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Birmingham	passes city bromford viaduct .miles .km longest bridge uk.birmingham introduced clean air zone june charges polluting vehicles travel city centre.air birmingham airport located miles .
Birmingham	km east city centre neighbouring borough solihull seventh busiest airport passenger traffic uk third busiest outside london area manchester edinburgh.major base ryanair tui airways.airline services operate birmingham many destinations europe africa americas middle east asia.birmingham also served lesser extent east midlands airport miles northeast city centre.public transport birminghams local public transport network coordinated transport west midlands tfwm branch west midlands combined authority.birmingham high level public transport usage morning peak trips birmingham made public transport remaining made private car.rail popular public transport mode accounting .
Birmingham	journeys followed buses .metro ..there currently underground system birmingham largest city europe one.recent years ideas underground system started appear none far planned earnest primarily due ongoing expansion west midlands metro tram network viewed higher priority.railways main railway station city birmingham new street busiest railway station uk outside london passenger entriesexits passenger interchanges.national hub crosscountry extensive longdistance train network britain major destination avanti west coast services london euston glasgow central edinburgh waverley.
Birmingham	birmingham moor street birmingham snow hill form northern termini chiltern railways express trains running london marylebone.construction curzon street railway station terminus trains city high speed first phase open around .birmingham surrounding region network local suburban railways mostly operated west midlands trains total railway stations within west midlands county within birminghams city boundaries.suburban railway lines birmingham include crosscity line chase line snow hill lines birmingham loop.nearly million rail passenger journeys within tfwm area big increase million .tram birmingham historically substantial tram system operated birmingham corporation tramways closed .
Birmingham	trams returned city west midlands metro formerly known midland metro operates line library central birmingham wolverhampton via bilston wednesbury west bromwich.expansion west midland metro system underway extensions existing line new lines constructed.bus million bus journeys tfwm area decrease million .bus routes mainly operated commercially private companies although tfwm subsidises socially necessary services.national express west midlands accounts nearly bus journeys birmingham though around smaller registered bus companies.number outer circle bus route operates clockwise anticlockwise directions around outskirts city longest urban bus route europe miles km long bus stops.the national express headquarters located digbeth offices birmingham coach station forms national hub companys coach network.
Birmingham	bus division based bordesley green outside city centre.canals extensive canal system still remains birmingham industrial revolution.city miles canal venice though canals birmingham less prominent essential feature due larger size city fact buildings accessed canal.canals mainly used today leisure purposes canalside regeneration schemes brindleyplace turned canals tourist attraction.education higher education birmingham home five universities aston university university birmingham birmingham city university university college birmingham newman university.
Birmingham	city also hosts major campuses university law bpp university well open universitys west midlands regional base.birmingham fulltime students world aged – resident city term time city united kingdom outside london.birmingham research students also highest number major city outside london.the birmingham business school established sir william ashley oldest graduatelevel business school united kingdom.another top business school city includes aston business school one fewer business schools globally granted triple accreditation birmingham city business school.royal birmingham conservatoire part birmingham city university offers professional training music acting.birmingham important centre religious education.
Birmingham	st marys college oscott one three seminaries catholic church england wales woodbrooke quaker study centre europe queens college edgbaston ecumenical theological college serving church england methodist church united reformed church.birmingham metropolitan college one largest education colleges country fourteen campuses spread across birmingham black country worcestershire.south city college birmingham nine campuses spread throughout city.bournville college based £ million .acre campus longbridge opened .fircroft college residential college based former edwardian mansion selly oak founded around strong commitment social justice many courses aimed students prior formal qualifications.
Birmingham	queen alexandra college specialist college based harborne offering education visually impaired disabled students united kingdom.primary secondary education birmingham city council englands largest local education authority directly indirectly responsible nursery schools primary schools secondary schools special schools.providing around adult education courses throughout year.birminghams state schools community schools run directly birmingham city council role local education authority lea although also voluntary aided schools within state system.since secondary schools birmingham – comprehensive schools post gcse students choice continuing education either schools sixth form education college.king edwards school birmingham founded king edward vi one oldest schools city teaching gcse ib alumni including j r r tolkien author lord rings books hobbit.
Birmingham	independent schools city include birmingham blue coat school king edward vi high school girls edgbaston high school girls.bishop veseys grammar school founded bishop vesey .public services birmingham libraries leisure centres parks play areas transport street cleaning waste collection face cuts among services.albert bore leader birmingham city council called government change radically local services funded provided.claimed government cuts local authorities hit birmingham disproportionately.
Birmingham	child protection services within birmingham rated inadequate ofsted four years running child deaths since investigated.march government announced independent commissioner would appointed oversee improvements childrens services within city.library services former birmingham central library opened considered largest municipal library europe.six collections designated arts council england preeminent collections national international importance eight collections recognised local authority libraries nationwide.new library birmingham centenary square replacing central library opened september .
Birmingham	designed dutch architects mecanoo described kind public forum ... memorial shrine book literature.library faces cuts due reduced funding central government.there local libraries birmingham plus regular mobile library service.library service million visitors annually.due budget cuts four branch libraries risk closure whilst services may reduced elsewhere.emergency services law enforcement birmingham carried west midlands police whose headquarters lloyd house city centre.
Birmingham	.recorded offences per population – birminghams crime rate average england wales lower englands major core cities lower many smaller cities oxford cambridge brighton.fire rescue services birmingham provided west midlands fire service emergency medical care west midlands ambulance service.healthcare several major national health service hospitals birmingham.queen elizabeth hospital adjacent birmingham medical school edgbaston one largest teaching hospitals united kingdom beds.
Birmingham	major trauma centre offering services extended west midlands region houses largest singlefloor critical care unit world beds.hospital largest solid organ transplantation programme europe well largest renal transplant programme united kingdom national specialist centre liver heart lung transplantation well cancer studies.home royal centre defence medicine military personnel injured conflict zones.other general hospitals city include heartlands hospital bordesley green good hope hospital sutton coldfield city hospital winson green.also many specialist hospitals birmingham childrens hospital birmingham womens hospital birmingham dental hospital royal orthopaedic hospital.birmingham saw first ever use radiography operation uks first ever holeintheheart operation performed birmingham childrens hospital.water supply birmingham corporation water department set supply water birmingham responsibilities transferred severn trent water.
Birmingham	birminghams water supplied elan aqueduct opened water fed gravity frankley reservoir frankley bartley reservoir bartley green reservoirs elan valley wales.energy waste within birmingham tyseley energy waste plant large incineration plant built veolia burns tonnes household waste annually produces mwh electricity national grid along tonnes carbon dioxide.sport birmingham played important part history modern sport.football league – worlds first league football competition – founded birmingham resident aston villa director william mcgregor wrote fellow club directors proposing ten twelve prominent clubs england combine arrange homeandaway fixtures season.modern game tennis developed harry gem friend augurio perera pereras house edgbaston edgbaston archery lawn tennis society remaining oldest tennis club world.
Birmingham	birmingham district cricket league oldest cricket league world birmingham host first ever cricket world cup womens cricket world cup .birmingham first city named national city sport sports council.birmingham selected ahead london manchester bid summer olympics unsuccessful final selection process barcelona.today city home two countrys oldest professional football teams aston villa f.c.founded plays villa park birmingham city f.c.founded plays st andrews.
Birmingham	rivalry clubs fierce fixture two called second city derby.aston villa currently play premier league birmingham city currently play championship.west bromwich albion also draw support within birmingham area located hawthorns outside city boundaries sandwell.rival football team coventry city also played briefly st andrews two seasons due ongoing dispute landlords use coventry building society arena.warwickshire county cricket club play edgbaston cricket ground also hosts test cricket one day internationals largest cricket ground united kingdom lords.edgbaston scene highest ever score batsman firstclass cricket brian lara scored warwickshire .birmingham also home professional rugby union clubs birmingham moseley birmingham solihull.
Birmingham	city also semiprofessional rugby league club midlands hurricanes well amateur club birmingham bulldogs.city also home one oldest american football teams bafa national leagues birmingham bulls.two major championship golf courses lie citys outskirts.belfry near sutton coldfield headquarters professional golfers association hosted ryder cup times venue.forest arden hotel country club near birmingham airport also regular host tournaments pga european tour including british masters english open.the aegon classic alongside wimbledon eastbourne one three uk tennis tournaments wta tour.played annually edgbaston priory club announced plans multimillionpound redevelopment including new showcase centre court museum celebrating games birmingham origins.the alexander stadium perry barr headquarters uk athletics one two british venues host fixtures elite international iaaf diamond league.
Birmingham	also home birchfield harriers many international athletes among members.national indoor arena hosted european athletics indoor championships world indoor championships well hosting annual aviva indoor grand prix – british indoor athletics fixture qualify iaaf indoor permit meeting – wide variety sporting events.professional boxing hockey skateboarding stockcar racing greyhound racing speedway also take place within city.since birmingham hosted england open badminton championships arena birmingham.commonwealth games birmingham host commonwealth games.games expected take place july august .birmingham wealth existing sports venues arenas conference halls ideal hosting sport games.
Birmingham	alexander stadium host ceremonies athletics renovated capacity increased seats.commonwealth games birmingham expected generate £ million boost west midlands regional economy.official handover birmingham took place gold coast commonwealth games closing ceremony april .media birmingham several major local newspapers – daily birmingham mail weekly birmingham post sunday mercury owned reach plc.forward freesheet produced birmingham city council distributed homes city.
Birmingham	birmingham also hub various national ethnic media lifestyle magazines digital news platforms base two regional metro editions east west midlands.birmingham three mainstream digitalonly news publishers birmingham birmingham updates second city.birmingham long cinematic history electric station street oldest working cinema uk.birmingham location several british international film productions including felicias journey used locations birmingham used take high contrast changes city.the bbc two facilities city.mailbox city centre national headquarters bbc english regions headquarters bbc west midlands bbc birmingham network production centre.previously located pebble mill studios edgbaston.bbc drama village based selly oak production facility specialising television drama.centralatv studios birmingham location recording various programmes itv including tiswas crossroads complex closed central moved current gas street studios.
Birmingham	centrals output birmingham consists west east editions regional news programme itv news central.the city served numerous national regional radio stations well hyperlocal radio stations.include free radio birmingham greatest hits west midlands capital birmingham heart west midlands absolute radio smooth radio.city community radio scene stations including big city radio new style radio brum radio switch radio scratch radio raaj fm unity fm.the archers worlds longest running radio soap recorded birmingham bbc radio .bbc birmingham studios additionally produce shows bbc radio wm bbc asian network city.notable people international relations birmingham nine sister citiesbirmingham twinned zaporizhzhia ukraine late soviet union period.
University	noted ukrainian birmingham public records.see also honorary freedom city birmingham notes references bibliography external links birmingham city councilvisitbirmingham.com tourism websiteuniversities typically offer undergraduate postgraduate programs different schools faculties learning.the word university derived latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium roughly means community teachers scholars.the first universities created europe catholic church monks.university bologna università di bologna founded first university sense ofbeing high degreeawarding institute.having independence ecclesiastic schools although conducted clergy nonclergy.using word universitas coined foundation.issuing secular nonsecular degrees grammar rhetoric logic theology canon law notarial law.history definition original latin word universitas refers general number persons associated one body society company community guild corporation etc.time emergence urban town life medieval guilds specialized associations students teachers collective legal rights usually guaranteed charters issued princes prelates towns located came denominated general term.like guilds selfregulating determined qualifications members.in modern usage word come mean institution higher education offering tuition mainly nonvocational subjects typically power confer degrees earlier emphasis corporate organization considered applying historically medieval universities.the original latin word referred degreeawarding institutions learning western central europe form legal organisation prevalent institution spread around world.
University	academic freedom important idea definition university notion academic freedom.first documentary evidence comes early life university bologna adopted academic charter constitutio habita guaranteed right traveling scholar unhindered passage interests education.today claimed origin academic freedom.widely recognised internationally september university rectors signed magna charta universitatum marking th anniversary bolognas foundation.number universities signing magna charta universitatum continues grow drawing parts world.
University	antecedents scholars occasionally call university alqarawiyyin name given founded mosque fatima alfihri university although jacques verger writes done scholarly convenience.several scholars consider alqarawiyyin founded run madrasa world war ii.date transformation madrasa alqarawiyyin university modern reorganization .wake reforms alqarawiyyin officially renamed university al quaraouiyine two years later.some scholars argue alazhar university founded ad located cairo egypt oldest degreegranting university world second oldest university world.some scholars including george makdisi argued early medieval universities influenced madrasas alandalus emirate sicily middle east crusades.norman daniel however views argument overstated.
University	roy lowe yoshihito yasuhara recently drawn welldocumented influences scholarship islamic world universities western europe call reconsideration development higher education turning away concern local institutional structures broader consideration within global context.medieval europe modern university generally regarded formal institution origin medieval christian tradition.european higher education took place hundreds years cathedral schools monastic schools scholae monasticae monks nuns taught classes evidence immediate forerunners later university many places dates back th century.in europe young men proceeded university completed study trivium–the preparatory arts grammar rhetoric dialectic logic–and quadrivium arithmetic geometry music astronomy.the earliest universities developed aegis latin church papal bull studia generalia perhaps cathedral schools.possible however development cathedral schools universities quite rare university paris exception.later also founded kings university naples federico ii charles university prague jagiellonian university kraków municipal administrations university cologne university erfurt.early medieval period new universities founded preexisting schools usually schools deemed become primarily sites higher education.
University	many historians state universities cathedral schools continuation interest learning promoted residence religious community.pope gregory vii critical promoting regulating concept modern university papal decree ordered regulated establishment cathedral schools transformed first european universities.the first universities europe form corporateguild structure university bologna university paris c. later associated sorbonne university oxford .the university bologna began law school teaching ius gentium roman law peoples demand across europe defending right incipient nations empire church.bolognas special claim alma mater studiorum based autonomy awarding degrees structural arrangements making oldest continuously operating institution independent kings emperors kind direct religious authority.the conventional date according records irnerius commences teaching emperor justinians thcentury codification roman law corpus iuris civilis recently discovered pisa.lay students arrived city many lands entering contract gain knowledge organising nationes divided cismontanes ultramontanes.students power … dominated masters.all europe rulers city governments began create universities satisfy european thirst knowledge belief society would benefit scholarly expertise generated institutions.
University	princes leaders city governments perceived potential benefits scholarly expertise develop ability address difficult problems achieve desired ends.emergence humanism essential understanding possible utility universities well revival interest knowledge gained ancient greek texts.the recovery aristotles works–more pages would eventually translated–fuelled spirit inquiry natural processes already begun emerge th century.scholars believe works represented one important document discoveries western intellectual history.richard dales instance calls discovery aristotles works turning point history western thought.aristotle reemerged community scholars primarily communicating latin accelerated process practice attempting reconcile thoughts greek antiquity especially ideas related understanding natural world church.
University	efforts scholasticism focused applying aristotelian logic thoughts natural processes biblical passages attempting prove viability passages reason.became primary mission lecturers expectation students.the university culture developed differently northern europe south although northern primarily germany france great britain southern universities primarily italy many elements common.latin language university used texts lectures disputations examinations.professors lectured books aristotle logic natural philosophy metaphysics hippocrates galen avicenna used medicine.outside commonalities great differences separated north south primarily subject matter.
University	italian universities focused law medicine northern universities focused arts theology.distinct differences quality instruction areas congruent focus scholars would travel north south based interests means.also difference types degrees awarded universities.english french german universities usually awarded bachelors degrees exception degrees theology doctorate common.italian universities awarded primarily doctorates.
University	distinction attributed intent degree holder graduation – north focus tended acquiring teaching positions south students often went professional positions.structure northern universities tended modeled system faculty governance developed university paris.southern universities tended patterned studentcontrolled model begun university bologna.among southern universities distinction noted northern italy followed pattern bologna selfregulating independent corporation scholars southern italy iberia founded royal imperial charter serve needs government.early modern universities early modern period approximately late th century universities europe would see tremendous amount growth productivity innovative research.
University	end middle ages years first european university founded twentynine universities spread throughout europe.th century twentyeight new ones created another eighteen added .pace continued end th century approximately universities europe highest concentrations german empire italian countries france spain – close increase number universities toward end middle ages.number include numerous universities disappeared institutions merged universities time.identification university necessarily obvious early modern period term applied burgeoning number institutions.
University	fact term university always used designate higher education institution.mediterranean countries term studium generale still often used academy common northern european countries.the propagation universities necessarily steady progression th century rife events adversely affected university expansion.many wars especially thirty years war disrupted university landscape throughout europe different times.war plague famine regicide changes religious power structure often adversely affected societies provided support universities.internal strife within universities student brawling absentee professors acted destabilize institutions well.
University	universities also reluctant give older curricula continued reliance works aristotle defied contemporary advancements science arts.era also affected rise nationstate.universities increasingly came state control formed auspices state faculty governance model begun university paris became prominent.although older studentcontrolled universities still existed slowly started move toward structural organization.control universities still tended independent although university leadership increasingly appointed state.although structural model provided university paris student members controlled faculty masters provided standard universities application model took least three different forms.
University	universities system faculties whose teaching addressed specific curriculum model tended train specialists.collegiate tutorial model based system university oxford teaching organization decentralized knowledge generalist nature.also universities combined models using collegiate model centralized organization.early modern universities initially continued curriculum research middle ages natural philosophy logic medicine theology mathematics astronomy astrology law grammar rhetoric.aristotle prevalent throughout curriculum medicine also depended galen arabic scholarship.importance humanism changing stateofaffairs cannot underestimated.
University	humanist professors joined university faculty began transform study grammar rhetoric studia humanitatis.humanist professors focused ability students write speak distinction translate interpret classical texts live honorable lives.scholars within university affected humanist approaches learning linguistic expertise relation ancient texts well ideology advocated ultimate importance texts.professors medicine niccolò leoniceno thomas linacre william cop often trained taught humanist perspective well translated important ancient medical texts.critical mindset imparted humanism imperative changes universities scholarship.
University	instance andreas vesalius educated humanist fashion producing translation galen whose ideas verified dissections.law andreas alciatus infused corpus juris humanist perspective jacques cujas humanist writings paramount reputation jurist.philipp melanchthon cited works erasmus highly influential guide connecting theology back original texts important reform protestant universities.galileo galilei taught universities pisa padua martin luther taught university wittenberg melanchthon also humanist training.task humanists slowly permeate university increase humanist presence professorships chairs syllabi textbooks published works would demonstrate humanistic ideal science scholarship.although initial focus humanist scholars university discovery exposition insertion ancient texts languages university ideas texts society generally influence ultimately quite progressive.
University	emergence classical texts brought new ideas led creative university climate notable list scholars attests to.focus knowledge coming self human direct implication new forms scholarship instruction foundation commonly known humanities.disposition toward knowledge manifested simply translation propagation ancient texts also adaptation expansion.instance vesalius imperative advocating use galen also invigorated text experimentation disagreements research.propagation texts especially within universities greatly aided emergence printing press beginning use vernacular allowed printing relatively large texts reasonable prices.examining influence humanism scholars medicine mathematics astronomy physics may suggest humanism universities strong impetus scientific revolution.
University	although connection humanism scientific discovery may well begun within confines university connection commonly perceived severed changing nature science scientific revolution.historians richard s. westfall argued overt traditionalism universities inhibited attempts reconceptualize nature knowledge caused indelible tension universities scientists.resistance changes science may significant factor driving many scientists away university toward private benefactors usually princely courts associations newly forming scientific societies.other historians find incongruity proposition place vast number scholars influenced scientific revolution received education also place inhibits research advancement science.fact european scientists included dictionary scientific biography university trained approximately held university posts.case academic foundations remaining middle ages stable provide environment fostered considerable growth development.
University	considerable reluctance part universities relinquish symmetry comprehensiveness provided aristotelian system effective coherent system understanding interpreting world.however university professors still utilized autonomy least sciences choose epistemological foundations methods.instance melanchthon disciples university wittenberg instrumental integrating copernican mathematical constructs astronomical debate instruction.another example shortlived fairly rapid adoption cartesian epistemology methodology european universities debates surrounding adoption led mechanistic approaches scientific problems well demonstrated openness change.many examples belie commonly perceived intransigence universities.
University	although universities may slow accept new sciences methodologies emerged accept new ideas helped convey legitimacy respectability supported scientific changes providing stable environment instruction material resources.regardless way tension universities individual scientists scientific revolution perceived discernible impact way university education constructed.aristotelian epistemology provided coherent framework simply knowledge knowledge construction also training scholars within higher education setting.creation new scientific constructs scientific revolution epistemological challenges inherent within creation initiated idea autonomy science hierarchy disciplines.instead entering higher education become general scholar immersed becoming proficient entire curriculum emerged type scholar put science first viewed vocation itself.divergence focused science still entrenched idea general scholar exacerbated epistemological tensions already beginning emerge.the epistemological tensions scientists universities also heightened economic realities research time individual scientists associations universities vying limited resources.
University	also competition formation new colleges funded private benefactors designed provide free education public established local governments provide knowledgehungry populace alternative traditional universities.even universities supported new scientific endeavors university provided foundational training authority research conclusions could compete resources available private benefactors.by end early modern period structure orientation higher education changed ways eminently recognizable modern context.aristotle longer force providing epistemological methodological focus universities mechanistic orientation emerging.hierarchical place theological knowledge part displaced humanities become fixture new openness beginning take hold construction dissemination knowledge become imperative formation modern state.modern universities th century universities published research journals th century german french university models arisen.
University	german humboldtian model conceived wilhelm von humboldt based friedrich schleiermachers liberal ideas pertaining importance freedom seminars laboratories universities.french university model involved strict discipline control every aspect university.until th century religion played significant role university curriculum however role religion research universities decreased century.end th century german university model spread around world.universities concentrated science th th centuries became increasingly accessible masses.united states johns hopkins university first adopt german research university model pioneered adoption model american universities.
University	johns hopkins founded nearly entire faculty studied germany.britain move industrial revolution modernity saw arrival new civic universities emphasis science engineering movement initiated sir keith murray chairman university grants committee sir samuel curran formation university strathclyde.british also established universities worldwide higher education became available masses europe.in robbins report universities united kingdom concluded institutions four main objectives essential properly balanced system instruction skills promotion general powers mind produce mere specialists rather cultivated men women maintain research balance teaching since teaching separated advancement learning search truth transmit common culture common standards citizenship.in early st century concerns raised increasing managerialisation standardisation universities worldwide.neoliberal management models sense critiqued creating corporate universities power transferred faculty managers economic justifications dominate familiar bottom line eclipses pedagogical intellectual concerns.academics understanding time pedagogical pleasure vocation collegiality cited possible ways alleviating problems.
University	national universities national university generally university created run national state time represents state autonomic institution functions completely independent body inside state.national universities closely associated national cultural religious political aspirations instance national university ireland formed partly catholic university ireland created almost immediately specifically answer nondenominational universities set ireland .years leading easter rising small part result gaelic romantic revivalists nui collected large amount information irish language irish culture.reforms argentina result university revolution posterior reforms incorporating values sought equal laic higher education system.intergovernmental universities universities created bilateral multilateral treaties states intergovernmental.
University	example academy european law offers training european law lawyers judges barristers solicitors inhouse counsel academics.euclid pôle universitaire euclide euclid university chartered university umbrella organization dedicated sustainable development signatory countries united nations university engages efforts resolve pressing global problems concern united nations peoples member states.european university institute postgraduate university specialized social sciences officially intergovernmental organization set member states european union.organization although institution organized differently nearly universities board trustees president chancellor rector least one vice president vicechancellor vicerector deans various divisions.universities generally divided number academic departments schools faculties.
University	public university systems ruled governmentrun higher education boards.review financial requests budget proposals allocate funds university system.also approve new programs instruction cancel make changes existing programs.addition plan coordinated growth development various institutions higher education state country.however many public universities world considerable degree financial research pedagogical autonomy.
University	private universities privately funded generally broader independence state policies.however may less independence business corporations depending source finances.around world funding organization universities varies widely different countries around world.countries universities predominantly funded state others funding may come donors fees students attending university must pay.countries vast majority students attend university local town countries universities attract students world may provide university accommodation students.
University	classification definition university varies widely even within countries.clarification usually set government agency.examplein australia tertiary education quality standards agency teqsa australias independent national regulator higher education sector.students rights within university also protected education services overseas students act esos.in united states nationally standardized definition term university although term traditionally used designate research institutions reserved doctorategranting research institutions.states massachusetts grant school university status grants least two doctoral degrees.in united kingdom privy council responsible approving use word university name institution terms higher education act .in india new designation deemed universities created institutions higher education universities work high standard specific area study institution higher education universities working high standard specific area study declared central government advice university grants commission institution deemedtobeuniversity.
University	institutions deemedtobeuniversity enjoy academic status privileges university.provision many schools commercial nature established exploit demand higher education sprung up.in canada college generally refers twoyear nondegreegranting institution university connotes fouryear degreegranting institution.universities may subclassified macleans rankings large research universities many phdgranting programs medical schools example mcgill university comprehensive universities phds geared toward research waterloo smaller primarily undergraduate universities st. francis xavier.in germany universities institutions higher education power confer bachelor master phd degrees.explicitly recognised law cannot founded without government approval.term universität i.e.
University	german term university protected law use without official approval criminal offense.public institutions though private universities exist.universities always research universities.apart universities germany institutions higher education hochschule fachhochschule.fachhochschule means higher education institution similar former polytechnics british education system english term used german institutions usually university applied sciences.
University	confer masters degrees phds.similar model teaching universities less research research undertaken highly practical.hochschule refer various kinds institutions often specialised certain field e.g.music fine arts business.might might power award phd degrees depending respective government legislation.
University	award phd degrees rank considered equivalent universities proper universität rank equivalent universities applied sciences.colloquial usage colloquially term university may used describe phase ones life university... united states ireland college often used instead college.... ireland australia new zealand canada united kingdom nigeria netherlands italy spain germanspeaking countries university often contracted uni.ghana new zealand bangladesh south africa sometimes called varsity although become uncommon new zealand recent years.varsity also common usage uk th century.cost many countries students required pay tuition fees.many students look get student grants cover cost university.
University	average outstanding student loan balance per borrower united states us.many u.s. states costs anticipated rise students result decreased state funding given public universities.many universities united states offer students opportunity apply financial scholarships help pay tuition based academic achievement.there several major exceptions tuition fees.many european countries possible study without tuition fees.public universities nordic countries entirely without tuition fees around .
University	denmark sweden finland moved put place tuition fees foreign students.citizens eu eea member states citizens switzerland remain exempted tuition fees amounts public grants granted promising foreign students increased offset impact.situation germany similar public universities usually charge tuition fees apart small administrative fee.degrees postgraduate professional level sometimes tuition fees levied.private universities however almost always charge tuition fees.
University	see also references reading aronowitz stanley .knowledge factory dismantling corporate university creating true higher learning.boston beacon press.isbn .barrow clyde w. .universities capitalist state corporate liberalism reconstruction american higher education .
University	madison wis university wisconsin press.isbn .diamond sigmund .compromised campus collaboration universities intelligence community .new york ny oxford univ.press.
University	isbn .pedersen olaf .first universities studium generale origins university education europe.cambridge cambridge univ.press.isbn .riddersymoens hilde de ed.
University	.history university europe.vol.universities middle ages.rüegg walter general ed.. cambridge cambridge university press.
University	isbn .riddersymoens hilde de ed..history university europe.vol.universities early modern europe .
University	rüegg walter general ed.. cambridge cambridge university press.isbn .rüegg walter ed..history university europe.vol.
University	universities nineteenth early twentieth centuries .cambridge cambridge university press.isbn .segre michael .higher education growth knowledge historical outline aims tensions.new york routledge.
Roman emperor	isbn .external links universities .encyclopædia britannica th ed.. .university curlieemperors used variety different titles throughout history.often given roman described becoming emperor english reflects taking title augustus later basileus.another title often used caesar used heirsapparent imperator originally military honorific.early emperors also used title princeps civitatis first citizen.emperors frequently amassed republican titles notably princeps senatus consul pontifex maximus.the legitimacy emperors rule depended control army recognition senate emperor would normally proclaimed troops invested imperial titles senate both.
Roman emperor	first emperors reigned alone later emperors would sometimes rule coemperors divide administration empire them.the romans considered office emperor distinct king.first emperor augustus resolutely refused recognition monarch.first three hundred years roman emperors augustus diocletian efforts made portray emperors leaders republic fearing association kings rome prior republic.from diocletian whose tetrarchic reforms also divided position one emperor west one east end empire emperors ruled openly monarchic style preserve nominal principle republic contrast kings maintained although imperial succession generally hereditary hereditary suitable candidate acceptable army bureaucracy principle automatic inheritance adopted.elements republican institutional framework senate consuls magistrates preserved even end western empire.the reign constantine great witnessed removal caput mundi rome constantinople formerly known byzantium ad.western roman empire collapsed late th century multiple invasions imperial territory germanic barbarian tribes.
Roman emperor	romulus augustulus often considered last emperor west forced abdication although julius nepos maintained claim recognized eastern empire title death .following nepos death eastern emperor zeno abolished division position proclaimed sole emperor reunited roman empire.subsequent eastern emperors ruling constantinople continued style emperor romans later βασιλεύς ῥωμαίων greek often referred modern scholarship byzantine emperors.constantine xi palaiologos last roman emperor constantinople dying fall constantinople ottoman empire .byzantine emperors heraclius onwards adopted monarchic title basileus βασιλεύς became title reserved solely roman emperor ruler sasanian empire.
Roman emperor	rulers referred rēgas.in addition pontifical office emperors given divine status death.eventual hegemony christianity emperor came seen gods chosen ruler well special protector leader christian church earth although practice emperors authority church matters subject challenge.due cultural rupture turkish conquest western historians treat constantine xi last meaningful claimant title roman emperor.one titles used ottoman sultans caesar rome turkish kayseri rum part titles ottoman empire ended .byzantine group claimant roman emperors existed empire trebizond conquest ottomans though used modified title since .eastern emperors constantinople recognized accepted roman emperors east ruled papacy germanic kingdoms west deposition constantine vi accession irene athens empress regnant .objecting woman ruling roman empire right issues eastern clergy papacy would create rival lineage roman emperors western europe holy roman emperors ruled holy roman empire period .
Roman emperor	emperors never recognized roman emperors court constantinople coronations resulted medieval problem two emperors.background beginning modern historians conventionally regard augustus first emperor whereas julius caesar considered last dictator roman republic view origins roman writers plutarch tacitus cassius dio.however majority roman writers including josephus pliny younger suetonius appian well ordinary people empire thought julius caesar first emperor.at end roman republic new certainly single title indicated individual held supreme power.insofar emperor could seen english translation imperator julius caesar emperor like several roman generals him.instead end civil wars julius caesar led armies became clear certainly consensus return oldstyle monarchy period several officials bestowed equal power senate would fight one another come end.julius caesar augustus accumulated offices titles highest importance republic making power attached offices permanent preventing anyone similar aspirations accumulating maintaining power themselves.
Roman emperor	however julius caesar unlike without senates vote approval.julius caesar held republican offices consul four times dictator five times appointed dictator perpetuity dictator perpetuo bc pontifex maximus long period.gained positions senatorial consent prior assassination powerful man roman world.in caesar appointed adopted son octavian heir.caesars death octavian inherited adoptive fathers property lineage loyalty allies – formal process senatorial consent – increasing number titles offices accrued caesar.decade caesars death octavians victory erstwhile ally mark antony actium put end effective opposition confirmed octavians supremacy.in bc octavian appeared senate offered retire active politics government senate requested remain increased powers made lifelong awarding title augustus elevated divine one somewhat less god approaching divinity.augustus stayed office death sheer breadth superior powers princeps permanent imperator romes armies guaranteed peaceful continuation nominally remained republic.
Roman emperor	restoration powers senate people rome demonstration auctoritas pious respect tradition.some later historians tacitus would say even augustus death true restoration republic might possible.instead augustus actively prepared adopted son tiberius successor pleaded case senate inheritance merit.senate disputed issue eventually confirmed tiberius princeps.power tiberius took considerable pains observe forms daytoday substance republican government.classical period rome single constitutional office title rank exactly equivalent english title roman emperor.
Roman emperor	romans imperial era used several titles denote emperors associated preimperial republican era.the legal authority emperor derived extraordinary concentration individual powers offices extant republic rather new political office emperors regularly elected offices consul censor.among permanent privileges traditional republican title princeps senatus leader senate religious office pontifex maximus chief priest college pontiffs.every emperor held latter office title gratian surrendered ad pope siricius eventually became auxiliary honor bishop rome.these titles offices conferred great personal prestige dignitas basis emperors powers derived auctoritas assumed greater powers command imperium maius tribunician power tribunicia potestas personal qualities separate public office.result formally outranked provincial governors ordinary magistrates.right enact revoke sentences capital punishment owed obedience private citizens privati terms ius auxiliandi could save plebeian patrician magistrates decision.
Roman emperor	could veto act proposal magistrate including tribunes people ius intercedendi ius intercessionis.person held sacred.roman magistrates official business expected wear form toga associated office different togas worn different ranks senior magistrates right togas bordered purple.triumphal imperator republic right wear toga picta solid purple richly embroidered duration triumphal rite.late republic powerful right extended.pompey caesar thought worn triumphal toga triumphal dress public functions.
Roman emperor	later emperors distinguished wearing togae purpurae purple togas hence phrase purple assumption imperial dignity.the titles customarily associated imperial dignity imperator commander emphasizes emperors military supremacy source english word emperor caesar originally name came used designated heir nobilissimus caesar noble caesar retained upon accession.ruling emperors title descriptive augustus majestic venerable tinges divine adopted upon accession.greek three titles rendered autokratōr αὐτοκράτωρ kaisar καίσαρ augoustos αὔγουστος sebastos σεβαστός respectively.diocletians tetrarchy traditional seniorities maintained augustus reserved two senior emperors caesar two junior emperors – delegated share power responsibility emperorinwaiting anything befall senior.as princeps senatus lit.first man senate emperor could receive foreign embassies rome emperors tiberius known delegated task senate.
Roman emperor	modern terms early emperors would tend identified chiefs state.office princeps senatus however magistracy entail imperium.points empires history emperors power nominal powerful praetorian prefects masters soldiers occasions members imperial household including imperial mothers grandmothers true source power.imperator title imperator dates back roman republic victorious commander could hailed imperator field troops.senate could award withhold extraordinary honour triumph triumphal commander retained title end magistracy.
Roman emperor	roman tradition first triumph romulus first attested recipient title imperator triumphal context aemilius paulus bc.title held great pride pompey hailed imperator sulla julius caesar first used permanently – according dio singular excessive form flattery granted senate passed caesars adopted heir along name virtually synonymous it.in bc agrippa refused triumph victories octavians command precedent established rule princeps assume salutation title imperator.seems octavian later first emperor augustus used imperator first name praenomen imperator caesar caesar imperator.title came denote supreme power commonly used sense.otho first imitate augustus vespasian imperator emperor become official title ruler roman empire known.
Roman emperor	princeps word princeps plural principes meaning first republican term used denote leading citizens state.purely honorific title attached duties powers.title preferred augustus use implies primacy opposed another titles imperator implies dominance.princeps republican connotation commonly used refer emperor latin although emperors actual constitutional position essentially pontifex maximus tribunician power imperium superseding others keeping façade restored republic greek word basileus king modified synonymous emperor primarily came favour reign heraclius greeks republican sensibility openly viewed emperor monarch.in era diocletian beyond princeps fell disuse replaced dominus lord later emperors used formula imperator caesar nn.pius felix invictus augustus nn representing individuals personal name pius felix meaning pious blest invictus meaning undefeated.
Roman emperor	use princeps dominus broadly symbolise differences empires government giving rise era designations principate dominate.evolution late antiquity following crisis third century severely damaged imperial administration emperor diocletian enacted sweeping reforms washed away many vestiges façades republicanism characterized augustan order favor frank autocracy.result historians distinguish augustan period principate period diocletian thcentury reforms emperor heraclius dominate latin lord.reaching back oldest traditions jobsharing republic however diocletian established top new structure tetrarchy rule four attempt provide smoother succession greater continuity government.tetrarchy diocletian set place system coemperors styled augustus junior emperors styled caesar.coemperor retired diocletian coemperor maximian died junior caesar would succeed coemperors would appoint new caesars needed.the four members imperial college historians call arrangement shared military administrative challenges assigned specific geographic areas empire.
Roman emperor	innovation often consistently repeated next years comes notion east–west partition empire became popular historians long practice stopped.two halves empire often run de facto separate entities daytoday always considered seen legally politically separate administrative divisions single insoluble imperium romans time.when emperor theodosius died sons arcadius honorius already proclaimed augusti succeeded him.eightyfive years later following germanic migrations reduced empires effective control across brittania gaul hispania series military coup détat drove emperor nepos italy idea dividing position emperor formally abolished emperor zeno .the roman empire survived east marginalization former heartland italy empire profound cultural impact empire position emperor.greekspeaking inhabitants romaioi ῥωμαῖοι still considered romans populations eastern europe near east india china.many western europe began refer political entity greek empire.
Roman emperor	evolution church nolonger imperial city rome church supreme constantinople began follow divergent paths culminating schism roman catholic eastern orthodox faiths.position emperor increasingly influenced near eastern concepts kingship.starting emperor heraclius roman emperors styled king kings imperial persian shahanshah basileus title used alexander great .later period empire today called byzantine empire matter scholarly convention.titles positions although common offices titles positions roman emperors used used time history.
Roman emperor	consular censorial offices especially integral part imperial dignity usually held persons reigning emperor.augustus also αὔγουστος σεβαστός majestic venerable honorific cognomen exclusive emperorautokrator αὐτοκράτωρ autokratōr lit.selfruler greek title equivalent imperator commanderinchiefbasileus βασιλεύς greek monarch often translated king popularly used east refer emperor formal title roman emperor beginning heracliuscaesar also καίσαρ initially cognomen julius caesar transformed title honorific name later used identify emperordesignatecensor republican office held jointly two former consuls every five years purpose conducting lustrum determined role citizens censor could audit magistrates state financesconsul highest magistracy roman republic oneyear term one coequal officeholder consul head state within rome.last emperor bestowed title senate constans ii also last emperor visit rome.dominus lord master honorific title mainly associated dominatedominus noster lord honorific title praenomen later emperors.imperator commander commanderinchief victory title taken accession purple major military victoryimperator destinatus destined emperor heir apparent used septimius severus caracallainvictus unconquered honorific title.nobilissimus nωβελίσσιμος nōbelissimos noble one highest imperial titles held emperorpater patriae father fatherland honorific titleperpetuus universal honorific title later emperorspius felix pious blessed honorific titlepontifex maximus supreme pontiff chief priest republican era pontifex maximus head college pontiffs religious body oversaw ancestral public religion romans julius caesar become pontifex maximus elected consul precedent set heir augustus consolidating supreme authority religious office general followed successors empire came christian ruleprinceps first citizen leading citizen honorific title denoting status emperor first among equals associated mainly principateprinceps iuventutis prince youth honorific title awarded presumptive emperordesignateprinceps senatus first man senate republican office fiveyear termsebastos σεβαστός venerable greek rendition imperial title augustussebastokrator σεβαστοκράτωρ sebastokratōr venerable ruler senior court title compound words sebastos venerable greek equivalent latin augustus kratōr ruler element found autokratōr emperortribunicia potestas tribunician power powers tribune people including sacrosanctity inviolability person veto decision magistrate assembly senate emperor could tribune tribune plebeian definition therefore emperor powers tribune without actually one powers augustus established princeps turned supreme authority exchange collection various powers offices demonstration auctoritas authority.holding princeps senatus emperor declared opening closure senate session declared senates agenda imposed rules regulation senate follow met foreign ambassadors name senate.pontifex maximus made emperor chief administrator religious affairs granting power conduct religious ceremonies consecrate temples control roman calendar adding removing days needed appoint vestal virgins flamens lead collegium pontificum summarize dogma roman religion.while powers granted emperor great deal personal pride influence include legal authority.
Roman emperor	bc augustus gave emperorship legal power.first tribunicia potestas powers tribune plebs without actually holding office would impossible since tribune definition plebeian whereas augustus although born plebeian family become patrician adopted gens julia.endowed emperor inviolability sacrosanctity person ability pardon civilian act criminal otherwise.holding powers tribune emperor could prosecute anyone interfered performance duties.emperors tribuneship granted right convene senate lay proposals well ability veto act proposal magistrate including actual tribune plebeians.
Roman emperor	also holder tribunes power emperor would convoke council people lay legislation served councils president.tribuneship granted power within rome itself.would need another power veto act governors consuls provinces.to solve problem augustus managed emperor given right hold two types imperium.first consular imperium rome imperium maius outside rome.inside walls rome reigning consuls emperor held equal authority able veto others proposals acts emperor holding consuls powers.
Roman emperor	outside rome emperor outranked consuls could veto without effects himself.imperium maius also granted emperor authority provincial governors making ultimate authority provincial matters gave supreme command romes legions.imperium maius emperor also granted power appoint governors imperial provinces without interference senate.also imperium maius granted emperor right veto governors provinces even reigning consuls provinces.normally powers vested augustus would split several people would exercise assistance colleague specific period time.augustus held time limits even nominally time limits automatically renewed whenever lapsed.
Roman emperor	lineages epochs principate nature imperial office principate established julius caesars heir posthumously adopted son augustus heirs descendants wife livia first marriage scion distinguished claudian clan.julioclaudian dynasty came end emperor nero – greatgreatgrandson augustus daughter livia son – deposed .nero followed succession usurpers throughout commonly called year four emperors.last vespasian established flavian dynasty.nerva replaced last flavian emperor vespasians son domitian elderly childless chose therefore adopt heir trajan outside family.trajan acceded purple chose follow predecessors example adopting hadrian heir practice became customary manner imperial succession next century producing five good emperors empires period greatest stability.the last good emperors marcus aurelius chose natural son commodus successor rather adopting heir.
Roman emperor	brief period instability quickly gave way septimius severus established severan dynasty except interruption – macrinus emperor held purple .crisis third century accession maximinus thrax marks close opening era.one last attempts increasingly impotent roman senate influence succession.yet second time man achieved purple owing advancement purely military career vespasian septimius severus come noble middleclass families thrax born commoner.never visited city rome reign marks beginning series barracks emperors came army.
Roman emperor	dozen emperors achieved purple valerian carus managed secure sons succession throne dynasties died within two generations.dominate accession november diocletian lowerclass greekspeaking dalmatian commander carus numerians household cavalry protectores domestici marked major innovations romes government constitutional theory.diocletian traditionalist religious conservative attempted secure efficient stable government peaceful succession establishment tetrarchy.empire divided east west ruled augustus assisted caesar emperorinwaiting.divisions subdivided new reformed provinces administered complex hierarchic bureaucracy unprecedented size scope.
Roman emperor	diocletians court based nicomedia.coaugustus maximian based mediolanum modern milan.courts peripatetic imperial progressions provinces made much use impressive theatrical adventus imperial arrival ceremony employed elaborate choreography etiquette emphasise emperors elevation mortals.hyperinflation imperial honours titles served distinguish augusti caesares diocletian senior augustus colleague maximian.senior augustus particular made separate unique accessible closest him.
Roman emperor	overall unity empire still required highest investiture power status one man.the tetrarchy ultimately degenerated civil war eventual victor constantine great restored diocletians division empire east west.kept east founded city constantinople new capital.constantines dynasty also soon swallowed civil war court intrigue replaced briefly julian apostates general jovian permanently valentinian dynasty founded .though soldier low middleclass background valentinian made emperor conclave senior generals civil officials.theodosius acceded purple east west .outlawed paganism made christianity empires official religion.
Roman emperor	last emperor rule united roman empire distribution east son arcadius west son honorius death represented permanent division.decline western roman empire western roman empire office emperor soon degenerated little puppet succession germanic tribal kings finally heruli odoacer simply overthrew childemperor romulus augustulus shipped imperial regalia emperor zeno constantinople became king italy.though lifetime odoacer maintained legal fiction actually ruling italy viceroy zeno historians mark traditional date fall western roman empire.large parts italy sicily south part peninsula ravenna venice etc.however remained actual imperial rule constantinople centuries imperial control slipping becoming nominal late th century.east empire continued fall constantinople ottoman turks .
Roman emperor	although known byzantine empire contemporary historians empire simply known roman empire citizens neighboring countries.postclassical assertions title survival roman empire east line roman emperors eastern roman empire continued unbroken constantinople capture constantinople fourth crusade.wake action four lines emperors emerged claiming legal successor empire thessalonica evolving despotate epirus reduced impotence founder theodore komnenos doukas defeated captured blinded bulgarian emperor ivan asen iii latin empire came end empire nicaea recovered constantinople empire trebizond whose importance declined th century whose claims simply ignored empire nicaea whose claims based kinship previous emperors control patriarch constantinople possession constantinople military prowess prevailed.successors emperors nicaea continued fall constantinople constantine xi palaiologos.these emperors eventually normalized imperial dignity modern conception emperor incorporated constitutions state adopted aforementioned title basileus kai autokratōr rhomaiōn emperor autocrat romans.also ceased use latin language state emperor heraclius d. ad.
Roman emperor	historians customarily treated state later eastern emperors name byzantine empire.important note however adjective byzantine although historically used eastern roman authors metonymic sense never official term.last roman emperor constantine xi palaiologos last reigning roman emperor.member palaiologos dynasty ruled remnant eastern roman empire death defending capital constantinople.he born mystra eighth ten children manuel ii palaiologos helena dragaš daughter serbian prince constantine dragaš kumanovo.spent childhood constantinople supervision parents.
Roman emperor	absence older brother italy constantine regent constantinople .before beginning siege mehmed conqueror made offer constantine xi.exchange surrender constantinople emperors life would spared would continue rule mystra.constantine refused offer.instead led defense city took active part fighting along land walls.time used diplomatic skills maintain necessary unity genovese venetian byzantine troops.
Roman emperor	city fell may constantine said remarked city fallen alive.realizing end come reportedly discarded purple cloak led remaining soldiers final charge killed.death roman imperial succession came end almost years augustus.holy roman empire concept roman empire renewed west coronation king franks charlemagne charles great roman emperor pope christmas day .coronation roots decline influence pope affairs byzantine empire time byzantine empire declined influence politics west.
Roman emperor	pope saw advantage derived working byzantine empire george ostrogorsky points alliance famous conqueror lombards hand ... promised much.the immediate response eastern roman emperor welcoming.time axiomatic could one empire could one church writes ostrogorsky.coronation charles great violated traditional ideas struck hard blow byzantine interests hitherto byzantium new rome unquestionably regarded sole empire taken inheritance old roman imperium.conscious imperial rights byzantium could consider elevation charles great act usurpation.nikephoros chose ignore charlemagnes claim imperial title clearly recognizing implications act.according ostrogorsky even went far refuse patriarch nicephorus permission dispatch customary synodica pope.
Roman emperor	meanwhile charlemagnes power steadily increased subdued istria several dalmatian cities reign irene son pepin brought venice western hegemony despite successful counterattack byzantine fleet.unable counter encroachment byzantine territory nikephoros successor michael rangabe capitulated return restoration captured territories michael sent byzantine delegates aachen recognized charlemagne basileus.michael recognize basileus romans however title reserved himself.this line roman emperors actually generally germanic rather roman.emperors used variety titles frequently imperator augustus finally settling imperator romanus electus elected roman emperor.historians customarily assign title holy roman emperor basis actual historical usage treat holy roman empire separate institution.
Roman emperor	latin catholics time pope temporal authority well spiritual authority bishop rome recognized power anoint crown new roman emperor.last man crowned pope although bologna rome charles v. successors bore title elected roman emperor.this line emperors lasted francis ii dissolved empire napoleonic wars.despite existence later potentates styling emperor napoleons habsburg emperors austria hohenzollern heads german reich marked end holy roman empire.see also imperial cult ancient romeinterregnumjustitiumroman emperors family treejulioclaudian family treeseveran dynasty family treeroman usurper lists list roman emperorslist byzantine emperorslist roman usurperslist condemned roman emperorslist imperial roman victory titles references citations sources reading scarre chris.chronicle roman emperors reignbyreign record rulers imperial rome.
Blue Beetle	london thames hudson october .isbn hardcover.external links de imperatoribus romanisrulers romedecadence rome romania emperors werent kelley l. ross ph.d.unrv.comthe roman law librarylist greatest roman emperorsemperors romerecent companies rights blue beetle dc comics bought rights character using name three distinct characters years.the original blue beetle created fox comics later owned charlton comics.first beetle dan garret later spelled dan garrett initially gained super powers special vitamin later changed gaining powers sacred scarab.original blue beetle featured comic also weekly radio serial.the second blue beetle created charlton later taken dc comics successor dan garrett known ted kord.kord jumped dc comics universe crisis infinite earths alongside number charlton comics characters.second blue beetle later starred issue comic.
Blue Beetle	kord never super powers used science create various devices help fight crime.became member justice league america later killed dc comics infinite crisis cross over.the third blue beetle created dc comics jaime reyes teenager discovered original blue beetle scarab morphed battle suit allowing fight crime travel space.years reyes became member teen titans starred two blue beetle comic series.dc comics new reboot jaime reyes primary blue beetle character occasionally referring past versions.subsequent continuity revision dc rebirth previous versions restored.
Blue Beetle	publication history original blue beetle dan garret first appeared fox comics mystery men comics coverdated august art charles nicholas wojtkoski charles nicholas though grand comics database tentatively credits eisner scripter.rookie police officer wore special bulletproof costume took vitamin x endowed superenergy assisted neighborhood pharmacist fight crime.blue beetle starred comic book series comic strip radio serial like golden age superheroes fell obscurity s. comic book series saw number anomalies publication issues published holyoke publishing issue published publication frequency varied throughout run gaps issues published large ones occurring early mid early .in mids fox comics went business sold printing plates stories featuring blue beetle charlton comics.company published sporadic adventures golden age character revamping hero .charlton tried three times use character carry selftitled series.
Blue Beetle	two attempts retained numbering previous title.also eventually replaced new titles carried numbering.the new series shortlived pages captain atom coverdated november charlton introduced ted kord student dan garretts note changed spelling took role garrett died.kord inventor hero using variety gadgets.beetle received series entire charlton action heroes line comic books ceased publication .rest charlton lineup sold dc comics appeared several incarnations justice league.in dc introduced new blue beetle teenager jaime reyes whose powers derived scarab revealed piece advanced alien technology.
Blue Beetle	series initially written keith giffen john rogers artist cully hamner.giffen left issue rogers took full writing duties joined new artist rafael albuquerque.rogers left title issue order concentrate television series leverage.three fillin issues matt sturges became main writer issue series cancelled issue .editor dan didio put cancellation poor sales said blue beetle book started high expectations lost audience along way.

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