft spec.webrtc milestones include first crossbrowser video call february first crossbrowser data transfers february july google hangouts kind using webrtc.the wc draft api based preliminary work done whatwg.referred connectionpeer api prestandards concept implementation created ericsson labs.webrtc working group expects specification evolve significantly based onoutcomes ongoing exchanges companion rtcweb group ietf define set protocols together document define realtime communications web browsers.
WebRTC	one signaling protocol mandated sip websockets rfc often used partially due applicability sip envisaged communication scenarios well availability opensource software jssip.privacy issues arise exposing local capabilities local streamstechnical discussions within group implementing data channels particularexperience gained early experimentationfeedback groups individualsin november webrtc .specification transitioned working draft candidate recommendation.in january webrtc .specification transitioned candidate recommendation recommendation.overview design major components webrtc include several javascript apisgetusermedia acquires audio video media e.g.accessing devices camera microphone.rtcpeerconnection enables audio video communication peers.
WebRTC	performs signal processing codec handling peertopeer communication security bandwidth management.rtcdatachannel allows bidirectional communication arbitrary data peers.uses api websockets low latency.the webrtc api also includes statistics functiongetstats allows web application retrieve set statistics webrtc sessions.statistics data described separate wc document.the webrtc api includes provisions signaling discovering peers connect determine establish connections among them.applications use interactive connectivity establishment connections somehow manage sessions possibly relying session initiation protocol extensible messaging presence protocol message queuing telemetry transport matrix another protocol.signaling may depend one servers.rfc requires implementations provide pcmapcmu rfc telephone event dtmf rfc opus rfc audio codecs minimum capabilities.
WebRTC	peerconnection data channel media capture browser apis detailed wc.wc developing ortc object realtime communications webrtc.examples although initially developed web browsers webrtc applications nonbrowser devices including mobile platforms iot devices.examples include browserbased voip telephony also called cloud phones web phones allow calls made received within web browser replacing requirement download install softphone.support webrtc supported following browsersdesktop pcmicrosoft edge google chrome mozilla firefox safari opera vivaldi .braveandroidgoogle chrome enabled default since mozilla firefox opera mobile chrome osfirefox osblackberry iosmobilesafariwebkit ios tizen .gstreamer directly provides free webrtc implementation.codec support across browsers support individual codecs uniform.
WebRTC	webrtc establishes standard set codecs compliant browsers required implement.browsers may choose allow codecs well.concerns january torrentfreak reported serious security flaw browsers support webrtc saying compromised security vpn tunnels exposing true ip address user.ip address read requests visible browsers developer console blocked ad blockingprivacysecurity addons enabling online tracking advertisers entities despite precautions although ublock origin addon fix problem browsers fix problem ublock origin v. onwards option disabled browsers.september webrtc flaw still surfaces firefox .x still default exposes users internal ip address web.in firefox webrtc disabled via media.peerconnection.enabled configoption.
WebRTC	see also global ip solutions gipsrealtime transport protocol rtpsession description protocol sdpwebrtc gateway references reading proust s. ed.may .additional webrtc audio codecs interoperability.ietf.doi.rfc.
WebRTC	rfc .retrieved .valin j. m. bran c. may .webrtc audio codec processing requirements.ietf.doi.rfc.
WebRTC	rfc .retrieved .roach a. b. march .webrtc video processing codec requirements.ietf.doi.rfc.
WebRTC	rfc .retrieved .perumal m. wing d. ravindranath r. reddy t. thomson m. october .session traversal utilities nat stun usage consent freshness.ietf.doi.rfc.
WebRTC	rfc .retrieved .holmberg c. hakansson s. eriksson g. march .web realtime communication use cases requirements.ietf.doi.rfc.
Security bug	rfc .retrieved .external links official website wc web realtime communications working groupietf realtime communication webbrowsers rtcweb working groupvideo chat demo app based webrtclibdatachannel opensource webrtc network librarysecurity bugs introduce security vulnerabilities compromising one ofauthentication users entitiesauthorization access rights privilegesdata confidentialitydata integritysecurity bugs need identified exploited qualified assumed much common known vulnerabilities almost system.causes security bugs like software bugs stem root causes generally traced either absent inadequatesoftware developer traininguse case analysissoftware engineering methodologyquality assurance testingand best practices taxonomy security bugs generally fall fairly small number broad categories includememory safety e.g.buffer overflow dangling pointer bugsrace conditionsecure input output handlingfaulty use apiimproper use case handlingimproper exception handlingresource leaks often always due improper exception handlingpreprocessing input strings checked acceptable mitigation see software security assurance.see also computer securityhacking art exploitation second editionit riskthreat computervulnerability computinghardware bugsecure coding references reading open web application security project august .top list.cwesans top dangerous software errors.
Angular (web framework)	sans.retrieved july .angular complete rewrite team built angularjs.angular used frontend mean stack consisting mongodb database express.js web application server framework angular angularjs node.js server runtime environment.differences angular angularjs google designed angular groundup rewrite angularjs.angular concept scope controllers instead uses hierarchy components primary architectural characteristic.angular different expression syntax focusing property binding event bindingmodularity – much core functionality moved modulesangular recommends use microsofts typescript language introduces following featuresstatic typing including genericsannotationstypescript superset ecmascript es backwards compatible ecmascript i.e.javascript.dynamic loadingasynchronous template compilationsiterative callbacks provided rxjs.support angular universal runs angular applications servers.history naming rewrite angularjs called angular led confusion among developers.clarify team announced separate terms used framework angularjs referring .x versions angular without js referring versions up.
Angular (web framework)	version angular .announced ngeurope conference –.october .drastic changes .version created considerable controversy among developers.
Angular (web framework)	april angular developers announced angular moved alpha developer preview.angular moved beta december first release candidate published may .final version released september .version december angular announced skipping avoid confusion due misalignment router packages version already distributed v... final version released march .angular backward compatible angular .angular version .
Angular (web framework)	minor release meaning contains breaking changes dropin replacement .x.x.features version .introducing httpclient smaller easier use powerful library making http requests.new router life cycle events guards resolvers.four new events guardscheckstart guardscheckend resolvestart resolveend join existing set life cycle event navigationstart.conditionally disable animations.version angular released november .key improvements angular include support progressive web apps build optimizer improvements related material design.version angular released may .
Angular (web framework)	major release focused less underlying framework toolchain making easier move quickly angular future like ng update ng add angular elements angular material cdk components angular material starter components cli workspaces library support tree shakable providers animations performance improvements rxjs v. version angular released october .updates regarding application performance angular material cdk virtual scrolling improved accessibility selects supports content projection using web standard custom elements dependency updates regarding typescript .rxjs .node still supporting node .version angular released may .
Angular (web framework)	featuring differential loading application code dynamic imports lazy routes web workers typescript .support angular ivy optin preview.angular ivy optin preview includesgenerated code easier read debug runtimefaster rebuild timeimproved payload sizeimproved template type checkingbackwards compatibility version angular released february .version moves applications use ivy compiler runtime default.angular updated work typescript .
Angular (web framework)	.. addition hundreds bug fixes ivy compiler runtime offers numerous advantagessmaller bundle sizesfaster testingbetter debuggingimproved css class style bindingimproved type checkingimproved build errorsimproved build times enabling aot defaultimproved internationalization version angular released june .new date range picker material ui librarywarnings commonjs importsoptional stricter settingskeeping date ecosystemnew default browser configurationdeprecations removals version angular released november .version angular released may .deprecated support ie version angular released november .future releases since v angular team moved new applications use ivy compiler runtime.working ivy improve output bundle sizes development speeds.each version expected backwardcompatible prior release.angular development team pledged twiceayear upgrades.
Angular (web framework)	support policy schedule major releases supported months.consists months active support regularlyscheduled updates patches released.followed months longterm support lts critical fixes security patches released.libraries angular material angular material ui component library implements material design angular.see also react javascript libraryvue.jscomparison javascript frameworksjavascript framework references external links official websitearchived website angular
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	detection download configuration file complete executed determine proxy specified url.history wpad protocol outlines mechanism discovering location file commonly deployed configuration file format proxy autoconfig format originally designed netscape netscape navigator ..the wpad protocol drafted consortium companies including inktomi corporation microsoft corporation realnetworks inc. sun microsystems inc. oracle corp.. wpad documented internetdraft expired december .however wpad still supported major browsers.wpad first included internet explorer .. context order browsers organization supplied proxy policy without configuring browser manually technologies requiredproxy autoconfig pac standard create publish one central proxy configuration file.details discussed separate article.web proxy autodiscovery protocol wpad standard ensure organizations browsers find file without manual configuration.
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	topic article.the wpad standard defines two alternative methods system administrator use publish location proxy configuration file using dynamic host configuration protocol dhcp domain name system dnsbefore fetching first page web browser implementing method sends dhcpinform query local dhcp server uses url wpad option servers reply.dhcp server provide desired information dns used.example network name users computer pc.department.branch.example.com browser try following urls turn finds proxy configuration file within domain clienthttpwpad.department.branch.example.comwpad.dathttpwpad.branch.example.comwpad.dathttpwpad.example.comwpad.dathttpwpad.comwpad.dat incorrect implementations see note security belownote examples live urls due employing reserved domain name example.com.additionally windows dns query unsuccessful linklocal multicast name resolution llmnr andor netbios used.notes dhcp higher priority dns dhcp provides wpad url dns lookup performed.works dhcpv.
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	dhcpv wpadoption defined.notice firefox support dhcp dns true chrome platforms windows chromeos versions chrome older version .when constructing query packet dns lookup removes first part domain name client host name replaces wpad.moves hierarchy removing parts domain name finds wpad pac file leaves current organisation.the browser guesses organisation boundaries are.guess often right domains like company.com university.edu wrong company.co.uk see security below.for dns lookups path configuration file always wpad.dat.dhcp protocol url usable.traditional reasons pac files often called proxy.pac course files name ignored wpad dns search.the mime type configuration file must applicationxnsproxyautoconfig.
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	see proxy autoconfig details.internet explorer konqueror currently browsers offering support dhcp dns methods dns method supported major browsers.requirements order wpad work requirements metin order use dhcp server must configured serve sitelocal option autoproxyconfig string value e.g.httpexample.comwpad.dat example.com address web server.in order use dns method dns entry needed host named wpad.the host wpad address must able serve web page.in cases web server must configured serve wpad file mime type applicationxnsproxyautoconfig.if dns method used file named wpad.dat must located wpad web sites root directory.the pac files discussed proxy autoconfig article.use caution configuring wpad server virtual hosting environment.automatic proxy detection used winhttp wininet internet explorer earlier send host ip address header ie firefox sends host wpad header.therefore recommended wpad.dat file hosted default virtual host rather own.internet explorer version ....xpspsprtm requests wpad.da instead wpad.dat web server.if using windows server later dns server might disable dns server global query block list even modify registry edit list blocked queries.
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	security greatly simplifying configuration one organisations web browsers wpad protocol used care simple mistakes open doors attackers change appears users browseran attacker inside network set dhcp server hands url malicious pac script.if network company.co.uk file httpwpad.company.co.ukwpad.dat isnt served browsers go request httpwpad.co.ukwpad.dat.introduction public suffix list browsers could determine wpad.co.uk longer inside organization.the method used httpwpad.org.uk.used serve wpad.dat file would redirect users traffic internet auction site.isps implemented dns hijacking break dns lookup wpad protocol directing users host proxy server.leaked wpad queries could result domain name collisions internal network naming schemes.attacker registers domain answer leaked wpad queries configures valid proxy potential conduct maninthemiddle mitm attacks across internet.through wpad file attacker point users browsers proxies intercept modify www traffic everyone connected network.although simplistic fix windows wpad handling applied fixed problem .com domain.
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	presentation kiwicon showed rest world still critically vulnerable security hole sample domain registered new zealand testing purposes receiving proxy requests country rate several second.several wpad.tld domain names including com net org us point client loopback address help protect vulnerability though names still registered wpad.co.uk.thus administrator make sure user trust dhcp servers organisation possible wpad domains organisation control.furthermore theres wpad domain configured organisation user go whatever external location next wpad site domain hierarchy use configuration.allows whoever registers wpad subdomain particular country perform maninthemiddle attack large portions countrys internet traffic setting proxy traffic sites interest.on top traps wpad method fetches javascript file executes users browsers even disabled javascript viewing web pages.references reading de boyne pollard jonathan .
Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol	automatic proxy http server configuration web browsers.frequently given answers.jim groves november .dns server global query block list.microsoft.pac file wpad examples..
Web browsing history	usually stored locally web browsers order provide user history list go back previously visited pages.reflect users interests needs browsing habits.all major browsers private browsing mode browsing history recorded.protect browsing history collected thirdparties targeted advertising purposes.applications local history locally stored browsing history facilitate rediscovering lost previously visited web pages one vague memory mind pages difficult find due located within deep web.browsers also utilize enable autocompletion address bar quicker convenient navigation frequently visited pages.the retention span browsing history varies per internet browser.
Web browsing history	mozilla firefox desktop version records history indefinitely default inside file named places.sqlite automatically erases earliest history upon exhausted disk space google chrome desktop version stores history ten weeks default automatically pruning earlier entries.indefinite history file named archived history recorded removed automatically deleted version released september .browser extensions history trends unlimited google chrome desktop version allow indefinite local storage browsing history exporting portable file selfanalysis browsing habits statistics.browsing history recorded using private browsing mode provided browsers.targeted advertising targeted advertising means presenting user advertisements relevant one based ones browsing history.typical example user receiving advertisements shoes browsing websites searching shoes shopping websites.one research shows targeted advertising doubles conversion rate classical online advertising.realtime biddingrtb method used behind targeted advertising.
Web browsing history	system automatically bids price presenting advertisements certain websites.advertisers decide much willing pay based target audience websites.therefore information users could encourage advertisers pay higher prices.information users browsing history provided firms involved bidding.since realtime process information usually collected without consent user transferred unencrypted form.
Web browsing history	user limited knowledge information collected stored used.the response user towards targeted advertising depends whether one knows information collected.user already knows information collected ahead time targeted advertisement could potentially create positive effect leading higher intention clicking link.however user informed information collection one would concerned privacy.decrease ones intention clicking link.meanwhile user considers website reliable possible click link accept personalization service.to solve conflicts privacy profits one newly proposed system paypertracking.
Web browsing history	broker exists users advertisers.users could decide whether provide personal information broker broker would send personal information offered users advertisers.meanwhile users could receive monetary rewards sharing personal information.could help protect privacy tracking efficiency would lead extra cost.personalized pricing personalized pricing based idea user purchases certain product frequently pays higher price product user could charged higher price product.
Web browsing history	web browsing history could give reliable predictions purchasing behaviors users.using personalized pricing profit firms could increase .compared status quo cases.research web browsing history could used facilitate research revealing browsing behavior people.user browses extensively one site probability requesting additional page decreases.
Web browsing history	user visits sites likelihood requesting extra pages reduces.web browsing history could also used create personal web libraries.personal web library created collecting analyzing web browsing history user.could help user notice browsing trends time distribution frequently used websites.users regard function helpful.privacy concerns web browsing history stored locally published anywhere publicly default.
Web browsing history	however almost websites tracked adwares potentially unwanted programs pups collect users information without consents.tracking methods usually allowed platforms default.web browsing history also collected cookies websites could divided two kinds firstparty cookies thirdparty cookies.thirdparty cookies usually embedded firstparty websites collect information them.thirdparty cookies higher efficiency data aggregation ability firstparty cookies.
Web browsing history	firstparty cookies access users data one website thirdparty cookies could combine data collected different websites make image user complete.meanwhile several thirdparty cookies could exist website.with enough information available users could identified without log account.when thirdparty cookies collect web browsing history users multiple websites information leads privacy concerns.example user browses news one website searches medical information website.web browsing history two websites combined user may considered interested news related medical topics.browsing history different websites combined could reflect complete image person.
Web browsing history	scandals aol released large amount data users including search history.although user ids names included users could identified based browsing history released.example user no.identified search history three months.in avast popular antivirus software accused selling browsing history third parties.preliminary investigation accusation officials czech republic.
Web browsing history	report shows avast sold users data jumpshot marketing analytics tool.avast claimed users personal information included leak.however browsing history could used identify users.avast shut jumpshot reply issue.protection user feels risk privacy ones intention disclosing personal information lower actions affected.
Web browsing history	however studies finds significant difference intention actions disclosing privacy information meaning user reduce actions sharing personal information take protection measures feeling concerned privacy.users privacy concerns would make fewer use online services.would also make protection measurements refusing offer information offering false information removing information online complaining people around relevant organizations.however hard users protect privacy due multiple reasons.first users enough privacy awareness.concerned tracked unless substantial impacts them.
Web browsing history	also aware personal data contains commercial values.generally difficult users notice privacy policy links kinds websites female users older users likely ignore notices.even users notice privacy links information disclosure may affected.addition users also equipped enough technical knowledge protect even notice privacy leakage.placed passive side little room change situation.most users make use ad blockers delete cookies avoid websites collect personal information try protect web browsing history collected.
Web browsing history	however ad blockers offer enough guidance users help improve privacy awareness.importantly rely standard black white list.lists usually include websites tracking users.ad blockers could effective tracking domains blocked.references
Web browsing history	usually stored locally web browsers order provide user history list go back previously visited pages.reflect users interests needs browsing habits.all major browsers private browsing mode browsing history recorded.protect browsing history collected thirdparties targeted advertising purposes.applications local history locally stored browsing history facilitate rediscovering lost previously visited web pages one vague memory mind pages difficult find due located within deep web.browsers also utilize enable autocompletion address bar quicker convenient navigation frequently visited pages.the retention span browsing history varies per internet browser.
Web browsing history	mozilla firefox desktop version records history indefinitely default inside file named places.sqlite automatically erases earliest history upon exhausted disk space google chrome desktop version stores history ten weeks default automatically pruning earlier entries.indefinite history file named archived history recorded removed automatically deleted version released september .browser extensions history trends unlimited google chrome desktop version allow indefinite local storage browsing history exporting portable file selfanalysis browsing habits statistics.browsing history recorded using private browsing mode provided browsers.targeted advertising targeted advertising means presenting user advertisements relevant one based ones browsing history.typical example user receiving advertisements shoes browsing websites searching shoes shopping websites.one research shows targeted advertising doubles conversion rate classical online advertising.realtime biddingrtb method used behind targeted advertising.
Web browsing history	system automatically bids price presenting advertisements certain websites.advertisers decide much willing pay based target audience websites.therefore information users could encourage advertisers pay higher prices.information users browsing history provided firms involved bidding.since realtime process information usually collected without consent user transferred unencrypted form.
Web browsing history	user limited knowledge information collected stored used.the response user towards targeted advertising depends whether one knows information collected.user already knows information collected ahead time targeted advertisement could potentially create positive effect leading higher intention clicking link.however user informed information collection one would concerned privacy.decrease ones intention clicking link.meanwhile user considers website reliable possible click link accept personalization service.to solve conflicts privacy profits one newly proposed system paypertracking.
Web browsing history	broker exists users advertisers.users could decide whether provide personal information broker broker would send personal information offered users advertisers.meanwhile users could receive monetary rewards sharing personal information.could help protect privacy tracking efficiency would lead extra cost.personalized pricing personalized pricing based idea user purchases certain product frequently pays higher price product user could charged higher price product.
Web browsing history	web browsing history could give reliable predictions purchasing behaviors users.using personalized pricing profit firms could increase .compared status quo cases.research web browsing history could used facilitate research revealing browsing behavior people.user browses extensively one site probability requesting additional page decreases.
Web browsing history	user visits sites likelihood requesting extra pages reduces.web browsing history could also used create personal web libraries.personal web library created collecting analyzing web browsing history user.could help user notice browsing trends time distribution frequently used websites.users regard function helpful.privacy concerns web browsing history stored locally published anywhere publicly default.
Web browsing history	however almost websites tracked adwares potentially unwanted programs pups collect users information without consents.tracking methods usually allowed platforms default.web browsing history also collected cookies websites could divided two kinds firstparty cookies thirdparty cookies.thirdparty cookies usually embedded firstparty websites collect information them.thirdparty cookies higher efficiency data aggregation ability firstparty cookies.
Web browsing history	firstparty cookies access users data one website thirdparty cookies could combine data collected different websites make image user complete.meanwhile several thirdparty cookies could exist website.with enough information available users could identified without log account.when thirdparty cookies collect web browsing history users multiple websites information leads privacy concerns.example user browses news one website searches medical information website.web browsing history two websites combined user may considered interested news related medical topics.browsing history different websites combined could reflect complete image person.

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