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Apple	controlled atmosphere facilities used keep apples fresh yearround.controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity low oxygen controlled carbon dioxide levels maintain fruit freshness.first used united states s. significance european cultures societies germanic paganism norse mythology goddess iðunn portrayed prose edda written th century snorri sturluson providing apples gods give eternal youthfulness.english scholar h. r. ellis davidson links apples religious practices germanic paganism norse paganism developed.points buckets apples found oseberg ship burial site norway fruit nuts iðunn described transformed nut skáldskaparmál found early graves germanic peoples england elsewhere continent europe may symbolic meaning nuts still recognized symbol fertility southwest england.davidson notes connection apples vanir tribe gods associated fertility norse mythology citing instance eleven golden apples given woo beautiful gerðr skírnir acting messenger major vanir god freyr stanzas skírnismál.
Apple	davidson also notes connection fertility apples norse mythology chapter völsunga saga major goddess frigg sends king rerir apple prays odin child friggs messenger guise crow drops apple lap sits atop mound.rerirs wifes consumption apple results sixyear pregnancy birth caesarean section son—the hero völsung.further davidson points strange phrase apples hel used thcentury poem skald thorbiorn brúnarson.states may imply apple thought brúnarson food dead.davidson notes potentially germanic goddess nehalennia sometimes depicted apples parallels exist early irish stories.davidson asserts cultivation apple northern europe extends back least time roman empire came europe near east native varieties apple trees growing northern europe small bitter.
Apple	davidson concludes figure iðunn must dim reflection old symbol guardian goddess lifegiving fruit world.greek mythology apples appear many religious traditions often mystical forbidden fruit.one problems identifying apples religion mythology folktales word apple used generic term foreign fruit berries including nuts late th century.instance greek mythology greek hero heracles part twelve labours required travel garden hesperides pick golden apples tree life growing center.the greek goddess discord eris became disgruntled excluded wedding peleus thetis.retaliation tossed golden apple inscribed καλλίστη kalliste sometimes transliterated kallisti beautiful one wedding party.
Apple	three goddesses claimed apple hera athena aphrodite.paris troy appointed select recipient.bribed hera athena aphrodite tempted beautiful woman world helen sparta.awarded apple aphrodite thus indirectly causing trojan war.the apple thus considered ancient greece sacred aphrodite.throw apple someone symbolically declare ones love similarly catch symbolically show ones acceptance love.
Apple	epigram claiming authorship plato statesi throw apple willing love take share girlhood thoughts pray even take consider shortlived beauty.atalanta also greek mythology raced suitors attempt avoid marriage.outran hippomenes also known melanion name possibly derived melon greek word apple fruit general defeated cunning speed.hippomenes knew could win fair race used three golden apples gifts aphrodite goddess love distract atalanta.took three apples speed hippomenes finally successful winning race atalantas hand.christian art though forbidden fruit eden book genesis identified popular christian tradition held apple eve coaxed adam share her.
Apple	origin popular identification fruit unknown middle east biblical times found confusion latin words mālum apple mălum evil normally written malum.tree forbidden fruit called tree knowledge good evil genesis latin good evil bonum et malum.renaissance painters may also influenced story golden apples garden hesperides.result story adam eve apple became symbol knowledge immortality temptation fall man sin sin itself.larynx human throat called adams apple notion caused forbidden fruit remaining throat adam.apple symbol sexual seduction used imply human sexuality possibly ironic vein.
Apple	proverb proverb apple day keeps doctor away addressing supposed health benefits fruit traced thcentury wales original phrase eat apple going bed youll keep doctor earning bread.th century early th phrase evolved apple day doctor pay apple day sends doctor away phrasing commonly used first recorded .despite proverb evidence eating apple daily significant health effects.cultivars known cultivars cultivated varieties apples.cultivars vary yield ultimate size tree even grown rootstock.
Apple	different cultivars available temperate subtropical climates.uks national fruit collection responsibility department environment food rural affairs includes collection cultivars apple tree kent.university reading responsible developing uk national collection database provides access search national collection.university readings work part european cooperative programme plant genetic resources countries participating maluspyrus work group.the uks national fruit collection database contains much information characteristics origin many apples including alternative names essentially genetic apple cultivar.cultivars bred eating fresh dessert apples though cultivated specifically cooking cooking apples producing cider.
Apple	cider apples typically tart astringent eat fresh give beverage rich flavor dessert apples cannot.commercially popular apple cultivars soft crisp.desirable qualities modern commercial apple breeding colorful skin absence russeting ease shipping lengthy storage ability high yields disease resistance common apple shape developed flavor.modern apples generally sweeter older cultivars popular tastes apples varied time.north americans europeans favor sweet subacid apples tart apples strong minority following.extremely sweet apples barely acid flavor popular asia especially indian subcontinent.old cultivars often oddly shaped russeted grow variety textures colors.
Apple	find better flavor modern cultivars may problems make commercially unviable—low yield disease susceptibility poor tolerance storage transport wrong size.old cultivars still produced large scale many preserved home gardeners farmers sell directly local markets.many unusual locally important cultivars unique taste appearance exist apple conservation campaigns sprung around world preserve local cultivars extinction.united kingdom old cultivars coxs orange pippin egremont russet still commercially important even though modern standards low yielding susceptible disease.cultivation breeding many apples grow readily seeds.
Apple	however perennial fruits apples must propagated asexually obtain sweetness desirable characteristics parent.seedling apples example extreme heterozygotes rather inheriting genes parents create new apple parental characteristics instead significantly different parents perhaps compete many pests.triploid cultivars additional reproductive barrier three sets chromosomes cannot divided evenly meiosis yielding unequal segregation chromosomes aneuploids.even case triploid plant produce seed apples example occurs infrequently seedlings rarely survive.because apples true breeders planted seeds although cuttings take root breed true may live century grafting usually used.rootstock used bottom graft selected produce trees large variety sizes well changing winter hardiness insect disease resistance soil preference resulting tree.
Apple	dwarf rootstocks used produce small trees less .ft high maturity bear fruit many years earlier life cycle full size trees easier harvest.dwarf rootstocks apple trees traced far back bce area persia asia minor.alexander great sent samples dwarf apple trees aristotles lyceum.dwarf rootstocks became common th century later went several cycles popularity decline throughout world.
Apple	majority rootstocks used today control size apples developed england early s. east malling research station conducted extensive research rootstocks today rootstocks given prefix designate origin.rootstocks marked mm prefix mallingseries cultivars later crossed trees northern spy merton england.most new apple cultivars originate seedlings either arise chance bred deliberately crossing cultivars promising characteristics.words seedling pippin kernel name apple cultivar suggest originated seedling.apples also form bud sports mutations single branch.bud sports turn improved strains parent cultivar.
Apple	differ sufficiently parent tree considered new cultivars.since excelsior experiment station university minnesota introduced steady progression important apples widely grown commercially local orchardists throughout minnesota wisconsin.important contributions included haralson widely cultivated apple minnesota wealthy honeygold honeycrisp.apples acclimatized ecuador high altitudes often needed factors provide crops twice per year constant temperate conditions yearround.pollination apples selfincompatible must crosspollinate develop fruit.flowering season apple growers often utilize pollinators carry pollen.honey bees commonly used.
Apple	orchard mason bees also used supplemental pollinators commercial orchards.bumblebee queens sometimes present orchards usually sufficient number significant pollinators.there four seven pollination groups apples depending climategroup – early flowering may england gravenstein red astrachangroup b – may idared mcintoshgroup c – midseason flowering may granny smith coxs orange pippingroup – midlate season flowering may golden delicious calville blanc dhivergroup e – late flowering may braeburn reinette dorléansgroup f – may suntangroup h – may courtpendu gris – also called courtpendu platone cultivar pollinated compatible cultivar group close b c d.cultivars sometimes classified day peak bloom average day blossom period pollenizers selected cultivars within day overlap period.maturation harvest cultivars vary yield ultimate size tree even grown rootstock.cultivars left unpruned grow large—letting bear fruit making harvesting difficult.depending tree density number trees planted per unit surface area mature trees typically bear – kg – lb apples year though productivity close zero poor years.
Apple	apples harvested using threepoint ladders designed fit amongst branches.trees grafted dwarfing rootstocks bear – kg – lb fruit per year.farms apple orchards open public consumers pick apples.crops ripen different times year according cultivar.cultivar yield crop summer include gala golden supreme mcintosh transparent primate sweet bough duchess fall producers include fuji jonagold golden delicious red delicious chenango gravenstein wealthy mcintosh snow blenheim winter producers include winesap granny smith king wagener swayzie greening tolman sweet.storage commercially apples stored months controlled atmosphere chambers delay ethyleneinduced ripening.apples commonly stored chambers higher concentrations carbon dioxide high air filtration.
Apple	prevents ethylene concentrations rising higher amounts preventing ripening occurring quickly.for home storage cultivars apple held approximately two weeks kept coolest part refrigerator i.e.°c.stored year without significant degradation.varieties apples e.g.granny smith fuji three times storage life others.nonorganic apples may sprayed substance methylcyclopropene blocking apples ethylene receptors temporarily preventing ripening.
Apple	pests diseases apple trees susceptible number fungal bacterial diseases insect pests.many commercial orchards pursue program chemical sprays maintain high fruit quality tree health high yields.prohibit use synthetic pesticides though older pesticides allowed.organic methods include instance introducing natural predator reduce population particular pest.a wide range pests diseases affect plant.three common diseases pests mildew aphids apple scab.mildew characterized light grey powdery patches appearing leaves shoots flowers normally spring.
Apple	flowers turn creamy yellow color develop correctly.treated similarly botrytis—eliminating conditions caused disease burning infected plants among recommended actions.aphids small insect.five species aphids commonly attack apples apple grain aphid rosy apple aphid apple aphid spirea aphid woolly apple aphid.aphid species identified color time year differences cornicles small paired projections rear.aphids feed foliage using needlelike mouth parts suck plant juices.
Apple	present high numbers certain species reduce tree growth vigor.apple scab apple scab causes leaves develop olivebrown spots velvety texture later turn brown become corklike texture.disease also affects fruit also develops similar brown spots velvety corklike textures.apple scab spread fungus growing old apple leaves ground spreads warm spring weather infect new years growth.among serious disease problems bacterial disease called fireblight two fungal diseases gymnosporangium rust black spot.pests affect apple trees include codling moths apple maggots.young apple trees also prone mammal pests like mice deer feed soft bark trees especially winter.
Apple	larvae apple clearwing moth redbelted clearwing burrow bark phloem apple trees potentially causing significant damage.production world production apples million tonnes china producing total table.secondary producers united states turkey.nutrition raw apple water carbohydrates negligible content fat protein table.reference serving raw apple skin weighing grams provides calories moderate content dietary fiber.
Apple	otherwise low content micronutrients daily values falling .uses parts fruit including skin except seeds suitable human consumption.core stem bottom containing seeds usually eaten discarded.apples consumed various ways juice raw salads baked pies cooked sauces spreads like apple butter baked dishes.apples sometimes used ingredient savory foods sausage stuffing.several techniques used preserve apples apple products.apples canned dried frozen.canned frozen apples eventually baked pies cooked dishes.
Apple	apple juice cider also bottled.apple juice often concentrated frozen.popular uses apples often eaten raw.cultivars bred raw consumption termed dessert table apples.in uk toffee apple traditional confection made coating apple hot toffee allowing cool.similar treats u.s. candy apples coated hard shell crystallized sugar syrup caramel apples coated cooled caramel.apples eaten honey jewish new year rosh hashanah symbolize sweet new year.apples important ingredient many desserts apple pie apple crumble apple crisp apple cake.
Apple	cooked apple cultivars easily form puree known apple sauce.apples also made apple butter apple jelly.often baked stewed also cooked meat dishes.dried apples eaten reconstituted soaked water alcohol liquid.apples milled pressed produce apple juice may drunk unfiltered called apple cider north america filtered.filtered juice often concentrated frozen reconstituted later consumed.
Apple	apple juice fermented make cider called hard cider north america ciderkin vinegar.distillation various alcoholic beverages produced applejack calvados apfelwein.organic production organic apples commonly produced united states.due infestations key insects diseases organic production difficult europe.use pesticides containing chemicals sulfur copper microorganisms viruses clay powders plant extracts pyrethrum neem approved eu organic standing committee improve organic yield quality.
Apple	light coating kaolin forms physical barrier pests also may help prevent apple sun scalding.phytochemicals apple skins seeds contain various phytochemicals particularly polyphenols preliminary research potential health effects.nonbrowning apples enzyme polyphenol oxidase causes browning sliced bruised apples catalyzing oxidation phenolic compounds oquinones browning factor.browning reduces apple taste color food value.arctic apples nonbrowning group apples introduced united states market genetically modified silence expression polyphenol oxidase thereby delaying browning effect improving apple eating quality.
Apple	us food drug administration canadian food inspection agency determined arctic apples safe nutritious conventional apples.products apple seed oil obtained pressing apple seeds manufacturing cosmetics.research preliminary research investigating whether apple consumption may affect risk types cancer.allergy one form apple allergy often found northern europe called birchapple syndrome found people also allergic birch pollen.allergic reactions triggered protein apples similar birch pollen people affected protein also develop allergies fruits nuts vegetables.
Apple	reactions entail oral allergy syndrome oas generally involve itching inflammation mouth throat rare cases also include lifethreatening anaphylaxis.reaction occurs raw fruit consumed—the allergen neutralized cooking process.variety apple maturity storage conditions change amount allergen present individual fruits.long storage times increase amount proteins cause birchapple syndrome.in areas mediterranean individuals adverse reactions apples similarity peaches.form apple allergy also includes oas often severe symptoms vomiting abdominal pain urticaria lifethreatening.
Apple	individuals form allergy also develop reactions fruits nuts.cooking break protein causing particular reaction affected individuals cannot eat raw cooked apples.freshly harvested overripe fruits tend highest levels protein causes reaction.breeding efforts yet produce hypoallergenic fruit suitable either two forms apple allergy.toxicity seeds apple seeds contain small amounts amygdalin sugar cyanide compound known cyanogenic glycoside.ingesting small amounts apple seeds causes ill effects consumption extremely large doses cause adverse reactions.
Apple	may take several hours poison takes effect cyanogenic glycosides must hydrolyzed cyanide ion released.united states national library medicines hazardous substances data bank records cases amygdalin poisoning consuming apple seeds.see also references reading booksbrowning f. .apples story fruit temptation.north point press.
Apple	isbn .mabberley d.j.juniper b.e..story apple.timber press.
Apple	isbn .humor philosophy relating apples.reading eagle.reading pa. november .retrieved may .external links media related apples wikimedia commonsmalus pumila mill.
Security clearance	accepted nameterm security clearance also sometimes used private organizations formal process vet employees access sensitive information.clearance normally sufficient gain access organization must also determine cleared individual needs know specific information.individual supposed granted automatic access classified information solely rank position security clearance.canada background government classified information governed treasury board standard security screening security information act privacy act.deemed loyal reliable cleared allowed access sensitive information.
Security clearance	policy recently revised october .checks include basic demographic fingerprint based criminal record checks levels depending individual appointments requirements credit checks loyalty field checks might conducted rcmp andor csis.clearance granted depending types appointment individual federal government departments agencies private company security officers.contracts public works government services canada bound industrial security program subset gsp.to access designated information one must least standard reliability status see hierarchy below.reliability checks assessments conditions employment public service employment act thus government canada employees least reliability status screening completed prior appointment.however government employees orderincouncil subjected policy.clearances reliability status secret levels valid years whereas top secret valid years.however departments free request employees undergo security screening time cause.
Security clearance	security clearances granted individual departments instead one central government agency clearances inactivated end appointment individual transfers department.individual concerned apply reactivate transfer security clearance hisher new position.hierarchy three levels personnel screening exist two subscreening categoriesstandard screenings completed individuals without law enforcement security intelligence functions government whereas enhanced screenings individuals law enforcement security intelligence functions access data facilities.security screening individuals need rs job access federal government assets required sign personnel screening consent authorization form tbssct e.reliability status standard rsreliability checks done verifying personal data criminal records check credit check educational professional qualifications data previous employment references.this level clearance grant right access designated documents markings protected b informationassets needtoknow basis.mandatory individuals duties tasks position contract necessitate access protected information assets regardless duration assignment.reliability status enhanced ersin addition reliability status standard checks opensource checks security questionnaire interview required.this level clearance grant right access designated documents markings protected b c informationassets needtoknow basis.
Security clearance	security clearances individuals require access sensitive information access sensitive federal government sites andor assets job required sign security clearance form tbssct e. two levels clearancesecretsecret clearance granted reliability status cleared positive csis security assessment.this level clearance grant right access designated classified information secret level needtoknow basis.department heads discretion allow individual access top secretlevel information without higherlevel clearance casetocase basis.only secret clearance enhanced screening access protected c information.top secretin addition checks secret level foreign travels assets character references must given.field check also conducted prior granting clearance.this level clearance grant right access designated classified information needtoknow basis.site access two additional categories called site access status site access clearance exist access information purposes require physical access sites facilities designated csis areas reasonably expected targeted engage activities constituting threats security canada.designated areas include government houses official residences government officials parliament nuclear facilities airport restricted areas maritime ports largescale events sponsored federal government e.g.
Security clearance	winter olympics.where reliability primary concern site access status screening similar reliability status standard screening conducted loyalty canada primary concern site access clearance similar secret clearance screening required.valid years.legal prior granting access information individual cleared must sign security screening certificate briefing form tbssct – indicating willingness bound several acts parliament appointment finishes.anyone given security clearance releases designatedclassified information without legal authority breach trust section security information act punishment years jail.access special operational information held higher standard.
Security clearance	release information punishable law section security information act liable imprisonment life.section criminal code states person convicted offence section frauds government section selling purchasing office section fraud directed majesty section selling defective stores majesty conviction capacity contract majesty receive benefits contract majesty person hold office majesty unless pardon granted.effectively prohibits granting reliability status individual.united kingdom national security clearance types national security clearances hierarchy five levels depending classification materials accessed—baseline personnel security standard bpss counterterrorist check ctc enhanced baseline standard ebs security check sc developed vetting dv.the bpss entrylevel national security clearance ctc ebs effectively enhancements bpss ctc relating checking susceptibility extremist persuasion ebs relating checking susceptibility espionage persuasion latter needed supervised access secret material.sc focused susceptibility espionage persuasion required individual longterm unsupervised access secret material occasional access top secret ts material whilst regular access ts dv required.those national security clearance commonly required sign statement effect agree abide restrictions official secrets act osa.popularly referred signing official secrets act.
Security clearance	signing effect actions legal act law contract individuals bound whether signed it.signing intended reminder person obligations.end common sign statement period employment involves access secrets.national security clearance history united states entered world war ii britain changed security classifications match u.s.. previously classifications included top classification secret soon became apparent united states fully understand uks classifications classified information appeared u.s.s press.spearheaded uniformity classification united kingdom united states.
Security clearance	uk clearances addition national security clearances types roles organisations stipulate need clearances includingvulnerable group access including children operated disclosure barring service dbs replacing former criminal records bureau crb independent safeguarding authority isa checkslaw enforcement hierarchy police personnel vetting ppv nonpolice personnel vetting nppv levels broadly aligned national security clearance levels differ focusing predominantly susceptibility criminality united states united states security clearance official determination individual may access information classified united states government.security clearances hierarchical level grants holder access information level levels it.clearance process requires background investigation signing nondisclosure agreement.access particular piece information requires needtoknow.cases requirement nominal classified information widely published secure networks.
Security clearance	cases formal needtoknow determination.addition determination special access programs sensitive compartmented information may require additional investigation adjudication prospective clearance holder.pending full security clearance applicant may granted temporary security clearance indefinite duration gives applicant access classified information original application vetted.the us president declassify previously classified information.as cost obtaining top secret clearance secret .costs paid revolving government funds contractor companies.authority authority classifying information granting security clearances access information found executive orders eos us federal law.usas national security information nsi classified eo since january rules modified james clapper security executive agent directive closing days obama administration.
Security clearance	information may classified order classification authority determines unauthorized release could cause damage national defense foreign relations united states.information concerning nuclear weapons fissile material may classified atomic energy act aea.clearances granted us department energy.clearance process access nsi aea information substantially aligned.eo investigative adjudicative guidelines nsi aea clearances identical.
Security clearance	enables reciprocity nsi aea clearances although exceptions exist.usas executive order standards binding usas government agencies handle classified information allows certain agency heads establish special access programs saps additional duplicative investigative adjudicative requirements.intelligence communitys sensitive compartmented information sci control systems family saps sci eligibility must granted prior accessing particular control system compartment may require additional investigation adjudication.sci eligibility policy described intelligence community directive implementing policy guidance within intelligence community access sci information far common collateral top secret information therefore operatives routinely include sci ts product ensure meet cradletograve accountability requirements collateral ts information.additional clearance measures used saps must approved office management budget generally limited measures polygraphs exclusion persons nonus immediate family members requiring frequent reinvestigations requiring annual updates security questionnaires.hierarchy security clearance granted individual generally recognizes maximum level clearance.
Security clearance	exceptions include levels compartmentalized access individual cleared certain type data.president united states given access government military information request even would otherwise able normally obtain security clearance president.obtained certain level security clearance mean one automatically access given access information cleared clearance level absence demonstrated need know.needtoknow determination made disclosure officer may work office origin information.specified need know must germane prospective users mission necessity integrity specified security apparatus.
Security clearance	controlled unclassified controlled unclassified represent clearance designation rather clearance level information distribution controlled.controlled unclassified designates information may illegal distribute.information available needed government employees usas department defense dod employees designation signifies information redistributed users designated use operational basis.example organization processes informationtechnology system may designated controlled unclassified users operational details system noncritical.public trust position despite common misconception designation security clearance confidential designation.
Security clearance	certain positions require access sensitive information information classified must obtain designation background check.us public trust positions either moderaterisk highrisk.confidential hierarchically first security clearance get typically requiring weeks months investigation.confidential clearance requires naclc investigation dates back years subjects record must renewed another investigation every years.secret secret clearance also known collateral secret ordinary secret requires months year investigate depending individuals background.
Security clearance	instances wherein individuals would take longer normal investigated many past residences residences foreign countries relatives outside united states significant ties nonus citizens.unpaid bills well criminal charges likely disqualify applicant approval.however bankruptcy evaluated casebycase basis automatic disqualifier.poor financial history numberone cause rejection foreign activities criminal record also common causes disqualification.secret clearance requires naclc credit investigation must also reinvestigated every years.
Security clearance	investigative requirements dod clearances apply civilian contractor situations contained personnel security program issuance known dod regulation .r part c... top secret top secret stringent clearance.top secret ts clearance often given result single scope background investigation ssbi.top secret clearances general afford one access data affects national security counterterrorismcounterintelligence highly sensitive data.far fewer individuals ts clearances secret clearances.ts clearance take months obtain often takes months.
Security clearance	instances individual top secret clearance undergoes ssbi period reinvestigation ssbipr every five years.compartmented ts clearances sensitive compartmented information sci clearances assigned one rigors single scope background investigation special adjudication process evaluating investigation.sci access however assigned compartments.compartments necessarily separated respect organization individual access one compartment necessarily access another.compartment may include additional special requirements clearance process.
Security clearance	individual may granted access read compartment period time.top secret clearance might required access communications intelligence subset sigintdesign stockpile information nuclear weaponsnuclear targetingsuch compartmentalized clearances may expressed john tssci whereby clearance descriptors spelled verbally.example us national security agency used specialized terms umbra classification reported compartment within special intelligence compartment sci.various nsa compartments simplified sensitive compartments marked cco meaning handle comint channels only.the us department defense establishes separately intelligence compartments special access programs sap vulnerability specific information considered exceptional normal criteria determining eligibility access applicable information classified level deemed sufficient protect information unauthorized disclosure.number people cleared access programs typically kept low.information stealth technology example often requires access.areaspecific clearances includel clearance department energyq clearance department energyyankee white working president vice president jobs require clearance two different types jobs require clearance public trust lowrisk positions require standard form application positions access classified information require standard form application.anyone access classified data requires clearance higher level data classified.
Security clearance	reason security clearances required wide range jobs senior management janitorial.according washington post article .million americans topsecret clearances almost onethird worked private companies rather u.s. government.jobs require security clearance found either positions working directly federal government authorized federal contractors.time clearance jobs outsourced contractors.due overall shortage securitycleared candidates long time frame obtain credentials uncleared worker clearance often paid noncleared equivalent counterparts.
Security clearance	according one estimate people security clearances top percent wage earners country.requirements clearance vetting process security clearance usually undertaken someone hired transferred position requires access classified information.employee typically fingerprinted asked provide information themselves.becomes starting point investigation candidates suitability.process streamlined requires person needs clearance input information online using eqip five days allowed data input.
Security clearance	older paper form helpful collecting organizing information advance.information investigation status stored either jpas scattered castles.investigative work usually least one following typesnational agency check local agency check credit check naclc.naclc required secret l confidential access.see background checksingle scope background investigation ssbi.ssbi required top secret q sci access involves agents contacting employers coworkers individuals.
Security clearance	standard elements include checks employment education organization affiliations local agencies subject lived worked gone school interviews persons know individual.investigation may include naclc candidates spouse cohabitant immediate family members u.s. citizens birth u.s. citizens.polygraph.agencies may require polygraph examinations.common examinations counter intelligence ci fullscope lifestyle polygraphs.positive ssbi sufficient access scilevel information polygraphs routinely administered stafflike access particular agencies.if issues concern surface phase security processing coverage expanded resolve issues.
Security clearance	lower levels interim clearances may issued individuals presently investigation passed preliminary automatic process.automatic processes include things credit checks felony checks on.interim clearance may denied although final clearance may still granted large amount debt foreign spouse admitted seeing doctor mental health condition admitted items security concern criminal record history drug use.. security concerns arise individual could bar holding security clearance adjudicators may also look wholeperson concept source potential mitigation person may still granted security clearance.investigations conducted one federal agency longer supposed duplicated another federal agency investigations current within years meet scope standards level clearance required.highlevel clearance process lengthy sometimes taking year more.recent years increased backlog cases attributed economic climate.
Security clearance	long time needed new appointees cleared cited hindering presidential transition process.security briefings us clearance granted candidate briefed proper safeguarding classified information criminal civil administrative sanctions may imposed individual fails protect classified information unauthorized disclosure.also required sign approved nondisclosure agreement e.g.form sf.highlevel clearances reviewed periodically adverse information reports received time trigger review.
Security clearance	cleared person leaves job often debriefed—reminded ongoing obligations protect information allowed see possible consequences would face behaved accordingly.according nispom chapter newly cleared employees required receive initial security briefing access classified information.training helps understand threat risks classified information protect classified information security procedures duties apply job.training followed refresher training reinforces initial security briefing.dual citizenship dual citizenship associated two categories security concerns foreign influence foreign preference.
Security clearance	dual citizenship major problem obtaining retaining security clearance usa.security clearance applicants dual citizenship based solely parents citizenship birth foreign country mitigating condition.however exercising taking advantage entitlements nonu.s.citizenship cause problems.example possession andor use foreign passport condition disqualifying security clearance mitigated reasons personal convenience safety requirements foreign law identity foreign country explicitly clarified department defense policy memorandum defines guideline requiring clearance denied revoked unless applicant surrenders foreign passport obtains official permission use appropriate agency united states government.
Security clearance	guideline followed administrative rulings department defense dod defense office hearings appeals doha office industrial security clearance review iscr decides cases involving security clearances contractor personnel classified work dod components.one case administrative judge ruled clearly consistent u.s. national interest grant request security clearance applicant dual national united states ireland.doha rule issues involving granting security clearances.united nations un security clearance sc procedure document united nations staff travelling areas designated security phase areas numbers ranging one five nophase areas calm countries sc required.united nations staff apply sc online website department safety security.individuals security clearances revoked post world war ii era several highly publicized often controversial cases officials scientists security clearances revoked includingjohn o. brennansandy bergerjohn m. deutchthomas andrews drakeabdelmoniem elganaynimichael t. flynnwen ho leerobert oppenheimeraldric saucieredward snowdenalan turing ukqian xuesenthis list cover people whose security clearance lapsed possibly following changing job.
Device fingerprint	see also list u.s. security clearance termssecurity advisory opinion notes references external links canada standard security screening germany german language official files united kingdom uk mods defence vetting agency united states dod factors used determining security clearance approvaldisapprovaldefense office hearings appeals decisionssecurity clearance faqshow get clearancedod intelligence security documents directives instructionsdod security clearances contracts guidebookwhat need know need knowfederal suitability security clearance chartdefense office hearings appeals doha experiencing immense backlog cases highlighting need thorough effective preparation clearance applications un united nations department safety security geneva centre democratic control armed forces vetting security sector published dcafinformation usually assimilated brief identifier using fingerprinting algorithm.browser fingerprint information collected specifically interaction web browser device.device fingerprints used fully partially identify individual devices even persistent cookies zombie cookies cannot read stored browser client ip address hidden one switches another browser device.may allow service provider detect prevent identity theft credit card fraud also compile longterm records individuals browsing histories deliver targeted advertising targeted exploits even attempting avoid tracking – raising major concern internet privacy advocates.history basic web browser configuration information long collected web analytics services effort measure real human web traffic discount various forms click fraud.
Device fingerprint	since introduction late clientside scripting gradually enabled collection increasing amount diverse information computer security experts starting complain ease bulk parameter extraction offered web browsers early .in researchers university california san diego showed tcp timestamps could used estimate clock skew device consequently remotely obtain hardware fingerprint device.in electronic frontier foundation launched website visitors test browser fingerprint.collecting sample fingerprints measured least .bits entropy possible browser fingerprinting advancements canvas fingerprinting claims add another .bits.in keaton mowery hovav shacham researchers university california san diego showed html canvas element could used create digital fingerprints web browsers.in least .alexa top sites found use fingerprinting scripts provided known third parties.
Device fingerprint	.alexa top sites found use canvas fingerprinting scripts served total domains.overwhelming majority scripts served addthis started using canvas fingerprinting january year without knowledge clients.feature protect browser fingerprinting introduced firefox version since left experimental stage initiated default.the year feature named enhanced tracking protection introduced firefox version protect tracking private browsing blocking scripts third party domains found lists published disconnect mobile.at wwdc apple announced safari macos mojave presents simplified system information users browse web preventing tracked based system configuration.a study revealed onethird browser fingerprints french database unique indicating browser fingerprinting may become less effective number users increases web technologies convergently evolve implement fewer distinguishing features.in starting firefox version enhanced tracking protection turned default users also nonprivate browsing.feature first introduced protect private browsing extended standard browsing optin feature .
Device fingerprint	diversity stability motivation device fingerprint concept stems forensic value human fingerprints.order uniquely distinguish time devices fingerprints fingerprints must sufficiently diverse sufficiently stable.practice neither diversity stability fully attainable improving one tendency adversely impact other.example assimilation additional browser setting browser fingerprint would usually increase diversity would also reduce stability user changes setting browser fingerprint would change well.certain degree instability compensated linking together fingerprints although partially different might probably belong device.
Device fingerprint	accomplished simple rulebased linking algorithm example links together fingerprints differ browser version increases time machine learning algorithms.entropy one several ways measure diversity.sources identifying information applications locally installed device allowed gather great amount information software hardware device often including unique identifiers mac address serial numbers assigned machine hardware.indeed programs employ digital rights management use information purpose uniquely identifying device.even designed gather share identifying information local applications might unwillingly expose identifying information remote parties interact.prominent example web browsers proved expose diverse stable information amount allow remote identification see § browser fingerprint.diverse stable information also gathered application layer leveraging protocols used transmit data.sorted osi model layer examples protocols areosi layer smb ftp http telnet tlsssl dhcposi layer snmp netbiososi layer tcp see tcpip stack fingerprintingosi layer ipv ipv icmp ieee .osi layer cdppassive fingerprinting techniques merely require fingerprinter observe traffic originated target device active fingerprinting techniques require fingerprinter initiate connections target device.
Device fingerprint	techniques require interact target device connection initiated latter sometimes addressed semipassive.browser fingerprint collection large amount diverse stable information web browsers possible thanks part clientside scripting languages introduced late s. today several opensource browser fingerprinting libraries fingerprintjs imprintjs clientjs fingerprintjs updated supersedes imprintjs clientjs large extent.browser version browsers provide name version together compatibility information useragent request header.statement freely given client trusted assessing identity.instead type version browser inferred observation quirks behavior example order number http header fields unique browser family importantly browser family version differs implementation html css javascript.
Device fingerprint	differences remotely tested using javascript.hamming distance comparison parser behaviors shown effectively fingerprint differentiate majority browser versions.browser extensions browser unique combination extensions plugins added fingerprint directly.extensions may also modify browser attributes behave adding additional complexity users fingerprint.adobe flash java plugins widely used access user information deprecation.
Device fingerprint	hardware properties user agents may provide system hardware information phone model http header.properties users operating system screen size screen orientation display aspect ratio also retrieved observing javascript result css media queries.browsing history fingerprinter determine sites browser previously visited within list provides querying list using javascript css selector visited.typically list popular websites sufficient generate unique user history profile well provide information users interests.however browsers since mitigated risk.
Device fingerprint	font metrics letter bounding boxes differ browsers based antialiasing font hinting configuration measured javascript.canvas webgl canvas fingerprinting uses html canvas element used webgl render graphics browser gain identifying information installed graphics driver graphics card graphics processing unit gpu.canvasbased techniques may also used identify installed fonts.furthermore user gpu cpu information provided fingerprinter instead.a canvas fingerprinting script first draws text specified font size background color.image text rendered users browser recovered todataurl canvas api method.
Device fingerprint	hashed textencoded data becomes users fingerprint.canvas fingerprinting methods shown produce .bits entropy.technique obtains information users gpu information entropy gained orthogonal entropy previous browser fingerprint techniques screen resolution javascript capabilities.hardware benchmarking benchmark tests used determine whether users cpu utilizes aesni intel turbo boost comparing cpu time used execute various simple cryptographic algorithms.
Device fingerprint	specialized apis also used battery api constructs shortterm fingerprint based actual battery state device oscillatornode invoked produce waveform based user entropy.devices hardware id cryptographic hash function specified devices vendor also queried construct fingerprint.mitigation methods browser fingerprinting different approaches exist mitigate effects browser fingerprinting improve users privacy preventing unwanted tracking ultimate approach prevent fingerprinting keeping richness modern web browser.offering simplified fingerprint users may attempt reduce fingerprintability selecting web browser minimizes availability identifying information browser fonts device id canvas element rendering webgl information local ip address.microsoft edge considered fingerprintable browser followed firefox google chrome internet explorer safari.
Device fingerprint	among mobile browsers google chrome opera mini fingerprintable followed mobile firefox mobile edge mobile safari.tor browser disables fingerprintable features canvas webgl api notify users fingerprint attempts.offering spoofed fingerprint spoofing information exposed fingerprinter e.g.user agent may allow reduce diversity contrary could also achieved mismatch spoofed information real browser information differentiates user others use strategy.spoofing information differently site visit example perturbating sound canvas rendering small amount random noise allows reduce stability.
Device fingerprint	technique adopted brave browser .blocking scripts blindly blocking clientside scripts served thirdparty domains possibly also firstparty domains e.g.disabling javascript using noscript sometimes render websites unusable.preferred approach block thirdparty domains seem track people either theyre found blacklist tracking domains approach followed ad blockers intention tracking inferred past observations approach followed privacy badger.using multiple browsers different browsers machine would usually different fingerprints browsers protected fingerprinting two fingerprints could identified originating machine.
Device fingerprint	see also anonymous web browsingbrowser securitybrowser sniffingevercookiefingerprint computinginternet privacyweb tracking references reading fietkau julian .elephant background empowering users browser fingerprinting.chaos communication congress .angwin julia valentinodevries jennifer .race fingerprint phones pcs.wall street journal.
Device fingerprint	issn .retrieved .segal ory fridman aharon shuster elad .passive fingerprinting http clients pdf.blackhat.retrieved .rybnik rafał .
Browser game	fingerprinting.data driven investor.external links panopticlick electronic frontier foundation gathers elements browsers device fingerprint estimates identifiable makes useram unique inria insa rennes implements fingerprinting techniques including collecting information webgl.partial database websites used canvas fingerprintinggames span genres singleplayer multiplayer.usually freetoplay.some browser games also available forms mobile app pc game console.users advantage browser version install game browser automatically downloads necessary content games website.however browser version may fewer features inferior graphics compared others usually native apps.the front end browser game runs users browser.implemented standard web technologies html css javascript webassembly.
Browser game	addition webgl enables sophisticated graphics.back end numerous server technologies used.in past many games created adobe flash longer played major browsers google chrome safari firefox.thousands games preserved flashpoint project.history internet first became widely available initial web browsers basic html support released earliest browser games similar textbased multiuser dungeons muds minimizing interactions implemented simple browser controls supporting online interactions players basic client–server model.one first known examples browser game earth first released .
Browser game	featured text allowed players interact form alliances players game.browser technology quickly began mature mids support browser plugins introduction javascript.advanced browser interactions unbounded restrictions html used clientside processing possible.among browser extensions new plugins allowed uses run applets made java language interactive animations created macromedia flash.technologies initially intended provide web page developers tools create fully immersive interactive websites though use fell favor considered elitism broke expected browsing behavior.instead technologies found use programmers create small browser games among unexpected uses general animation tools.sites began emerge late collect browser games works sun microsystems hotjava.
Browser game	sites started become popular commodity drew web visitors.microsoft acquired one site village rebranded internet gaming zone offering various card board browser games.classicgames.com created host selection classic javabased online multiplayer games chess checkers popularity led yahoo purchase site rebranding yahoo games.in tom fulp kickstarted flash games scene release game picos school site newgrounds featured complexity design polish presentation virtually unseen amateur flash game development time.expansion broadband connectivity early drew people play browser games sites well added attention viral phenomenon.new sites like kongregate armor games arose hosting flashbased games also offering titles companies like popcap games king launched portals featuring titles developed.social media sites also drove players browser games.
Browser game	facebook launching added support browser game functionality integrated social network features creating social network games notably zyngas farmville.success browser games hurt developers.humongous entertainment reported lost players flash games early s.flash games considered hit peak mids waned early s. popularity fallen due two primary causes.first introduction mobile gaming primarily apples iphone release availability app store.app store anyone could release apps iphone addition inapp purchases new revenue models freetoplay quickly emerged mobile games well surpassing current addriven revenue model browser games.
Browser game	google used concepts developing android storefront play store.developers either augmented browser games shifted mobile platform take advantage new revenue opportunities notably king transitioned one browser games one successful mobile games candy crush saga.second factor came claimed death knell adobe flash via way steve jobs open letter adobe stating apple would support flash iphone platform due security concerns factors.year jobs letter adobe announced would start deprecating flash transition users html open standards products.adobe completely shut flash december giving web developers years prepare event.
Browser game	little future flash developers moved away browser platform early s.however latter part terms browser games also overlapped emergence indie games.late early video game industry started coalesce around triplea development games made large studios multimillion dollar budgets.money involved industry took risks major titles experimental games generally overlooked.browser games gave venue titles early broader interest inbrowser games mids highlighted several titles.subsequently number early indie games based browser games behemoths castle crashers inspired newgrounds alien hominid edmund mcmillens super meat boy based meat boy browser game.
Browser game	indie developers got start browser flash games including vlambeer bennett foddy maddy thorson.post browser games written formats besides flash remain popular html webgl webassembly..io domain first used agar.io become popular domain attached browser games short length ease acquiring domain association programming io also stand inputoutput.subsequently game developers found ways monetize work creating versions mobile devices platforms sell.controversies many flash games late early received attention use shock comedy realworld events like mcdonalds videogame satire mcdonalds business practices darfur dying war darfur sudan.wired would write flash games lent exaggerated cartoonish style eventually evolved affectionat least amongst best creatorsfor beautiful grotesquerie.
Network security policy	like much younger gaming internet flash games defined boundaries simply cross best titles straddled weird line innocence cruelty full gorgeous gore enthralling body horror.newgrounds creator tom fulp created game called picos school based columbine shootings player must take goth school shooter.controversies involving browser games realworld events virginia tech shooting reenactment vtech rampage nra ceo wayne lapierre targeting game kindergarten killers sandy hook shootings.see also list browser games referencesdocument usually several pages long written committee.security policy complex document meant govern data access webbrowsing habits use passwords encryption email attachments more.specifies rules individuals groups individuals throughout company.security policy keep malicious users also exert control potential risky users within organization.first step creating policy understand information services available users potential damage whether protection already place prevent misuse.in addition security policy dictate hierarchy access permissions grant users access necessary completion work.while writing security document major undertaking good start achieved using template.national institute standards technology provides securitypolicy guideline.the policies could expressed set instructions could understood special purpose network hardware dedicated securing network.
Web tracking	see also internet securitysecurity engineeringcomputer securitycybersecurity information technology listnetwork securityindustrial espionageinformation securitysecurity policy references external links computer security resource center national institute standards technologyanalysis users behaviour may used provide content enables operator infer preferences may interest various parties advertisers.web tracking part visitor management.uses web tracking uses web tracking include followingadvertising companies actively collect information users make profiles used individualize advertisements.user activities include websites visited watched videos interactions social networks online transactions.websites like netflix youtube collect information shows users watch helps suggest shows might like.
Web tracking	search engines like google keep record users search could help suggest relevant searches future.law enforcement agencies may use web tracking spy individuals solve crimes.web analytics focuses performance website whole.web tracking give insight website used see long user spends certain page.used see may interest content website.usability tests practice testing easy design use.users observed complete tasks.would help identify usability problems websites design fixed easier navigation.
Web tracking	methods web tracking ip address every device connected internet assigned unique ip address needed enable devices communicate other.appropriate software host website ip address visitors site logged also used determine visitor’s geographical location.logging ip address example monitor person voted well viewing pattern.knowing visitor’s location indicates besides things country.may example result prices quoted local currency price range goods available special conditions applying cases requests responses certain country blocked entirely.
Web tracking	internet users may circumvent censorship geoblocking protect personal identity location stay anonymous internet using vpn connection.http cookie http cookie code information embedded onto user’s device website user visits website.website might retrieve information cookie subsequent visits website user.cookies used customise user’s browsing experience deliver targeted ads.browsing activities cookies store arepages content user browsedwhat user searched onlinewhen user clicked online advertisementwhat time user visited site.
Web tracking	first thirdparty cookies firstparty cookie created website user visiting.cookies considered good since help user rather spy them.main goal firstparty cookies recognize user preferences desired settings applied.a thirdparty cookie created websites one user visits.insert additional tracking code record users online activity.onsite analytics refers data collection current site.
Web tracking	used measure many aspects user interactions including number times user visits.restrictions thirdparty cookies introduced web browsers bypassed tracking companies using technique called cname cloaking thirdparty tracking service assigned dns record firstparty origin domain usually cname masqueraded firstparty even though separate entity legal organisational terms.technique blocked browsers ad blockers using block lists known trackers.methods canvas fingerprinting allows websites identify track users using html canvas elements instead using browser cookie.crossdevice tracking used advertisers help identify channels successful helping convert browsers buyers.clickthrough rate used advertisers measure number clicks receive ads per number impressions.mouse tracking collects users mouse cursor positions computer.browser fingerprinting relies browser way identifying users every time go online track activity.fingerprinting websites determine users operating system language time zone browser version without permission.supercookies evercookies used track users across web also hard detect difficult remove since stored different place standard cookies.session replay scripts allows ability replay visitors journey web site within mobile application web application.web beacons commonly used check whether individual received email actually read it.favicons used track users since persist across browsing sessions.federated learning cohorts floc trialed google chrome intends replace existing behavioral tracking relies tracking individual user actions aggregating server side web browser declaring membership behavioral cohort.eff criticized floc retaining fundamental paradigm surveillance economy user’s behavior follows site site label inscrutable glance rich meaning know.
Web tracking	controversy web browsing linked users personal information.location interests purchases revealed page user visits.allows draw conclusions user analyse patterns activity.use web tracking controversial applied context private individual varying degrees subject legislation eus ecommerce directive uks data protection act.done without knowledge user may considered breach browser security.
Web tracking	justification businesstobusiness context understanding visitors behaviour order identify buying intentions seen many commercial organisations effective way target marketing activities.visiting companies approached online offline marketing sales propositions relevant current requirements.point view sales organisation engaging potential customer actively looking buy produce savings otherwise wasted marketing funds.prevention users control thirdparty web tracking.optout cookies enables users block websites installing future cookies.
Web tracking	websites may blocked installing third party advertisers cookies browser prevent tracking users page.track web browser setting request web application disable tracking user.enabling feature send request website users disable crosssite user tracking.contrary popular belief browser privacy mode prevent tracking attempts usually blocks storage information visitor site cookies.help however live data transmissions like various fingerprinting methods.fingerprints easily deanonymized.
Web tracking	many times functionality website fails.example one may able login site preferences lost.some web browsers use tracking protection tracking prevention features block web trackers.see also behavioral analytics provides insight actions people online usually purchase products online.consumer data industry associationemployee monitoring use workplace surveillance gather information activities locations employees.gemini space gopher alternatives serving mostly textual content without trackinggoogle chromeuser tracking concernsgps tracking track location entity object remotelyinternet privacy level privacy individual connected internet internet trackinginformation privacynetwork surveillancetrack trace used track products status monitor location transportedweb analytics reporting analysis website data improve users experience web beacon invisible graphic placed website monitor behavior user visiting.references external links princeton web transparency accountability project webtap.retrieved .
List of web service specifications	monitor websites services find user data companies collect collect it.measurement platform study privacy security ethics consumer data usageopenwpm – privacy measurement framework.github.retrieved .specifications varying degrees maturity maintained supported various standards bodies entities.specifications basic web services framework established firstgeneration standards represented wsdl soap uddi.specifications may complement overlap compete other.web service specifications occasionally referred collectively ws though single managed set specifications consistently refers recognized owning body across all.web service standards listings sites contain documents links different web services standards identified page.ibm developerworks standard web serviceinnoqs wsstandard overview diagram pdf.msdn .net developer centre web service specification index pageoasis standards approved workopen grid forum final documentxml coverpagewcs web services activity xml specification xml extensible markup languagexml namespacesxml schemaxpathxqueryxml information setxincludexml pointer messaging specification soap formerly known simple object access protocolsoapoverudpsoap message transmission optimization mechanismwsnotificationwsbasenotificationwstopicswsbrokerednotificationwsaddressingwstransferwseventingwsenumerationwsmakeconnection metadata exchange specification jsonwspwspolicywspolicyassertionswspolicyattachmentwsdiscoverywsinspectionwsmetadataexchangeuniversal description discovery integration uddiwsdl .
Fresco (web browser)	corewsdl .soap bindingweb services semantics wsdlswsresource framework wsrf security specification wssecurityxml signaturexml encryptionxml key management xkmswssecureconversationwssecuritypolicywstrustwsfederationwsfederation active requestor profilewsfederation passive requestor profileweb services security kerberos bindingweb single signon interoperability profileweb single signon metadata exchange protocolsecurity assertion markup language samlxacml privacy pp reliable messaging specifications wsreliablemessagingwsreliabilitywsrm policy assertion resource specifications web services resource frameworkwsresourcewsbasefaultswsservicegroupwsresourcepropertieswsresourcelifetimewstransferwsfragmentresource representation soap header block web services interoperability wsi specification specifications provide additional information improve interoperability vendor implementations.wsi basic profilewsi basic security profilesimple soap binding profile business process specifications wsbpelwscdlweb service choreography interface wsciwschoreographyxml process definition languageweb services conversation language wscl transaction specifications wsbusinessactivitywsatomictransactionwscoordinationwscafwstransactionwscontextwscfwstxm management specifications wsmanagementwsmanagement catalogwsresourcetransferwsdm presentationoriented specification web services remote portlets draft specifications wsprovisioning – describes apis schemas necessary facilitate interoperability provisioning systems consistent manner using web services devices profile web services dpwsebxml standardization isoiec information technology biometric application programming interface part biometric archive function provider interfaceiso geographic information locationbased services tracking navigationisoiec information technology service management part specificationisoiec information technology service management part code practiceisoiec information technology generic applications asn.fast web servicesisoiec information technology telecommunications information exchange systems wssession web services application session services see also web service referencesfresco superseded galio .as embedded web browser fresco quite attractive due low hardware requirements.one first mainstream devices used fresco web browser prismiq media player released featured mb ram risc cpu.prismiq media player received awards print publications financial times pc magazine along website cnet.supported html .javascript .
Fresco (web browser)	optionally macromedia flash player ssl security antialiased fonts.iptv tuners another market niche ants fresco web browser used.late ant announced pace micro technology shipped one millionth tv settop box including fresco web browser.the version fresco browser included prismiq media player lacked support ajax modern javascript.ant addressed shortcomings ant galio launched .references external links ant software limited homepage
Grey hat	white hat hacker discovers vulnerability exploit permission divulge existence fixed whereas black hat illegally exploit andor tell others so.grey hat neither illegally exploit tell others so.a difference among types hacker lies methods discovering vulnerabilities.white hat breaks systems networks request employer explicit permission purpose determining secure hackers whereas black hat break system network order uncover sensitive information personal gain.grey hat generally skills intent white hat break system network without permission.according one definition greyhat hacker discover vulnerability instead telling vendor exploit works may offer repair small fee.one gains illegal access system network may suggest system administrator one friends hired fix problem however practice declining due increasing willingness businesses prosecute.
Grey hat	another definition grey hat maintains grey hat hackers arguably violate law effort research improve security legality set according particular ramifications hacks participate in.in search engine optimization seo community grey hat hackers manipulate websites search engine rankings using improper unethical means considered search engine spam.history phrase grey hat first publicly used computer security context def con announced first scheduled black hat briefings although may used smaller groups prior time.moreover conference presentation given mudge key member hacking group lpht discussed intent grey hat hackers provide microsoft vulnerability discoveries order protect vast number users operating system.finally mike nash director microsofts server group stated grey hat hackers much like technical people independent software industry valuable giving us feedback make products better.the phrase grey hat used hacker group lpht interview new york times describe hacking activities.the phrase used describe hackers support ethical reporting vulnerabilities directly software vendor contrast full disclosure practices prevalent white hat community vulnerabilities disclosed outside group.in however antisec community published use term refer people work security industry day engage black hat activities night.irony black hats interpretation seen derogatory term whereas amongst white hats term lent sense popular notoriety.following rise eventual decline full disclosure vs. antisec golden era—and subsequent growth ethical hacking philosophy—the term grey hat began take sorts diverse meanings.
Grey hat	prosecution u.s. dmitry sklyarov activities legal home country changed attitudes many security researchers.internet became used critical functions concerns terrorism grew term white hat started referring corporate security experts support full disclosure.in eff defined grey hats ethical security researchers inadvertently arguably violate law effort research improve security.advocate computer offense laws clearer narrowly drawn.examples april hackers known hardbeat gained unauthorized access apache.org.chose alert apache crew problems rather try damage apache.org servers.in june group computer experts known goatse security exposed flaw att security allowed email addresses ipad users revealed.
Grey hat	group revealed security flaw media soon notifying att.since fbi opened investigation incident raided house weev new groups prominent member.in april group experts discovered apple iphone g ipads logging user visits.apple released statement saying ipad iphone logging towers phone could access.numerous articles matter viewed minor security issue.instance would classified grey hat although experts could used malicious intent issue nonetheless reported.in august khalil shreateh unemployed computer security researcher hacked facebook page mark zuckerberg order force action correct bug discovered allowed post users page without consent.

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