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Blue Beetle	june blue beetle brought back cofeature popular booster gold comic.new blue beetle comic launched part new initiative september jaime reyes history rebooted new origin without apparent history kord garrett prior blue beetles.new book written tony bedard drawn ig guara.both blue beetles reappeared third issue americomics title published ac comics .first story issue ted kord fought bogus dan garrett second story significant.revealed original dan reincarnated silver age version minus memories earlier existence unspecified gods presumably ones responsible mystic scarab.
Blue Beetle	gods subsequently resurrected dan sent save ted kords life leaving note saying simply try get killed time.adventure kord turned blue beetle name back dan.americomics canceled issue far story never referenced publisher.another blue beetle crossover story depiction revolving around blue beetles depicted booster gold vol.dc comics.
Blue Beetle	blue beetles dan garret dan garrett original golden age blue beetle dan garret son police officer killed criminal.fox feature syndicate version character debuted mystery men comics august began appearing issue series shortly thereafter.fox feature syndicate sponsored blue beetle day new york worlds fair august beginning a.m. including children relayrace finals field special events following preliminaries new york city parks.race broadcast radio station wmca.charlton comics reprinted stories anthology titles fourissue blue beetle reprint series numbered – although evidence obtained rights character purchased printing plates earlier stories.in silver age comics charlton revised character new blue beetle series.charltons new blue beetle retained originals name adding second none powers origin making different character.
Blue Beetle	beetle archaeologist dan garrett obtained number superhuman powers including super strength vision flight ability generate energy blasts mystical scarab found dig egypt used imprison evil mummified pharaoh.would transform blue beetle saying words kaji dha version writer joe gill artist tony tallarico played least initially camp stories like giant mummy dead.charlton dan garrett version blue beetle ran replacement debuted.the charlton version dan garrett spotlighted second issue dcs secret origins series origin retold along ted kord.subsequent appearances dan garrett flashback stories include guest spots cameos infinity inc. captain atom jla year one legends dc universe.the character briefly returned dc comics first run blue beetle resurrected mystical scarab battle successor.also seen various flashback stories.
Blue Beetle	incarnation briefly glimpsed dcs limited series golden age.in issue project superpowers miniseries fox feature syndicate version blue beetle appeared flashbacks characterspelling dan garret public domain.avoid trademark conflicts dc comics referred series nickname big blue.ted kord replacement blue beetle created charlton comics later published americomics dc comics ted kord former student dan garrett geniuslevel inventor gifted athlete.kord garrett investigating kords uncle jarvis learned jarvis working create army androids take earth.garrett changed blue beetle killed battle.
Blue Beetle	died passed kord responsibility blue beetle unable pass mystical scarab.ted scarab time never used it.carried crisis infinite earths chosen monitor protect multiple earths reacted attacked give superpowers.during death superman saga blue beetle jla members tried stop doomsdays path destruction.doomsday displayed nearinvulnerability brutally defeating league put blue beetle coma.upon recovery continued tenure jla well offshoot extreme justice.blue beetle discovered renewed checkmate organization led maxwell lord database containing information every metahuman earth.captured executed single gunshot head.
Blue Beetle	dying used scarab attempt contact shazam forced leave wizard shazam rock eternity wizard sent back earth.some time later booster gold along jaime dan black beetle guise blue beetle future travels back time rescue kord moments death.jaime reyes jaime reyes teenager lives el paso texas father mother little sister father owns garage mother nurse.jaime offered help father garage father turned down.feels jaime enjoy childhood long attempt education.finds scarab vacant lot fuses sleeps.
Blue Beetle	booster gold revealed jaimes new powers jaime swept climactic battle brother eye infinite crisis.later becomes member teen titans good friends rose wilson ravager robin static others.teen titans vol.takes break team mother.jaime girlfriend young sorceress traci gets along well jaimes family.large loving family major source strength guidance jaime.
Blue Beetle	christopher smith aka peacemaker also became mentor young blue beetle.jaime costarred along rest former justice league international justice league generation lost.following dcs flashpoint storyline blue beetle one monthly titles launched september starring jaime reyes.series cancelled issues january .scarab khaji da blue beetle scarab previously shown artifact magic later retconned tool war reach ancient race cosmic marauders.defeated guardians universe thousands years ago forced truce reach poses benevolent aliens lending advanced technology budding civilizations.scarab gift worlds champion giving amazing powers knowledge reach protect peers.
Blue Beetle	secretly scarab part advanced hive mind artificial intelligence covertly supplanting wearers own.wearer turned ultimate infiltrator covert agent intended take world.however blue beetle scarab damaged instead controlling host forms symbiotic relationship them.the blue beetle scarab uses serial number khaji da name.in new reach forgoes secrecy wearer immediately becomes possessed scarab.uses hosts knowledge decimate world prepare full invasion reach forces.in dc universe rebirth ted kord jaime reyes believe scarab alien device bonded jaimes spine.kord fascinated scarab wants investigate potential jaime fears it.
Blue Beetle	jaime leaves kords lab get school dr. fate appears lab warn kord scarab alien device instead magic.sparks kords interest potential scarab.enemies versions kingdom come blue beetle ted kord seen alex ross mark waids limited series kingdom come.shown rest charlton action heroes member magogs justice battalion part batmans group later mlf mankind liberation front.would shown later title suit armor powered thenmystic scarab working batmans team.
Blue Beetle	novelization series batman thinks blue beetle along green arrow black canary closest time friends.blue beetle killed heroes nuclear explosion.multiverse final issue dc comics yearlong weekly series revealed multiverse system parallel universes earth different take established dc comics characters featured mainstream continuity designated new earth come existence.multiverse acts storytelling device allows writers introduce alternate versions fictional characters hypothesize scenarios revisit popular elseworlds stories allow characters interact mainstream continuity.example ted kord kingdom come limited series said reside earth.spinoffs series countdown final crisis would introduce alternate blue beetles .
Blue Beetle	earth gotham gaslight universe set victorianlike era version dan garrett secret identity leading egyptologist gotham museum natural history wears monocle appearing search ray palmer gotham gaslight.limited series countdown arena depicted three earth blue beetle swarm sentient insects form manshaped body calling scarab ted earth anthropomorphic beetle pet mr. mrs. kord earth blue beetle younger version dan garrett bonded scarab way jaime reyes.a new version blue beetle known blue scarab shown member justice league apocalyptic future depicted justice league generation lost.stated descendant blue beetle alienlooking appearance.an evil version appeared antimatter universe qward universe crime syndicate america known scarab.dc animated universe comics blue beetle appeared justice league unlimited spinoff comic book issues .media radio blue beetle short career radio may september .
Blue Beetle	motion picture radio actor frank lovejoy blue beetle first episodes rest shows voice provided different uncredited actor.audio drama kingdom come story blue beetle took part adapted audio drama john whitman based story mark waid alex ross novelization elliot s. maggin time warner audio books .films dan garret blue beetle appears cover comic book watchmen film tiein hood.in justice league crisis two earths evil version blue beetle appeared computer page lesser members crime syndicate.the ted kord blue beetle portrayed luke barats short film death return superman.the jaime reyes blue beetle main character justice league vs. teen titans member teen titans.close friend beast boy helps fending trigons demonic emissaries hell.voiced jake t. austin.the jaime reyes blue beetle main character sequel teen titans judas contract austin reprising role again.ted kord blue beetle makes brief appearance teen titans go movies.in justice league dark apokolips war one among titans killed paradooms.the dan garret blue beetle appears film agent beetle.
Blue Beetle	never referred blue beetle film possibly avoid copyright issues.the ted kord version appears dc showcase short included batman long halloween part two.a film centered around jaime reyes blue beetle development gareth dunnetalcocer serving screenwriter angel manuel soto direct film.film installment dc extended universe franchise.xolo maridueña cast jamie reyes.television live action jaime reyes appears episode booster final season smallville scarab bonds jaime saved booster gold.ted kord also makes appearance well searching lost apparently extremely dangerous blue beetle scarab.
Blue Beetle	dan garrett also mentioned clark kent stating kord industries scientist killed scarab bonded him.kord industries referenced second fourth season cw show arrow.producers planned ted kord join show third season dc told plans replaced ray palmer.blue beetle referenced th episode legends tomorrow kendra asks ray favorite color blue favorite beatle one.animation several incarnations blue beetle appear batman brave boldthe jaime reyes incarnation featured character jaime reyes voiced friedle blue beetle scarab voiced ioan gruffudd.appears episodes rise blue beetle invasion secret santas fall blue beetle game owlman night huntress fate equinox revenge reach aquamans outrageous adventure power shazam siege starro part one siege starro part two cry freedom fighters darkseid descending shadow bat time vengeance crisis miles earth.the ted kord version appears episodes fall blue beetle menace madniks voiced wil wheaton.in rise blue beetle blue beetle scarab briefly worn kanjar ro voiced marc worden.the dan garrett version makes brief nonvoiced appearance fall blue beetle batman narrates blue beetles reyes menace madniks displayed blue beetle suit next kords.the jaime reyes version blue beetle appears season young justice voiced actor eric lopez.running gag jaime often seen rejecting blue beetle scarabs also voiced lopez violent bloodthirsty suggestions would easier vaporize back diner confuses around looks like hes talking himself.
Blue Beetle	much season main story arc also revolves around jaimes main antagonists reach.dan garrett original blue beetle appears nonspeaking cameo episode failsafe several scenes depict members justice society america .dan appears among several prominent members team green lantern doctor fate flash.episode intervention later tells full story scarab ancient bialyan mystics deactivated reach control centuries ago lay dormant discovered dan garrett fused become first blue beetle.successor protege technological genius ted kord able recognize scarab potentially dangerous piece alien technology thus made use inventions hero still used blue beetle identity.
Blue Beetle	kord later lost life battle deathstroke sportsmaster upon discovering light planned steal reactivate scarab.jaime came across scarab ted kords death became third blue beetle believing scarab kords invention.recruited justice leagues teenage strike team subsequent conflicts reach led discover scarabs true origin purpose attempts remove unable keep body completely controlled it.team made separate discovery bialyan ritual could remove reachs control scarab kept knowledge quiet doctor fate taught zatanna ritual team could deactivate scarab allow jaime resume control.scarab cooperates jaime without much resistance preferring partnership enslavement.jaime reyes appears animated series justice league action voiced jake t. austin.
Blue Beetle	unreleased screen test geoff johns stated twitter account live action screen test jaime reyes blue beetle.screen test used trial concept blue beetle television series.video games game infinite crisis multiplayer online battle arena developed turbine jaime reyes playable character.three blue beetles appear playable characters wii u version scribblenauts unmasked dc comics adventure.jaime reyes also appears lego batman beyond gotham lego dc supervillains playable character.
Blue Beetle	jaime reyes also playable fighter injustice .electric company pbs childrens educational series electric company blue beetle bumbling superhero played jim boyd would often make matters worse instead better.wore mask hood antennae wings tennis shoes boxer shorts tshirt bearing name blue beetle.outside name character unrelated comic book characters.homages roy thomas wrote blue beetle one earliest professional credits later created couple blue beetle pastiches scarlet scarab marvel comics silver scarab dc comics.alan moore used two charlton comics versions blue beetle inspiration two nite owls comic book series watchmen.
Nostalgia	references external links blue beetle grand comics databaseblue beetle dan garrett archived original december blue beetle ted kord archived original december marksteins toonopedia.blue beetle dan garrett blue beetle ted kord international catalogue superheroesblue beetle dan garrett blue beetle ted kord blue beetle jaime reyes comic book db archived originalword nostalgia learned formation greek compound consisting νόστος nóstos meaning homecoming homeric word ἄλγος álgos meaning pain ache coined thcentury medical student describe anxieties displayed swiss mercenaries fighting away home.described medical condition—a form melancholy—in early modern period became important trope romanticism.nostalgia associated yearning past personalities possibilities events especially good ol days warm childhood.the scientific literature nostalgia usually refers nostalgia regarding personal life mainly studied effects nostalgia induced studies.smell touch strong evokers nostalgia due processing stimuli first passing amygdala emotional seat brain.recollections ones past usually important events people one cares places one spent time.music entertainment movies video games etc.
Nostalgia	weather also strong triggers nostalgia.functions nostalgias definition changed greatly time.consistent greek word roots meaning homecoming pain nostalgia centuries considered potentially debilitating sometimes fatal medical condition expressing extreme homesickness.modern view nostalgia independent even positive emotion many people experience often.nostalgia found important psychological functions improve mood increase social connectedness enhance positive selfregard provide existential meaning.
Nostalgia	many nostalgic reflections serve one function overall seem benefit experience them.benefits may lead chronic disposition personality trait nostalgia proneness.nostalgia also associated learning memory consolidation.improve mood although nostalgia often triggered negative feelings results increasing ones mood heightening positive emotions stem feelings warmth coping resulting nostalgic reflections.one way improve mood effectively cope problems hinder ones happiness.
Nostalgia	batcho found nostalgia proneness positively related successful methods coping throughout stages—planning implementing strategies reframing issue positively.studies led conclusion coping strategies likely among nostalgiaprone people often lead benefits stressful times.nostalgia connected focus coping strategies implementing thus increasing support challenging times.increase social connectedness nostalgia also sometimes involves memories people close thus increase ones sense social support connections.nostalgia also triggered specifically feelings loneliness counteracts feelings reflections close relationships.
Nostalgia	according zhou et al.lonely people often lesser perceptions social support.loneliness however leads nostalgia actually increases perceptions social support.thus zhou colleagues concluded nostalgia serves restorative function individuals regarding social connectedness.enhance positive selfregard nostalgia serves coping mechanism helps people feel better themselves.
Nostalgia	vess et al.found subjects thought nostalgic memories showed greater accessibility positive characteristics thought exciting future experiences.additionally second study conducted participants exposed nostalgic engagement reflection group not.researchers looked selfattributes found participants exposed nostalgic experiences reflected pattern selfish selfcentered attributes.vess et al.
Nostalgia	however found effect weakened become less powerful among participants engaged nostalgic reflection.provide existential meaning nostalgia helps increase ones selfesteem meaning life buffering threats wellbeing also initiating desire deal problems stress.routledge colleagues found nostalgia correlates positively ones sense meaning life.second study revealed nostalgia increases ones perceived meaning life thought mediated sense social support connectedness.thirdly researchers found threatened meaning even act trigger nostalgia thus increasing ones nostalgic reflections.
Nostalgia	triggering nostalgia though ones defensiveness threat minimized found fourth study.final two studies found nostalgia able create meaning buffer threats meaning breaking connection lack meaning ones wellbeing.followup studies also completed routledge found meaning function nostalgia also concluded nostalgic people greater perceived meaning search meaning less better buffer existential threat.promote psychological growth nostalgia makes people willing engage growthoriented behaviors encourages view growthoriented people.baldwin landau found nostalgia leads people rate higher items like kind person embraces unfamiliar people events places.
Nostalgia	nostalgia also increased interest growthrelated behavior would like explore someplace never before.first study effects statistically mediated nostalgiainduced positive affect—the extent nostalgia made participants feel good.second study nostalgia led growth outcomes effects statistically mediated nostalgiainduced selfesteem.deception one recent study critiques idea nostalgia forms become defense mechanism people avoid historical facts.study looked different portrayals apartheid south africa argued nostalgia appears two ways restorative nostalgia wish return past reflective nostalgia critically aware.
Nostalgia	comfort reliving past memories may provide comfort contribute mental health.one notable recent medical study looked physiological effects thinking past good memories have.found thinking past fondly actually increased perceptions physical warmth.political tool study conducted routledge team observed people reported major disruptions uncertainties lives nostalgically longed past.routledge suggests invoking idea idealized past politicians provoke social cultural anxieties uncertainties make nostalgia especially attractive—and effective—as tool political persuasion.
Nostalgia	aspects medical condition term coined johannes hofer – basel dissertation.hofer introduced nostalgia mal du pays homesickness condition also known mal du suisse swiss illness schweizerheimweh swiss homesickness frequent occurrence swiss mercenaries plains lowlands france italy pining native mountain landscapes.symptoms also thought include fainting high fever indigestion stomach pain death.military physicians hypothesized malady due damage victims brain cells eardrums constant clanging cowbells pastures switzerland.english homesickness loan translation nostalgia.sir joseph banks used word journal first voyage captain cook.
Nostalgia	september stated sailors pretty far gone longing home physicians gone far esteem disease name nostalgia journal published lifetime see beaglehole j. c. ed.. endeavour journal joseph banks – public library new south walesangus robertson sydney vol.ii p. .cases resulting death known soldiers sometimes successfully treated discharged sent home.receiving diagnosis however generally regarded insult.in eighteenth century scientists looking locus nostalgia nostalgic bone.nostalgia losing status particular disease coming seen rather symptom stage pathological process.
Nostalgia	considered form melancholia predisposing condition among suicides.nostalgia however still diagnosed among soldiers late american civil war.interest nostalgia medical category almost completely vanished.nostalgia still recognized first second world wars especially american armed forces.great lengths taken study understand condition stem tide troops leaving front droves see bbc documentary century self.nostalgia triggered something reminding individual event item past.
Nostalgia	resulting emotion vary happiness sorrow.term feeling nostalgic commonly used describe pleasurable emotions associated andor longing go back particular period time although former may also true.romanticism swiss nostalgia linked singing kuhreihen forbidden swiss mercenaries led nostalgia point desertion illness death.dictionnaire de musique jeanjacques rousseau claims swiss mercenaries threatened severe punishment prevent singing swiss songs.became somewhat topos romantic literature figures poem der schweizer achim von arnim clemens brentanos des knaben wunderhorn well opera le chalet adolphe charles adam performed queen victoria title swiss cottage.
Nostalgia	romantic connection nostalgia kuhreihen swiss alps significant factor enthusiasm switzerland development early tourism switzerland alpinism took hold european cultural elite th century.german romanticism coined opposite heimweh fernweh farsickness longing far away like wanderlust expressing romantic desire travel explore.music hearing old song bring back memories person.song heard specific moment heard far later date give listener sense nostalgia date remembered events occurred then.however heard throughout life may lose association specific period experience.
Nostalgia	books person deliberately trigger feelings nostalgia listening familiar music looking old photos visiting comforting environments past.knowledge widely available many books published specifically evoke feeling nostalgia.books one many media used monetization nostalgia.rhetoric communication nostalgia frequently studied tool rhetoric persuasion.communication scholar stephen depoe example writes nostalgic messaging “a speaker highlights comparison favorable idealized past less favorable present order stimulate nostalgia.
Nostalgia	...linking hisher policies qualities idealized past order induce support” .rhetorician william kurlinkus taxonomizes nostalgia foundation arguing nostalgic rhetoric generally contains four partsgod memories vague authentic feeling prelapsarian pasts similar rhetorician kenneth burkes god memories connect communities nostalgia together seen terms like american slow natural.
Nostalgia	ideal memories often serve keys entering communityif long right past right moment receive membership.a loss threat present chaotic change nostalgia always responds to.though theorists argue ideal must truly lost scholars including kurlinkus argue ideal may simply threatened trigger nostalgia.a nostalgic crux person group corporation et al.blamed loss nostalgic ideal.perform scapegoating nostalgic crux usually presented force newness change.defeating outsider positioned source recovering god memory.
Nostalgia	cruxes include groups polluting corporations immigrants.hope finally kurlinkus argues though nostalgia often performed ironically almost always true hope recovering god memory whether means kind true restoration symbolic recovery ethic.hope differentiates nostalgia similar emotions like melancholia contains nostalgias longing lost ideals without desire move past.kurlinkus kurlinkus coined term nostalgic describe ways populations people mention appalachians indigenous americans become trapped peoples nostalgic stories idealized natural simultaneously denied sovereignty right change present.nostalgic others differ others scholarly discourse e.g.said’s orientalism alterity primarily based race ethnicity.kurlinkus kurlinkus write.
Nostalgia	rather concurrent identifications divisions nostalgic distinguished rhetor time.live present live past.creation nostalgic allows mainstream populations commodify racial purity stability past mountaineer refuses community agency change present highlighting negative traits illiteracy poverty insularity hillbilly .advertising tool media advertising nostalgiaevoking images sounds references used strategically create sense connectedness consumers products goal convincing public consume watch buy advertised products.modern technology facilitates nostalgiaeliciting advertising subject style design advertisement.
Nostalgia	feeling longing past easily communicated social media advertising media require participation multiple senses able represent ideas entirely therefore become reminiscent reality.due efficient advertising schemes consumers need experienced specific event moment time order feel nostalgic it.due phenomenon referred vicarious nostalgia.vicarious nostalgia feeling wistful yearning moment occurred prior outside span ones memory relatable sentimental value due repeated mediated exposure it.constant propagating advertisements media messages makes vicarious nostalgia possible changes ways understand advertisements subsequently way consumers use purchasing power.examples nostalgia used provoke public interest include nostalgiathemed websites nostalgia machine doyouremember revamps old movies tv shows books.vintage rustic oldfashioned design styles also seen nostalgiabased ad campaigns companies cocacola levi strauss co. use.
Nostalgia	see also references reading bartholeyns g. .instant past nostalgia digital photo retro photography.media nostalgia.yearning past present future ed.k. niemeyer palgrave macmillan –.batcho k. i. .
Nostalgia	nostalgia retreat support difficult times.american journal psychology.–.doi.amerjpsyc.... pmid .simon bunke heimweh.studien zur kultur und literaturgeschichte einer tödlichen krankheit.
Nostalgia	homesickness.cultural literary history lethal disease.freiburg .pp.boulbry gaëlle borges adilson.évaluation d’une échelle anglosaxonne de mesure du tempérament nostalgique dans un contexte culturel français evaluation anglosaxon scale measurement nostalgic mood french cultural contextdominic boyer ostalgie politics future eastern germany.
Nostalgia	public culture .simon bunke heimweh.bettina von jagow florian steger eds.literatur und medizin im europäischen kontext.ein lexikon.göttingen vandenhoeck ruprecht .
Nostalgia	sp.–.niemeyer katharina ed.media nostalgia.yearning past present futurepalgrave macmillan.coromines vigneaux joan.diccionari etimològic complementari de la llengua catalana barcelona curial edicions catalanes davis fred yearning yesterday sociology nostalgia.
Nostalgia	new york free press .freeman lindsey a. longing bomb oak ridge atomic nostalgia.chapel hill university north carolina press .hofer johannes medical dissertation nostalgia.bulletin institute history medicine.trans.carolyn kiser anspach .
Nostalgia	aug. –.hunter richard macalpine ida.three hundred years psychiatry– hartsdale ny carlisle publishing inc hutcheon linda irony nostalgia postmodernjameson fredric .nostalgia present.south atlantic quarterly.–.thurber christopher a. marian d. sigman preliminary models risk protective factors childhood homesickness review empirical synthesis.
Nostalgia	child development aug. –.dylan trigg aesthetics decay nothingness nostalgia absence reason new york peter lang linda m. austin emily brontës homesickness victorian studies summer –.simon bunke heimwehforschung.debbc four documentaries century selfzhou x. sedikides c. wildschut t. gao d. .counteracting loneliness restorative function nostalgia pdf.psychological science.–.doi.j....x. pmid .
Nostalgia	scid .vess m. arndt j. routledge c. sedikides c. wildschut t. .nostalgia resource self.self identity.–.doi.... scid .rieter o. http c. wildschut t. sedikides c. juhl j. arndt j. .
Nostalgia	power past nostalgia meaningmaking resource.memory.–.doi.... pmid .scid .routledge c. arndt j. wildschut t. sedikides c. hart c. m. .
Nostalgia	past makes present meaningful nostalgia existential resource.journal personality social psychology.–.doi.a.pmid .köneke v. .
Alassane Ouattara	bitter sweet nostalgic people rather sad happy grin verlag gmbh munich germany.isbngilad padva queer nostalgia cinema pop culture basingstock uk new york palgrave macmillan .pp.economist profession ouattara worked international monetary fund imf central bank west african states french banque centrale des etats de lafrique de louest bceao prime minister côte divoire november december appointed post president félix houphouëtboigny.ouattara became president rally republicans rdr ivorian political party .early life ouattara born january dimbokro french west africa.descendant fathers side muslim rulers burkina faso part kong empire—also known wattara ouattarra empire.ouattara muslim background member dyula people.
Alassane Ouattara	received bachelor science degree drexel institute technology drexel university philadelphia pennsylvania.ouattara obtained masters degree economics phd economics university pennsylvania.ouattara two children david dramane ouattara fanta catherine ouattara first marriage american barbara jean davis.ouattara married dominique nouvian french catholic businesswoman jewish descent.wedding held town hall th arrondissement paris.career financial institutions economist international monetary fund washington d.c. afterwards chargé de mission paris banque centrale des etats de l’afrique de l’ouest west african central bank .
Alassane Ouattara	bceao special advisor governor director research february december vice governor january october .november october director african department imf may additionally became counsellor managing director imf.october appointed governor bceao sworn december .ouattara reputation hard worker keen transparency good governance.political career prime minister april imf structural adjustment program forced ivorian president félix houphouëtboigny accept ouattara chairman interministerial committee coordination stabilization economic recovery programme côte divoire.
Alassane Ouattara	holding position ouattara also remained post bceao governor.subsequently became prime minister côte divoire november still imf imposition charles konan banny replaced interim bceao governor.also held position minister economy finance october november .while serving prime minister ouattara also tried illegally constitution carry presidential duties total months including period march december houphouëtboigny ill. houphouëtboigny died december ouattara announced death nation saying côte divoire orphaned.brief power struggle ensued ouattara henri konan bédié president national assembly presidential succession total disregard constitution clearly gave bedié legal right lead country houphouet became unfit.bédié prevailed ouattara resigned prime minister december.
Alassane Ouattara	ouattara returned imf deputy managing director holding post july july .election prior october presidential election national assembly côte divoire approved electoral code barred candidates either parents foreign nationality lived côte divoire preceding five years.widely thought provisions aimed ouattara.owing duties imf resided country since .also father rumoured born burkina faso.
Alassane Ouattara	rally republicans rdr opposition party formed split ruling democratic party côte divoire pdci sought ouattara presidential candidate.late june rdr secretarygeneral djéni kobina met ouattara time according kobina ouattara said im ready join you.party nominated ouattara presidential candidate july first ordinary congress.government would change electoral code however ouattara declined nomination.rdr boycotted election along ivorian popular front fpi laurent gbagbo leaving pdcis candidate incumbent president henri konan bédié win easy victory.
Alassane Ouattara	president rdr serving deputy managing director imf march ouattara expressed intention return côte divoire take part politics again.leaving imf july elected president rdr august extraordinary congress party well chosen candidate next presidential election.said eligible stand election pointing documents said demonstrated parents ivorian birth.he accused forging papers however investigation begun.president bédié described ouattara burkinabé said houphouëtboigny wanted alassane ouattara concern economy.ouattaras nationality certificate issued late september annulled court october.
Alassane Ouattara	arrest warrant ouattara issued november although country time nevertheless said would return late december.on december military seized power ousting bédié.ouattara returned côte divoire three months france december hailing bédiés ouster coup détat revolution supported ivorian people.a new constitution approved referendum july controversially barred presidential candidates unless parents ivorian ouattara disqualified presidential election.issues surrounding major factors first ivorian civil war broke .when asked interview ouattaras nationality burkinabé president blaise compaoré responded us things simple come burkina faso neither birth marriage naturalization.man prime minister côte divoire.president gbagbo affirmed august ouattara could stand next ivorian presidential election.ouattara designated rdrs presidential candidate second ordinary congress – february also reelected president rdr another five years.
Alassane Ouattara	congress invited former rebel new forces previously distanced team rdr election.at time ouattara said publicly believe gbagbo would organize transparent fair elections.the rdr pdci members rally houphouëtistes ouattara bédié ran separately first round agreed support one made potential second round.presidential election aftermath presidential elections organized postponed november .preliminary results announced independently president electoral commission headquarters ouattara due concern fraud commission.showed loss gbagbo favour former prime minister alassane ouattara.the ruling fpi contested results constitutional council charging massive fraud northern departments controlled rebels new forces.charges contradicted united nations observers unlike african union observers.
Alassane Ouattara	report results led severe tension violent incidents.constitutional council consisted gbagbo supporters declared results seven northern departments unlawful gbagbo elections vote – instead ouattara winning reported electoral commission.inauguration gbagbo ouattara—who recognized winner countries united nations—organized alternative inauguration.events raised fears resurgence civil war thousands refugees fled country.the african union sent thabo mbeki former president south africa mediate conflict.united nations security council adopted resolution recognising alassane ouattara winner elections based position economic community west african states suspended ivory coast decisionmaking bodies african union also suspended countrys membership.in colonel ivory coast armed forces nguessan yao arrested new york yearlong u.s. immigration customs enforcement operation charged procuring illegal export weapons munitions mm handguns rounds ammunition teargas grenades violation un embargo.
Alassane Ouattara	several ivory coast officers released diplomatic passports.accomplice michael barry shor international trader located virginia.the presidential election led – ivorian crisis second ivorian civil war.international organizations reported numerous humanrights violations sides.city duékoué hundreds people killed.nearby bloléquin dozens killed.
Alassane Ouattara	un french forces took military action gbagbo.gbagbo taken custody raid residence april .country severely damaged war observers say challenge ouattara rebuild economy reunite ivorians.the developments country welcomed world leaders.u.s. president barack obama applauded news developments côte divoire cnn quoted u.s. secretary state hillary clinton saying gbagbos capture sends strong signal dictators tyrants.... may disregard voice people.marriage law row controversial move november president ouattara sacked government row new marriage law would make wives joint heads household.
Alassane Ouattara	party supported changes elements ruling coalition resisted strongest opposition coming democratic party côte divoire.second term – ouattara second fiveyear term almost vote.votes .votes cast .turnout victory landslide compared required avoid runoff closest rival fpi leader pascal affi nguessan.at rdrs third ordinary congress – september expected ouattara would elected president rdr instead proposed henriette diabaté post duly elected acclamation.in march ouattara announced would run presidential elections october supported prime minister amadou gon coulibaly presidential candidate rdr.
Alassane Ouattara	sudden death coulibaly august ouattara considered putting forward defense minister hamed bakayoko changing mind due alleged links drug trafficking.july announced run third term office.candidacy controversial ivorian constitution permits two presidential terms.constitutional court ruled first term different constitution count purposes twoterm rule current constitution thus allowing ouattaras candidacy led violent protests abidjan throughout country.election october thus boycotted large part opposition saw reelection alassane ouattara .
Confederation of Indian Industry	votes .turnout.honours national honours ivory coast grand collar national order ivory coast december foreign honours mali grand cross national order mali september portugal grand collar order prince henry september references external links french alassane ouattara.com political web site ouattaras circle influence.membershipbased organisation.history journey cii began engineering firms martin company burn company john king company jessop company turner morrison company – decided form engineering iron trades association eita.promote interests indian manufacturers eita renamed indian engineering association iea .engineering association india eai founded promote interests small medium engineering firms.eai merged iea formed association indian engineering industry aiei became confederation engineering industry cei.
Confederation of Indian Industry	cei became present confederation indian industry cii.during mr. rajiv gandhi prime minister india played critical role galvanising association indian engineering industry aiei confederation indian industry national organisation would represent interests indian industry.considered aiei professional modern consulted important policy matters.in prime minister mr atal bihari vajpayee addressing ciis national conference annual session urged reform government industry common citizen.first address industry association prime minister.mr vajpayee reaffirmed governments commitment reforms underscored importance sustainable economic growth.in indian prime minister dr manmohan singh cii annual session invited corporate india partner making humane society emphasised tenpoint social charter inclusive growth.in indian prime minister narendra modi gave plenary speech ciis th annual session.focused building atmanirbhar bharat selfreliant india bringing india back path rapid development.
Confederation of Indian Industry	organisation cii body registered societies registration act india.highest governing body cii cii national council composed leading industry heads experts.leadership mr.t.v. narendran ceo managing director tata steel limited president cii mr. sanjiv bajaj chairman managing director bajaj finserv limited presidentdesignate cii dr. pawan munjal chairman ceo hero motocorp ltd. vice president cii.chandrajit banerjee director general cii since may .uday kotak managing director ceo kotak mahindra bank president cii year –.
Confederation of Indian Industry	membership cii direct membership organisations indirect membership around national regional sectoral associations.activities policy advocacy cii ‘intellectual groups’ — councils committees task forces working groups among others — working national regional levels across industry sectors.groups give shape articulate member concerns government policymakers regulators think tanks etc.work proactively government formulate policies would empower businesses.cii catalyst change indias economic policy reforms.cii played important role economic liberalisation knocked high walls protection indian industry rest world.cii actively engages central state governments various levels issues facing indian industry society recommends policies conducive development india.to stimulate foreign investment india promote industrial activities cii partners department promotion industry internal trade dpiit.
Confederation of Indian Industry	cii joint venture partner invest india national investment promotion facilitation agency established dpiit.competitiveness cii set dedicated centers excellence enhance competitiveness indian industry training consultancy research.centres provide special services industry enable firms lower costs become productive competitive.currently ten centers excellence set areas quality green business manufacturing excellence logistics smes sustainable development leadership food agriculture water institute innovation entrepreneurship startups.quality movement india started quality movement journey early s. late japanese professor kaoru ishikawa visited india heading juse union japanese scientists engineers.
Confederation of Indian Industry	visit india recommended starting national drive quality setting institutional arrangement.cii took lead initiative since spearheaded quality movement india.total quality management division tqmd set ishikawas recommendation.tqmd evolved cii institute quality lead quality movement aimed transform indian businesses offering total quality management skills total productive maintenance lean management six sigma industrial legal metrology conformity assessment standards.cii exportimport bank india jointly established ciiexim bank award business excellence .
Confederation of Indian Industry	award based internationally recognised efqm excellence model.cii institute quality major impact large number firms india terms raising overall awareness regarding quality.environment cii initiated industry engagement area environment climate change landmark rio summit held.since established three centres excellence work area climate change air pollution environment sustainability green building energy water management.green building going green way addresses ecological challenges also makes good business sense.
Confederation of Indian Industry	keeping principle mind cii sohrabji godrej green business centre gbc launched march visit u.s. president bill clinton india.centre aims promote ecologically sustainable business models green economy.gbc inaugurated excellency dr. a. p. j. abdul kalam president india july .gbc headquarters hyderabad india’s first platinum rated green building awarded united states green building council usgbc leadership energy environmental design leed rating system.since gbc aegis indian green building council igbc spearheading green movement country offering services various national international stakeholders areas green projects.in centre launched greenco rating system evaluates green company suggests way forward resource conservation energy environmental management.greenco rating acknowledged indias intended nationally determined contribution indc document submitted united nations framework convention climate change unfccc proactive voluntary action indian industry towards combating climate change.so far green building rating systems designed gbc address ecological challenges.
Confederation of Indian Industry	igbc green building rating system adopted green building projects amounting .billion sq.ft. gbc’s various initiatives facilitated reduction million tons co per year.international partnership cii connects indian industry multiple stakeholders across globe also highlighting indias position stable dependent partner.ciis international work constitutes working closely indian government creating policies conducive trade development procedures india identifying best practices creating access foreign markets.
Confederation of Indian Industry	activities include meeting heads state government decisionmakers networking counterpart organisations multilateral academic institutions policymaking bodies.ciis international engagement journey started opening first overseas office dammam saudi arabia.endeavour helped place organisation high pedestal relationship government diplomatic missions international agencies.aiei organised first international trade mission africa covering kenya zambia egypt libya.mission went iran iraq kuwait.initiatives aiei helped explore business opportunities african middleeast markets.from cii broadened focus work regional country committees like africa asean anz east europe gcc lac bangladesh canada china germany italy japan maldives nepal pakistan russia south korea sri lanka.ciis international work backed overseas offices australia china egypt germany indonesia singapore uae uk us helps propagate important information pertaining markets joint venture possibilities indian global companies.
Confederation of Indian Industry	community development cii undertakes series focused interventions ensure inclusive social development economically socially challenged groups corporate engagement.bettering lives citizens ciis longstanding work social sector formalised establishment cii foundation .foundation provides meaningful bridge marginalised communities donors especially corporate sector.core areas intervention include csr ethical conduct education public health skill development affirmative action women empowerment people disabilities climate change disaster relief rehabilitation.in year cii set indian business trust hivaids engage industry meeting challenges deadly virus.trust helped formulate iso workplace policy protocols industry.
Confederation of Indian Industry	companies india joined campaign provide safe healthy work environment employees.during covid pandemic cii extended support large number affected people mitigate global crisis.synergizing efforts indian industry engaging government india cii reached various sections society providing immediate relief strategic longterm rehabilitation support.to tackle unexpected immense challenge posed covid pandemic cii formed highlevel task force find possible solutions issues faced indian industry.cii made immediate policy interventions representations state central government levels macroeconomic management monetary measures ease business.came impact assessment industry economy exit strategy sustain continuity.initiatives cii undertaken various initiatives india young indians indian women network.
Confederation of Indian Industry	india india cii initiative envisions india – th year india’s independence.idea india conceptualised incredible india celebrations new york professor c.k.prahalad management professor university michigan shared vision india.cii adopted vision india may .consultations national vision document india – people’s agenda released.structured around ten broad themes education skill development technology innovation agriculture businesses infrastructure urbanization health environment arts sports literature governance public administration moral leadership.to turn vision reality cii set india foundation.
Confederation of Indian Industry	initiative cii also found resonance government india strategy new india document released niti aayog .the cii annual meeting organised – august theme “india government business working together aatmanirbhar bharat.” shri narendra modi hon’ble prime minister india chief guest delivered inaugural address.young indians cii set young indians yi engage youth leaders nation building.yi one founding members g young entrepreneur’s alliance g yea commonwealth alliance young entrepreneurs – asia pacific cayea.masoom gift organ road safety projects organisation connects youth development work.it’s student wing yuva engages students institutions india.
Confederation of Indian Industry	yi participated disaster relief operations health emergencies covid.young indians members across offices students yuva members colleges india.indian women network cii launched indian women network iwn develop women workforce work towards challenges faced workplace.ciis national committee women empowerment iwn engages government industry thought leaders shape inclusive policy women workforce.iwn developed online gender diagnostic tool companies selfassess identify strengths gaps opportunities improve gender parity develop potential.
Mammal	also initiated equal opportunity pledge companies ensure inclusive work environment women.references external links official websitereferences notes citations sources external links executive orders listed federal registers official websiteexecutive orders presidential memoranda presidential proclamations white houses official websitegpos federal digital system fdsys bulk data download multiple issues federal register latest code federal regulations xml.executive office presidentcharacteristics distinguish reptiles including birds diverged carboniferous million years ago.around extant species mammals described.largest orders rodents bats eulipotyphla hedgehogs moles shrews others.next three primates including humans apes monkeys others artiodactyla cetaceans eventoed ungulates carnivora cats dogs seals others.in terms cladistics reflects evolutionary history mammals living members synapsida synapsids clade together sauropsida reptiles birds constitutes larger amniota clade.early synapsids sphenacodonts group included famous dimetrodon.
Mammal	synapsids split several diverse groups nonmammalian synapsids — traditionally incorrectly referred mammallike reptiles term pelycosaurs known stem mammals protomammals — giving rise therapsids beginning middle permian period.mammals originated cynodonts advanced group therapsids early jurassic.modern mammalian orders arose paleogene neogene periods cenozoic era extinction nonavian dinosaurs dominant terrestrial animal group million years ago present.the basic body type quadruped mammals use four extremities terrestrial locomotion extremities adapted life sea air trees underground two legs.mammals range size – mm .–.bumblebee bat ft blue whale—possibly largest animal ever lived.
Mammal	maximum lifespan varies two years shrew years bowhead whale.modern mammals give birth live young except five species monotremes egglaying mammals.speciesrich group mammals cohort called placentals placenta enables feeding fetus gestation.most mammals intelligent possessing large brains selfawareness tool use.mammals communicate vocalize several ways including production ultrasound scentmarking alarm signals singing echolocation.mammals organize fissionfusion societies harems hierarchies—but also solitary territorial.
Mammal	mammals polygynous monogamous polyandrous.domestication many types mammals humans played major role neolithic revolution resulted farming replacing hunting gathering primary source food humans.led major restructuring human societies nomadic sedentary cooperation among larger larger groups ultimately development first civilizations.domesticated mammals provided continue provide power transport agriculture well food meat dairy products fur leather.mammals also hunted raced sport used model organisms science.mammals depicted art since paleolithic times appear literature film mythology religion.
Mammal	decline numbers extinction many mammals primarily driven human poaching habitat destruction primarily deforestation.classification mammal classification several revisions since carl linnaeus initially defined class present classification system universally accepted.mckenna bell wilson reeder provide useful recent compendiums.simpson provides systematics mammal origins relationships taught universally end th century.however since large amount new detailed information gradually found paleontological record recalibrated intervening years seen much debate progress concerning theoretical underpinnings systematization partly new concept cladistics.though fieldwork lab work progressively outdated simpsons classification remains closest thing official classification mammals despite known issues.most mammals including six speciesrich orders belong placental group.
Mammal	three largest orders numbers species rodentia mice rats porcupines beavers capybaras gnawing mammals chiroptera bats soricomorpha shrews moles solenodons.next three biggest orders depending biological classification scheme used primates apes monkeys lemurs cetartiodactyla whales eventoed ungulates carnivora includes cats dogs weasels bears seals allies.according mammal species world species identified .grouped genera families orders.international union conservation nature iucn completed fiveyear global mammal assessment iucn red list counted species.
Mammal	according research published journal mammalogy number recognized mammal species including recently extinct.definitions word mammal modern scientific name mammalia coined carl linnaeus derived latin mamma teat pap.influential paper timothy rowe defined mammalia phylogenetically crown group mammals clade consisting recent common ancestor living monotremes echidnas platypuses therian mammals marsupials placentals descendants ancestor.since ancestor lived jurassic period rowes definition excludes animals earlier triassic despite fact triassic fossils haramiyida referred mammalia since midth century.mammalia considered crown group origin roughly dated first known appearance animals closely related extant mammals others.
Mammal	ambondro closely related monotremes therian mammals amphilestes amphitherium closely related therians fossils three genera dated million years ago middle jurassic reasonable estimate appearance crown group.t.s.kemp provided traditional definition synapsids possess dentary–squamosal jaw articulation occlusion upper lower molars transverse component movement equivalently kemps view clade originating last common ancestor sinoconodon living mammals.earliest known synapsid satisfying kemps definitions tikitherium dated appearance mammals broader sense given late triassic date.mckennabell classification mammals comprehensively revised malcolm c. mckenna susan k. bell resulted mckennabell classification.authors worked together paleontologists american museum natural history.
Mammal	mckenna inherited project simpson bell constructed completely updated hierarchical system covering living extinct taxa reflects historical genealogy mammalia.book classification mammals species level comprehensive work systematics relationships occurrences mammal taxa living extinct rank genus though molecular genetic data challenge several higherlevel groupings.in following list extinct groups labelled dagger †.class mammaliasubclass prototheria monotremes echidnas platypussubclass theriiformes livebearing mammals prehistoric relativesinfraclass †allotheria multituberculatesinfraclass †eutriconodonta eutriconodontsinfraclass holotheria modern livebearing mammals prehistoric relativessuperlegion †kuehneotheriasupercohort theria livebearing mammalscohort marsupialia marsupialsmagnorder australidelphia australian marsupials monito del montemagnorder ameridelphia new world marsupials.considered paraphyletic shrew opossums closer australidelphians.cohort placentalia placentalsmagnorder xenarthra xenarthransmagnorder epitheria epitheressuperorder †leptictidasuperorder preptotheriagrandorder anagalida lagomorphs rodents elephant shrewsgrandorder ferae carnivorans pangolins †creodonts relativesgrandorder lipotyphla insectivoransgrandorder archonta bats primates colugos treeshrewsgrandorder ungulata ungulatesorder tubulidentata incertae sedis aardvarkmirorder eparctocyona †condylarths whales artiodactyls eventoed ungulatesmirorder †meridiungulata south american ungulatesmirorder altungulata perissodactyls oddtoed ungulates elephants manatees hyraxes molecular classification placentals early st century molecular studies based dna analysis suggested new relationships among mammal families.findings independently validated retrotransposon presenceabsence data.classification systems based molecular studies reveal three major groups lineages placental mammals—afrotheria xenarthra boreoeutheria—which diverged cretaceous.
Mammal	relationships three lineages contentious three possible hypotheses proposed respect group basal.hypotheses atlantogenata basal boreoeutheria epitheria basal xenarthra exafroplacentalia basal afrotheria.boreoeutheria turn contains two major lineages—euarchontoglires laurasiatheria.estimates divergence times three placental groups range million years ago depending type dna used nuclear mitochondrial varying interpretations paleogeographic data.the cladogram based tarver et al.group superorder afrotheriaclade afroinsectiphiliaorder macroscelidea elephant shrews africaorder afrosoricida tenrecs golden moles africaorder tubulidentata aardvark africa south saharaclade paenungulataorder hyracoidea hyraxes dassies africa arabiaorder proboscidea elephants africa southeast asiaorder sirenia dugong manatees cosmopolitan tropicalgroup ii superorder xenarthraorder pilosa sloths anteaters neotropicalorder cingulata armadillos extinct relatives americasgroup iii magnaorder boreoeutheriasuperorder euarchontoglires supraprimatesgrandorder euarchontaorder scandentia treeshrews southeast asia.order dermoptera flying lemurs colugos southeast asiaorder primates lemurs bushbabies monkeys apes humans cosmopolitangrandorder gliresorder lagomorpha pikas rabbits hares eurasia africa americasorder rodentia rodents cosmopolitansuperorder laurasiatheriaorder eulipotyphla shrews hedgehogs moles solenodonsclade scrotiferaorder chiroptera bats cosmopolitanclade fereuungulataclade feraeorder pholidota pangolins scaly anteaters africa south asiaorder carnivora carnivores cosmopolitan including cats dogsclade euungulataorder cetartiodactyla cetaceans whales dolphins porpoises eventoed ungulates including pigs cattle deer giraffesorder perissodactyla oddtoed ungulates including horses donkeys zebras tapirs rhinoceroses evolution origins synapsida clade contains mammals extinct relatives originated pennsylvanian subperiod million million years ago split reptile lineage.crown group mammals evolved earlier mammaliaforms early jurassic.
Mammal	cladogram takes mammalia crown group.evolution older amniotes first fully terrestrial vertebrates amniotes.like amphibious early tetrapod predecessors lungs limbs.amniotic eggs however internal membranes allow developing embryo breathe keep water in.hence amniotes lay eggs dry land amphibians generally need lay eggs water.the first amniotes apparently arose pennsylvanian subperiod carboniferous.
Mammal	descended earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods lived land already inhabited insects invertebrates well ferns mosses plants.within million years two important amniote lineages became distinct synapsids would later include common ancestor mammals sauropsids include turtles lizards snakes crocodilians dinosaurs including birds.synapsids single hole temporal fenestra low side skull.primitive synapsids included largest fiercest animals early permian dimetrodon.nonmammalian synapsids traditionally incorrectly called mammallike reptiles pelycosaurs know neither reptiles part reptile lineage.therapsids group synapsids evolved middle permian million years ago became dominant land vertebrates.
Mammal	differ basal eupelycosaurs several features skull jaws including larger skulls incisors equal size therapsids eupelycosaurs.therapsid lineage leading mammals went series stages beginning animals similar early synapsid ancestors ending probainognathian cynodonts could easily mistaken mammals.stages characterized bythe gradual development bony secondary palate.progression towards erect limb posture would increase animals stamina avoiding carriers constraint.process slow erratic example herbivorous nonmammaliaform therapsids retained sprawling limbs late forms may semierect hind limbs permian carnivorous therapsids sprawling forelimbs late permian ones also semisprawling hindlimbs.fact modern monotremes still semisprawling limbs.the dentary gradually became main bone lower jaw triassic progressed towards fully mammalian jaw lower consisting dentary middle ear constructed bones previously used construct jaws reptiles.
Mammal	first mammals permian–triassic extinction event million years ago prolonged event due accumulation several extinction pulses ended dominance carnivorous therapsids.early triassic medium large land carnivore niches taken archosaurs extended period million years came include crocodylomorphs pterosaurs dinosaurs however large cynodonts like trucidocynodon traversodontids still occupied large sized carnivorous herbivorous niches respectively.jurassic dinosaurs come dominate large terrestrial herbivore niches well.the first mammals kemps sense appeared late triassic epoch million years ago million years first therapsids.expanded nocturnal insectivore niche midjurassic onwards jurassic castorocauda example close relative true mammals adaptations swimming digging catching fish.thought remained nocturnal nocturnal bottleneck accounting much typical mammalian traits.
Mammal	majority mammal species existed mesozoic era multituberculates eutriconodonts spalacotheriids.earliest known metatherian sinodelphys found millionyearold early cretaceous shale chinas northeastern liaoning province.fossil nearly complete includes tufts fur imprints soft tissues.the oldest known fossil among eutheria true beasts small shrewlike juramaia sinensis jurassic mother china dated million years ago late jurassic.later eutherian relative eomaia dated million years ago early cretaceous possessed features common marsupials placentals evidence features present last common ancestor two groups later lost placental lineage.particular epipubic bones extend forwards pelvis.
Mammal	found modern placental found marsupials monotremes nontherian mammals ukhaatherium early cretaceous animal eutherian order asioryctitheria.also applies multituberculates.apparently ancestral feature subsequently disappeared placental lineage.epipubic bones seem function stiffening muscles locomotion reducing amount space presented placentals require contain fetus gestation periods.narrow pelvic outlet indicates young small birth therefore pregnancy short modern marsupials.
Mammal	suggests placenta later development.one earliest known monotremes teinolophos lived million years ago australia.monotremes features may inherited original amniotes orifice urinate defecate reproduce cloaca—as lizards birds also do— lay eggs leathery uncalcified.earliest appearances features hadrocodium whose fossils date approximately million years ago early jurassic provides first clear evidence jaw joint formed solely squamosal dentary bones space jaw articular bone involved jaws early synapsids.the earliest clear evidence hair fur fossils castorocauda megaconus million years ago midjurassic.suggested foramina passages maxillae premaxillae bones front upper jaw cynodonts channels supplied blood vessels nerves vibrissae whiskers evidence hair fur soon pointed however foramina necessarily show animal vibrissae modern lizard tupinambis foramina almost identical found nonmammalian cynodont thrinaxodon.popular sources nevertheless continue attribute whiskers thrinaxodon.
Mammal	studies permian coprolites suggest nonmammalian synapsids epoch already fur setting evolution hairs possibly far back dicynodonts.when endothermy first appeared evolution mammals uncertain though generally agreed first evolved nonmammalian therapsids.modern monotremes lower body temperatures variable metabolic rates marsupials placentals evidence ancestors perhaps including ancestors therians may body temperatures like modern therians.likewise modern therians like afrotheres xenarthrans secondarily developed lower body temperatures.the evolution erect limbs mammals incomplete—living fossil monotremes sprawling limbs.parasagittal nonsprawling limb posture appeared sometime late jurassic early cretaceous found eutherian eomaia metatherian sinodelphys dated million years ago.epipubic bones feature strongly influenced reproduction mammal clades first found tritylodontidae suggesting synapomorphy mammaliformes.
Mammal	omnipresent nonplacental mammaliformes though megazostrodon erythrotherium appear lacked them.it suggested original function lactation milk production keep eggs moist.much argument based monotremes egglaying mammals.human females mammary glands become fully developed puberty regardless pregnancy.rise mammals therian mammals took medium largesized ecological niches cenozoic cretaceous–paleogene extinction event approximately million years ago emptied ecological space filled nonavian dinosaurs groups reptiles well various mammal groups underwent exponential increase body size megafauna.mammals diversified quickly birds mammals show exponential rise diversity.

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