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Presidency of Barack Obama	obama also signed omnibus public land management act added million acres km land national wilderness preservation system well law raising cigarette pack tax cents equivalent ..perhaps important action obamas first days passage american recovery reinvestment act arra address great recession.much debate arra passed house senate february .originally intended bipartisan bill congressional passage bill relied largely democratic votes though three republican senators vote it.lack republican support bill inability democrats win support foreshadowed gridlock partisanship continued throughout obamas presidency.
Presidency of Barack Obama	billion bill combined tax breaks spending infrastructure projects extension welfare benefits education.domestic affairs health care reform stimulus bill enacted february health care reform became obamas top domestic priority th congress passed major bill eventually became widely known obamacare.health care reform long top priority democratic party democrats eager implement new plan would lower costs increase coverage.contrast bill clintons plan reform health care obama adopted strategy letting congress drive process house senate writing bills.senate bipartisan group senators finance committee known gang six began meeting hope creating bipartisan healthcare reform bill even though republican senators involved crafting bill ultimately came oppose it.
Presidency of Barack Obama	november house passed affordable health care america act – vote one republican voting bill.december senate passed health care reform bill patient protection affordable care act ppaca aca partyline – vote.bills expanded medicaid provided health care subsidies also established individual mandate health insurance exchanges ban denying coverage based preexisting conditions.however house bill included tax increase families making million per year public health insurance option senate plan included excise tax highcost health plans.the massachusetts senate special election victory scott brown seriously imperiled prospects health care reform bill democrats lost seat senate supermajority.white house house speaker nancy pelosi engaged extensive campaign convince centrists liberals house pass senates health care bill patient protection affordable care act.
Presidency of Barack Obama	march obama announced executive order reinforcing current law spending federal funds elective abortion services house passed patient protection affordable care act.bill passed senate december receive single republican vote either house.march president obama signed ppaca law.new york times described ppaca expansive social legislation enacted decades washington post noted biggest expansion health insurance coverage since creation medicare medicaid .houses congress also passed reconciliation measure make significant changes corrections ppaca second bill signed law march .
Presidency of Barack Obama	patient protection affordable care act became widely known affordable care act aca obamacare.the affordable care act faced considerable challenges opposition passage republicans continually attempted repeal law.law also survived two major challenges went supreme court.national federation independent business v. sebelius majority upheld constitutionality affordable care act even though made state medicaid expansion voluntary.king v. burwell majority allowed use tax credits stateoperated exchanges.october launch healthcare.gov health insurance exchange website created provisions aca widely criticized even though many problems fixed end year.
Presidency of Barack Obama	number uninsured americans dropped .population .population though republicans continued oppose obamacare unwelcome expansion government.many liberals continued push singlepayer healthcare system public option obama endorsed latter proposal well expansion health insurance tax credits .wall street reform risky practices among major financial institutions wall street widely seen contributing subprime mortgage crisis financial crisis – subsequent great recession obama made wall street reform priority first term.
Presidency of Barack Obama	july obama signed dodd–frank wall street reform consumer protection act largest financial regulatory overhaul since new deal.act increased regulation reporting requirements derivatives particularly credit default swaps took steps limit systemic risks us economy policies higher capital requirements creation orderly liquidation authority help wind large failing financial institutions creation financial stability oversight council monitor systemic risks.doddfrank also established consumer financial protection bureau charged protecting consumers abusive financial practices.signing bill obama stated bill would empower consumers investors bring shadowy deals caused crisis light day put stop taxpayer bailouts all.liberals disappointed law break countrys largest banks reinstate glasssteagall act many conservatives criticized bill government overreach could make country less competitive.
Presidency of Barack Obama	bill federal reserve regulatory agencies required propose implement several new regulatory rules battles rules continued throughout obamas presidency.obama called wall street reform passage doddfrank saying banks smaller role economy less incentive make risky trades.obama also signed credit card act created new rules credit card companies.climate change environment presidency obama described global warming greatest longterm threat facing world.obama took several steps combat global warming unable pass major bill addressing issue part many republicans democrats questioned whether global warming occurring whether human activity contributes it.
Presidency of Barack Obama	following inauguration obama asked congress pass bill put cap domestic carbon emissions.house passed american clean energy security act obama sought convince senate pass bill well.legislation would required us cut greenhouse gas emissions percent percent middle st century.however bill strongly opposed republicans neither separate proposed bipartisan compromise ever came vote senate.obama announced would bypass congress ordering epa implement new carbon emissions limits.
Presidency of Barack Obama	clean power plan unveiled seeks reduce us greenhouse gas emissions percent .obama also imposed regulations soot sulfur mercury encouraged transition away coal energy source falling price wind solar natural gas energy sources also contributed coals decline.obama encouraged successful transition away coal large part due fact coal emits carbon sources power including natural gas.obamas campaign fight global warming found success international level congress.obama attended united nations climate change conference drafted nonbinding copenhagen accord successor kyoto protocol.deal provided monitoring carbon emissions among developing countries include obamas proposal commit cutting greenhouse gas emissions half .
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama reached agreement china china pledged reach peak carbon emission levels us pledged cut emissions percent compared levels.deal provided momentum potential multilateral global warming agreement among worlds largest carbon emitters.many republicans criticized obamas climate goals potential drain economy.united nations climate change conference nearly every country world agreed landmark climate deal nation committed lowering greenhouse gas emissions.paris agreement created universal accounting system emissions required country monitor emissions required country create plan reduce emissions.
Presidency of Barack Obama	several climate negotiators noted uschina climate deal epas emission limits helped make deal possible.international community agreed kigali accord amendment montreal protocol sought reduce use hfcs organic compounds contribute global warming.from beginning presidency obama took several actions raise vehicle fuel efficiency united states.obama announced plan increase corporate average fuel economy miles per us gallon .l km percent increase levels.environmentalists auto industry officials largely welcomed move plan raised national emission standards provided single national efficiency standard auto industry officials group long desired.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama set even higher standards mandating average fuel efficiency .miles per us gallon .l km.obama also signed cashforclunkers bill provided incentives consumers trade older less fuelefficient cars efficient cars.american recovery reinvestment act provided billion funds encourage domestic renewable energy production make federal buildings energyefficient improve electricity grid repair public housing weatherize modestincome homes.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama also promoted use plugin electric vehicles electric cars sold end .according report american lung association major improvement air quality obama.economy upon entering office obama focused handling global financial crisis subsequent great recession begun election generally regarded worst economic downturn since great depression.february obama signed law billion economic stimulus bill included spending health care infrastructure education various tax breaks incentives direct assistance individuals.tax provisions law including billion income tax cut temporarily reduced taxes percent taxpayers bringing tax rates lowest levels years.obama administration would later argue stimulus saved united states doubledip recession.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama asked second major stimulus package december major second stimulus bill passed.obama also launched second bailout us automakers possibly saving general motors chrysler bankruptcy cost .billion.homeowners danger defaulting mortgage due subprime mortgage crisis obama launched several programs including harp hamp.obama reappointed ben bernanke chair federal reserve board appointed janet yellen succeed bernanke .
Presidency of Barack Obama	shortterm interest rates remained near zero much obamas presidency federal reserve raise interest rates obamas presidency december .there sustained increase u.s. unemployment rate early months administration multiyear economic stimulus efforts continued.unemployment rate reached peak october .. however economy added nonfarm jobs record straight months october december unemployment rate fell .december .recovery great recession marked lower labor force participation rate economists attributing lower participation rate partially aging population people staying school longer well longterm structural demographic changes.recovery also laid bare growing income inequality united states obama administration highlighted major problem.
Presidency of Barack Obama	federal minimum wage increased obamas presidency .per hour second term obama advocated another increase per hour.gdp growth returned third quarter expanding .pace followed .increase fourth quarter.growth continued posting increase .
Presidency of Barack Obama	first quarter lesser gains throughout rest year.countrys real gdp grew peaking ..aftermath recession median household income adjusted inflation declined obamas first term recovering new record high final year.poverty rate peaked .
Presidency of Barack Obama	declined .still higher .prerecession figure .relatively small gdp growth rates united states developed countries following great recession left economists others wondering whether u.s. growth rates would ever return levels seen second half twentieth century.taxation obamas presidency saw extended battle taxes ultimately led permanent extension bush tax cuts enacted .
Presidency of Barack Obama	tax cuts set expire obamas presidency since originally passed using congressional maneuver known reconciliation fulfill longterm deficit requirements byrd rule.lame duck session th congress obama republicans wrangled ultimate fate cuts.obama wanted extend tax cuts taxpayers making less year congressional republicans wanted total extension tax cuts refused support bill extend tax cuts top earners.obama republican congressional leadership reached deal included twoyear extension tax cuts month extension unemployment insurance oneyear reduction fica payroll tax measures.obama ultimately persuaded many wary democrats support bill though many liberals bernie sanders continued oppose it.
Presidency of Barack Obama	billion tax relief unemployment insurance reauthorization job creation act passed bipartisan majorities houses congress signed law obama december .shortly obamas reelection congressional republicans obama faced final fate bush tax cuts.republicans sought make tax cuts permanent obama sought extend tax cuts making .obama congressional republicans came agreement american taxpayer relief act made permanent tax cuts individuals making less year less couples.earnings greater amount income tax increased .top rate passage bush tax cuts.
Presidency of Barack Obama	deal also permanently indexed alternative minimum tax inflation limited deductions individuals making couples permanently set estate tax exemption .million indexed inflation increased top estate tax rate .though many republicans like deal bill passed republican house large part due fact failure pass bill would resulted total expiration bush tax cuts.budget debt ceiling us government debt grew substantially great recession government revenues fell obama largely eschewed austerity policies followed many european countries.us government debt grew gdp obama took office growth debt coming .
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama ordered creation national commission fiscal responsibility reform also known simpsonbowles commission order find ways reduce countrys debt.commission ultimately released report called mix spending cuts tax increases.notable recommendations report include cut military spending scaling back tax deductions mortgages employerprovided health insurance raise social security retirement age reduced spending medicare medicaid federal employees.proposal never received vote congress served template future plans reduce national debt.after taking control house elections congressional republicans demanded spending cuts return raising united states debt ceiling statutory limit total amount debt treasury department issue.debtceiling crisis developed obama congressional democrats demanded clean debtceiling increase include spending cuts.
Presidency of Barack Obama	though democrats argued obama could unilaterally raise debt ceiling terms fourteenth amendment obama chose negotiate congressional republicans.obama speaker house john boehner attempted negotiate grand bargain cut deficit reform entitlement programs rewrite tax code negotiations eventually collapsed due ideological differences democratic republican leaders.congress instead passed budget control act raised debt ceiling provided domestic military spending cuts established bipartisan joint select committee deficit reduction propose spending cuts.joint select committee deficit reduction failed reach agreement cuts domestic military spending cuts known sequester took effect starting .in october government shut two weeks republicans democrats unable agree budget.house republicans passed budget would defund obamacare senate democrats refused pass budget defunded obamacare.
Presidency of Barack Obama	meanwhile country faced another debt ceiling crisis.ultimately two sides agreed continuing resolution reopened government suspended debt ceiling.months passing continuing resolution congress passed bipartisan budget act omnibus spending bill fund government .john boehner announced would resign speaker house congress passed bill set government spending targets suspended debt limit obama left office.lgbt rights presidency obama congress supreme court contributed huge expansion lgbt rights.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama signed matthew shepard james byrd jr. hate crimes prevention act expanded hate crime laws cover crimes committed victims sexual orientation.december obama signed dont ask dont tell repeal act ended militarys policy disallowing openly gay lesbian people openly serving united states armed forces.obama also supported passage enda would ban discrimination employees basis gender sexual identity companies employees similar comprehensive equality act.neither bill passed congress.may obama became first sitting president support samesex marriage shortly vice president joe biden also expressed support institution.
Presidency of Barack Obama	following year obama appointed todd m. hughes court appeals federal circuit making hughes first openly gay federal judge u.s. history.supreme court ruled constitution guarantees samesex couples right marry case obergefell v. hodges.obama administration filed amicus brief support gay marriage obama personally congratulated plaintiff.obama also issued dozens executive orders intended help lgbt americans including order extended full benefits samesex partners federal employees.order prohibited discrimination employees federal contractors basis sexual orientation gender identity.
Presidency of Barack Obama	secretary defense ash carter ended ban women combat roles ended ban transgender individuals openly serving military.international stage obama advocated gay rights particularly africa.education great recession caused sharp decline tax revenues cities states.response cut education budgets.obamas billion stimulus package included billion public schools every state used protect educational budget.
Presidency of Barack Obama	however terms sponsoring innovation obama education secretary arne duncan pursued k education reform race top grant program.billion grants stake states quickly revised education laws according proposals advanced educational reformers.competition points awarded allowing charter schools multiply compensating teachers merit basis including student test scores adopting higher educational standards.incentives states establish college careerready standards practice meant adopting common core state standards initiative developed bipartisan basis national governors association council chief state school officers.criteria mandatory incentives improve opportunities get grant.
Presidency of Barack Obama	states revised laws accordingly even though realized unlikely would highly competitive new grant.race top strong bipartisan support centrist elements parties.opposed left wing democratic party right wing republican party criticized centralizing much power washington.complaints also came middleclass families annoyed increasing emphasis teaching test rather encouraging teachers show creativity stimulating students imagination.obama also advocated universal prekindergarten programs two free years community college everyone.lets move program advocacy healthier school lunches first lady michelle obama focused attention childhood obesity three times higher .
Presidency of Barack Obama	december obama signed every student succeeds act bipartisan bill reauthorized federally mandated testing shrank federal governments role education especially regard troubled schools.law also ended use waivers education secretary.postsecondary education obama signed health care education reconciliation act ended role private banks lending federally insured student loans created new incomebased loan repayment plan known pay earn increased amount pell grant awards given year.also instituted new regulations forprofit colleges including gainful employment rule restricted federal funding colleges failed adequately prepare graduates careers.immigration beginning presidency obama supported comprehensive immigration reform including pathway citizenship many immigrants illegally residing united states.
Presidency of Barack Obama	however congress pass comprehensive immigration bill obamas tenure obama turned executive actions.lameduck session obama supported passage dream act passed house failed overcome senate filibuster – vote favor bill.senate passed immigration bill path citizenship house vote bill.obama implemented daca policy protected roughly illegal immigrants deportation policy applies brought united states th birthday.obama announced new executive order would protected another four million illegal immigrants deportation order blocked supreme court tie vote upheld lower courts ruling.
Presidency of Barack Obama	despite executive actions protect individuals deportations illegal immigrants continued obama.record high deportations occurred though number deportations fell obamas second term.continuation trend began passage immigration nationality act percentage foreignborn people living united states reached .higher point since early th century.risen since number illegal immigrants living united states stabilized around .
Presidency of Barack Obama	million individuals obamas presidency peak .million .the nations immigrant population hit record .million .november obama announced plan resettle least syrian refugees united states.energy energy production boomed obama administration.
Presidency of Barack Obama	increase oil production driven largely fracking boom spurred private investment private land played small role development.obama administration promoted growth renewable energy solar power generation tripled obamas presidency.obama also issued numerous energy efficiency standards contributing flattening growth total u.s. energy demand.may obama extended moratorium offshore drilling permits deepwater horizon oil spill generally considered worst oil spill u.s. history.december president obama invoked outer continental shelf lands act ban offshore oil gas exploration large parts arctic atlantic oceans.during obamas tenure battle keystone xl pipeline became major issue advocates arguing would contribute economic growth environmentalists arguing approval would contribute global warming.
Presidency of Barack Obama	proposed mile km pipeline would connected canadas oil sands gulf mexico.pipeline crossed international boundaries construction required approval us federal government us state department engaged lengthy review process.president obama vetoed bill construct keystone pipeline february arguing decision approval rest executive branch.first major veto presidency congress unable override it.november obama announced would approve construction pipeline.
Presidency of Barack Obama	vetoing bill stated pipeline played overinflated role u.s. political discourse would relatively little impact job creation climate change.drug policy criminal justice reform obama administration took steps reform criminal justice system time many parties felt us gone far incarcerating drug offenders obama first president since preside reduction federal prison population.obamas tenure also saw continued decline national violent crime rate peak though uptick violent crime rate .october u.s. department justice issued directive federal prosecutors states medical marijuana laws investigate prosecute cases marijuana use production done compliance laws.president obama signed consolidated appropriations act repealed yearold ban federal funding needle exchange programs.
Presidency of Barack Obama	august obama signed fair sentencing act reduced sentencing disparity crack cocaine powder cocaine.colorado washington became first states legalize nonmedical marijuana six states legalized recreational marijuana time obama left office.though use marijuana remained illegal federal law obama administration generally chose prosecute used marijuana states chose legalize it.obama announced federal government would phase use private prisons.obama commuted sentences individuals higher number commutations president obamas commutations went nonviolent drug offenders.during obamas presidency sharp rise opioid mortality.
Presidency of Barack Obama	many deaths – – result fentanyl consumption overdose likely heroin consumption.many people died aware difference thought would administer heroin drug mixture actually used pure fentanyl.health experts criticized governments response slow weak.gun control upon taking office obama expressed support reinstating federal assault weapons ban make strong push pass itor new gun control legislation early presidency.first year office obama signed law two bills containing amendments reducing restrictions gun owners one permitted guns transported checked baggage amtrak trains another allowing concealed carry loaded firearms national parks located states concealed carry permitted.following december sandy hook elementary school shooting obama outlined series sweeping gun control proposals urging congress reintroduce expired ban militarystyle assault weapons impose limits ammunition magazines rounds require universal background checks domestic gun sales ban possession sale armorpiercing bullets introduce harsher penalties guntraffickers.despite obamas advocacy subsequent mass shootings major gun control bill passed congress obamas presidency.
Presidency of Barack Obama	senators joe manchin dwv pat toomey rpa attempted pass limited gun control measure would expanded background checks bill blocked senate.cybersecurity cybersecurity emerged important issue obamas presidency.obama administration established united states cyber command armed forces subunified command charged defending military cyber attacks.sony pictures suffered major hack us government alleges originated north korea retaliation release film interview.china also developed sophisticated cyberwarfare forces.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama declared cyberattacks us national emergency.later year obama signed cybersecurity information sharing act law.democratic national committee us organizations hacked fbi cia concluded russia sponsored hacking hopes helping donald trump win presidential election.email accounts prominent individuals including former secretary state colin powell cia director john o. brennan also hacked leading new fears confidentiality emails.racial issues speeches president obama make overt references race relations predecessors according one study implemented stronger policy action behalf africanamericans president since nixon era.following obamas election many pondered existence postracial america.
Presidency of Barack Obama	however lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent many africanamericans expressed outrage saw racial venom directed obamas presidency.july prominent africanamerican harvard professor henry louis gates jr. arrested cambridge massachusetts home local police officer sparking controversy obama stated police acted stupidly handling incident.reduce tensions obama invited gates police officer white house became known beer summit.several incidents obamas presidency sparked outrage africanamerican community andor law enforcement community obama sought build trust law enforcement officials civil rights activists.acquittal george zimmerman following killing trayvon martin sparked national outrage leading obama giving speech noted trayvon martin could years ago.
Presidency of Barack Obama	shooting michael brown ferguson missouri sparked wave protests.events led birth black lives matter movement campaigns violence systemic racism toward black people.law enforcement community criticized obamas condemnation racial bias incidents police action led death africanamerican men racial justice activists criticized obamas expressions empathy police.though obama entered office reluctant talk race began openly discussing disadvantages faced many members minority groups.march gallup poll nearly one third americans said worried great deal race relations higher figure previous gallup poll since .
Presidency of Barack Obama	nasa july obama appointed charles bolden former astronaut nasa administrator.year obama set augustine panel review constellation program.february obama announced cutting program united states federal budget describing budget behind schedule lacking innovation.decision drew criticism united states new flexible path mars plan unveiled space conference april .included new technology programs increased rd spending increase nasas budget .
Presidency of Barack Obama	billion billion focus international space station plans contract future transportation low earth orbit private companies.obamas presidency nasa designed space launch system developed commercial crew development commercial orbital transportation services cooperate private space flight companies.private companies including spacex virgin galactic blue origin boeing bigelow aerospace became increasingly active obamas presidency.space shuttle program ended nasa relied russian space program launch astronauts orbit remainder obama administration.obamas presidency also saw launch lunar reconnaissance orbiter mars science laboratory.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama called united states land human mars s. initiatives obama took steps promote various technologies technological prowess united states.number american adults using internet grew obama pushed programs extend broadband internet lower income americans.opposition many republicans federal communications commission began regulating internet providers public utilities goal protecting net neutrality.obama launched f united states digital service two organizations devoted modernizing government information technology.stimulus package included money build highspeed rail networks proposed florida high speed corridor political resistance funding problems stymied efforts.
Presidency of Barack Obama	january obama announced plan invest billion development selfdriving cars well initiative national highway traffic safety administration develop regulations selfdriving cars.month obama called national effort led vice president biden develop cure cancer.october biden spoke edward m. kennedy institute united states senate university massachusetts boston speak administrations cancer initiative.study american economic review found decision obama administration issue press releases named shamed facilities violated osha safety health regulations led facilities increase compliance experience fewer workplace injuries.study estimated press release effect compliance inspections.
Presidency of Barack Obama	foreign affairs obama administration inherited war afghanistan war iraq global war terror launched congress term president bush aftermath september attacks.upon taking office obama called new beginning relations muslim world united states discontinued use term war terror favor term overseas contingency operation.obama pursued light footprint military strategy middle east emphasized special forces drone strikes diplomacy large ground troop occupations.however american forces continued clash islamic militant organizations alqaeda isil alshabaab terms aumf passed congress .though middle east remained important american foreign policy obama pursued pivot east asia.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama also emphasized closer relations india first president visit country twice.advocate nuclear nonproliferation obama successfully negotiated armsreduction deals iran russia.obama described obama doctrine saying engage preserve capabilities.obama also described internationalist rejected isolationism influenced realism liberal interventionism.iraq afghanistan presidential election obama strongly criticized iraq war obama withdrew vast majority u.s. soldiers iraq late .
Presidency of Barack Obama	taking office obama announced u.s. combat forces would leave iraq august – american soldiers remaining iraq advisers trainers roughly american soldiers iraq early .president bush signed u.s.–iraq status forces agreement united states committed withdrawing forces late .obama attempted convince iraqi prime minister nouri almaliki allow u.s. soldiers stay past large presence american soldiers unpopular iraqis.latedecember american soldiers remained serve us embassy.however u.s. began campaign isil islamic extremist terrorist group operating iraq syria grew dramatically withdrawal u.s. soldiers iraq start syrian civil war.
Presidency of Barack Obama	june american soldiers iraq serving advisers antiisil forces iraqi civil war obama left office roughly u.s. soldiers iraq syria.obama increased number american soldiers afghanistan first term withdrawing military personnel second term.taking office obama announced u.s. military presence afghanistan would bolstered new troops summer top roughly soldiers already afghanistan start .secretary defense robert gates secretary state hillary clinton joint chiefs staff chair michael mullen argued troops obama dispatched additional soldiers lengthy review process.number american soldiers afghanistan would peak .u.s. afghanistan signed strategic partnership agreement u.s. agreed hand major combat operation afghan forces.
Presidency of Barack Obama	year obama administration designated afghanistan major nonnato ally.obama announced troops would leave afghanistan late small force remaining us embassy.september ashraf ghani succeeded hamid karzai president afghanistan u.s. helped negotiate powersharing agreement ghani abdullah abdullah.january u.s. military ended operation enduring freedom began resolute support mission u.s. shifted training role although combat operations continued.october obama announced u.s. soldiers would remain afghanistan indefinitely order support afghan government civil war taliban alqaeda isil.
Presidency of Barack Obama	joint chiefs staff chair martin dempsey framed decision keep soldiers afghanistan part longterm counterterrorism operation stretching across central asia.obama left office roughly u.s. soldiers remaining afghanistan.east asia though areas world remained important american foreign policy obama pursued pivot east asia focusing u.s.s diplomacy trade region.chinas continued emergence major power major issue obamas presidency two countries worked together issues climate change chinaunited states relationship also experienced tensions regarding territorial claims south china sea east china sea.united states hosted summit association southeast asian nations asean first time reflecting obama administrations pursuit closer relations asean asian countries.
Presidency of Barack Obama	helping encourage openly contested elections myanmar obama lifted many us sanctions myanmar.obama also increased us military ties vietnam australia philippines increased aid laos contributed warming relations south korea japan.obama designed transpacific partnership key economic pillar asian pivot though agreement remains unratified.obama made little progress relations north korea longtime adversary united states north korea continued develop wmd program.russia taking office obama called reset relations russia declined following russogeorgian war.
Presidency of Barack Obama	president bush successfully pushed nato expansion former eastern bloc states early obama era saw nato put emphasis creating longterm partnership russia.obama russian president dmitry medvedev worked together new treaty reduce monitor nuclear weapons russian accession world trade organization counterterrorism.april obama medvedev signed new start treaty major nuclear arms control agreement reduced nuclear weapons stockpiles countries provided monitoring regime.december senate ratified new start – vote republicans democrats voting favor treaty.russia joined world trade organization obama normalized trade relations russia.us–russia relations declined vladimir putin returned presidency .
Presidency of Barack Obama	russias intervention ukraine annexation crimea response euromaidan movement led strong condemnation obama western leaders imposed sanctions russian leaders.sanctions contributed russian financial crisis.members congress parties also called us arm ukrainian forces obama resisted becoming closely involved war donbass.following several cybersecurity incidents obama administration formally accused russia engaging campaign undermine election administration imposed sanctions russianlinked people organizations.obama left office robert mueller appointed special counsel investigate russians involvement election including allegations conspiracy coordination trumps presidential campaign russia.
Presidency of Barack Obama	mueller report released concludes russia undertook sustained social media campaign cyberhacking operation bolster trump campaign.report reach conclusion allegations trump campaign colluded russia according mueller investigation find evidence sufficient charge member trump campaign taking part criminal conspiracy.israel relationship obama israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu held office two months obamas presidency notably icy many commenting mutual distaste other.taking office obama appointed george j. mitchell special envoy middle east work towards settlement israeli–palestinian conflict mitchell made little progress stepping .march secretary state clinton criticized israeli government approving expansion settlements east jerusalem.
Presidency of Barack Obama	netanyahu strongly opposed obamas efforts negotiate iran seen favoring mitt romney us presidential election.however obama continued us policy vetoing un resolutions calling palestinian state administration continued advocate negotiated twostate solution.obama also increased aid israel including million emergency aid package iron dome air defense program.during obamas last months office administration chose veto united nations security council resolution urged end israeli settlement territories israel captured sixday war .obama administration argued abstention consistent longstanding american opposition expansion settlements critics abstention argued abandoned close u.s. ally.trade agreements like predecessor obama pursued free trade agreements part due lack progress doha negotiations lowering trade barriers worldwide.
Presidency of Barack Obama	october united states entered free trade agreements colombia panama south korea.congressional republicans overwhelmingly supported agreements congressional democrats cast mix votes.three agreements originally negotiated bush administration obama reopened negotiations country changed terms deal.obama promoted two significantly larger multilateral free trade agreements transpacific partnership tpp eleven pacific rim countries including japan mexico canada proposed transatlantic trade investment partnership ttip european union.tpp negotiations began president bush obama continued part longterm strategy sought refocus rapidly growing economies east asia.chief administration goals tpp included establishing free market capitalism main normative platform economic integration region guaranteeing standards intellectual property rights especially regarding copyright software technology underscore american leadership shaping rules norms emerging global order blocking china establishing rival network.after years negotiations countries reached final agreement content tpp october full text treaty made public november .
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama administration criticized left lack transparency negotiations well presence corporate representatives assisted drafting process.july congress passed bill giving trade promotion authority president trade promotion authority requires congress vote trade agreements signed president possibility amendments filibusters.tpp became major campaign issue elections major party presidential nominees opposing ratification.obama left office president trump pulled united states tpp negotiations remaining tpp signatories later concluded separate free trade agreement known comprehensive progressive agreement transpacific partnership.in june reported us embassy aided levi’s hanes contractors fight increase haiti’s minimum wage.guantanamo bay detention camp bush administration established guantanamo bay detention camp hold alleged enemy combatants manner treat detainees conventional prisoners war.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama repeatedly stated desire close detention camp arguing camps extrajudicial nature provided recruitment tool terrorist organizations.first day office obama instructed military prosecutors suspend proceedings incoming administration could review military commission process.january obama signed executive order restricting interrogators methods listed authorized army field manual ending use enhanced interrogation techniques.march administration announced would longer refer prisoners guantanamo bay enemy combatants also asserted president authority detain terrorism suspects without criminal charges.prisoner population detention camp fell january january part due periodic review boards obama established .
Presidency of Barack Obama	many members congress strongly opposed plans transfer guantanamo detainees prisons u.s. states obama administration reluctant send potentially dangerous prisoners countries especially unstable countries yemen.though obama continued advocate closure detention camp inmates remained guantanamo obama left office.killing osama bin laden obama administration launched successful operation resulted death osama bin laden leader alqaeda global sunni islamist militant organization responsible september attacks several terrorist attacks.starting information received july cia determined believed location osama bin laden large compound abbottabad pakistan suburban area miles km islamabad.cia head leon panetta reported intelligence obama march .
Presidency of Barack Obama	meeting national security advisers course next six weeks obama rejected plan bomb compound authorized surgical raid conducted united states navy seals.operation took place may resulting death bin laden seizure papers computer drives disks compound.bin ladens body identified dna testing buried sea several hours later.reaction announcement positive across party lines including two predecessors george w. bush bill clinton many countries around world.drone warfare obama expanded drone strike program begun bush administration obama administration conducted drone strikes targets yemen somalia prominently pakistan.
Presidency of Barack Obama	though drone strikes killed highranking terrorists also criticized resulting civilian casualties.pew research poll showed strikes broadly unpopular pakistan former members obama administration criticized strikes causing backlash united states.however based interviews conducted professor aqil shah argued strikes popular north waziristan area strikes take place little blowback occurred.un special investigator extrajudicial summary arbitrary executions called united states reliance drones increasingly common deeply troubling called u.s. justify use targeted assassinations rather attempting capture al qaeda taliban suspects.obama appointed john brennan new cia director announced new policy required cia operatives determine nearcertainty civilians would hurt drone strike.
Presidency of Barack Obama	number drone strikes fell substantially announcement new policyas us drone strikes killed eight american citizens one anwar alaulaqi targeted.targeted killing united states citizen raised constitutional issues first known instance sitting u.s. president ordering extrajudicial killing u.s. citizen.obama ordered targeted killing alaulaqi muslim cleric ties alqaeda arabian peninsula alaulaqi allegedly shifted encouraging attacks united states directly participating them.obama administration continually sought keep classified legal opinions justifying drone strikes said conducted special legal reviews targeting americans order purportedly satisfy due process requirements constitution.cuban thaw obama presidency saw major thaw relations cuba united states embargoed following cuban revolution cuban missile crisis.
Presidency of Barack Obama	starting spring secret meetings conducted united states cuba meetings taking place neutral locations canada vatican city.vatican consulted initially pope francis advised u.s. cuba exchange prisoners gesture goodwill.december cuban president raul castro significant public moment shook hands greeted obama nelson mandelas memorial service johannesburg.december cuba released alan gross exchange remaining members cuban five.month president obama ordered restoration diplomatic ties cuba.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama stated normalizing relationships economic embargo ineffective persuading cuba develop democratic society.may cuba taken united statess list state sponsors terrorism.august following restoration official diplomatic relations united states cuba reopened respective embassies.march obama visited cuba making first american president set foot island since calvin coolidge.obama ended wet feet dry feet policy given special rights cuban immigrants united states.
Presidency of Barack Obama	restored ties cuba u.s. seen boon broader latin america–united states relations latin american leaders unanimously approved move.presidential candidate donald trump promised reverse obama policies return hard line cuba.iranian nuclear negotiations iran united states poor relationship since iranian revolution iran hostage crisis tensions continued obama administration due issues iranian nuclear program irans alleged sponsorship terrorism.taking office obama focused negotiations iran status nuclear program working p powers adopt multilateral agreement.obamas stance differed dramatically hawkish position predecessor george w. bush well stated positions obamas rivals presidential campaign.
Presidency of Barack Obama	june hasan rouhani election new president iran rouhani called continuation talks irans nuclear program.november iran p announced interim agreement april negotiators announced framework agreement reached.congressional republicans along israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu strongly opposed negotiations attempted failed pass congressional resolution rejecting sixnation accord.agreement iran promised limit nuclear program provide access international atomic energy agency inspectors u.s. countries agreed reduce sanctions iran.partisan fight iran nuclear deal exemplified broader ideological disagreement regarding american foreign policy middle east handle adversarial regimes many opponents deal considered iran implacably hostile adversary would inevitably break agreement.
Presidency of Barack Obama	arab spring aftermath sudden revolution tunisia protests occurred almost every arab state.wave demonstrations became known arab spring handling arab spring played major role obamas foreign policy.three weeks unrest egyptian president hosni mubarak resigned urging president obama.general abdel fattah elsisi eventually took power egyptian president mohammed morsi coup détat prompting us cut arms shipments longtime ally.however obama resumed shipments .
Presidency of Barack Obama	yemen experienced revolution civil war leading saudi military campaign received logistical intelligence assistance united states.obama administration announced intention review u.s. military assistance saudi arabia saudi warplanes targeted funeral yemens capital sanaa killing people.un accused saudiled coalition complete disregard human life.libya libya strongly affected arab spring.antigovernment protests broke benghazi libya february gaddafi government responded military force.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama administration initially resisted calls take strong action relented arab league requested western intervention libya.march international reaction gaddafis military crackdown culminated united nations resolution enforce fly zone libya.obama authorized u.s. forces participate international air attacks libyan air defenses using tomahawk cruise missiles establish protective zone.intervention led nato sweden three arab nations also participated mission.coalition support rebels took tripoli following august.
Presidency of Barack Obama	libyan campaign culminated toppling gaddafi regime libya experienced turmoil aftermath civil war.obamas intervention libya provoked criticism members congress ignited debate applicability war powers resolution.september islamic militants attacked american consulate benghazi killing ambassador j. christopher stevens three americans.republicans strongly criticized obama administrations handling benghazi attack established select committee house investigate attack.presidency obama acknowledged worst mistake presidency unable anticipate aftermath ousting gaddafi.
Presidency of Barack Obama	syrian civil war syria one states heavily affected arab spring second half march major antigovernment protests held syria.though syria long adversary united states obama argued unilateral military action topple bashar alassad regime would mistake.protests continued syria fell protracted civil war united states supported syrian opposition assad regime.us criticism assad intensified ghouta chemical attack eventually resulting russianbacked deal saw syrian government relinquish chemical weapons.chaos syrian civil war islamist group known islamic state iraq levant isil took control large portions syria iraq.
Presidency of Barack Obama	isil originated alqaeda iraq leadership abu musab alzarqawi eventually challenged alqaeda prominent global terrorist group obamas second term.starting obama administration launched air strikes isil trained antiisil soldiers continuing oppose assads regime.obama administration also cooperated syrian kurds opposing isil straining relations turkey accused syrian kurds working kurdish terrorist groups inside turkey.russia launched military intervention aid assads regime creating complicated multiparty proxy war though united states russia sometimes cooperated fight isil.november obama announced plan resettle least syrian refugees united states.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obamas lightfootprint approach syrian conflict criticized many syrian civil war became major humanitarian catastrophe supporters obama argued deserved credit keeping united states another costly ground war middle east.foreign domestic surveillance obama administration inherited several government surveillance programs bush administration obama attempted strike balance protecting civil liberties tracking terrorist threats obamas continuation many programs disappointed many civil libertarians.new york times reported nsa intercepting communications american citizens including congressman although justice department believed nsa corrected errors.obama signed fouryear extension provisions patriot act.june existence prism clandestine mass electronic surveillance data mining program operated united states national security agency nsa since leaked nsa contractor edward snowden warned extent mass data collection far greater public knew.
Presidency of Barack Obama	face international outrage u.s. government officials defended prism surveillance program asserting could used domestic targets without warrant helped prevent acts terrorism received independent oversight federal governments executive judicial legislative branches.june obama stated nsas data gathering practices constitute circumscribed narrow system directed us able protect people.obama signed usa freedom act extended several provisions patriot act ended collection bulk telephone records nsa.ethics lobbying reform early presidential campaign obama stated lobbyists wont find job white house softened stance taking office.january obama issued executive order future appointees administration ordered appointee registered lobbyist within two years appointment could participate matters lobbied period two years date appointment.
Presidency of Barack Obama	three formal waivers initially issued early executive appointments citizens responsibility ethics washington criticized administration claiming obama retreated ethics rules barring lobbyists working issues lobbied previous two years issuing waivers.politico investigation found obama instituted incremental reforms number lobbyists fell obamas presidency obama failed close revolving door officials moving government business.however obama administration avoided conflict interest scandals previous administrations experienced part due administrations lobbyist rules.transparency obama promised would run transparent administration us history mixed results.taking office obama administration said executive orders nonemergency legislation proclamations would posted official white house website whitehouse.gov allowing public review comment five days president signs legislation pledge twice broken obamas first month office.
Presidency of Barack Obama	january executive order obama revoked executive order limited access records former united states presidents.obama issued instructions agencies departments administration adopt presumption favor freedom information act requests.actions helped rate classification fall record lows obama administration.april united states department justice released four legal memos bush administration describing detail controversial interrogation methods cia used prisoners suspected terrorism.obama administration also introduced open government directive encouraged government agencies publish data collaborate public open government partnership advocated open government norms.
Presidency of Barack Obama	however obama continued make use secret memos state secrets privilege continued prosecute whistleblowers.the obama administration characterized much aggressive bush previous administrations response whistleblowing leaks press prompting critics describe obama administrations crackdown war whistleblowers.several people charged previously rarely used leakrelated provisions espionage act including thomas andrews drake former national security agency employee stephen jinwoo kim state department contractor jeffrey sterling.others prosecuted leaking information include shamai leibowitz contract linguist federal bureau investigation john kiriakou former cia analyst chelsea manning intelligence analyst us army whose trial received wide coverage.notably edward snowden technical contractor nsa charged theft unauthorized disclosure classified information columnist glenn greenwald.snowdens disclosures provoked wide array reactions many called snowden pardoned others called traitor.
Presidency of Barack Obama	elections obama presidency midterm elections attacking obama relentlessly emphasizing stalled economy enjoying anger tea party movement republicans scored landslide midterm elections winning control house gaining seats senate.election john boehner replaced nancy pelosi speaker house pelosi became new house minority leader.boehner pledged repeal obamacare cut federal spending.obama called elections humbling shellacking arguing defeat came enough americans felt effects economic recovery.newly empowered house republicans quickly confronted obama issues obamacare debt ceiling.republican victory election also gave republicans upper hand redistricting occurred united states census.
Presidency of Barack Obama	reelection campaign april obama announced would seek reelection .face significant rivals democratic nomination.republican opponent mitt romney former governor massachusetts.romney called lower taxes spending cuts increase defense spending repeal obamacare even though based massachusetts healthcare plan developed romney.obamas campaign based chicago run many former members white house staff members successful campaign.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama reelection total electoral votes .popular vote making first person since dwight eisenhower twice win percent vote.according exit polls obama majority vote women blacks hispanics asians people people making less per year people inhabiting large midsized cities liberals moderates unmarried gays people college education college education graduate degrees.addition presidential election victory democrats also picked seats houses congress republicans retained control house.midterm elections obamas second midterm election turned another wave election republicans control senate picked several governorships.
Presidency of Barack Obama	mitch mcconnell replaced harry reid senate majority leader reid became senate minority leader.republican control senate gave party power block obamas executive judicial nominees.republican waves defeated many young democratic candidates weakening farm team several state democratic parties.elections transition period elections took place november .obama termlimited due nd amendment though obamas approval ratings may impacted partys ability win race.
Presidency of Barack Obama	june democratic primaries nearly complete obama endorsed former secretary state hillary clinton successor.however according glenn thrush politico obama long supported clinton preferred successor obama dissuaded vice president biden running clinton.obama spoke favor clinton democratic national convention continued campaign clinton democrats months leading election day.however general election clinton defeated republican nominee donald trump prominently questioned obamas place birth obamas first term.republicans also retained control house senate.
Presidency of Barack Obama	eight years obamas presidency democratic party experienced net loss governorships state federal legislative seats.ronald brownstein atlantic noted losses similar postworld war ii twoterm presidents.trump obama frequently communicated transition period trump stated sought obamas advice regarding presidential appointments.however presidentelect trump also criticized obamas actions including obamas refusal veto un resolution condemning israel settlements.farewell address obama expressed concerns divisive political environment economic inequality racism remained optimistic future.approval ratings opinions transition period obama entered office approval rating according gallup obamas approval rating fell took office announced first policy decisions.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obama received support democrats independents republicans january polls.december obamas approval rating fallen obama receiving approval roughly democrats independents republicans.july passage doddfrank obamacare obamas approval rating stood disapproving.obamas approval rating would remain stable elections republicans major gains houses congress took control house.obamas approval ratings climbed back january fell august following debtceiling crisis.
Presidency of Barack Obama	obamas approval ratings slowly increased rose shortly election obama defeated mitt romney.reelection obamas approval ratings reached number fell low federal government shutdown october .obamas approval ratings remained midtolow elections republicans gains houses congress took control senate.obamas approval ratings climbed midtohigh approval disapproval ratings roughly matching other.approval ratings rose presidential campaign obama registered approval rating november .
Presidency of Barack Obama	gallup poll taken final week presidency obama registered approval rating democrats approval rating independents approval rating republicans.obamas election also provoked reaction race birthplace religion.president obama faced numerous taunts racial innuendos though overt racist comments limited small fringe.donald trump theorized obama born kenya april cnn poll taken shortly obama released longform birth certificate found republicans believed obama born kenya.many birthers argued obama allegedly citizen eligible serve president naturalborncitizen requirements constitution.despite obamas release longform birth certificate affirmed obama born hawaii cnn poll found americans believed obama born outside country.
Presidency of Barack Obama	many also claimed obama practiced islam cnn poll found americans republicans believed obama muslim.even prior election president obama clarified longtime member church affiliated united church christ mainline protestant denomination.in january survey siena research institute siena college loudonville new york—one year obama presidency— u.s. history political science professors ranked obama th u.s. presidents.september survey united states presidency centre institute study americas university london school advanced study—one year eight months obama presidency— unnamed respondents uk academic specialists american history politics ranked u.s. presidents including obama obama included would ranked th behind harry s. truman ahead ronald reagan postworld war ii u.s. presidents.june survey newsweek magazine—three years five months obama presidency—ten selected american historians biographers ranked obama th u.s. presidents since .april survey history news network hnn website seattle—four years three months obama presidency— scholars top u.s. colleges universities gave obama b grade a–f scale.
Presidency of Barack Obama	february brookings institution survey members american political science association put obama th place presidents.additionally gallup poll found americans saw obama countrys greatest president.as obama left office historians expressed various opinions effectiveness president many noting subsequent events would determine ultimate legacy.universal agreement obama would long remembered first africanamerican president.many noted obama presided economic recovery passed major domestic legislation failed bridge partisan divide left office party weakened state.cultural influence vox rolling stone named american sitcom parks recreation television show defined cultural zeitgeist presidency barack obama.
Presidency of Barack Obama	article rolling stone named breaking bad veep empire television shows defined era.vox wrote thatparks rec exemplified kind american optimism idea public service ultimate good.series also laced progressiveness would cause many turn obama.though protagonist leslie knope believes she’s best constituents see touch real needs—no matter ridiculous real needs might be.alan sepinwall wrote rolling stonefew series recent memory clearly tied moment — specifically presidential administration — parks rec.show’s belief power government make people’s lives better — broadly obligation members community friends family ron swanson put “workplace proximity associates” help one another times need — made standardbearer hopefulness obama era.see also notes small portion th congress january – january took place president bush small portion th congress january – january took place obamas second term.
Presidency of Barack Obama	income outlay deficit numbers reflect fiscal years last october september example fiscal year lasted october september .numbers reflect postobra tax brackets.numbers reflect postbush tax cuts tax brackets.numbers reflect postamerican taxpayer relief act tax brackets.democratic seats start session congress.
Presidency of Barack Obama	independents caucusing democratic party senators bernie sanders joe lieberman angus king counted democrats purposes table.throughout obamas presidency total senate seats house seats democratic majority senate required seats since democratic vice president joe biden could provide tiebreaking vote democratic majority house required seats assuming vacancies.democrats briefly gained filibusterproof senate seats al franken extremely close election arlen specter switched parties number senate democrats went seats scott brown january special election massachusetts.paul ryan succeeded john boehner speaker house october .references reading external links obama white house archivesthe obama white houses channel youtubeobamas people photography nadav kanderpresident barack obamas inaugural address.
Personalism	white house.wrapping open questions.white house.president obamas state union address cspan.statistics comparing beginning ending obama presidencypersonalism exists many different versions makes somewhat difficult define philosophical theological movement.friedrich schleiermacher first used term personalism german personalismus print .one trace concept back earlier thinkers various parts world.overview writing stanford encyclopedia philosophy thomas d. williams jan olof bengtsson cite plurality schools holding personalist ethic weltanschauung arguingpersonalism exists many different versions makes somewhat difficult define philosophical theological movement.many philosophical schools core one particular thinker even one central work serves canonical touchstone.
Personalism	personalism diffused eclectic movement common reference point.point fact proper speak many personalisms one personalism.jacques maritain could write least dozen personalist doctrines times nothing common word person.moreover emphasis subjectivity person important exponents personalism undertaken systematic treatises theories.it perhaps proper speak personalism current broader worldview since represents one school one doctrine time important forms personalism display central essential commonalities.important latter general affirmation centrality person philosophical thought.
Personalism	personalism posits ultimate reality value personhood – human well least personalists divine.emphasizes significance uniqueness inviolability person well persons essentially relational social dimension.title personalism therefore legitimately applied school thought focuses centrality persons unique status among beings general personalists normally acknowledge indirect contributions wide range thinkers throughout history philosophy regard personalists.personalists believe person ontological epistemological starting point philosophical reflection.many concerned investigate experience status dignity human person regard startingpoint subsequent philosophical analysis.thus according williams one ought keep mind although may dozens theorists social activists west adhering rubric personalism particular foci may fact asymptotic even diverge material junctures.
Personalism	berdyaevs personalism nikolai alexandrovich berdyaev – russian religious political philosopher emphasized human freedom subjectivity creativity.mouniers personalism france philosopher emmanuel mounier – leading proponent personalism around founded review esprit exists day.jeanmarie domenachs direction criticized use torture algerian war.personalism seen alternative liberalism marxism respected human rights human personality without indulging excessive collectivism.mouniers personalism important influence france including political movements marc sangniers ligue de la jeune république young republic league founded .
Personalism	catholic personalism following writings dorothy day distinctively christian personalism developed th century.main theorist polish philosopher karol wojtyła later pope john paul ii.work love responsibility first published wojtyła proposed termed personalistic normthis norm negative aspect states person kind good admit use cannot treated object use means end.positive form personalistic norm confirms person good towards proper adequate attitude lovethis brand personalism come known thomistic efforts square modern notions regarding person teachings thomas aquinas.wojtyła influenced ethical personalism german phenomenologist max scheler.a first principle christian personalism persons used respected loved.
Personalism	gaudium et spes second vatican council formulated come considered key expression personalism man creature earth god willed sake cannot fully find except sincere gift himself.this formula selffulfillment offers key overcoming dichotomy frequently felt personal realization needs demands social life.personalism also implies interpersonalism benedict xvi stresses caritas veritateas spiritual human creature defined interpersonal relations.authentically lives relations personal identity matures.isolation man establishes worth placing relation others god.boston personalism personalism flourished early th century boston university movement known boston personalism led theologian borden parker bowne.

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