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List of company name etymologies | ocz – play word overclockersolympus – japanese company founded takachiho seisakusho takachiho referred takamagahara home gods japanese mythology.renamed olympus optical co. ltd mount olympus home gods greek mythology olympus corporation .company using olympus brand name optical products microscopes since .onkyo – translates sound harmony.japanese audio company founded osaka denki onkyo k.k .ooyala – word ooyala ఉయ్యల means cradle telugu cradle innovation.oracle – larry ellison ed oates bob miner worked consulting project codenamed oracle cia.project designed use new sql database language ibm. |
List of company name etymologies | project terminated decided finish started market it.later changed name company relational software inc. name product.ornge – new name ontario air ambulance chosen reflect orange color aircraft.intended provide unique branding ornge.com misspelling already used advertising portal.osram – osmium wolframössur – name founder icelandic entrepreneur össur kristinsson p paccar – pacific car railpccw – originally pacific century development companys english name changed pacific century cyberworks limited pccw limited august .owns hong kong telecom.pamida – u.s. retailer cofounded jim witherspoon named three sons patrick michael david.following merger pamidas stores rebranded shopko hometown stores closed.panasonic – giant japanese electronics manufacturer originally called matsushita founder kōnosuke matsushita. |
List of company name etymologies | renamed panasonic corporation brand names used tv sales united states.national original global brand name available united states abandoned.panda – panda pop chocolate bar introduced featuring stylised picture panda cover.peek freans – surnames cofounders james peek george freanpemex – abbreviation full name stateowned mexican oilgasoline company petróleos mexicanos spanish mexican petroleumpennzoil – formed merger south penn oil penn former standard oil subsidiary zapata oil zoilpenske corporation – transportation company founded us racing driver roger penske.pepsi – named digestive enzyme pepsinpernod ricard – french drinks company formed merger eponymous rivals founded henrilouis pernod paul ricardpetrobras – abbreviation brazilian oil companys full name petróleo brasileiro portuguese brazilian petroleumpeugeot – jeanpierre jeanfrédéric peugeot diversified familyrun grain mill steel foundry.family squabble armand peugeot founded société des automobiles peugeot focus cars.pez – first middle last letters german language word pfefferminz meaning peppermintphilco – philadelphia storage battery company.pioneering u.s. radio television manufacturer taken ford later philips.philips – royal philips electronics founded brothers gerard engineer anton entrepreneur philipspiaggio – italian manufacturer vespa scooters cars named founder rinaldo piaggio.pioneer corporation – nozomu matsumoto son christian missionary founded fukuin shokai denki seisakusho gospel electric works manufacture loudspeaker called pioneer.company name changed religiously neutral pioneer electronic corporation went public. |
List of company name etymologies | company simplified name removing electronic.pixar – pixel cofounders name alvy ray smith.according biography second coming steve jobs alan deutschman el pixel changed ar ar frequently used spanish verbs implying name means pix.alternatively pixarr common abbreviation pixel array often used term computer graphics programming.pmcsierra – pmc pacific microelectronics centre research arm bc tel sierra company acquired sierra semiconductor presumably named allure sierra nevada mountains members californiabased company.porsche – car company named founder ferdinand porsche austrian automotive engineer.family name may originated czech name boreš boresh.pow entertainment – american media production company cofounded former marvel comics editor publisher stan lee .pow commonly used comic book fights used acronym backronym name pow purveyors wonder entertainment inc.prada – italian high fashion house named founder mario prada founded prada milan pricewaterhousecoopers – global professional services firm named result merger price waterhouse coopers lybrand . |
List of company name etymologies | started trading pwc without changing legal name.procter gamble – named founders william procter candlemaker james gamble soapmaker pooled resources marrying two sisters.company founded cincinnati .profsat – brazilian satellitebased education company meaning professional sateliiteproton – malaysian car manufacturers name derived perusahaan otomobil nasional means national automobile enterprise malay language.prs guitars – named founder paul reed smith.ps audio – first initial companys two founders paul mcgowan stan warrenpsion – uk computer company named founder south africaborn dr david potter potter scientific instruments nothing q q – abbreviation kuwait petroleum international limited intended pronounced similarly kuwaitqantas – original name queensland northern territory aerial servicesqimonda – invented name company says chinese qi pronounced chee stands breathing flowing energy monda denotes world latinbased languages.qi pronounced hard k suggests key world positive connotation.filed insolvency january .quad – acronym quality unit amplified domestic.quad electroacoustics founded peter walker formerly called acoustical manufacturing company.quark – named subatomic particle. |
List of company name etymologies | word quark originates finnegans wake james joyce.qualcomm – quality communicationquora – faux plural quorum evocative questions answersqvc – quality value convenience r rabobank – raiffeisenboerenleenbank dutch farmers loan bank combination two cooperatives merged form companyrai – italian public broadcaster radio audizioni italianeraising canes chicken fingers – raising cane labrador retriever owned chain founder todd graves opened first restaurant rand – research development.raytheon – light gods maker missiles patriot maverick sidewinder tomahawk among military technologyrca – radio corporation americareckitt colman – named merger reckitt sons jj colman .colmans best known mustard founded jeremiah colman .isaac reckitt founded reckitt sons .reckitt benckiser – consumer goods giant named merger britains reckitt colman dutch company benckiser nv december .latter named founder johann benckiser.red hat – college company founder marc ewing given cornell lacrosse team cap red white stripes grandfather.people would turn solve problems referred guy red hat. |
List of company name etymologies | time wrote manual beta version red hat linux lost cap manual included appeal readers return red hat found.reebok – alternate spelling rhebok pelea capreolus african anteloperenault – french car manufacturer founded société renault frères french renault brothers louis renault brothers marcel fernand.reo motor car company – car manufacturer founded ransom e. olds named founders initials.later rock band reo speedwagon took name one trucks reo speed wagon.repsol – name derived refinería de petróleo de escombreras oil escombreras oil refinery cartagena spain chosen euphony stateowned oil company incorporated .previously repsol lubricatingoil trademark.research motion – phrase poetry motion company founder mike lazaridis seen used describe football player.company changed name blackberry famous product.rickenbacker – named cofounder adolph rickenbacher spelling anglicised.company started electro string instrument corporation .ricola – richterich compagnie laufen company founder emil richterich town laufen switzerland company founded.rio tinto – angloaustralian multinational mining companys name comes rio tinto red river southwestern spain flowed red since mining began years ago due acid mine drainage.robeez – babyshoe company named founders son robbie robert robeez taken stride rite .roche – healthcare company named founder fritz hoffmannla roche. |
List of company name etymologies | compound surname result fritz hoffmann marrying adèle la roche common practice switzerland time.roku – japanese word 六 roku meaning six sixth company started anthony wood.rollsroyce – name used rollsroyce plc rollsroyce motor cars among others.frederick henry royce started electrical mechanical business making first car royce .introduced charles stewart rolls may year.pair entered partnership royce would manufacture cars sold exclusively rolls cars would called rollsroyce.rolm – named founders gene richeson ken oshman walter loewenstern robert maxfieldrsa security – formed first letters family names founders ronald rivest adi shamir len adleman saab – founded sweden svenska aeroplan aktiebolaget swedish aeroplane company last word typically abbreviated ab hence saab saab automobile absabc – south african broadcasting corporationsabre – semiautomatic business research environmentsaic – science applications international corporationsaic motor – shanghai automotive industry corporationsaku brewery – saku small borough estonia company foundedsamsonite – named biblical character samson renowned strengthsams publishing – named howard w. sams founded company .imprint pearson plc.samsung – meaning three stars koreansantander – banco santander founded spain named port santander north spain.sanyo – meaning three oceans japanese. |
List of company name etymologies | company taken panasonic sanyo brand name longer used.sap – systemanalyse und programmentwicklung german system analysis program development company formed five exibm employees used work systemsapplicationsprojects group ibm.later sap redefined stand systeme anwendungen und produkte der datenverarbeitung systems applications products data processing.sas – scandinavian airlines system flag airline carrier sweden norway denmarksas institute – originally abbreviation statistical analysis systemsasol – suidafrikaanse steenkool en olie.afrikaans south african coal oilsaudi aramco – aramco name derived california arabian standard oil company casoc changed name arabian american oil company.saudi government purchased company changed name saudi arabian oil company saudi aramco .selver – estonian selvehall selfservice market earlier estonian word supermarket noun suffix r.scb – standard chartered bank.name standard chartered comes two original banks founded – chartered bank sri lanka australia china standard bank british south africa.schick – manufacturer shaving razors blades named inventor jacob schicksco – santa cruz operation. |
List of company name etymologies | companys office santa cruz california.eventually formed tarantella inc. sold operating system division caldera systems based utah.caldera systems changed name caldera international sco group point sco longer stood anything.seat – acronym sociedad española de automóviles de turismo spanish corporation touring carssealed air – sealed air found notable product bubble wrapsears roebuck – named founders richard warren sears alvah curtis roebuck taken kmart .sears holdings owns sears kmart.sega – service games japan founded marty bromley american import pinball games japan use american military bases.seiko – seiko referred katakana セイコーseiko originally named kanji 精工also seiko.two characters taken phrase 「精巧で精密な時計の生産に成功する工場」 companys vision roughly translates factory（工場kojyo）that successfully（成功seiko）produces（生産seisan）exquisit（精巧seiko）and precise（精密seimitsu）watches. |
List of company name etymologies | – according seikos official company history titled journey time remarkable story seiko seiko japanese word exquisite minute spelled 精巧 well word success spelled 成功.sennheiser – named one founders fritz sennheiser.sfm entertainment – initials cofounders walter staab robert frank stanley mogersgi – silicon graphics inc.sharp – japanese consumer electronics company named first product eversharp pencilshell – royal dutchshell established royal dutch petrol society plc.shell transport trading company ltd. merged operations.shell transport trading company ltd established end th century commercial firm samuel co founded .samuel co already importing japanese shells set oil company oil company named shells.siemens – founded werner von siemens johann georg halske.company originally called telegraphenbauanstalt von siemens halske.sierra entertainment – sierra nevada mountain range near companys premises oakhurst california.silja line – main character finnish film silja – nuorena nukkunut company thought sounded nice.six apart – company cofounders ben mena trott born six days apart september . |
List of company name etymologies | company taken infocom japanese company.skanska – swedish construction company named aktiebolaget skånska cementgjuteriet scania cement casting ltdskf – svenska kullagerfabriken ab swedish ball bearing factory founded see also volvoskoda auto – car company founded originally named laurin klement founders vaclav laurin vaclav klement.taken škoda works industrial conglomerate adopted škoda name emil škoda.škoda auto split world war ii part volkswagen.skype – original concept name skypeertopeer morphed skyper skype.company taken microsoft may .smart – swatch mercedes artsmeg smalterie metallurgiche emiliane guastalla metal enamelling guastalla emiliasmilebit – former sega development studio named hope make smile smallest unit computer information bit.company developed jet set radio.snk – shin nihon kikaku japanese plans new japansokos – sok abbreviation suomen osuuskauppojen keskuskunta central association finnish cooperatives os added end make palindrome thus sound nicer.sony – latin word sonus meaning sound sonny slang word used americans refer bright youngster since sonny boys working sound vision said akio morita. |
List of company name etymologies | company founded tokyo tsushin kogyo kk tokyo telecommunications engineering corporation changed name sony .sony chosen could pronounced easily many languages.sorcim – micros backwards.sorcim original publisher supercalc spreadsheet .taken computer associates.spar – originally de spar door eendrachtig samenwerken profiteren allen regelmatig dutch meaning benefit united cooperation.de spar dutch translates fir tree hence fir tree logo. |
List of company name etymologies | company expanded across europe name shortened dropping article de.spacex – short space exploration technologies corp.sperry – company founded elmer ambrose sperry – originally sperry gyroscope company.sperry took univac eventually taken burroughs.merged companies became unisys united information systems.spiratone – last name founders fred hans spira.company founded spiratone fine grain laboratories.tone suffix common photographic industry example cited fred royaltone time companys founding s.sprint – parent company southern pacific railroad internal communications. |
List of company name etymologies | time pipelines railroad tracks cheapest place lay communications lines rightofway already leased owned.sram corporation – bicycle component manufacturer named founders scott king stanley ray day sam pattersonsri international – stanford research institute established trustees stanford university californiassh communications security – companys principal product ssh secure shell.ssl – former initialism space systemsloral result loral acquiring ford aerospaces space systems divisionstanley works – name created reflect merger stanleys bolt manufactory new britain connecticut founded frederick trent stanley stanley rule level company founded cousin henry stanleystarbucks – named starbuck character herman melvilles novel mobydick also variation starbo time local mining camp north seattle.stellantis – automotive manufacturer domiciled netherlands derived latin verb stello meaning brighten stars.stellent – coined combination words stellar excellent.stora enso – merger swedish stora ab finnish enso oyj ultimately deriving stora kopparberg swedish great copper mountain referring falun mine enso finnish name city svetogorsk russia.sturm ruger – founders alexander mccormick sturm william b. ruger.stx – pronounced word sticks first founded stx manufactured lacrosse stickssubaru – japanese name constellation known westerners pleiades seven sisters.subarus parent company fuji heavy industries formed merger six companies constellation featured companys logo.sumazi – social data intelligence company named bangladeshiamerican founder sumaya kazi.sun microsystems – founders designed first workstation dorm stanford university chose name stanford university network product hoping sell college.not.company taken oracle corporation .suse – software und systementwicklung software system development.company bought novell linux distribution.suzuki – automotive giant named founder michio suzuki. |
List of company name etymologies | company started suzuki loom works japan entered motorcycle market early s. changed name suzuki motor co. ltd .taco bell – named founder glen belltag group holdings s.a. – luxembourgbased holding company named techniques davant gardetag heuer – watchmaker named edouard heuer founded uhrenmanufaktur heuer ag switzerland taken tag group holdings s.a. branded tag heuer .owned lvmh louis vuitton moët hennessy conglomerate.talgo – tren articulado ligero goicoecheaoriol spanish goicoecheaoriol light articulated train goicoechea oriol founders company.tallink – estonian capital tallinn word link company links tallinn cities sea.tama drums – tama name owners wife means jewel japanese.tam airlines – named transportes aéreos marília marilias air transport.marília city são paulo state braziltap portugal – transportes aéreos portugueses portuguese air transport.targray – portmanteau founder thomas andrew richardsons initials mothers maiden name.graytaser international – named fictional weapon thomas a. swifts electric rifle novel tom swift electric rifle victor appleton. |
List of company name etymologies | company incorporated arizona brothers rick tom smith air taser inc.taxan – madeup name chosen partly takusan japanese word many much considered propitious mainly head company u.s. time tak shimizu known everyone taksan.tcby – originally companys name cant yogurt lawsuit competitor named cant believe yogurt forced tcby create new backronym initials countrys best yogurt.tcl – today china lion.derived literal translation 今日中国雄狮 chinese english.tdk corporation – tokyo denki kagaku tokyo electronics chemicalstemco aircraft – texas engineering manufacturing companytextron – u.s. defense conglomerate founded special yarns corporation later traded atlantic rayon corporation main business parachutes.world war ii moved lingerie consumer goods needed new name.company history says atlantic rayons advertising agency suggested señorita creations rejected favor textron.tex derived textiles tron came synthetics lustron. |
List of company name etymologies | textron bought bell aerospace cessna aircraft company among many others.tepco – tokyo electric power companytesco – founder jack cohen sold groceries markets london east end acquired large shipment tea t. e. stockwell.made new labels using first three letters suppliers name first two letters surname.tesla – named serbian electrical engineer physicist nikola tesla.tesla roadster uses ac motor descended directly nikola teslas original design.teva naot – outdoors shoe company named modern hebrew word nature pronounced tehvahtexaco – texas company u.s.a.thx – tomlinson holman crossover name technologys inventor audio technology crossover amplifier.may backronym technology created george lucass thencompany lucasfilm directed thx .thy – turkish airlines.thy abbreviation türk hava yolları means turkish air ways turkish.tibco software – information bus company. |
List of company name etymologies | company founded vivek ranadive teknekron software systems .tim hortons – canadian fast food doughnut sandwich coffee shop named founder hockey player tim horton.canada tim hortons nicknamed tims timmys america chain nicknamed timmy hos.name changed tim hortons dropping apostrophe preclude legal action quebec businesses obliged use french language names.thomas nationwide transport tnt express – thomas nationwide transport australian company acquired dutch postal company .postal company renamed tnt n.v. .tnt n.v. demerged express delivery company took name tnt express postal company renamed postnl.toshiba – named merger consumer goods company tokyo denki tokyo electric co electrical firm shibaura seisakusho shibaura engineering works.toyota – name founder sakichi toyoda. |
List of company name etymologies | initially called toyeda changed contest bettersounding name.new name written katakana eight strokes number considered lucky japan.trader joes – named grocery stores founder joe coulombetrillium – result mishearing suggestion name trillian hitchhikers guide galaxy trillium name flower deciding liked sound symbolism thattroller – brazilian adaptation english word troll refers character scandinavian legends dwells forests caves norway.tronc – usbased media corporation tribune publishing changed name tronc – short tribune online content.company changed back.triang – operating name lines bros ltd founded william walter arthur edwin lines.three lines make triangletsmc – taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company independent chip foundry founded taiwan .tucows – acronym ultimate collection winsock software.tungsram – derived tungsten wolfram two variations name main raw material lamp production.tvr – derived first name company founder trevor wilkinsontwa – derived trans world airlines.airline opened first international route new york paris domestic operation focused serving los angeles san francisco new york operating name transcontinental western air. |
List of company name etymologies | keeping initials rebranding global airline stroke marketing continuity genius.twinings – named founder thomas twining set teashop strand london .twitter – rejected name twitch social networking service cofounder jack dorsey says looked dictionary words around came across word twitter perfect.definition short burst inconsequential information chirps birds.thats exactly product was.u ubs – named initials union bank switzerland merged swiss bank corporation sbc .initials longer stand anything says company possibly united bank switzerland might confused united banks subsidiary united bank switzerland.umbro – umbro founded humphrey umphrey brothers harold c. wallace.unilever – name created reflect merger margarine unie lever brothers agreed . |
List of company name etymologies | lever brothers named founders william hesketh lever brother james.unimed – brazilian cooperative physicians meaning união de medicos physicians unionunisys – united information systems new name company resulted merging two old mainframe computer companies burroughs sperry sperry univacsperry rand.united two incompatible ranges.newborn unisys briefly worlds secondlargest computer company ibm.unocal corporation – union oil company california founded ups – united parcel service america inc.uunet – one industrys oldest largest internet service providers named unixtounix network v vaisala – finnish company named founder professor vilho väisälävale formerly companhia vale rio doce sweet river valley company referring doce river largest producer iron ore nickel world.valero energy corporation – misión san antonio de valero spanishlanguage name mission companys home city better known alamovalio – finnish elite.company originally named voinvientiosuusliike valio butter export limited company valio.name chosen evoke connotation high quality exported butter. |
List of company name etymologies | dairies producing firstquality butter chosen.valtra – valmet tractors valmet name finnish stateowned company originally valtion metallitehtaat – english state metalworksvalve – game development company uses valve symbolism lever makes flow ideas readily accessiblevarig – brazilian airline name abbreviation viação aérea riograndense founded state rio grande sul.verizon – portmanteau veritas latin truth horizon.verkkokauppa.com – directly companys official url.verkkokauppa translates internet store finnish.victorinox – derived name founders mother victoria french abbreviation stainless steel inox.known swiss army knife.viking line – prefix viking appearing names ships rederi ab sally viking lines predecessor company.virb – play verb representing action word order describe products users people createvirgin – founder richard branson started magazine called student still school.autobiography losing virginity branson says starting business sell records mail order one girls suggested virgin complete virgins business.vmware – virtual machine softwarevodafone – voice data telefone.vodafone made uks first mobile call minutes past midnight january .volkswagen – german peoples car. |
List of company name etymologies | ferdinand porsche wanted produce car affordable masses – kraftdurchfreudewagen strengththroughjoy car nazi social organization later became known english beetle.volvo – latin word volvo means roll.originally name ball bearing developed skf svenska kullagerfabriken ab english swedish ball bearing factory.vought – american series aircraft companies.chance m. vought birdseye lewis founded lewis vought corporation .lewis retired original company succeeded chance vought corporation .acquired james ling add conglomerate forming lingtemcovought ltv voughts businesses continued subsidiary ltv aerospace split vought missiles space vought aeronautics. |
List of company name etymologies | two divisions merged create vought systems.ltv aerospace renamed back vought corporation restructured back ltv aerospace defense —again split aircraft vs. missiles.loral bought missile division northrop carlyle group bought aerospace division.northrops successor northrop grumman bought carlyles interest carlyle bought back create vought aircraft industries inc. sold triumph group create triumph aerostructures – vought aircraft division.w wachovia – latin version german wachau name given region north carolina moravian settlers reminded austrian valley wachau danube river flows. |
List of company name etymologies | wachovia bank founded winstonsalem north carolina located region.waitrose – upmarket uk supermarket chain originally named founders wallace waite arthur rose david taylor.taylor later dropped.walgreens – named founder charles r. walgreen sr.walmart – named founder sam waltonwalt disney company – named cofounder walt disneywang laboratories – name founder wang inventor core memory.wells fargo – founders original wells fargo company henry wells william g. fargo.norwest corporation purchased wells fargo chose retain wells fargo name.wendys – wendy nickname founder dave thomas daughter melinda.weta digital – special effects company cofounded lord rings director peter jackson.wētā group species insect found new zealand weta digital based.whsmith – founded henry walton smith wife anna london england .named small newsagents shop son william henry smith born year.williams sonoma – founded chuck williams sonoma california.wolfram research – named computer scientist stephen wolfram founded company launching mathematica software wonderware – wonderful software – wonderware project code name company prior launch. |
List of company name etymologies | upon making company legal entity code name retained company name.worlds wonder – founder kingsborough wanted eyecatching stock symbol worlds wonder provided wow.company went bankrupt .wpp – global advertising marketing company founded martin sorrell .bought existing listed company wire plastic products plc use shell.wwe – companys legal name world wrestling entertainment adopted began using initialism trading name .previous name world wrestling federation wwf used since changed court case brought world wildlife fund wwf called world wide fund nature.x xerox – named xerography word derived greek xeros dry graphos writing. |
List of company name etymologies | company founded haloid company launched first xerox copier changed name haloid xerox .xiaomi – xiaomi chinese word millet.xix entertainment – xix roman numerals company named indirectly paul hardcastles single directly derived entertainment – see above.xobni – inbox spelled backwardsxstrata – name swiss global mining extraction company formerly known sudelektra.name derived terms extraction strata sedimentary levels.name created john lloyd design consultancy lloyd northover.xto energy – founded cross timbers oil company went public stock ticker xto changed name xto energy inc .owned exxonmobil.xura – adapted word aura yahoo – word yahoo invented jonathan swift used book gullivers travels.represents person repulsive appearance barely human. |
List of company name etymologies | yahoo founders david filo jerry yang jokingly considered yahoos.also interjection sometimes associated united states southerners westerners expression joy alluded yahoo.com commercials end someone singing word yahoo.also sometime jokingly referred backronym yet another hierarchical officious oracle.ykk – zipper manufacturer named yoshida kogyo kabushikikaisha yoshida company limited founder tadao yoshida.letters ykk stamped onto zippers pull tabs.yakult – official claims state name derived jahurto older form jogurto esperanto word yogurt.however also claimed name derived fact product developed ancient mongolian practices culturing yaks milk sack made yaks stomach – combination yak culture english giving product name yakult.yamaha – torakusu yamaha founded company nippon gakki seizō kabushiki gaisha japan musical instrument manufacturing corporation repairing reed organ. |
List of company name etymologies | name changed yamaha corporation october .yoplait – merger yola coplait z zamzar – based main character gregor samsa gregor samsa franz kafkas story metamorphosis.kafka describes young man transformed whilst sleeping monstrous verminous bug.version mans name used basis company name powerful association change transformation.zend technologies – contraction derived names zeev suraski andi gutmans two founderszero corporation – founded herman zierold zierold metal corporation parent company zero halliburton.owner jack gilbert noticed many companys customers mispronounced misspelled zierold zero changed name company zero manufacturing.zetor – zet czech spelling letter z first letter name arms factory zbrojovka tractor.zf group – car parts manufacturer named zahnradfabrik german gear factory.zimmer – named justin o. zimmer cofounded medical equipment company warsaw indiana .zippo – founder george g. blaisdell liked sound word zipper zippo sounded modern.zuse – pioneering german computer company named founder konrad zuse –.built first computer parents living room end s. zuse taken siemens ag. |
FEMA camps conspiracy theory | name supposedly echoed suse software und systementwicklung software system development.zynga – named founder mark pincuss american bulldog zinga see also list companies named peoplelist oldest companieslists etymologiesorphan initialismrebranding referencesversions theory suspected dissidents imprisoned.extreme versions large numbers us citizens imprisoned purposes extermination new world order established.the theory existed since late circulation increased advent internet social media platforms.the existence fema concentration camps debunked although us government previously interned us citizens concentration camps wwii developed implement contingency plans mass internment us citizens s. fema fema united states government agency tasked effective management major emergencies within country including ensuring continuity government largescale disasters including nuclear war.provides federal relief areas afflicted natural disasters.the precursor agency fema federal civil defense administration established president harry truman pursuant executive order .fema established executive order president jimmy carter.established coordinate response major disaster occurred united states overwhelms local state authorities.in finally codified law made component department homeland security.well providing largescale emergencymanagement fema also largest floodinsurer united states mainly private insurance companies offer floodinsurance.proponents conspiracy theory argue femas mission cover real purpose — assume control united states following major disaster threat — organization executive arm coming police state. |
FEMA camps conspiracy theory | variations theory general states disaster threat one comes martial law declared femas emergency powers come operation effectively become government.constitution suspended citizens moved camps.many versions dissidents typically defined constitutionalistspatriots etc... merely imprisoned.others gone far argue sent camps murdered.extreme versions state plans place imprison kill apolitical american citizens camps part population control plot.april snopes posted claim fema marking houses political affiliation round people camps. |
FEMA camps conspiracy theory | reality bright color coded stickers serve varying purposes newspaper mail delivery personnel.although mention fema specifically oath keepers list orders obey contains many fears shared proponents fema conspiracy theories.proponents often play racial fear asserting fema use urban gangs auxiliaries ensure order.fema conspiracy theories often woven larger conspiracy narratives ushering new world order meaning totalitarian global government.history one first known references fema concentration camps comes newsletter issued posse comitatus warning hardcore patriots detained them.prevalence conspiracy theory increased line rise militia movement s.the conspiracy part rhetoric largely disbanded militia montana.selfstyled congressional analyst david fletcher spokesman brought meetings even pointing united nations reserves government building concentration camps northern cascades.a supposed fema camp featured linda thompsons film america siege reality fema camp amtrak repair facility.accused government using black helicopters patriots prevent interfering plans establish new world order.following oklahoma city bombing conspiracy theory discussed senate judiciary subcommittee domestic terrorism.the theorys inclusion plot xfiles movie showed growing reach.fears fema declined early foreign terrorists perceived major threat lates recession election barack obama renewed opposition among conservatives federal government. |
FEMA camps conspiracy theory | obamas election also enabled theory reach mainstream rightwing circles whereas previously confined fringes.resurgence militia movement resurgence fema camps conspiracy theory corresponding boom prepper economy.emails magazine national review also promoted theory.congresswoman michele bachmann alluded theory office republican party politicians.in december camille marino hardleft animal liberation website negotiation posted alert website titled military recruiting guards fema domestic detainmentinternment camps.containing usual warnings end civil liberties announcement u.s. army looking good totalitarians herd dissenters camps.in fears fema roundup beginning surfaced announcement domestic military training operation called jade helm .county state officials texas denounced fears exercise completed one placed internment camp.also additional speculation theory stoked retired general wesley clark called world war iistyle internment camps revived combat muslim extremism.stated people radicalized support united states theyre disloyal united states matter principle fine thats right. |
FEMA camps conspiracy theory | it’s right obligation segregate normal community duration conflict.according las vegas police department witnesses weeks leading las vegas shooting gunman stephen paddock reportedly espoused rightwing antigovernment conspiratorial views including fema conspiracies.reportedly told friend sometimes sacrifices made order encourage american public arm themselves.conspiracy theorists used actual internment japanese americans world war ii specifically constructed camps evidence scenario least historic precedent.proponents cited contingency plan rex drafted part u.s. marine colonel oliver north calling suspension constitution detainment citizens event national crisis.aimed leftwing activists libertarians rightwingers generally associated fema theories.linked document louis giuffrida years later director fema calling establishment martial law event uprising african american militants internment millions african americans.media attention popular mechanics published debunking various claims proponents theory make fox news personality glenn beck interview james meigs editorinchief walked debunking one purported camp. |
FEMA camps conspiracy theory | video meigs said actually dates .like many conspiracy theories gets recut reedited circulated around internet.bloggers skeptic project posted detailed lists claim debunk many fema camp locations u.s. elsewhere.newsweek emailed fema inquire fema camps rumors.press secretary alexa lopez replied currently focusing efforts providing assistance disaster survivors ongoing response recovery efforts louisiana.first question years many myths rumors surrounding fema glad chance set record straight you.absolutely truth rumors—they nothing conspiracy theories.however internal fema memo shows management understands nature trying quell conspiracies people know us agency responds natural disasters. |
Birmingham | others believe somewhat sinister role.latter realistic think convince otherwise advisable enter debate subject.see also fbi indexlist conspiracy theories referencessecondlargest city secondlargest metropolitan area thirdlargest urban area united kingdom roughly .million inhabitants within city area .million inhabitants within urban area .million inhabitants within metropolitan area.city proper populated english local government district. |
Birmingham | birmingham commonly referred second city united kingdom.located west midlands county region england approximately miles km central london birmingham one united kingdoms major cities considered social cultural financial commercial centre midlands.distinctively birmingham small rivers flowing mainly river tame tributaries river rea river cole – one closest main rivers severn approximately miles km west city centre.historically market town warwickshire medieval period birmingham grew th century midlands enlightenment industrial revolution saw advances science technology economic development producing series innovations laid many foundations modern industrial society.hailed first manufacturing town world.birminghams distinctive economic profile thousands small workshops practising wide variety specialised highly skilled trades encouraged exceptional levels creativity innovation provided economic base prosperity last final quarter th century.watt steam engine invented birmingham.the resulting high level social mobility also fostered culture political radicalism leaders thomas attwood joseph chamberlain give political influence unparalleled britain outside london pivotal role development british democracy. |
Birmingham | summer spring birmingham bombed heavily german luftwaffe known birmingham blitz.damage done citys infrastructure addition deliberate policy demolition new building planners led extensive urban regeneration subsequent decades.birminghams economy dominated service sector.city major international commercial centre important transport retail events conference hub.metropolitan economy secondlargest united kingdom gdp .bn .five universities including university birmingham make largest centre higher education country outside london. |
Birmingham | birminghams major cultural institutions – city birmingham symphony orchestra birmingham royal ballet birmingham repertory theatre library birmingham barber institute fine arts – enjoy international reputations city vibrant influential grassroots art music literary culinary scenes.city host commonwealth games.birmingham fourthmost visited city uk people foreign nations.etymology name birmingham comes old english beormingahām meaning home settlement beormingas – tribe clan whose name literally means beormas people may formed early unit anglosaxon administration.beorma tribe named could leader time anglosaxon settlement shared ancestor mythical tribal figurehead. |
Birmingham | place names ending ingahām characteristic primary settlements established early phases anglosaxon colonisation area suggesting birmingham probably existence early th century latest.surrounding settlements names ending tūn farm lēah woodland clearing worð enclosure field open ground likely secondary settlements created later expansion anglosaxon population cases possibly earlier british sites.history prehistory medieval evidence early human activity birmingham area dating back around bc stone age artefacts suggesting seasonal settlements overnight hunting parties woodland activities tree felling.many burnt mounds still seen around city indicate modern humans first intensively settled cultivated area bronze age substantial shortlived influx population occurred bc bc possibly caused conflict immigration surrounding area.stcentury roman conquest britain forested country birmingham plateau formed barrier advancing roman legions built large metchley fort area modernday edgbaston ad made focus network roman roads.the development birmingham significant urban commercial centre began lord manor peter de bermingham obtained charter hold market castle followed creation planned market town seigneurial borough within demesne manorial estate around site became bull ring. |
Birmingham | established birmingham primary commercial centre birmingham plateau time areas economy expanding rapidly population growth nationally leading clearance cultivation settlement previously marginal land.within century charter birmingham grown prosperous urban centre merchants craftsmen.thirdlargest town warwickshire position would retain next years.early modern principal governing institutions medieval birmingham – including guild holy cross lordship de birmingham family – collapsed leaving town unusually high degree social economic freedom initiating period transition growth.birminghams population increased fifteenfold town fifthlargest england wales.the importance manufacture iron goods birminghams economy recognised early grew rapidly century progressed. |
Birmingham | equally significant towns emerging role centre iron merchants organised finance supplied raw materials traded marketed industrys products.birmingham formed commercial hub network forges furnaces stretching south wales cheshire merchants selling finished manufactured goods far afield west indies.trading links gave birminghams metalworkers access much wider markets allowing diversify away lowerskilled trades producing basic goods local sale towards broader range specialist higherskilled lucrative activities.by time english civil war birminghams booming economy expanding population resulting high levels social mobility cultural pluralism seen develop new social structures different established areas.relationships built around pragmatic commercial linkages rather rigid paternalism deference feudal society loyalties traditional hierarchies established church aristocracy weak.towns reputation political radicalism strongly parliamentarian sympathies saw attacked royalist forces battle birmingham developed centre puritanism nonconformists s.the th century saw tradition freethinking collaboration blossom cultural phenomenon known midlands enlightenment. |
Birmingham | town developed notable centre literary musical artistic theatrical activity leading citizens – particularly members lunar society birmingham – became influential participants circulation philosophical scientific ideas among europes intellectual elite.close relationship enlightenment birminghams leading thinkers major manufacturers – men like matthew boulton james keir often fact people – made particularly important exchange knowledge pure science practical world manufacturing technology.created chain reaction innovation forming pivotal link earlier scientific revolution industrial revolution would follow.industrial revolution birminghams explosive industrial expansion started earlier textilemanufacturing towns north england driven different factors.instead economies scale lowpaid unskilled workforce producing single bulk commodity cotton wool large mechanised units production birminghams industrial development built adaptability creativity highly paid workforce strong division labour practising broad variety skilled specialist trades producing constantly diversifying range products highly entrepreneurial economy small often selfowned workshops. |
Birmingham | led exceptional levels inventiveness – core years industrial revolution – birmingham residents registered three times many patents british town city.the demand capital feed rapid economic expansion also saw birmingham grow major financial centre extensive international connections.lloyds bank founded town ketleys building society worlds first building society .west midlands banking offices per head region britain including london.innovation thcentury birmingham often took form incremental series smallscale improvements existing products processes also included major developments lay heart emergence industrial society.birminghamtrained abraham darby moved coalbrookdale shropshire built first blast furnace successfully smelt iron ore coke transforming quality volume scale possible produce cast iron.lewis paul john wyatt invented roller spinning one novel idea first importance development mechanised cotton industry. |
Birmingham | opened worlds first cotton mill birminghams upper priory.john roebuck invented lead chamber process enabling largescale manufacture sulphuric acid james keir developed process bulk manufacture alkali together marking birth modern chemical industry.matthew boulton opened soho manufactory pioneering combination mechanisation one roof previously separate manufacturing activities system known rational manufacture.largest manufacturing unit europe came symbolise emergence factory system.most significant however development industrial steam engine james watt matthew boulton.freeing first time manufacturing capacity human society limited availability hand water animal power arguably pivotal moment entire industrial revolution key factor worldwide increases productivity following century. |
Birmingham | regency victorian birmingham rose national political prominence campaign political reform early th century thomas attwood birmingham political union bringing country brink civil war days may preceded passing great reform act .unions meetings newhall hill largest political assemblies britain ever seen.lord durham drafted act wrote country owed reform birmingham salvation revolution.reputation shaken fabric privilege base led john bright make birmingham platform successful campaign second reform act extended voting rights urban working class.the original charter incorporation dated october received birmingham november read town hall november elections first birmingham town council held december.sixteen aldermen councillors elected borough divided wards. |
Birmingham | william scholefield became first mayor william redfern appointed town clerk.birmingham town police established following year.birminghams tradition innovation continued th century.birmingham terminus worlds first two longdistance railway lines mile grand junction railway mile london birmingham railway .birmingham schoolteacher rowland hill invented postage stamp created first modern universal postal system .alexander parkes invented first manmade plastic jewellery quarter .by extensive canal system constructed giving greater access natural resources fuel industries. |
Birmingham | victorian era population birmingham grew rapidly well half million birmingham became second largest population centre england.birmingham granted city status queen victoria.joseph chamberlain mayor birmingham later mp son neville chamberlain lord mayor birmingham later british prime minister two wellknown political figures lived birmingham.city established university .th century contemporary city suffered heavy bomb damage world war iis birmingham blitz. |
Birmingham | city also scene two scientific discoveries prove critical outcome war.otto frisch rudolf peierls first described practical nuclear weapon could constructed frisch–peierls memorandum year cavity magnetron key component radar later microwave ovens invented john randall henry boot.details two discoveries together outline first jet engine invented frank whittle nearby rugby taken united states tizard mission september single black box later described official american historian valuable cargo ever brought shores.the city extensively redeveloped s. included construction large tower block estates castle vale.bull ring reconstructed new street station redeveloped.decades following world war ii ethnic makeup birmingham changed significantly received waves immigration commonwealth nations beyond. |
Birmingham | citys population peaked residents.people killed injured series bomb attacks thought carried provisional ira.bombings worst terror attacks england london bombings consisted bombs planted two pubs central birmingham.six men convicted became known later birmingham six sentenced life imprisonment acquitted years court appeal.convictions considered one worst british miscarriages justice recent times. |
Birmingham | true perpetrators attacks yet arrested.birmingham remained far britains prosperous provincial city late household incomes exceeding even london south east economic diversity capacity regeneration declined decades followed world war ii central government sought restrict citys growth disperse industry population stagnating areas wales northern england.measures hindered natural selfregeneration businesses birmingham leaving topheavy old infirm city became increasingly dependent motor industry.recession early saw birminghams economy collapse unprecedented levels unemployment outbreaks social unrest innercity districts.recently many parts birmingham transformed redevelopment bullring shopping centre construction new library birmingham largest public library europe regeneration old industrial areas brindleyplace mailbox international convention centre.old streets buildings canals restored pedestrian subways removed inner ring road rationalised.birmingham hosted th g summit. |
Birmingham | city serve host commonwealth games.government birmingham city council largest local authority europe terms population covers councillors representing wards .headquarters council house victoria square.council labour party majority led ian ward.labour replaced previous overall control status may elections. |
Birmingham | honour dignity lord mayoralty conferred birmingham letters patent june .birminghams ten parliamentary constituencies represented house commons two conservative eight labour mps.originally part warwickshire birmingham expanded late th early th centuries absorbing parts worcestershire south staffordshire north west.city absorbed sutton coldfield became metropolitan borough new west midlands county.a toplevel government body west midlands combined authority formed april .wmca holds devolved powers transport development planning economic growth.authority governed directly elected mayor similar mayor london.geography birmingham located centre west midlands region england birmingham plateau – area relatively high ground ranging feet metres sea level crossed britains main north–south watershed basins rivers severn trent. |
Birmingham | south west city lie lickey hills clent hills walton hill reach feet extensive views city.birmingham drained minor rivers brooks primarily river tame tributaries cole rea.the city birmingham forms conurbation largely residential borough solihull south east city wolverhampton industrial towns black country north west form west midlands builtup area covering ha km sq mi.surrounding birminghams metropolitan area – area closely economically tied commuting – includes former mercian capital tamworth cathedral city lichfield staffordshire north industrial city coventry warwickshire towns nuneaton warwick leamington spa east worcestershire towns redditch bromsgrove south west.much area occupied city originally northern reach ancient forest arden whose former presence still felt citys dense oak treecover large number districts moseley saltley yardley stirchley hockley names ending ley old english lēah meaning woodland clearing.geology birmingham dominated birmingham fault runs diagonally city lickey hills south west passing edgbaston bull ring erdington sutton coldfield north east.south east fault ground largely softer mercia mudstone interspersed beds bunter pebbles crossed valleys rivers tame rea cole tributaries. |
Birmingham | north west fault feet metres higher surrounding area underlying much city centre lies long ridge harder keuper sandstone.bedrock underlying birmingham mostly laid permian triassic periods.climate birmingham temperate maritime climate cfb according köppen climate classification like much british isles average maximum temperatures summer july around .°c .°f winter january around . |
Birmingham | °c .°f.warmest day year average .°c .°f coldest night typically fell −. |
Birmingham | °c .°f..days year rose temperature .°c . |
Birmingham | °f .nights reported air frost.highest recorded temperature set august .°c .°f.like large cities birmingham considerable urban heat island effect. |
Birmingham | coldest night recorded january temperature fell −.°c −.°f birmingham airport citys eastern edge −.°c .°f edgbaston near city centre.birmingham snowy city relative large uk conurbations due inland location comparatively high elevation. |
Birmingham | birmingham airport averaged .days snow lying annually compared .london heathrow.snow showers often pass city via cheshire gap north westerly airstreams also come north sea north easterly airstreams.extreme weather rare city known experience tornadoes.november recordbreaking nationwide tornado outbreak two tornadoes touched within birmingham city limits – erdington selly oak – six tornadoes touching within boundaries wider west midlands county. |
Birmingham | recently destructive tornado occurred july south city damaging homes businesses area.environment parks within birmingham – european city – totalling hectares sq mi public open space.city six million trees miles kilometres urban brooks streams.sutton park covers acres ha north city largest urban park europe national nature reserve.birmingham botanical gardens located close city centre retains regency landscape original design j. c. loudon winterbourne botanic garden edgbaston reflects informal arts crafts tastes edwardian origins.several green spaces within borough designated green belt portion wider west midlands green belt. |
Birmingham | strategic local government policy used prevent urban sprawl preserve greenfield land.areas included aforementioned sutton park land along borough boundary sutton coldfield walmley minworth suburbs kingfisher sheldon woodgate valley country parks grounds wake green football club bartley frankley reservoirs handsworth cemetery surrounding golf courses.birmingham many areas wildlife lie informal settings project kingfisher woodgate valley country park selection parks lickey hills country park pype hayes park newhall valley handsworth park kings heath park cannon hill park latter also housing mini zoo birmingham wildlife conservation park.demographics midyear estimate population birmingham .increase .since time . |
Birmingham | since population grown .. birmingham largest local authority area city uk outside london.population density inhabitants per square mile km compared .inhabitants per square mile .km england.based uk census birminghams population projected reach increase .. compares estimated rate .previous decade.the west midlands conurbation population est. |
Birmingham | people live west midlands county est..according figures uk census .population white .white british .white irish .white . |
Birmingham | mixed race .white black caribbean .white black african .white asian .mixed . |
Birmingham | asian .pakistani .indian .bangladeshi .chinese . |
Birmingham | asian .black .african .caribbean .black . |
Birmingham | arab .ethnic heritage.primary secondary pupils nonwhite british families.birmingham residents born overseas resident uk less ten years.countries new twenty reported countries birth birmingham residents since include iran zimbabwe philippines nigeria. |
Birmingham | established migrants outnumbered newer migrants wards except edgbaston ladywood nechells selly oak.in birmingham .population aged compared .england whole.generally females males single year age except youngest ages – lates lates.females represented . |
Birmingham | population whilst men represented .. differences marked oldest age group reflecting greater female longevity women over.bulge around early due largely students coming citys universities.children around age ten relatively small group reflecting decline birth rates around turn century.large group children age five reflecting high numbers births recent years.births since increasing .in households birmingham . |
Birmingham | samesex civil partnership households compared english national average ... households owned accommodation outright another .owned accommodation mortgage loan.figures national average.. people said good health national average.another .said good health also national average. |
Birmingham | .people said daytoday activities limited lot health higher national average.the birmingham larger urban zone eurostat measure functional cityregion approximated local government districts population .addition birmingham luz includes metropolitan boroughs dudley sandwell solihull walsall along districts lichfield tamworth north warwickshire bromsgrove.religion christianity largest religion within birmingham .residents identifying christians census. |
Birmingham | citys religious profile highly diverse outside london birmingham united kingdoms largest muslim sikh buddhist communities second largest hindu community seventh largest jewish community.censuses proportion christians birmingham decreased ..proportion muslims increased .. |
Birmingham | proportion people religious affiliation increased ... religions remained proportionately similar.st philips cathedral upgraded church status anglican diocese birmingham created .two cathedrals st chads seat roman catholic archdiocese birmingham greek orthodox cathedral dormition mother god st andrew.coptic orthodox diocese midlands also based birmingham cathedral construction.original parish church birmingham st martin bull ring grade ii listed. |
Birmingham | short distance five ways birmingham oratory completed site cardinal newmans original foundation.several christadelphian meeting halls city christadelphian magazine publishing group headquarters hall green.the oldest surviving synagogue birmingham greek revival severn street synagogue freemasons lodge hall.replaced grade ii listed singers hill synagogue.birmingham central mosque one largest europe constructed s. late ghamkol shariff masjid built small heath.guru nanak nishkam sewak jatha sikh gurdwara built soho road handsworth late theravada buddhist dhamma talaka peace pagoda near edgbaston reservoir s. winners chapel also maintains physical presence digbeth. |
Birmingham | economy birmingham grew prominence centre manufacturing engineering.gun quarter district city many years centre worlds gunmanufacturing industry.first recorded gun maker birmingham locally made muskets used english civil war.gun quarter industrial area north city centre bounded steelhouse lane shadwell street loveday street specialising production military firearms sporting guns.many buildings area disused plans place redevelopment including shadwell street vesey street.the economy birmingham dominated service sector accounted citys employment . |
Birmingham | birmingham largest centre great britain employment public administration education health leeds secondlargest centre outside london employment financial business services.wider metropolitan economy secondlargest united kingdom gdp .billion estimate ppp.major companies headquartered birmingham include engineering company imi plc national express patisserie valerie claires mitchells butlers including wider metropolitan area city largest concentration major companies outside london south east.hosting headquarters gymshark severn trent water. |
Birmingham | major facilities national exhibition centre international convention centre birmingham attracts uks total conference exhibition trade.in manufacturing accounted employment birmingham figure average uk whole.major industrial plants city include jaguar land rover castle bromwich cadbury bournville large local producers also supporting supply chain precisionbased small manufacturers craft industries.traditional industries also remain jewellery made uk still produced independent manufacturers citys jewellery quarter continuing trade first recorded birmingham .birminghams gva estimated £.billion economic growth accelerated successive year annual growth .gva per head grew secondfastest rate englands eight core cities. |
Birmingham | value manufacturing output city declined real terms value financial insurance activities doubled.startups registered birmingham highest level entrepreneurial activity outside london number registered businesses city grew ..birmingham behind london edinburgh private sector job creation .economic inequality birmingham greater major english city exceeded glasgow united kingdom.levels unemployment among highest country economically active population unemployed june . |
Birmingham | innercity wards aston washwood heath figure higher .twofifths birminghams population live areas classified deprived parts england overall birmingham deprived local authority england terms income employment deprivation.citys infant mortality rate high around worse national average.meanwhile women jobs compared nationally workingage population birmingham degree level qualifications contrast average across core cities.according mercer quality living survey birmingham placed st world secondhighest rating uk.citys quality life rating continued improve years birmingham ranked th world survey. |
Birmingham | first time featured top .big city plan aims move city indexs top .area city designated enterprise zone tax relief simplified planning lure investment.according property investment research birmingham rated number one location best places invest property uk.attributed increase house prices local investment infrastructure.culture music city birmingham symphony orchestras home venue symphony hall. |
Birmingham | notable professional orchestras based city include birmingham contemporary music group royal ballet sinfonia ex cathedra baroque chamber choir period instrument orchestra.orchestra swan resident chamber orchestra birmingham town hall weekly recitals also given city organist since .the birmingham triennial music festivals took place .music specially composed conducted performed mendelssohn gounod sullivan dvořák bantock edward elgar wrote four famous choral pieces birmingham.elgars dream gerontius début performance .composers born city include albert william ketèlbey andrew glover.jazz popular city since many regular festivals harmonic festival mostly jazz festival annual international jazz festival.birminghams citycentre music venues include arena birmingham previously known national indoor arena barclaycard arena opened academy bristol street opened september replacing academy dale end cbso centre opened hmv institute digbeth bradshaw hall royal birmingham conservatoire.during birmingham home music scene comparable liverpool. |
Birmingham | seething cauldron musical activity international success groups move spencer davis group moody blues traffic electric light orchestra collective influence stretched beyond.city centre early heavy metal music pioneering metal bands late black sabbath judas priest half led zeppelin come birmingham.next decade saw influential metal bands napalm death godflesh emerge city.birmingham birthplace modern bhangra established global centre bhangra culture grown global phenomenon embraced members indian diaspora worldwide los angeles singapore.also saw rise reggae ska city bands steel pulse ub musical youth beat beshara expounding racial unity politically leftist lyrics multiracial lineups mirroring social currents birmingham time.other popular bands birmingham include duran duran fine young cannibals felt broadcast ocean colour scene streets twang king adora dexys midnight runners magnum. |
Birmingham | musicians jeff lynne ozzy osbourne tony iommi bill ward geezer butler john lodge roy wood joan armatrading toyah willcox denny laine sukshinder shinda apache indian steve winwood jamelia oceans ate alaska fyfe dangerfield laura mvula grew city.since digbethbased btown indie music scene attracted widespread attention led bands peace swim deep nme comparing digbeth londons shoreditch independent writing birmingham fast becoming best place uk look exciting new music.theatre performing arts birmingham repertory theatre britains longestestablished producing theatre presenting wide variety work three auditoria centenary square touring nationally internationally.producing theatres city include blue orange theatre jewellery quarter old rep home stage birmingham stage company a. e. harris base experimental stans cafe theatre company located within working metal fabricators factory.touring theatre companies include politically radical banner theatre maverick theatre company kindle theatre.alexandra theatre birmingham hippodrome host largescale touring productions professional drama performed wide range stages across city including crescent theatre custard factory old joint stock theatre drum aston mac cannon hill park.the birmingham royal ballet one united kingdoms five major ballet companies one three based outside london. |
Birmingham | resident birmingham hippodrome tours extensively nationally internationally.companys associated ballet school – elmhurst school dance edgbaston – oldest vocational dance school country.the birmingham opera company artistic director graham vick developed international reputation avantgarde productions often take place factories abandoned buildings found spaces around city.conventional seasons welsh national opera visiting opera companies take place regularly birmingham hippodrome.the first dedicated comedy club outside london glee club opened arcadian centre city centre continues host performances leading regional national international acts.literature literary figures associated birmingham include samuel johnson stayed birmingham short period born nearby lichfield.arthur conan doyle worked aston area birmingham whilst poet louis macneice lived birmingham six years. |
Birmingham | whilst staying birmingham american author washington irving produced several famous literary works bracebridge hall humorists medley based aston hall well legend sleepy hollow rip van winkle .the poet w. h. auden grew harborne area city formed core auden group birmingham university lecturer louis macneice.influential poets associated birmingham include roi kwabena citys sixth poet laureate benjamin zephaniah born city.the author j. r. r. tolkien brought kings heath area birmingham.awardwinning political playwright david edgar born birmingham science fiction author john wyndham spent early childhood edgbaston area city.birmingham vibrant contemporary literary scene local authors including david lodge jim crace jonathan coe joel lane judith cutler.citys leading contemporary literary publisher tindal street press whose authors include prizewinning novelists catherine oflynn clare morrall austin clarke.art design birmingham school landscape artists emerged daniel bond last mid th century. |
Birmingham | important figure david cox whose later works make important precursor impressionism.influence royal birmingham society artists birmingham school art made birmingham important centre victorian art particularly within preraphaelite arts crafts movements.major figures included preraphaelite symbolist edward burnejones walter langley first newlyn school painters joseph southall leader group artists craftsmen known birmingham group.the birmingham surrealists among harbingers surrealism britain movements active members abstract artists associated city included lee bankborn david bomberg cobra member william gear.birmingham artists prominent several postwar developments art peter phillips among central figures birth pop art john salt major european figure among pioneers photorealism blk art group used painting collage multimedia examine politics culture black british identity.contemporary artists city include turner prize winner gillian wearing turner prize shortlisted artists richard billingham john walker roger hiorns conceptual artist pogus caesar whose work acquired victoria albert museum national portrait gallery wolverhampton art gallery birmingham museum art gallery.birminghams role manufacturing printing centre supported strong local traditions graphic design product design. |
Birmingham | iconic works birmingham designers include baskerville font ruskin pottery acme thunderer whistle art deco branding odeon cinemas mini.museums galleries birmingham two major public art collections.birmingham museum art gallery best known works preraphaelites collection outstanding importance.also holds significant selection old masters – including major works bellini rubens canaletto claude – particularly strong collections thcentury italian baroque painting english watercolours.design holdings include europes preeminent collections ceramics fine metalwork. |
Birmingham | barber institute fine arts edgbaston one finest small art galleries world collection exceptional quality representing western art th century present day.birmingham museums trust runs museums city including aston hall blakesley hall museum jewellery quarter soho house sarehole mill.birmingham back backs last surviving court backtoback houses city.cadbury world museum showing visitors stages steps chocolate production history chocolate company.ikon gallery hosts displays contemporary art eastside projects.thinktank birminghams main science museum giant screen cinema planetarium collection includes smethwick engine worlds oldest working steam engine.sciencebased museums include national sea life centre brindleyplace lapworth museum geology university birmingham centre earth environmental education centre winson green. |
Birmingham | nightlife nightlife birmingham mainly concentrated along broad street brindleyplace.although recent years broad street lost popularity due closing several clubs arcadian popularity terms nightlife.outside broad street area many stylish underground venues.medicine bar custard factory hmv institute rainbow pub air large clubs bars digbeth.around chinese quarter areas arcadian hurst street gay village abound bars clubs. |
Birmingham | summer row mailbox academy bristol street snobs nightclub st philipscolmore row st pauls square jewellery quarter vibrant night life.number late night pubs irish quarter.outside city centre star city entertainment complex former site nechells power station.festivals birmingham home many national religious cultural festivals including st. georges day party.citys largest singleday event st. patricks day parade europes second largest dublin. |
Birmingham | nowka bais bengali boat racing festival takes place annually birmingham.leading cultural event west midlands united kingdom attracting bangladeshi diaspora variety cultures.also largest kind boat race united kingdom.multicultural events include bangla mela vaisakhi mela.birmingham heritage festival mardi gras style event august. |
Birmingham | caribbean african culture celebrated parades street performances buskers.caribbeanstyle birmingham international carnival takes place oddnumbered years.the uks largest twoday gay pride birmingham pride lgbt festival typically held spring bank holiday weekend may.streets birminghams gay district pulsate carnival parade live music dance arena djs cabaret stage womens arena community village.birmingham pride takes place gay village.december city hosted annual arts festival artsfest largest free arts festival uk time.the birmingham tattoo longstanding military show held annually national indoor arena.the birmingham comedy festival since days october headlined acts peter kay fast show jimmy carr lee evans lenny henry.since birmingham host frankfurt christmas market. |
Birmingham | modelled german counterpart grown become uks largest outdoor christmas market largest german market outside germany austria attracting .million visitors million visitors .the biennial birmingham international dance festival bidf started organised dancexchange involving indoor outdoor venues across city.other festivals city include birmingham international jazz festival party park originally festival hosted local regional radio stations died brought back life unsigned festival regional unsigned acts showcase oneday music festival whole family.food drink birminghams development commercial town originally based around market agricultural produce established royal charter .despite industrialisation subsequent centuries role retained birmingham wholesale markets remain largest combined wholesale food markets country selling meat fish fruit vegetables flowers supplying fresh produce restaurateurs independent retailers far miles km away.birmingham city outside london five michelin starred restaurants simpsons edgbaston carters moseley purnells opheem adams city centre.birmingham based breweries included ansells davenports mitchells butlers.aston manor brewery currently brewery significant size. |
Birmingham | many fine victorian pubs bars still found across city whilst also plethora modern nightclubs bars notably along broad street.the wing yip food empire first began city headquarters nechells.balti type curry invented city received much acclaim balti belt balti triangle.famous food brands originated birmingham include typhoo tea birds custard cadburys chocolate hp sauce.there also thriving independent artisan food sector birmingham encompassing microbreweries like two towers collective bakeries loaf.recent years seen businesses increasingly showcased farmers markets popular street food events food festivals including birmingham independent food fair.entertainment leisure birmingham home many entertainment leisure venues including europes largest leisure entertainment complex star city well europes first outofcitycentre entertainment leisure complex resorts world birmingham owned genting group. |
Birmingham | mailbox caters affluent clients based within city.architecture birmingham chiefly product th th th centuries growth began industrial revolution.consequently relatively buildings survive earlier history protected.listed buildings birmingham thirteen scheduled ancient monuments.birmingham city council also operate locally listing scheme buildings fully meet criteria statutorily listed status.traces medieval birmingham seen oldest churches notably original parish church st martin bull ring. |
Birmingham | buildings medieval tudor periods survive among lad lane old crown th century saracens head public house old grammar school kings norton blakesley hall.a number georgian buildings survive including st philips cathedral soho house perrotts folly town hall much st pauls square.victorian era saw extensive building across city.major civic buildings victoria law courts characteristic red brick terracotta council house museum art gallery constructed.st chads cathedral first roman catholic cathedral built uk since reformation.across city need house industrial workers gave rise miles redbrick streets terraces many backtoback houses later become innercity slums.postwar redevelopment antivictorianism resulted loss dozens victorian buildings like new street station old central library often replaced brutalist architecture. |
Birmingham | sir herbert manzoni city engineer surveyor birmingham believed conservation old buildings sentimental city worth anyway.innercity areas much victorian housing demolished redeveloped.existing communities relocated tower block estates like castle vale.in partial reaction manzoni years birmingham city council demolishing brutalist buildings like central library extensive tower block demolition renovation programme.much redevelopment city centre recent years including awardwinning future systems selfridges building bullring shopping centre brindleyplace regeneration project millennium point science technology centre refurbishment iconic rotunda building.funding many projects come european union town hall example received £ million funding european regional development fund.highrise development slowed since mainly recent years enforcements imposed civil aviation authority heights buildings could affect aircraft airport e.g. |
Birmingham | beetham tower.demonymy identity people birmingham called brummies term derived citys nickname brum originates citys old name brummagem turn thought derived bromwichham.brummie accent dialect particularly distinctive.transport partly due central location birmingham major transport hub motorway rail canal networks.roads city served motorways possibly well known motorway junction united kingdom spaghetti junction colloquial name gravelly hill interchange. |
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