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Internet of things	billion breaches first six months .traditional governance structure study issued ericsson regarding adoption internet things among danish companies identified clash iot companies traditional governance structures iot still presents uncertainties lack historical precedence.among respondents interviewed percent stated believe organizational capabilities three four believe processes needed capture iot opportunity.led need understand organizational culture order facilitate organizational design processes test new innovation management practices.lack digital leadership age digital transformation also stifled innovation iot adoption degree many companies face uncertainty waiting market dynamics play action regards iot pending competitor moves customer pull regulatory requirements.
Internet of things	companies risk kodaked – kodak market leader digital disruption eclipsed film photography digital photos – failing see disruptive forces affecting industry truly embrace new business models disruptive change opens up.scott anthony written harvard business review kodak created digital camera invested technology even understood photos would shared online ultimately failed realize online photo sharing new business way expand printing business.business planning project management according study – iot deployments stuck pilot prototype stage unable reach scale due part lack business planning.even though scientists engineers managers across world continuously working create exploit benefits iot products flaws governance management implementation projects.despite tremendous forward momentum field information underlying technologies iot still remains complex area problem iot projects managed still needs addressed.iot projects must run differently simple traditional manufacturing construction projects.
Internet of things	iot projects longer project timelines lack skilled resources several securitylegal issues need new specifically designed project processes.following management techniques improve success rate iot projectsa separate research development phase proofofconceptprototype actual project begins project managers interdisciplinary technical knowledge universally defined business technical jargon see also references bibliography acharjya d.p.geetha m.k.eds..
Internet of things	internet things novel advances envisioned applications.springer.p. .isbn .li s. xu l.d.eds.
Internet of things	.securing internet things.syngress.p. .isbn .rowland c. goodman e. charlier m. et al.
Internet of things	eds..designing connected products ux consumer internet things.oreilly media.p. .
Internet of things	isbn .thomas jayant traukina alena .industrial internet application development simplify iiot development using elasticity public cloud native cloud services.packt publishing.p. .isbn .stephenson w. david .
Parisa Tabriz	future smart company capitalize internet thingsand win connected economy.harpercollins leadership.p. .isbn .chose title security princess business card.early life parisa tabriz born iranian father doctor american mother nurse polishamerican descent.grew suburbs chicago older sister two brothers.tabriz exposed coding computer science first year university.education tabriz initially enrolled university illinois urbana–champaign study computer engineering soon became interested computer science instead.
Parisa Tabriz	completed bachelor science master science degree university research wireless security attacks privacyenhancing technologies coauthoring papers advisor nikita borisov.active member student club interested computer security joined website hacked.career tabriz offered summer internship googles security team college joined company months graduation .preparing attend conference tokyo google decided use job title security princess business card rather conventional information security engineer since sounded less boring considered ironic.tabriz trained google staff interested learning security worked youth defcon girl scouts usa expose diverse set people field computer security.in tabriz took responsibility security google chrome.in tabriz conducted talk got ssl chrome dev summit.
Parisa Tabriz	tabriz started effort drive adoption https protocol.less traffic seen chrome https percentage https traffic increased across platforms.tabriz spoken government interception https connections public internet.in tabriz conducted talk know evil chrome developers conference.in tabriz took responsibility project zero offensive security research group.in tabriz keynote speaker python conference pycon portland oregon.in tabriz keynote speaker black hat conference.in response rsa conference one nonmale keynote speaker lineup keynotes tabriz cofounded security advocates conference oursa.five days tabriz organizers pulled together speaker lineup consisting expert speakers underrepresented backgrounds speakers women.in tabriz became head product engineering ux chrome.recognition forbes included top people watch technology industry list.in wired included list tech visionaries.in fortune included annual influence young people business list.
Black hat (computer security)	references external links official websiteparisa tabriz twitterparisa tabriz google aiorigin terms origin often attributed hacker culture theorist richard stallman though denies coining contrast exploitative hacker white hat hacker hacks protectively drawing attention vulnerabilities computer systems require repair.black hatwhite hat terminology originates western genre popular american culture black white hats denote villainous heroic cowboys respectively resemble contrast good evil.black hat hackers stereotypical illegal hacking groups often portrayed popular culture epitome public fears computer criminal.black hat hackers break secure networks systems motive destroying modifying stealing sensitive data make networks unusable authorized network users.unlike white hat hackers black hat hackers common standardized code internal regulation.albeit exist forms organization black hat call centers malicious software resellers vendors.see also security hacker references
Blink (browser engine)	first announced april .naming blinks naming influenced nonstandard presentational blink html element introduced netscape navigator supported presto geckobased browsers august .blink contrary name never functionally supported element.history blink fork webcore component webkit originally fork khtml kjs libraries kde.it used chrome starting version microsoft edge starting version opera vivaldi brave amazon silk chromiumbased browsers frameworks.much webcores code used features google chrome implemented differently sandboxing multiprocess model.parts altered blink fork although slightly bulkier allowed greater flexibility adding new features.
Blink (browser engine)	fork also deprecates css vendor prefixes existing prefixes phased new experimental functionality instead enabled optin basis.aside planned changes blink initially remained relatively similar webcore.by commit count google largest contributor webkit code base late started work fork blink.internals blink engine following componentsdom html dom css rendering enginesweb idl implementationskia graphics engine — makes calls underlying graphics library like opengl vulkan directx etc depends platformv javascript engine frameworks several projects exist turn chromiums blink reusable software framework developersin currently supported versions android operating system since version .webview component based blink instead webkit.chromium embedded framework widely used software adobe systems streaming media services spotify video game services battle.net steam etc.nw.js previously known nodewebkit original node.js based framework developed intel.electron node.js based framework developed github.in qt framework qt webengine module supersedes previous qtwebkit module.qt webengine replaced appledeveloped webkit engine blink crossplatform features like webrtc webgl websockets system calls etc work box.
Cloudbric Labs	qt developers found easier maintain test it.microsoft edge webview framework allows developers windows apps implement desktop app using web technologies replacing older edgehtml mshtml based webview webbrowser controls.dotnetbrowser proprietary .net chromiumbased library used use chromium capabilities wide range .net applications including desktop server solutions.platforms chromium blink implemented seven platforms windows macos linux chrome os fuchsia android android webview.blink also unofficially supported freebsd openbsd.ios versions chromium continue use webkit webcore renderer.see also comparison browser engines references external links official websiteit’s designed use developers webmasters end users interested achieving maintaining basic website security.components cloudbric labs composed ofblackipedia comprehensive set malicious “black” ip addresses updated every hours real data generated attacks detected cloudbric’s waf web application firewallthreat index analyzed reports recent webrelated vulnerabilitieswafer evaluator tests detection capabilities performance widelyused wafsan api offered allow users integrate information cloudbric labs security platforms.awards gold award cybersecurity project year asiapacific cybersecurity excellence awards.references external links httpsweb.archive.orgwebhttpslabs.cloudbric.com cloudbric labs homepage.retrieved .
MailChannels	provides email security email delivery services web hosting providers.mailchannels mailchannels specializes software services detect block sending spam phishing abusive email.unlike antispam technology providers mailchannels positions leader blocking abusive email source installing software services within sending networks services isps web hosting providers.to combat outgoing spam mailchannels offers customers either cloudbased smtp relay service software installed customer within network.mailchannels software derives opensource web proxy software nginx company makes claim software extremely scalable robust.mailchannels customers include large web hosting companies internet service providers mailbox providers email service providers endurance international group sendgrid sherweb locaweb.company history company founded former engineers activestate acquired sophos created one first commercial spam filters.the companys first product smtp proxy provides tarpitting transparent smtp proxy functionality inbound email filtering.
SSLeay	mit spam conference companys founder ken simpson awarded best paper award.in mailchannels joined m³aawg closed series round led early microsoft employees.in company launched outbound email filtering software claims capable filtering million messages per hour transparently network.outbound email filtering involves scanning email traffic exits network identifying compromised accounts reducing risk ip addresses blocked receiving networks.in company launched cloudbased outbound email filtering service.in company launched cloudbased inbound email filtering service.see also email spammail transport agentoutbound spam protectiontarpit networking references external links mailchannelsweb host industry review mailchannels provides outbound spam filter web host vps.netwashington post technology aims bore impatient spammersnetwork world tarpits deter impatient spammersthe register spam sucks like tarpitoreilly radar spamonomics onlamp developing highperformance asynchronous io applicationscase study using mail channels within hosting industrydeveloped eric andrew young tim j. hudson ssl .implementation using rc rc encryption.recommended pronunciation say letter ssleay first developed eric a. young eay.ssleay also included implementation des earlier work eric young believed first opensource implementation des.development ssleay unofficially mostly ended volunteers forked project openssl banner around december tim eric commenced working rsa security australia.
SSLeay	ssleay ssleay developed eric a. young starting .windows support added tim j. hudson.patches open source applications support ssl using ssleay produced tim hudson.development young hudson ceased .ssleay library codebase licensed ssleay license form free software license.
SSLeay	ssleay license bsdstyle opensource license almost identical fourclause bsd license.ssleay supports x.v certificates pkcs certificate requests.supports ssl ssl.also supported tlsv.the first secure ftp implementation created bsd using ssleay tim hudson.the first open source certifying authority implementation created cgi scripts using ssleay clifford heath.forks openssl fork successor project ssleay similar interface it.young hudson joined rsa corporation volunteers forked ssleay continued development openssl.bsafe sslc fork ssleay developed eric a. young tim j. hudson rsa corporation.
LastPass	released part bsafe sslc.references external links ssleay documentation archivesslapps notes see also gnutlsopenssl major fork ssleaylibressl major fork opensslwolfsslstandard version lastpass comes web interface also includes plugins various web browsers apps many smartphones.also includes support bookmarklets.logmein inc. goto acquired lastpass october .december logmein announced lastpass would made separate company accelerate release timeline.overview users content lastpass including passwords secure notes protected one master password.
LastPass	content synchronized device user uses lastpass software app extensions on.information encrypted aes encryption pbkdf sha salted hashes ability increase password iterations value.encryption decryption takes place device level.lastpass form filler automates password entering form filling supports password generation site sharing site logging twofactor authentication.lastpass supports twofactor authentication via various methods including lastpass authenticator app mobile phones well others including yubikey.lastpass available extension many web browsers including google chrome mozilla firefox apple safari microsoft edge vivaldi opera.
LastPass	also apps available smartphones running android ios windows phone operating systems.apps offline functionality.note lastpass shuts google chrome browser setting allowing user automaticly save pass words browser.see httpssupport.google.comchromeathreadhowdoichangeoffertosavepasswordbarwhenitslockedhlenunlike major password managers lastpass offers userset password hint allowing access master password missing.history december announced lastpass acquired xmarks web browser extension enabled password synchronization browsers.
LastPass	acquisition meant survival xmarks financial troubles although two services remained separate acquisition led reduced price paid premium subscriptions combining two services.march xmarks service announced shut may according email lastpass users.on october logmein inc. acquired lastpass million.company combined lastpass brand similar product meldium already acquired logmein.on february lastpass unveiled new logo.previous logo prominently featured asterisk subject trademark lawsuit filed early etrade whose logo also features asterisk.on march lastpass released lastpass authenticator free twofactor authentication app.on november lastpass announced free accounts would support synchronizing user content device feature previously exclusive paid accounts.earlier free account service meant would sync content one app.in august lastpass announced lastpass families family plan sharing passwords bank account info sensitive data among family members annual subscription.
LastPass	also doubled price premium version without adding new features it.instead features free version removed.on february lastpass announced march free versions would usable desktop mobile devices rather both.user wishing continue using would pay premium i.e.paid version.would also discontinue email support free users time.
LastPass	reception march pc magazine awarded lastpass five stars excellent mark editors choice password management.new review following release lastpass .earned service five stars outstanding mark editors choice honor.in july lastpasss security model extensively covered approved steve gibson security podcast episode .also revisited subject relates national security agency security podcast episode .in october logmein acquired lastpass founder joe siegrists blog filled user comments voicing criticism logmein.web sites zdnet forbes infoworld posted articles mentioning outcry existing customers said would refuse business logmein raised concerns logmeins reputation.in consumer reports article dan guido ceo trail bits called lastpass popular password manager alongside dashlane keepass password choice mostly personal preference.
LastPass	march lastpass awarded best product identity management award seventh annual cyber defense magazine infosec awards.in february response lastpass limiting free tier one type device barry collins forbes called change bait switch makes free accounts much less useful used ruins free tier.security issues security incident tuesday may lastpass discovered anomaly incoming network traffic similar anomaly outgoing traffic.administrators found none hallmarks classic security breach example nonadministrator user elevated administrator privileges neither could determine anomalies cause.furthermore given size anomalies theoretically possible data email addresses server salt salted password hashes copied lastpass database.address situation lastpass took breached servers offline could rebuilt may requested users change master passwords.
LastPass	said direct evidence customer information compromised preferred err side caution.however resulting user traffic overwhelmed login servers company administrators—considering possibility existing passwords compromised trivially small—asked users delay changing passwords notice.security breach monday june lastpass posted blog post indicating lastpass team discovered halted suspicious activity network previous friday.investigation revealed lastpass account email addresses password reminders server per user salts authentication hashes compromised however encrypted user vault data affected.company blog said confident encryption measures sufficient protect vast majority users.
LastPass	lastpass strengthens authentication hash random salt rounds serverside pbkdfsha addition rounds performed clientside.additional strengthening makes difficult attack stolen hashes significant speed.security incidents july blog post published independent online security firm detectify detailed method reading plaintext passwords arbitrary domains lastpass users vault user visited malicious web site.vulnerability made possible poorly written url parsing code lastpass extension.flaw disclosed publicly detectify lastpass notified privately able fix browser extension.
LastPass	lastpass responded public disclosure detectify post blog revealed knowledge additional vulnerability discovered member google security team already fixed lastpass.security incidents march tavis ormandy discovered vulnerability lastpass chrome extension.exploit applied lastpass clients including chrome firefox edge.vulnerabilities disabled march patched march .on march ormandy discovered additional security flaw allowing remote code execution based user navigating malicious website.vulnerability also patched.
LastPass	security incidents friday august tavis ormandy reported vulnerability lastpass browser extension web sites malicious javascript code could obtain username password inserted password manager previously visited site.september lastpass publicly announced vulnerability acknowledging issue limited google chrome opera extensions nonetheless platforms received vulnerability patch.thirdparty trackers security incident discovered android app contained thirdparty trackers.also end article site bleepingcomputer reported lastpass users warned master passwords compromised.references external links official website
Border Security: Australia's Front Line	show follows work officers department home affairs australian border force australian quarantine inspection service enforce australian immigration customs quarantine finance laws.three government agencies cooperate filming.scenes sydney international mail arrival facility also shown.most programme filmed sydney melbourne brisbane airports.occasionally programme features locations perth airport seaports international mail centres raids workplaces suspected employing persons contrary restrictions visa immigrant status work australian border force vessels aircraft waters northern australia.the series far produced seasons .broadcast show premiered australia became ratings hit.
Border Security: Australia's Front Line	first series hosted grant bowler stopped appearing camera subsequent series.however bowler appears show beginning show.seasons bowler provides voice every story.show continued air since airs wednesday nights .classified pg.
Border Security: Australia's Front Line	show moved sunday night slot season .the show premiered sunday february pm.the show also broadcast internationally.new zealand airs tvnzs tv.airs united kingdom sky witness pick sky crime ireland tv airing nothing declare uk irelandit airs tele poland polish vtm belgium veronica netherlands dubbed dutch.kanal airs series sweden jim finland tv channel denmark dmax germany dubbed german also italy dmax dubbed italian broadcast airport security france cstar dubbed french broadcast douanes sous haute surveillance.it broadcast grensevakten norway tvnorge australian pay tv channel lifestyle channel australia network.border security airs across asia countries hong kong malaysia singapore south korea thailand macau.
Border Security: Australia's Front Line	canada series airs bbc canada dtour.singapore airs fox crime.criticism writer bob burton book inside spin dark underbelly pr industry expressed concern television show subject postproduction editing allows producers remove anything shows mistakes made government agencies concerned.instead burton argues show gives viewing public sense government effectively fairly administrating border security policy.in media watch suggested department immigration citizenship used working relationship seven leverage apology national communications manager sandi logan appeared unflattering light today tonight report.media watchs sources claimed persons department threatened cease cooperation seven production future border security episodes.in november american sex work activist monica jones detained villawood immigration detention centre department immigration border protection cancelled tourist visa sydney airport.
Border Security: Australia's Front Line	jones commented producers border security knew details immigration going seconds cameras showed up... tried get tv show jones asked immigration officer ok continue film already demanded tv cameras leave.season season season season season season season season season season season season season consisted episodes screened .series ratings international versions canadian version show titled border security canadas front line began airing canada.cancelled three seasons due canadian privacy commissioner ruling show cbsa breached privacy act.a us version show titled homeland security usa began airing united states.ran episodes two never aired.a british version show titled nothing declare uk aired united kingdom.a latin american version show titled alerta aeropuerto filmed el dorado airoport bogota colombia jorge chavez airoport lima peru began airing latin america national geographic channel.a second american version called border security americas front line started airing abc september .
Ruby on Rails	see also border patrol tv seriesaustralian customs border protection serviceaustralian quarantine inspection servicedepartment immigration citizenship references external links official website border security australias front line imdbrails model–view–controller mvc framework providing default structures database web service web pages.encourages facilitates use web standards json xml data transfer html css javascript user interfacing.addition mvc rails emphasizes use wellknown software engineering patterns paradigms including convention configuration coc dont repeat dry active record pattern.ruby rails emergence greatly influenced web app development innovative features seamless database table creations migrations scaffolding views enable rapid application development.ruby rails influence web frameworks remains apparent today many frameworks languages borrowing ideas including django python catalyst perl laravel cakephp yii php grails groovy phoenix elixir play scala sails.js node.js.wellknown sites use ruby rails include airbnb bloomberg crunchbase dribbble github.history david heinemeier hansson extracted ruby rails work project management tool basecamp web application company also called basecamp signals time.
Ruby on Rails	hansson first released rails open source july share commit rights project february .august framework reached milestone apple announced would ship ruby rails mac os x v. leopard released october .rails version .released march major new developments templates engines rack nested model forms.templates enable developer generate skeleton application custom gems configurations.engines give developers ability reuse application pieces complete routes view paths models.
Ruby on Rails	rack web server interface metal allow one write optimized pieces code route around action controller.on december merb another web application framework launched ruby rails announced would work merb project bring best ideas merb rails ending unnecessary duplication across communities.merb merged rails part rails .release.rails .released august featuring reversible database migrations asset pipeline streaming jquery default javascript library newly introduced coffeescript sass stack.rails .released january faster development mode routing engine also known journey engine automatic query explain tagged logging.
Ruby on Rails	rails ..x last version supports ruby ... rails .. supports ruby ..rails .released june introducing russian doll caching turbolinks live streaming well making active resource active record observer components optional splitting gems.rails .released april introducing spring variants enums mailer previews secrets.yml.rails .released december introducing active job asynchronous emails adequate record web console foreign keys.rails .released june introducing action cable api mode turbolinks .rails ... released august exclusive use rails cli rake support ruby version .. above.rails .
Ruby on Rails	released april introducing javascript integration changes management javascript dependencies npm via yarn optional compilation javascript using webpack rewrite rails ujs use vanilla javascript instead depending jquery system tests using capybara encrypted secrets parameterized mailers direct resolved routes unified formwith helper replacing formtagformfor helpers.rails .released april introducing new features include activestorage builtin redis cache store updated rails credentials new dsl allows configuring content security policy application.rails .. released december introducing numerous bug fixes several logic improvements.rails .released august making webpack default adding mailbox routing default online richtext editor parallel testing multiple database support mailer routing new autoloader.rails .released december adding perdatabase connection switching horizontal database sharding eager loading associations delegated types alternative singletable inheritance asynchronous deletion associations error objects improvements bug fixes.rails .released december .
Ruby on Rails	technical overview ruby rails evolves radically release release exploring use new technologies adopting new standards internets.features stable ruby rails replaced favour new techniques.modelviewcontroller pattern model–view–controller mvc pattern fundamental structure organize application programming.in default configuration model ruby rails framework maps table database ruby file.example model class user usually defined file user.rb appmodels directory linked table users database.developers free ignore convention choose differing names models files database table common practice usually discouraged accordance conventionoverconfiguration philosophy.a controller serverside component rails responds external requests web server application determining view file render.
Ruby on Rails	controller may also query one models information pass view.example airline reservation system controller implementing flightsearch function would need query model representing individual flights find flights matching search might also need query models representing airports airlines find related secondary data.controller might pass subset flight data corresponding view would contain mixture static html logic use flight data create html document containing table one row per flight.controller may provide one actions.ruby rails action typically basic unit describes respond specific external webbrowser request.
Ruby on Rails	also note controlleraction accessible external web requests corresponding route mapped it.rails encourages developers use restful routes include actions create new edit update destroy show index.mappings incoming requestsroutes controller actions easily set routes.rb configuration file.a view default configuration rails erb file evaluated converted html runtime.alternatively many templating systems used views.ruby rails includes tools make common development tasks easier outofthebox scaffolding automatically construct models views needed basic website.also included webrick simple ruby web server distributed ruby rake build system distributed gem.
Ruby on Rails	together ruby rails tools provide basic development environment.http servers ruby rails commonly connected internet directly frontend web server.mongrel generally preferred webrick early days also run lighttpd apache cherokee hiawatha nginx either module – phusion passenger example – via cgi fastcgi mod ruby many others.onward passenger replaced mongrel mostused web server ruby rails.ruby also supported natively ibm i. javascript ruby rails also noteworthy extensive use javascript libraries prototype script.aculo.us scripting ajax actions.
Ruby on Rails	ruby rails initially utilized lightweight soap web services later replaced restful web services.ruby rails .separates markup page defines structure page scripting determines functionality logic page.jquery fully supported replacement prototype default javascript library rails .reflecting industrywide move towards jquery.
Ruby on Rails	additionally coffeescript introduced rails .default javascript language.web services since version .ruby rails offers html xml standard output formats.latter facility restful web services.
Ruby on Rails	css rails .introduced sass standard css templating.template default server uses embedded ruby html views files html.erb extension.rails supports swappingin alternative templating languages haml mustache.ruby versions ruby rails .
Ruby on Rails	designed work ruby .. ruby .. jruby .. earlier versions supported.ruby rails .last series releases support ruby ... framework structure ruby rails separated various packages namely activerecord objectrelational mapping system database access action pack active support action mailer.prior version .ruby rails also included action web service package replaced active resource.apart standard packages developers make plugins extend existing packages.
Ruby on Rails	earlier rails supported plugins within custom framework version .deprecates favor standard ruby gems.deployment ruby rails often installed using rubygems package manager included current versions ruby.many free unixlike systems also support installation ruby rails dependencies native package management system.ruby rails typically deployed database server mysql postgresql web server apache running phusion passenger module.philosophy design ruby rails intended emphasize convention configuration coc dont repeat dry principle.the rails doctrine enduring enabler guides philosophy design implementation ruby rails framework.convention configuration means developer needs specify unconventional aspects application.
Ruby on Rails	example class sale model corresponding table database called sales default.one deviates convention calling table products sold developer needs write code regarding names.generally ruby rails conventions lead less code less repetition.dont repeat means information located single unambiguous place.example using activerecord module rails developer need specify database column names class definitions.instead ruby rails retrieve information database based class name.fat models skinny controllers means application logic placed within model leaving controller light possible.
Ruby on Rails	html wire hotwireconceptual compression robust security mark rails .s approach one person framework.trademarks march david heinemeier hansson applied register three ruby railsrelated trademarks uspto.applications concern phrase ruby rails word rails official rails logo.summer hansson denied permission apress use ruby rails logo cover new ruby rails book written authoritative community members.episode gave rise polite protest ruby rails community.
Ruby on Rails	response criticism hansson repliedi grant promotional use rails logo products im directly involved with.books ive part development process conferences say execution.would definitely seek enforce trademarks rails.the trademark logo cancelled october .reception scalability earlier days rails running matzs ruby interpreter de facto reference interpreter ruby criticized issues scalability.critics often mentioned various twitter outages spurred twitters partial transition scala runs java virtual machine queueing system middleware.
Ruby on Rails	user interface aspects site continued run ruby rails replaced due concerns performance.hand many rails business application developers relied system architecture design including choices database engine cache configuration servers tackle scalability issues.original author rails david heinemeier hansson criticized twitter saying problems scaling consequences poor architectural decisions fault rails.according hansson blaming rails troubles making contributions framework ungrateful unjust.in gartner research noted despite criticisms comparisons java many highprofile consumer web firms using ruby rails build scalable web applications.largest sites running ruby rails include airbnb cookpad github scribd shopify basecamp.
Ruby on Rails	january estimated .million web sites running ruby rails.security march security researcher egor homakov discovered mass assignment vulnerability allowed certain rails applications remotely exploited demonstrated nonmaliciously hacking github earlier attempts responsible disclosure dismissed.on september session cookie persistence security flaw reported ruby rails.default configuration entire session hash stored within session cookie known cookiestore allowing authenticated session possessing session cookie log target user time future.workaround administrators advised configure cookies stored server using mechanisms activerecordstore.researchers daniel jackson joseph near developed data debugger called space analyze data access rails program determine program properly adheres rules regarding access restrictions.
Information security audit	april near reported analysis popular web applications using space uncovered previously unknown security flaws.notes references bibliography external links official website rails source coderails guidesrails apiwithin broad scope auditing information security multiple types audits multiple objectives different audits etc.commonly controls audited categorized technical physical administrative.auditing information security covers topics auditing physical security data centers auditing logical security databases highlights key components look different methods auditing areas.when centered information technology aspects information security seen part information technology audit.often referred information technology security audit computer security audit.however information security encompasses much it.
Information security audit	audit process audit planning preparation auditor adequately educated company critical business activities conducting data center review.objective data center align data center activities goals business maintaining security integrity critical information processes.adequately determine whether clients goal achieved auditor perform following conducting reviewmeet management determine possible areas concernreview current organization chartreview job descriptions data center employeesresearch operating systems software applications data center equipment operating within data centerreview companys policies proceduresevaluate companys budget systems planning documentationreview data centers disaster recovery plan establishing audit objectives next step conducting review corporate data center takes place auditor outlines data center audit objectives.auditors consider multiple factors relate data center procedures activities potentially identify audit risks operating environment assess controls place mitigate risks.thorough testing analysis auditor able adequately determine data center maintains proper controls operating efficiently effectively.following list objectives auditor reviewpersonnel procedures responsibilities including systems crossfunctional trainingchange management processes place followed management personnelappropriate back procedures place minimize downtime prevent loss important datathe data center adequate physical security controls prevent unauthorized access data centeradequate environmental controls place ensure equipment protected fire flooding performing review next step collecting evidence satisfy data center audit objectives.
Information security audit	involves travelling data center location observing processes within data center.following review procedures conducted satisfy predetermined audit objectivesdata centre personnel – data center personnel authorized access data center key cards login ids secure passwords etc.. datacenter employees adequately educated data center equipment properly perform jobs.vendor service personnel supervised work data center equipment.auditor observe interview data center employees satisfy objectives.equipment – auditor verify data center equipment working properly effectively.equipment utilization reports equipment inspection damage functionality system downtime records equipment performance measurements help auditor determine state data center equipment.
Information security audit	additionally auditor interview employees determine preventative maintenance policies place performed.policies procedures – data center policies procedures documented located data center.important documented procedures include data center personnel job responsibilities back policies security policies employee termination policies system operating procedures overview operating systems.physical security environmental controls – auditor assess security clients data center.physical security includes bodyguards locked cages man traps single entrances bolteddown equipment computer monitoring systems.additionally environmental controls place ensure security data center equipment.include air conditioning units raised floors humidifiers uninterruptible power supply.backup procedures – auditor verify client backup procedures place case system failure.
Information security audit	clients may maintain backup data center separate location allows instantaneously continue operations instance system failure.issuing review report data center review report summarize auditors findings similar format standard review report.review report dated completion auditors inquiry procedures.state review entailed explain review provides limited assurance third parties.performs audits generally computer security audits performed byfederal state regulators certified accountants cisa.
Information security audit	federal ots occ doj etc.corporate internal auditors certificated accountants cisa certified internet audit professional ciap.external auditors specialized areas related technology auditing.consultants outsourcing technology auditing organization lacks specialized skill set.audited systems network vulnerabilities interception data transmitted network vulnerable intercepted unintended third party could put data harmful use.availability networks become widespanning crossing hundreds thousands miles many rely access company information lost connectivity could cause business interruption.accessentry point networks vulnerable unwanted access.weak point network make information available intruders.also provide entry point viruses trojan horses.controls interception controls interception partially deterred physical access controls data centers offices including communication links terminate network wiring distributions located.
Information security audit	encryption also helps secure wireless networks.availability controls best control excellent network architecture monitoring.network redundant paths every resource access point automatic routing switch traffic available path without loss data time.accessentry point controls network controls put point network connects external network.controls limit traffic passes network.include firewalls intrusion detection systems antivirus software.the auditor ask certain questions better understand network vulnerabilities.auditor first assess extent network structured.
Information security audit	network diagram assist auditor process.next question auditor ask critical information network must protect.things enterprise systems mail servers web servers host applications accessed customers typically areas focus.also important know access parts.customers vendors access systems network employees access information home lastly auditor assess network connected external networks protected.
Information security audit	networks least connected internet could point vulnerability.critical questions protecting networks.encryption audit assessing need client implement encryption policies organization auditor conduct analysis clients risk data value.companies multiple external users ecommerce applications sensitive customeremployee information maintain rigid encryption policies aimed encrypting correct data appropriate stage data collection process.auditors continually evaluate clients encryption policies procedures.companies heavily reliant ecommerce systems wireless networks extremely vulnerable theft loss critical information transmission.
Information security audit	policies procedures documented carried ensure transmitted data protected.the auditor verify management controls place data encryption management process.access keys require dual control keys composed two separate components maintained computer accessible programmers outside users.furthermore management attest encryption policies ensure data protection desired level verify cost encrypting data exceed value information itself.data required maintained extensive amount time encrypted transported remote location.procedures place guarantee encrypted sensitive information arrives location stored properly.
Information security audit	finally auditor attain verification management encryption system strong attackable compliant local international laws regulations.logical security audit first step audit system seek understand components structure.auditing logical security auditor investigate security controls place work.particular following areas key points auditing logical securitypasswords every company written policies regarding passwords employees use them.passwords shared employees mandatory scheduled changes.
Information security audit	employees user rights line job functions.also aware proper log log procedures.also helpful security tokens small devices authorized users computer programs networks carry assist identity confirmation.also store cryptographic keys biometric data.popular type security token rsas securid displays number changes every minute.
Information security audit	users authenticated entering personal identification number number token.termination procedures proper termination procedures old employees longer access network.done changing passwords codes.also id cards badges circulation documented accounted for.special user accounts special user accounts privileged accounts monitored proper controls place.remote access remote access often point intruders enter system.logical security tools used remote access strict.remote access logged.
Information security audit	specific tools used network security network security achieved various tools including firewalls proxy servers encryption logical security access controls antivirus software auditing systems log management.firewalls basic part network security.often placed private local network internet.firewalls provide flowthrough traffic authenticated monitored logged reported.different types firewalls include network layer firewalls screened subnet firewalls packet filter firewalls dynamic packet filtering firewalls hybrid firewalls transparent firewalls applicationlevel firewalls.the process encryption involves converting plain text series unreadable characters known ciphertext.encrypted text stolen attained transit content unreadable viewer.
Information security audit	guarantees secure transmission extremely useful companies sendingreceiving critical information.encrypted information arrives intended recipient decryption process deployed restore ciphertext back plaintext.proxy servers hide true address client workstation also act firewall.proxy server firewalls special software enforce authentication.proxy server firewalls act middle man user requests.antivirus software programs mcafee symantec software locate dispose malicious content.virus protection programs run live updates ensure latest information known computer viruses.logical security includes software safeguards organizations systems including user id password access authentication access rights authority levels.
Information security audit	measures ensure authorized users able perform actions access information network workstation.auditing systems track record happens organizations network.log management solutions often used centrally collect audit trails heterogeneous systems analysis forensics.log management excellent tracking identifying unauthorized users might trying access network authorized users accessing network changes user authorities.software record index user activities within window sessions observeit provide comprehensive audit trail user activities connected remotely terminal services citrix remote access software.according survey nmap users insecure.org nessus wireshark snort toprated network security tools.according survey backtrack live cd toprated information security auditing penetration testing distribution.
Information security audit	nessus remote security scanner performs security checks linux bsd solaris.wireshark analyzes network protocol unix windows snort intrusion detection system also supports microsoft windows.nessus wireshark snort free.popular products network security include omniguard guardian languard.omniguard firewall guardian also provides virus protection.
Information security audit	languard provides network auditing intrusion detection network management.log management solutions vendors sensage others choice government agencies highly regulated industries.behavioural audit vulnerabilities often related technical weakness organizations systems rather related individual behaviour within organization.simple example users leaving computers unlocked vulnerable phishing attacks.result thorough infosec audit frequently include penetration test auditors attempt gain access much system possible perspective typical employee well outsider.system process assurance audits combine elements infrastructure applicationinformation security audits use diverse controls categories completeness accuracy validity v restricted access cavr.
Information security audit	auditing application security application security application security centers three main functionsprogrammingprocessingaccesswhen comes programming important ensure proper physical password protection exists around servers mainframes development update key systems.physical access security ones data center office electronic badges badge readers security guards choke points security cameras vitally important ensuring security applications data.one needs security around changes system.usually proper security access make changes proper authorization procedures place pulling programming changes development test finally production.with processing important procedures monitoring different aspects input falsified erroneous data incomplete processing duplicate transactions untimely processing place.making sure input randomly reviewed processing proper approval way ensure this.
Information security audit	important able identify incomplete processing ensure proper procedures place either completing deleting system error.also procedures identify correct duplicate entries.finally comes processing done timely basis one backtrack associated data see delay coming identify whether delay creates control concerns.finally access important realize maintaining network security unauthorized access one major focuses companies threats come sources.first one internal unauthorized access.important system access passwords must changed regularly way track access changes one able identify made changes.
Information security audit	activity logged.second arena concerned remote access people accessing ones system outside internet.setting firewalls password protection online data changes key protecting unauthorized remote access.one way identify weaknesses access controls bring hacker try crack ones system either gaining entry building using internal terminal hacking outside remote access.segregation duties function deals money either incoming outgoing important make sure duties segregated minimize hopefully prevent fraud.
Information security audit	one key ways ensure proper segregation duties sod systems perspective review individuals’ access authorizations.certain systems sap claim come capability perform sod tests functionality provided elementary requiring timeconsuming queries built limited transaction level little use object field values assigned user transaction often produces misleading results.complex systems sap often preferred use tools developed specifically assess analyze sod conflicts types system activity.systems multiple system formats monitor users may superuser access system giving unlimited access aspects system.also developing matrix functions highlighting points proper segregation duties breached help identify potential material weaknesses crosschecking employees available accesses.
Information security audit	important development function production.ensuring people develop programs ones authorized pull production key preventing unauthorized programs production environment used perpetrate fraud.summary large two concepts application security segregation duties many ways connected goal protect integrity companies’ data prevent fraud.application security preventing unauthorized access hardware software proper security measures physical electronic place.segregation duties primarily physical review individuals’ access systems processing ensuring overlaps could lead fraud.
Information security audit	information security officer iso information security officer iso relatively new position emerged organizations deal aftermath chaotic growth information technology network communication.role iso nebulous since problem created address defined clearly.role iso become one following dynamics security environment keeping risk posture balanced organization.see also computer securitydefensive computingdirective ec protection personal data european unionethical hackinformation securitypenetration testsecurity breach references bibliography gallegos frederick senft sandra manson daniel p. gonzales carol .technology control audit nd ed.. auerbach publications.
Data-centric security	isbn .external links examining data centersnetwork auditingthe openxdas projectinformation systems audit control association isacathe institute internal auditorsdatacentric security evolving rapidly enterprises increasingly rely digital information run business big data projects become mainstream.datacentric security also allows organizations overcome disconnect security technology objectives business strategy relating security services directly data implicitly protect relationship often obscured presentation security end itself.key concepts common processes datacentric security model includediscover ability know data stored including sensitive information.manage ability define access policies determine certain data accessible editable blocked specific users locations.protect ability defend data loss unauthorized use data prevent sensitive data sent unauthorized users locations.monitor constant monitoring data usage identify meaningful deviations normal behavior would point possible malicious intent.from technical point view information datacentric security relies implementation followinginformation data selfdescribing defending.policies controls account business context.information remains protected moves applications storage systems changing business context.policies work consistently different data management technologies defensive layers implemented.technology data access controls policies data access control selective restriction access data.accessing may mean viewing editing using.defining proper access controls requires map information resides important important sensitive data designing appropriate controls.
Data-centric security	encryption encryption proven datacentric technique address risk data theft smartphones laptops desktops even servers including cloud.one limitation encryption always effective network intrusion occurred cybercriminals operate stolen valid user credentials.data masking data masking process hiding specific data within database table cell ensure data security maintained sensitive information exposed unauthorized personnel.may include masking data users developers thirdparty outsourcing vendors etc.data masking achieved multiple ways duplicating data eliminate subset data needs hidden obscuring data dynamically users perform requests.auditing monitoring activity data layer key component datacentric security strategy.
Data-centric security	provides visibility types actions users tools requested authorized specific data elements.continuous monitoring data layer combined precise access control contribute significantly realtime detection data breaches limits damages inflicted breach even stop intrusion proper controls place.surveyshows organizations still assess database activity continuously lack capability identify database breaches timely fashion.privacyenhancing technologies privacyenhancing technology pet method protecting data.pets allow online users protect privacy personally identifiable information pii provided handled services applications.
Data-centric security	pets use techniques minimize possession personal data without losing functionality information system.cloud computing cloud computing evolving paradigm tremendous momentum unique aspects exacerbate security privacy challenges.heterogeneity diversity cloud services environments demand finegrained access control policies services flexible enough capture dynamic context attributebased access requirements data protection.datacentric security public cloud environments recent decades many organizations rely managing database services public clouds amazon web services oracle cloud google cloud platform microsoft azure organize data.such approaches limitations users managing security sensitive data.instance hardware security appliances agents running database servers longer option.
Amazon Web Services	requires innovative ways secure data databases using reverse proxy sitting clients applications database servers.requirements supporting load balancing high availability failover datacentric security bring additional challenges database security vendors must meet.see also data maskingdata securitydefense depth computinginformation securityinformation security policies referencescloud computing web services provide variety basic abstract technical infrastructure distributed computing building blocks tools.one services amazon elastic compute cloud ec allows users disposal virtual cluster computers available time internet.awss virtual computers emulate attributes real computer including hardware central processing units cpus graphics processing units gpus processing localram memory harddiskssd storage choice operating systems networking preloaded application software web servers databases customer relationship management crm.the aws technology implemented server farms throughout world maintained amazon subsidiary.fees based combination usage known payasyougo model hardware operating system software networking features chosen subscriber required availability redundancy security service options.subscribers pay single virtual aws computer dedicated physical computer clusters either.
Amazon Web Services	part subscription agreement amazon provides security subscribers systems.aws operates many global geographical regions including north america.amazon markets aws subscribers way obtaining large scale computing capacity quickly cheaply building actual physical server farm.services billed based usage service measures usage varying ways.aws owns cloud iaas paas next two competitors microsoft azure google cloud respectively according synergy group.services aws comprises products services including computing storage networking database analytics application services deployment management machine learning mobile developer tools robops tools internet things.
Amazon Web Services	popular include amazon elastic compute cloud ec amazon simple storage service amazon amazon connect aws lambda serverless function enabling serverless etl e.g.instances ec s.most services exposed directly end users instead offer functionality apis developers use applications.amazon web services offerings accessed http using rest architectural style soap protocol older apis exclusively json newer ones.history founding – genesis aws came early s. prior experience building merchant.com amazons ecommerceasaservice platform thirdparty retailers build webstores led pursue serviceoriented architecture means scale engineering operations led cto allan vermeulen.around timeframe amazon frustrated speed software engineering sought implement various recommendations put forth matt round engineering leader time including maximization autonomy engineering teams adoption rest standardization infrastructure removal gatekeeping decisionmakers bureaucracy continuous deployment.also called increasing percentage time engineers spent building software rather tasks.
Amazon Web Services	amazon created shared platform engineering organizations spending time undifferentiated heavylifting infrastructure problems could focus customerfacing innovation instead.besides dealing unusual peak traffic patterns especially holiday season migrating services commodity linux hardware reliance open source software already amazons infrastructure team led tom killalea amazons first ciso run data centers associated services fast reliable cheap way.in july amazon.com web services managed colin bryar launched first web services opening amazon.com platform developers.hundred applications built top .unexpected developer interest took amazon surprise convinced developers hungry more.by summer andy jassy taken bryars portfolio rick dalzells behest vermeulen bezos first pick declined offer.jassy subsequently laid vision internet os made foundational infrastructure primitives alleviated key impediments shipping software applications faster.
Amazon Web Services	fall databases storage compute identified first set infrastructure pieces amazon launch.jeff barr early aws employee credits vermeulen jassy bezos others coming idea would evolve ec rds whilst jassy recalls result brainstorming week ten best technology minds ten best product management minds ten different internet applications primitive building blocks required build them.werner vogels puts amazons desire make process invent launch reinvent relaunch start rinse repeat fast could led breakdown organizational structures twopizza teams application structures distributed systems changes ultimately paved way formation aws mission expose atomiclevel pieces amazon.com platform.according brewster kahle cofounder alexa internet acquired amazon startups compute infrastructure helped amazon solve big data problems later informed innovations underpinned aws.jassy assembled founding team employees mix engineering business backgrounds kickstart initiatives majority hires coming outside company jeff lawson twilio ceo adam selipsky tableau ceo mikhail seregine cofounder outschool among them.in late concept compute would later launch ec reformulated chris pinkham benjamin black presented paper internally describing vision amazons retail computing infrastructure completely standardized completely automated would rely extensively web services services storage would draw internal work already underway.near end paper mentioned possibility selling access virtual servers service proposing company could generate revenue new infrastructure investment.thereafter pinkham lead developer christopher brown developed amazon ec service team cape town south africa.in november first aws infrastructure service launched public usage simple queue service sqs.
Amazon Web Services	ec first generation services – march amazon cloud storage launched followed ec august .andy jassy aws founder vice president said time amazon helps free developers worrying going store data whether safe secure available need costs associated server maintenance whether enough storage available.amazon enables developers focus innovating data rather figuring store it.pi corporation startup paul maritz cofounded first betauser ec outside amazon whilst microsoft among ecs first enterprise customers.later year smugmug one early aws adopters attributed savings around us storage costs s. according vogels built microservices launched microservices .in september aws announced annual startup challenge contest prizes worth entrepreneurs software developers based us using aws services ec build businesses.
Amazon Web Services	first edition saw participation justin.tv amazon would later acquire .ooyala online media company eventual winner.additional aws services period include simpledb mechanical turk elastic block store elastic beanstalk relational database service dynamodb cloudwatch simple workflow cloudfront availability zones.growth – november reported amazon.coms retail sites migrated aws.prior aws considered part amazon.com revenue delineated amazon financial statements.year industry watchers first time estimated aws revenue .
Amazon Web Services	billion.on november aws hosted first major annual conference reinvent focus aws partners ecosystem sessions.threeday event held las vegas relatively cheaper connectivity locations across united states rest world.andy jassy werner vogels presented keynotes jeff bezos joining vogels fireside chat.aws opened early registrations us per head customers countries.stage andy jassy event saw around attendees reed hastings ceo netflix announced plans migrate netflixs infrastructure aws.to support industrywide training skills standardization aws began offering certification program computer engineers april highlight expertise cloud computing.
Amazon Web Services	later year october aws launched activate program startups worldwide leverage aws credits thirdparty integrations free access aws experts help build business.in aws launched partner network entitled apn aws partner network focused helping awsbased companies grow scale success business close collaboration best practices.in january amazon web services acquired annapurna labs israelbased microelectronics company reputedly us–m.in april amazon.com reported aws profitable sales .billion first quarter year million operating income.founder jeff bezos described fastgrowing billion business analysts described surprisingly profitable forecast.october amazon.com said q earnings report awss operating income million operating margins percent.awss q revenue .
Amazon Web Services	billion increase q revenue .billion.q revenue aws segment increased .yy .billion .
Amazon Web Services	operating margin giving aws .billion run rate.gartner estimated aws customers deploying x infrastructure aws combined adoption next providers.market leadership –present james hamilton leads aws compute data center network design wrote retrospective article highlight tenyear history online service .early fan outspoken proponent technology joined aws engineering team .in q revenue .
Amazon Web Services	billion net income million increase q resulted aws profitable amazons north american retail business first time.jassy thereafter promoted ceo division.around time amazon experienced rise stock value result increased earnings aws contributed corporate profits.aws .billion annual revenue .end number grown billion.
Amazon Web Services	reflecting success aws jassys annual compensation hit nearly million.in january amazon launched autoscaling service aws.in november aws announced customized arm cores use servers.also november aws developing ground stations communicate customers satellites.in aws reported yearly growth accounted amazons revenue .in april aws reported yearly growth accounted .billion cloud market q .customer base march amazon said press release developers signed use amazon web services since inception.in november aws hosted first customer event las vegas.on may aws awarded agency authority operate ato u.s. department health human services federal risk authorization management program.in october revealed aws awarded contract cia.during august aws received department defensewide provisional authorization u.s. regions.during reinvent keynote aws disclosed million active customers every month countries including nearly government agencies education institutions nonprofits.on april aws dxc technology formed merger csc hpes enterprise services business announced expanded alliance increase access aws features enterprise clients existing data centers.notable customers include nasa obama presidential campaign netflix.in reported germanys listed dax companies use aws.in august u.s. navy said moved users six commands aws cloud system first step toward pushing data analytics onto cloud.in dish network announced develop launch g network aws.in october reported spy agencies government departments uk gchq mi mi ministry defence contracted aws host classified materials.significant service outages april aws suffered major outage.
Amazon Web Services	parts elastic block store service became stuck could fulfill readwrite requests.took least two days service fully restored.on june several websites rely amazon web services taken offline due severe storm northern virginia aws largest data center cluster located.on october major outage occurred affecting many sites reddit foursquare pinterest others.cause memory leak bug operational data collection agent.on december aws suffered another outage causing websites netflix unavailable customers northeastern united states.aws cited elastic load balancing service cause.on february aws experienced massive outage services northern virginia region.majority websites relied aws either hung stalled amazon reported within five hours aws fully online again.
Amazon Web Services	data reported lost due outage.outage caused human error made debugging resulted removing server capacity intended caused domino effect outages.on november aws experienced several hours outage kinesis service north virginia useast region.services relying kinesis also impacted.on december outage mainly affected eastern united states disrupting delivery service streaming services ticketmaster robinhood markets coinbase.availability topology december aws distinct operations geographical regions north america south america europe middleeast africa asia pacific.each region wholly contained within single country data services stay within designated region.region multiple availability zones consist one discrete data centers redundant power networking connectivity housed separate facilities.
Amazon Web Services	availability zones automatically provide additional scalability redundancy within region since intentionally isolated prevent outages spreading zones.several services operate across availability zones e.g.dynamodb others configured replicate across zones spread demand avoid downtime failures.as december amazon web services operated estimated .million servers across regions availability zones.global network aws edge locations consists points presence worldwide including locations north america europe asia australia africa south america.aws launch availability zones separately five zones australia melbourne canada calgary india hyderabad israel new zealand spain switzerland united arab emirates.in aws claimed aim achieve renewable energy usage future.
Amazon Web Services	united states awss partnerships renewable energy providers include community energy virginia support us east region pattern development january construct operate amazon wind farm fowler ridge iberdrola renewables llc july construct operate amazon wind farm us east edp renewables north america november construct operate amazon wind farm us central tesla motors apply battery storage technology address power needs us west northern california region.popup lofts aws also popup lofts different locations around world.market aws entrepreneurs startups different tech industries physical location.visitors work relax inside loft learn aws.june aws opened first temporary popup loft san francisco.
Amazon Web Services	may expanded new york city september expanded berlin.aws opened fourth location tel aviv march march .popup loft open london september october .popup lofts new york san francisco indefinitely closed due covid pandemic tokyo remained open limited capacity.charitable work aws launched aws restart united kingdom help young adults military veterans retrain technologyrelated skills.
Amazon Web Services	partnership princes trust ministry defence mod aws help provide retraining opportunities young people disadvantaged backgrounds former military personnel.aws working alongside number partner companies including cloudreach sage group edf energy tesco bank.environmental impact greenpeace assessed major tech companies—including cloud services providers like aws microsoft oracle google ibm salesforce.com rackspace—based level clean energy usage.greenpeace evaluated companies mix renewableenergy sources transparency renewableenergy commitment policies energy efficiency greenhousegas mitigation renewableenergy procurement advocacy.group gave aws overall c grade.

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