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Mammal | example earliest known bat dates million years ago million years extinction nonavian dinosaurs.molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested placental orders diverged million years ago modern families appeared period late eocene miocene.however placental fossils found end cretaceous.earliest undisputed fossils placentals comes early paleocene extinction nonavian dinosaurs.particular scientists identified early paleocene animal named protungulatum donnae one first placental mammals.however reclassified nonplacental eutherian. |
Mammal | recalibrations genetic morphological diversity rates suggested late cretaceous origin placentals paleocene origin modern clades.the earliest known ancestor primates archicebus achilles around million years ago.tiny primate weighed – grams .–.ounce could fit within human palm.anatomy distinguishing features living mammal species identified presence sweat glands including specialized produce milk nourish young.classifying fossils however features must used since soft tissue glands many features visible fossils.many traits shared living mammals appeared among earliest members groupjaw joint – dentary lower jaw bone carries teeth squamosal small cranial bone meet form joint. |
Mammal | gnathostomes including early therapsids joint consists articular small bone back lower jaw quadrate small bone back upper jaw.middle ear – crowngroup mammals sound carried eardrum chain three bones malleus incus stapes.ancestrally malleus incus derived articular quadrate bones constituted jaw joint early therapsids.tooth replacement – teeth replaced diphyodonty toothed whales murid rodents monophyodonty.elephants manatees kangaroos continually grow new teeth throughout life polyphyodonty.prismatic enamel – enamel coating surface tooth consists prisms solid rodlike structures extending dentin tooths surface.occipital condyles – two knobs base skull fit topmost neck vertebra tetrapods contrast one knob.for part characteristics present triassic ancestors mammals.nearly mammaliaforms possess epipubic bone exception modern placentals.sexual dimorphism average male mammals larger females males least larger females investigated species. |
Mammal | mammalian orders also exhibit malebiased sexual dimorphism although orders show bias significantly femalebiased lagomorpha.sexual size dimorphism increases body size across mammals renschs rule suggesting parallel selection pressures male female size.malebiased dimorphism relates sexual selection males male–male competition females positive correlation degree sexual selection indicated mating systems degree malebiased size dimorphism.degree sexual selection also positively correlated male female size across mammals.parallel selection pressure female mass identified age weaning significantly higher polygynous species even correcting body mass. |
Mammal | also reproductive rate lower larger females indicating fecundity selection selects smaller females mammals.although patterns hold across mammals whole considerable variation across orders.biological systems majority mammals seven cervical vertebrae bones neck.exceptions manatee twotoed sloth six threetoed sloth nine.mammalian brains possess neocortex brain region unique mammals. |
Mammal | placental brains corpus callosum unlike monotremes marsupials.the lungs mammals spongy honeycombed.breathing mainly achieved diaphragm divides thorax abdominal cavity forming dome convex thorax.contraction diaphragm flattens dome increasing volume lung cavity.air enters oral nasal cavities travels larynx trachea bronchi expands alveoli.relaxing diaphragm opposite effect decreasing volume lung cavity causing air pushed lungs. |
Mammal | exercise abdominal wall contracts increasing pressure diaphragm forces air quicker forcefully.rib cage able expand contract chest cavity action respiratory muscles.consequently air sucked expelled lungs always moving pressure gradient.type lung known bellows lung due resemblance blacksmith bellows.the mammalian heart four chambers two upper atria receiving chambers two lower ventricles discharging chambers.heart four valves separate chambers ensures blood flows correct direction heart preventing backflow. |
Mammal | gas exchange pulmonary capillaries blood vessels lungs oxygenrich blood returns left atrium via one four pulmonary veins.blood flows nearly continuously back atrium acts receiving chamber opening left ventricle.blood flows passively heart atria ventricles relaxed toward end ventricular relaxation period left atrium contract pumping blood ventricle.heart also requires nutrients oxygen found blood like muscles supplied via coronary arteries.the integumentary system skin made three layers outermost epidermis dermis hypodermis.epidermis typically cells thick main function provide waterproof layer. |
Mammal | outermost cells constantly lost bottommost cells constantly dividing pushing upward.middle layer dermis times thicker epidermis.dermis made many components bony structures blood vessels.hypodermis made adipose tissue stores lipids provides cushioning insulation.thickness layer varies widely species species marine mammals require thick hypodermis blubber insulation right whales thickest blubber inches cm. |
Mammal | although animals features whiskers feathers setae cilia superficially resemble animals mammals hair.definitive characteristic class though mammals little.herbivores developed diverse range physical structures facilitate consumption plant material.break intact plant tissues mammals developed teeth structures reflect feeding preferences.instance frugivores animals feed primarily fruit herbivores feed soft foliage lowcrowned teeth specialized grinding foliage seeds. |
Mammal | grazing animals tend eat hard silicarich grasses highcrowned teeth capable grinding tough plant tissues wear quickly lowcrowned teeth.carnivorous mammals carnassialiforme teeth varying length depending diet long canines similar tooth replacement patterns.the stomach eventoed ungulates artiodactyla divided four sections rumen reticulum omasum abomasum ruminants rumen.plant material consumed mixed saliva rumen reticulum separates solid liquid material.solids lump together form bolus cud regurgitated.bolus enters mouth fluid squeezed tongue swallowed again. |
Mammal | ingested food passes rumen reticulum cellulolytic microbes bacteria protozoa fungi produce cellulase needed break cellulose plants.perissodactyls contrast ruminants store digested food left stomach enlarged cecum fermented bacteria.carnivora simple stomach adapted digest primarily meat compared elaborate digestive systems herbivorous animals necessary break tough complex plant fibers.caecum either absent short simple large intestine sacculated much wider small intestine.the mammalian excretory system involves many components.like land animals mammals ureotelic convert ammonia urea done liver part urea cycle. |
Mammal | bilirubin waste product derived blood cells passed bile urine help enzymes excreted liver.passing bilirubin via bile intestinal tract gives mammalian feces distinctive brown coloration.distinctive features mammalian kidney include presence renal pelvis renal pyramids clearly distinguishable cortex medulla due presence elongated loops henle.mammalian kidney bean shape although exceptions multilobed reniculate kidneys pinnipeds cetaceans bears.adult placental mammals remaining trace cloaca. |
Mammal | embryo embryonic cloaca divides posterior region becomes part anus anterior region different fates depending sex individual females develops vestibule receives urethra vagina males forms entirety penile urethra.however tenrecs golden moles shrews retain cloaca adults.marsupials genital tract separate anus trace original cloaca remain externally.monotremes translates greek single hole true cloaca.sound production tetrapods mammals larynx quickly open close produce sounds supralaryngeal vocal tract filters sound. |
Mammal | lungs surrounding musculature provide air stream pressure required phonate.larynx controls pitch volume sound strength lungs exert exhale also contributes volume.primitive mammals echidna hiss sound achieved solely exhaling partially closed larynx.mammals phonate using vocal folds.movement tenseness vocal folds result many sounds purring screaming. |
Mammal | mammals change position larynx allowing breathe nose swallowing mouth form oral nasal sounds nasal sounds dog whine generally soft sounds oral sounds dog bark generally loud.some mammals large larynx thus lowpitched voice namely hammerheaded bat hypsignathus monstrosus larynx take entirety thoracic cavity pushing lungs heart trachea abdomen.large vocal pads also lower pitch lowpitched roars big cats.production infrasound possible mammals african elephant loxodonta spp.baleen whales.small mammals small larynxes ability produce ultrasound detected modifications middle ear cochlea. |
Mammal | ultrasound inaudible birds reptiles might important mesozoic birds reptiles dominant predators.private channel used rodents example mothertopup communication bats echolocating.toothed whales also use echolocation opposed vocal membrane extends upward vocal folds melon manipulate sounds.mammals namely primates air sacs attached larynx may function lower resonances increase volume sound.the vocal production system controlled cranial nerve nuclei brain supplied recurrent laryngeal nerve superior laryngeal nerve branches vagus nerve.vocal tract supplied hypoglossal nerve facial nerves. |
Mammal | electrical stimulation periaqueductal gray peg region mammalian midbrain elicit vocalizations.ability learn new vocalizations exemplified humans seals cetaceans elephants possibly bats humans result direct connection motor cortex controls movement motor neurons spinal cord.fur primary function fur mammals thermoregulation.others include protection sensory purposes waterproofing camouflage.different types fur serve different purposes definitive – may shed reaching certain lengthvibrissae – sensory hairs commonly whiskerspelage – guard hairs underfur awn hairspines – stiff guard hair used defense porcupinesbristles – long hairs usually used visual signals. |
Mammal | lions manevelli – often called fur insulates newborn mammalswool – long soft often curly thermoregulation hair length factor thermoregulation example tropical mammals sloths length fur length arctic mammals less insulation conversely tropical mammals short hair insulating value arctic mammals.denseness fur increase animals insulation value arctic mammals especially dense fur example musk ox guard hairs measuring cm well dense underfur forms airtight coat allowing survive temperatures − °c − °f.– desert mammals camels use dense fur prevent solar heat reaching skin allowing animal stay cool camels fur may reach °c °f summer skin stays °c °f.aquatic mammals conversely trap air fur conserve heat keeping skin dry.– coloration mammalian coats colored variety reasons major selective pressures including camouflage sexual selection communication thermoregulation. |
Mammal | coloration hair skin mammals mainly determined type amount melanin eumelanins brown black colors pheomelanin range yellowish reddish colors giving mammals earth tone.mammals vibrant colors mandrill bright blue ridges muzzle produced diffraction facial collagen fibers.many sloths appear green fur hosts green algae may symbiotic relation affords camouflage sloths.camouflage powerful influence large number mammals helps conceal individuals predators prey.arctic subarctic mammals arctic fox alopex lagopus collared lemming dicrostonyx groenlandicus stoat mustela erminea snowshoe hare lepus americanus seasonal color change brown summer white winter driven largely camouflage.arboreal mammals notably primates marsupials shades violet green blue skin parts bodies indicating distinct advantage largely arboreal habitat due convergent evolution.aposematism warning possible predators likely explanation blackandwhite pelage many mammals able defend foulsmelling skunk powerful aggressive honey badger. |
Mammal | coat color sometimes sexually dimorphic many primate species.differences female male coat color may indicate nutrition hormone levels important mate selection.coat color may influence ability retain heat depending much light reflected.mammals darker colored coat absorb heat solar radiation stay warmer smaller mammals voles darker fur winter.white pigmentless fur arctic mammals polar bear may reflect solar radiation directly onto skin. |
Mammal | – dazzling blackandwhite striping zebras appear provide protection biting flies.reproductive system mammals solely gonochoric animal born either male female genitalia opposed hermaphrodites schism.male placentals penis used urination copulation.depending species erection may fueled blood flow vascular spongy tissue muscular action.penis may contained prepuce erect placentals also penis bone baculum. |
Mammal | marsupials typically forked penises echidna penis generally four heads two functioning.testes mammals descend scrotum typically posterior penis often anterior marsupials.female mammals generally clitoris labia majora labia minora outside internal system contains paired oviducts – uteri – cervices vagina.marsupials two lateral vaginas medial vagina.vagina monotremes better understood urogenital sinus. |
Mammal | uterine systems placental mammals vary duplex two uteri cervices open vagina bipartite two uterine horns single cervix connects vagina bicornuate consists two uterine horns connected distally separate medially creating yshape simplex single uterus.– ancestral condition mammal reproduction birthing relatively undeveloped either direct vivipary short period softshelled eggs.likely due fact torso could expand due presence epipubic bones.oldest demonstration reproductive style kayentatherium produced undeveloped perinates much higher litter sizes modern mammal specimens.modern mammals viviparous giving birth live young. |
Mammal | however five species monotreme platypus four species echidna lay eggs.monotremes sex determination system different mammals.particular sex chromosomes platypus like chicken therian mammal.viviparous mammals subclass theria living today marsupial placental infraclasses.marsupials short gestation period typically shorter estrous cycle generally giving birth number undeveloped newborns undergo development many species takes place within pouchlike sac marsupium located front mothers abdomen.plesiomorphic condition among viviparous mammals presence epipubic bones nonplacental mammals prevents expansion torso needed full pregnancy. |
Mammal | even nonplacental eutherians probably reproduced way.placentals give birth relatively complete developed young usually long gestation periods.get name placenta connects developing fetus uterine wall allow nutrient uptake.placental mammals epipubic either completely lost converted baculum allowing torso able expand thus birth developed offspring.the mammary glands mammals specialized produce milk primary source nutrition newborns.monotremes branched early mammals nipples seen mammals mammary glands. |
Mammal | young lick milk mammary patch mothers belly.compared placental mammals milk marsupials changes greatly production rate nutrient composition due underdeveloped young.addition mammary glands autonomy allowing supply separate milks young different development stages.lactose main sugar placental mammal milk monotreme marsupial milk dominated oligosaccharides.weaning process mammal becomes less dependent mothers milk solid food. |
Mammal | endothermy nearly mammals endothermic warmblooded.mammals also hair help keep warm.like birds mammals forage hunt weather climates cold ectothermic coldblooded reptiles insects.endothermy requires plenty food energy mammals eat food per unit body weight reptiles.small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts size. |
Mammal | rare exception naked molerat produces little metabolic heat considered operational poikilotherm.birds also endothermic endothermy unique mammals.species lifespan among mammals species maximum lifespan varies significantly example shrew lifespan two years whereas oldest bowhead whale recorded years.although underlying basis lifespan differences still uncertain numerous studies indicate ability repair dna damage important determinant mammalian lifespan.study hart setlow found dna excision repair capability increased systematically species lifespan among seven mammalian species. |
Mammal | species lifespan observed robustly correlated capacity recognize dna doublestrand breaks well level dna repair protein ku.study cells sixteen mammalian species genes employed dna repair found upregulated longerlived species.cellular level dna repair enzyme poly adp ribose polymerase found correlate species lifespan study mammalian species.three additional studies variety mammalian species also reported correlation species lifespan dna repair capability.locomotion terrestrial vertebrates—the amphibians reptiles mammals humans bears—are plantigrade walking whole underside foot. |
Mammal | many mammals cats dogs digitigrade walking toes greater stride length allowing speed.digitigrade mammals also often adept quiet movement.animals horses unguligrade walking tips toes.even increases stride length thus speed.mammals namely great apes also known walk knuckles least front legs. |
Mammal | giant anteaters platypuses also knucklewalkers.mammals bipeds using two limbs locomotion seen example humans great apes.bipedal species larger field vision quadrupeds conserve energy ability manipulate objects hands aids foraging.instead walking bipeds hop kangaroos kangaroo rats.animals use different gaits different speeds terrain situations.example horses show four natural gaits slowest horse gait walk three faster gaits slowest fastest trot canter gallop. |
Mammal | animals may also unusual gaits used occasionally moving sideways backwards.example main human gaits bipedal walking running employ many gaits occasionally including fourlegged crawl tight spaces.mammals show vast range gaits order place lift appendages locomotion.gaits grouped categories according patterns support sequence.quadrupeds three main categories walking gaits running gaits leaping gaits. |
Mammal | walking common gait feet ground given time found almost legged animals.running considered occur points stride feet ground moment suspension.arboreal arboreal animals frequently elongated limbs help cross gaps reach fruit resources test firmness support ahead cases brachiate swing trees.many arboreal species tree porcupines silky anteaters spider monkeys possums use prehensile tails grasp branches.spider monkey tip tail either bare patch adhesive pad provides increased friction. |
Mammal | claws used interact rough substrates reorient direction forces animal applies.allows squirrels climb tree trunks large essentially flat perspective small animal.however claws interfere animals ability grasp small branches may wrap far around prick animals paw.frictional gripping used primates relying upon hairless fingertips.squeezing branch fingertips generates frictional force holds animals hand branch. |
Mammal | however type grip depends upon angle frictional force thus upon diameter branch larger branches resulting reduced gripping ability.control descent especially large diameter branches arboreal animals squirrels evolved highly mobile ankle joints permit rotating foot reversed posture.allows claws hook rough surface bark opposing force gravity.small size provides many advantages arboreal species increasing relative size branches animal lower center mass increased stability lower mass allowing movement smaller branches ability move cluttered habitat.size relating weight affects gliding animals sugar glider. |
Mammal | species primate bat species sloth achieve passive stability hanging beneath branch.pitching tipping become irrelevant method failure would losing grip.aerial bats mammals truly fly.fly air constant speed moving wings usually foreaft movement well.animal motion airflow relative body combined velocity wings generates faster airflow moving wing. |
Mammal | generates lift force vector pointing forwards upwards drag force vector pointing rearwards upwards.upwards components counteract gravity keeping body air forward component provides thrust counteract drag wing body whole.the wings bats much thinner consist bones birds allowing bats maneuver accurately fly lift less drag.folding wings inwards towards body upstroke use less energy flight birds.membranes delicate ripping easily however tissue bats membrane able regrow small tears heal quickly.surface wings equipped touchsensitive receptors small bumps called merkel cells also found human fingertips. |
Mammal | sensitive areas different bats bump tiny hair center making even sensitive allowing bat detect collect information air flowing wings fly efficiently changing shape wings response.fossorial subterranean fossorial latin fossor meaning digger animal adapted digging lives primarily solely underground.examples badgers naked molerats.many rodent species also considered fossorial live burrows day.species live exclusively underground subterranean limited adaptations fossorial lifestyle subfossorial. |
Mammal | organisms fossorial aid temperature regulation others use underground habitat protection predators food storage.fossorial mammals fusiform body thickest shoulders tapering tail nose.unable see dark burrows degenerated eyes degeneration varies species pocket gophers example semifossorial small yet functional eyes fully fossorial marsupial mole eyes degenerated useless talpa moles vestigial eyes cape golden mole layer skin covering eyes.external ears flaps also small absent.truly fossorial mammals short stout legs strength important speed burrowing mammal semifossorial mammals cursorial legs.front paws broad strong claws help loosening dirt excavating burrows back paws webbing well claws aids throwing loosened dirt backwards. |
Mammal | large incisors prevent dirt flying mouth.many fossorial mammals shrews hedgehogs moles classified obsolete order insectivora.aquatic fully aquatic mammals cetaceans sirenians lost legs tail fin propel water.flipper movement continuous.whales swim moving tail fin lower body propelling vertical movement flippers mainly used steering.skeletal anatomy allows fast swimmers. |
Mammal | species dorsal fin prevent turning upsidedown water.flukes sirenians raised long strokes move animal forward twisted turn.forelimbs paddlelike flippers aid turning slowing.semiaquatic mammals like pinnipeds two pairs flippers front back foreflippers hindflippers.elbows ankles enclosed within body.pinnipeds several adaptions reducing drag. |
Mammal | addition streamlined bodies smooth networks muscle bundles skin may increase laminar flow make easier slip water.also lack arrector pili fur streamlined swim.rely foreflippers locomotion winglike manner similar penguins sea turtles.foreflipper movement continuous animal glides stroke.compared terrestrial carnivorans forelimbs reduced length gives locomotor muscles shoulder elbow joints greater mechanical advantage hindflippers serve stabilizers. |
Mammal | semiaquatic mammals include beavers hippopotamuses otters platypuses.hippos large semiaquatic mammals barrelshaped bodies graviportal skeletal structures adapted carrying enormous weight specific gravity allows sink move along bottom river.behavior communication vocalization many mammals communicate vocalizing.vocal communication serves many purposes including mating rituals warning calls indicate food sources social purposes.males often call mating rituals ward males attract females roaring lions red deer. |
Mammal | songs humpback whale may signals females different dialects different regions ocean.social vocalizations include territorial calls gibbons use frequency greater spearnosed bats distinguish groups.vervet monkey gives distinct alarm call least four different predators reactions monkeys vary according call.example alarm call signals python monkeys climb trees whereas eagle alarm causes monkeys seek hiding place ground.prairie dogs similarly complex calls signal type size speed approaching predator. |
Mammal | elephants communicate socially variety sounds including snorting screaming trumpeting roaring rumbling.rumbling calls infrasonic hearing range humans heard elephants miles .km away still times near sunrise sunset.mammals signal variety means.many give visual antipredator signals deer gazelle stot honestly indicating fit condition ability escape whitetailed deer prey mammals flag conspicuous tail markings alarmed informing predator detected.many mammals make use scentmarking sometimes possibly help defend territory probably range functions within species. |
Mammal | microbats toothed whales including oceanic dolphins vocalize socially echolocation.feeding maintain high constant body temperature energy expensive—mammals therefore need nutritious plentiful diet.earliest mammals probably predators different species since adapted meet dietary requirements variety ways.eat animals—this carnivorous diet includes insectivorous diets.mammals called herbivores eat plants contain complex carbohydrates cellulose. |
Mammal | herbivorous diet includes subtypes granivory seed eating folivory leaf eating frugivory fruit eating nectarivory nectar eating gummivory gum eating mycophagy fungus eating.digestive tract herbivore host bacteria ferment complex substances make available digestion either housed multichambered stomach large cecum.mammals coprophagous consuming feces absorb nutrients digested food first ingested.– omnivore eats prey plants.carnivorous mammals simple digestive tract proteins lipids minerals found meat require little way specialized digestion. |
Mammal | exceptions include baleen whales also house gut flora multichambered stomach like terrestrial herbivores.the size animal also factor determining diet type allens rule.since small mammals high ratio heatlosing surface area heatgenerating volume tend high energy requirements high metabolic rate.mammals weigh less ounces g .lb mostly insectivorous cannot tolerate slow complex digestive process herbivore.larger animals hand generate heat less heat lost. |
Mammal | therefore tolerate either slower collection process carnivores feed larger vertebrates slower digestive process herbivores.furthermore mammals weigh ounces g .lb usually cannot collect enough insects waking hours sustain themselves.large insectivorous mammals feed huge colonies insects ants termites.some mammals omnivores display varying degrees carnivory herbivory generally leaning favor one other.since plants meat digested differently preference one bears species may mostly carnivorous others mostly herbivorous. |
Mammal | grouped three categories mesocarnivory – meat hypercarnivory greater meat hypocarnivory less meat.dentition hypocarnivores consists dull triangular carnassial teeth meant grinding food.hypercarnivores however conical teeth sharp carnassials meant slashing cases strong jaws bonecrushing case hyenas allowing consume bones extinct groups notably machairodontinae sabershaped canines.some physiological carnivores consume plant matter physiological herbivores consume meat.behavioral aspect would make omnivores physiological standpoint may due zoopharmacognosy.physiologically animals must able obtain energy nutrients plant animal materials considered omnivorous. |
Mammal | thus animals still able classified carnivores herbivores obtaining nutrients materials originating sources seemingly complement classification.example well documented ungulates giraffes camels cattle gnaw bones consume particular minerals nutrients.also cats generally regarded obligate carnivores occasionally eat grass regurgitate indigestible material hairballs aid hemoglobin production laxative.many mammals absence sufficient food requirements environment suppress metabolism conserve energy process known hibernation.period preceding hibernation larger mammals bears become polyphagic increase fat stores whereas smaller mammals prefer collect stash food.slowing metabolism accompanied decreased heart respiratory rate well drop internal temperatures around ambient temperature cases. |
Mammal | example internal temperatures hibernating arctic ground squirrels drop −.°c .°f however head neck always stay °c °f.mammals hot environments aestivate times drought extreme heat example fattailed dwarf lemur cheirogaleus medius.intelligence intelligent mammals primates cerebrum larger relative rest brain. |
Mammal | intelligence easy define indications intelligence include ability learn matched behavioral flexibility.rats example considered highly intelligent learn perform new tasks ability may important first colonize fresh habitat.mammals food gathering appears related intelligence deer feeding plants brain smaller cat must think outwit prey.tool use animals may indicate different levels learning cognition.sea otter uses rocks essential regular parts foraging behaviour smashing abalone rocks breaking open shells populations spending time making tools.tool use chimpanzees using twigs fish termites may developed watching others use tools may even true example animal teaching. |
Mammal | tools may even used solving puzzles animal appears experience eureka moment.mammals use tools dogs also experience eureka moment.brain size previously considered major indicator intelligence animal.since brain used maintaining bodily functions greater ratios brain body mass may increase amount brain mass available complex cognitive tasks.allometric analysis indicates mammalian brain size scales approximately ⁄ ⁄ exponent body mass.comparison particular animals brain size expected brain size based allometric analysis provides encephalisation quotient used another indication animal intelligence. |
Mammal | sperm whales largest brain mass animal earth averaging cubic centimetres .kilograms lb mature males.selfawareness appears sign abstract thinking.selfawareness although welldefined believed precursor advanced processes metacognitive reasoning.traditional method measuring mirror test determines animal possesses ability selfrecognition.mammals passed mirror test include asian elephants pass chimpanzees bonobos orangutans humans months mirror stage bottlenose dolphins killer whales false killer whales. |
Mammal | social structure eusociality highest level social organization.societies overlap adult generations division reproductive labor cooperative caring young.usually insects bees ants termites eusocial behavior demonstrated two rodent species naked molerat damaraland molerat.presociality animals exhibit sexual interactions members species fall short qualifying eusocial.presocial animals display communal living cooperative care young primitive division reproductive labor display three essential traits eusocial animals.humans species callitrichidae marmosets tamarins unique among primates degree cooperative care young. |
Mammal | harry harlow set experiment rhesus monkeys presocial primates results study showed social encounters necessary order young monkeys develop mentally sexually.a fissionfusion society society changes frequently size composition making permanent social group called parent group.permanent social networks consist individual members community often varies track changes environment.fission–fusion society main parent group fracture fission smaller stable subgroups individuals adapt environmental social circumstances.example number males may break main group order hunt forage food day night may return join fusion primary group share food partake activities.many mammals exhibit primates example orangutans spider monkeys elephants spotted hyenas lions dolphins.solitary animals defend territory avoid social interactions members species except breeding season. |
Mammal | avoid resource competition two individuals species would occupy niche prevent depletion food.solitary animal foraging also less conspicuous predators prey.in hierarchy individuals either dominant submissive.despotic hierarchy one individual dominant others submissive wolves lemurs pecking order linear ranking individuals top individual bottom individual.pecking orders may also ranked sex lowest individual sex higher ranking top individual sex hyenas.dominant individuals alphas high chance reproductive success especially harems one males resident males exclusive breeding rights females group. |
Mammal | nonresident males also accepted harems species common vampire bat desmodus rotundus may strict.some mammals perfectly monogamous meaning mate life take partners even original mates death wolves eurasian beavers otters.three types polygamy either one multiple dominant males breeding rights polygyny multiple males females mate polyandry multiple males exclusive relations multiple females polygynandry.much common polygynous mating happen excluding leks estimated occur mammals.lek mating occurs males congregate around females try attract various courtship displays vocalizations harbor seals.all higher mammals excluding monotremes share two major adaptations care young live birth lactation.imply groupwide choice degree parental care. |
Mammal | may build nests dig burrows raise young feed guard often prolonged period time.many mammals kselected invest time energy young rselected animals.two animals mate share interest success offspring though often different extremes.mammalian females exhibit degree maternal aggression another example parental care may targeted females species young females however mammals may aunt infants females care them.mammalian males may play role child rearing tenrecs however varies species species even within genus. |
Mammal | example males southern pigtailed macaque macaca nemestrina participate child care whereas males japanese macaque m. fuscata do.humans mammals human culture nonhuman mammals play wide variety roles human culture.popular pets tens millions dogs cats animals including rabbits mice kept families around world.mammals mammoths horses deer among earliest subjects art found upper paleolithic cave paintings lascaux.major artists albrecht dürer george stubbs edwin landseer known portraits mammals. |
Mammal | many species mammals hunted sport food deer wild boar especially popular game animals.mammals horses dogs widely raced sport often combined betting outcome.tension role animals companions humans existence individuals rights own.mammals play wide variety roles literature film mythology religion.uses importance domestication mammals instrumental neolithic development agriculture civilization causing farmers replace huntergatherers around world. |
Mammal | transition hunting gathering herding flocks growing crops major step human history.new agricultural economies based domesticated mammals caused radical restructuring human societies worldwide alterations biodiversity significant changes earths landforms atmosphere... momentous outcomes.domestic mammals form large part livestock raised meat across world.include around .billion cattle billion sheep billion domestic pigs million rabbits.working domestic animals including cattle horses used work transport origins agriculture numbers declining arrival mechanised transport agricultural machinery. |
Mammal | still provided power mainly small farms third world worlds transport mainly rural areas.mountainous regions unsuitable wheeled vehicles pack animals continue transport goods.mammal skins provide leather shoes clothing upholstery.wool mammals including sheep goats alpacas used centuries clothing.mammals serve major role science experimental animals fundamental biological research genetics development new medicines must tested exhaustively demonstrate safety.millions mammals especially mice rats used experiments year. |
Mammal | knockout mouse genetically modified mouse inactivated gene replaced disrupted artificial piece dna.enable study sequenced genes whose functions unknown.small percentage mammals nonhuman primates used research similarity humans.despite benefits domesticated mammals human development humans increasingly detrimental effect wild mammals across world.estimated mass wild mammals declined mammals mammals humans livestock see figure.fact terrestrial wild mammals make mammals. |
Mammal | hybrids hybrids offspring resulting breeding two genetically distinct individuals usually result high degree heterozygosity though hybrid heterozygous synonymous.deliberate accidental hybridizing two species closely related animals captive breeding human activity existence millennia grown economic purposes.hybrids different subspecies within species bengal tiger siberian tiger known intraspecific hybrids.hybrids different species within genus lions tigers known interspecific hybrids crosses.hybrids different genera sheep goats known intergeneric hybrids. |
Mammal | natural hybrids occur hybrid zones two populations species within genera species living adjacent areas interbreed other.hybrids recognized species red wolf though controversial.artificial selection deliberate selective breeding domestic animals used breed back recently extinct animals attempt achieve animal breed phenotype resembles extinct wildtype ancestor.breedingback intraspecific hybrid may similar extinct wildtype appearance ecological niche extent genetics initial gene pool wild type lost forever extinction.result bredback breeds best vague lookalikes extinct wildtypes heck cattle aurochs.purebred wild species evolved specific ecology threatened extinction process genetic pollution uncontrolled hybridization introgression genetic swamping leads homogenization outcompetition heterosic hybrid species.new populations imported selectively bred people habitat modification brings previously isolated species contact extinction species especially rare varieties possible. |
Mammal | interbreeding swamp rarer gene pool create hybrids depleting purebred gene pool.example endangered wild water buffalo threatened extinction genetic pollution domestic water buffalo.extinctions always apparent morphological standpoint.degree gene flow normal evolutionary process nevertheless hybridization threatens existence rare species.threats loss species ecological communities defaunation primarily driven human activity. |
Mammal | resulted empty forests ecological communities depleted large vertebrates.quaternary extinction event mass dieoff megafaunal variety coincided appearance humans suggesting human influence.one hypothesis humans hunted large mammals woolly mammoth extinction.global assessment report biodiversity ecosystem services ipbes states total biomass wild mammals declined percent since beginning human civilization.wild animals make mammalian biomass earth humans domesticated animals make .various species predicted become extinct near future among rhinoceros primates pangolins giraffes. |
Mammal | according wwfs living planet report vertebrate wildlife populations declined since result human activities particularly overconsumption population growth intensive farming evidence humans triggered sixth mass extinction event.hunting alone threatens hundreds mammalian species around world.scientists claim growing demand meat contributing biodiversity loss significant driver deforestation habitat destruction speciesrich habitats significant portions amazon rainforest converted agricultural land meat production.another influence overhunting poaching reduce overall population game animals especially located near villages case peccaries.effects poaching especially seen ivory trade african elephants. |
Mammal | marine mammals risk entanglement fishing gear notably cetaceans discard mortalities ranging individuals annually.attention given endangered species globally notably convention biological diversity otherwise known rio accord includes signatory countries focused identifying endangered species habitats.another notable conservation organization iucn membership governmental nongovernmental organizations.recent extinctions directly attributed human influences.iucn characterizes recent extinction occurred past cutoff point around mammal species gone extinct since time .species père davids deer extinct wild survive solely captive populations.species florida panther ecologically extinct surviving low numbers essentially impact ecosystem. |
Lasso Logic | populations locally extinct extirpated still existing elsewhere reduced distribution – extinction gray whales atlantic.notes see also references reading external links biodiversitymapping.org – mammal orders world distribution maps archived wayback machinepaleocene mammals site covering rise mammals paleocenemammals.deevolution mammals brief introduction early mammals enchantedlearning.comeuropean mammal atlas emma societas europaea mammalogica europeanmammals.orgmarine mammals world – overview marine mammals including descriptions fully aquatic semiaquatic noaa.govmammalogy.org american society mammalogists established purpose promoting study mammals website includes mammal image librarylasso logic became third three business divisions sonicwall called business continuity unit.lasso cdp called sonicwall cdp.lasso logic first company provide diskbased continuous data protection appliance called lasso cdp continually backed servers applications pcs laptops real time.allowed users lost files go back various useful points time.recent backups saved frequent intervals backup versions receded time versions dropped way complex algorithm preserved theoretically useful versions.thus user could always find version return inception backup minutes ago years ago. |
Lasso Logic | lasso logic backup options single point time spit snapshot software allowed administrators back tape disk usually resolution day.value proposition company set forget backup thus eliminating labor burden tapebased backup.the company also first introduce onsite offsite backup single device.lasso cdp continuously backed data replicated data offsite location.allowed instant recovery data files stored locally lasso cdp appliance.however event total loss data locally including lasso cdp appliance customer could pull data back lassos offsite data center.the founders lasso logic founding team behind packettrap networks network management software company located silicon valley. |
Anguilla | external links business week karen e. klein april .backed data todayinfoworld sean mccown jan lasso logic offers real easy realtime backupsenterprise storage form paul shread november sonicwall corrals lasso logicbyte switch lasso logic unveils cdp appliance lasso logic ships endtoend cdp solution smb remote office protectionone northerly leeward islands lesser antilles lying east puerto rico virgin islands directly north saint martin.territory consists main island anguilla approximately miles kilometres long miles km wide widest point together number much smaller islands cays permanent population.territorys capital valley.total land area territory square miles km population approximately .etymology native arawak name island malliouhana.in reference islands shape italian anguilla meaning eel turn latin diminutive anguis “snake” used name. |
Anguilla | history anguilla first settled indigenous amerindian peoples migrated south america.earliest native american artefacts found anguilla dated around bc remains settlements date ad .there two known petroglyph sites anguilla big spring fountain cavern.rock ledges big spring contain petroglyphs dating back ad majority consisting three indentations form faces.precisely anguilla first seen europeans uncertain sources claim columbus sighted island second voyage others state first european explorer french huguenot nobleman merchant rené goulaine de laudonnière .dutch west india company established fort island .however company later withdrew fort destroyed spanish .traditional accounts state anguilla first colonised english settlers saint kitts beginning . |
Anguilla | settlers focused planting tobacco lesser extent cotton.french temporarily took island returned english control terms treaty breda next year.major john scott visited september wrote leaving island good condition noted july people fled thither time war.french attacked causing much destruction failing capture island.it likely early european settlers brought enslaved africans them.historians confirm african slaves lived region early th century slaves senegal living st kitts mid s. slave depot existed island nevis serving leeward islands. |
Anguilla | time african arrival anguilla difficult place precisely archival evidence indicates substantial african presence least enslaved people seem come central africa well west africa.slaves forced work sugar plantations begun replace tobacco anguillas main crop.time african slaves descendants came vastly outnumber white settlers.african slave trade eventually terminated within british empire slavery outlawed completely .many planters subsequently sold left island.during early colonial period anguilla administered british antigua placed administrative control nearby saint kitts. |
Anguilla | anguilla federated st kitts nevis wishes many anguillans.economic stagnation severe effects several droughts later great depression led many anguillans emigrate better prospects elsewhere.full adult suffrage introduced anguilla .brief period part west indies federation – island anguilla became part associated state saint kittsnevisanguilla full internal autonomy .however many anguillans wish part union resented dominance st kitts within it.may anguillans forcibly ejected st kitts police force island declared separation st kitts following referendum. |
Anguilla | events led atlin harrigan ronald webster among others became known anguillan revolution goal independence per se rather independence saint kitts nevis return british colony.with negotiations failing break deadlock second referendum confirming anguillans desire separation st kitts held republic anguilla declared unilaterally ronald webster president.efforts british envoy william whitlock failed break impasse british troops subsequently sent march .british authority restored confirmed anguilla act july .anguilla finally allowed formally secede saint kitts nevis become separate british crown colony british overseas territory.since anguilla politically stable seen large growth tourism offshore financing sectors. |
Anguilla | geography geology anguilla flat lowlying island coral limestone caribbean sea measuring miles km long .miles km width.lies east puerto rico virgin islands directly north saint martin separated island anguilla channel.soil generally thin poor supporting scrub tropical forest vegetation.terrain generally lowlying highest terrain located vicinity valley crocus hill anguillas highest peak feet lies western regions town.anguilla noted ecologically important coral reefs beaches. |
Anguilla | apart main island anguilla territory includes number smaller islands cays mostly tiny uninhabitedanguillitablowing rockdog islandlittle scrub islandprickly pear caysscrub islandseal islandsombrero also known hat islandsandy islandscilly cay geology anguilla volcanic origin submerged repeatedly climate change.climate temperature northeastern trade winds keep tropical island relatively cool dry.average annual temperature °f °c.july–october hottest period december–february coolest.rainfall rainfall averages inches mm annually although figures vary season season year year. |
Anguilla | island subject sudden tropical storms hurricanes occur period july november.island suffered damage hurricane luis severe flooding feet .metres hurricane lenny.governance political system anguilla internally selfgoverning overseas territory united kingdom.politics take place framework parliamentary representative democratic dependency whereby premier head government pluriform multiparty system.the united nations committee decolonization includes anguilla united nations list nonselfgoverning territories. |
Anguilla | territorys constitution anguilla constitutional order april amended .executive power exercised government legislative power vested government house assembly.judiciary independent executive legislature.defence british overseas territory uk responsible anguillas military defence although active garrisons armed forces present.anguilla small marine police force comprising around personnel operates one vt halmatic mclass foot fast patrol boat. |
Anguilla | policing island responsibility royal anguilla police force.population demographics majority residents .black descendants enslaved people transported africa.minorities include whites .people mixed race . |
Anguilla | figures census.population anguillan nonanguillan census.nonanguillan population many citizens united states united kingdom st kitts nevis dominican republic jamaica nigeria.saw influx large numbers chinese indian mexican workers brought labour major tourist developments due local population large enough support labour requirements.religion christian churches consistent strong presence initial period english colonisation spiritual religious practices europeans africans tended reflect regional origins. |
Anguilla | early christian ministers formally ministered enslaved africans promoted literacy among converts.wesleyan methodist missionary society england built churches schools .according census christianity anguillas predominant religion population practising anglicanism another .methodist.churches island include seventhday adventist baptist roman catholic served diocese saint johns–basseterre see saint john antigua barbuda small community jehovahs witnesses .. number followers church god pentecostals increased considerably.least churches island. |
Anguilla | although minority island anguilla important location followers rastafarian religion birthplace robert athlyi rogers author holy piby strong influence rastafarian africacentre belief systems.recently muslim cultural centre opened island.languages today people anguilla speak britishinfluenced variety standard english.languages also spoken island including varieties spanish chinese languages immigrant communities.however common language standard english islands englishlexifier creole language confused antillean creole french creole spoken french islands martinique guadeloupe. |
Anguilla | referred locally terms dialect pronounced dialek anguilla talk anguillian.main roots early varieties english west african languages similar dialects spoken englishspeaking islands throughout eastern caribbean terms structural features.linguists interested origins anguillan caribbean creoles point grammatical features traced african languages others traced european languages.three areas identified significant identification linguistic origins forced migrants arrived gold coast slave coast windward coast.sociohistorical information anguillas archives suggest africans europeans formed two distinct perhaps overlapping speech communities early phases islands colonisation.anguillian believed emerged language masses time passed slavery abolished locals began see belonging anguillan society.education six government primary schools one government secondary school albena lake hodge comprehensive school two private schools. |
Anguilla | single library edison l. hughes education library complex anguilla public library.branch saint james school medicine established anguilla.private forprofit medical school headquartered park ridge illinois.there university west indies open campus site island.culture islands cultural history begins native taino arawak carib.artefacts found around island telling life european settlers arrived.the anguilla national trust ant established opened offices charged responsibility preserving heritage island including cultural heritage.as throughout caribbean holidays cultural fixture. |
Anguilla | anguillas important holidays historic much cultural importance – particularly anniversary emancipation previously august monday park celebrated summer festival carnival.british festivities queens birthday also celebrated.cuisine anguillan cuisine influenced native caribbean african spanish french english cuisines.seafood abundant including prawns shrimp crab spiny lobster conch mahimahi red snapper marlin grouper.salt cod staple food eaten used stews casseroles soups. |
Anguilla | livestock limited due small size island people use poultry pork goat mutton along imported beef.goat commonly eaten meat used variety dishes.official national food anguilla pigeon peas rice.a significant amount islands produce imported due limited land suitable agriculture production much soil sandy infertile.agriculture produce anguilla includes tomatoes peppers limes citrus fruits onion garlic squash pigeon peas callaloo.starch staple foods include imported rice foods imported locally grown including yams sweet potatoes breadfruit. |
Anguilla | literature anguilla national trust programmes encouraging anguillan writers preservation islands history.see sun – contemporary poetry anguilla new anthology lasana m. sekou published house nehesi publishers.among forty three poets collection rita celestinecarty bankie banx john t. harrigan patricia j. adams fabian fahie dr. oluwakemi linda banks reuel ben lewi.music various caribbean musical genres popular island reggae soca calypso.sports boat racing deep roots anguillan culture national sport. |
Anguilla | regular sailing regattas national holidays carnival contested locally built designed boats.boats names sponsors print logo sails.as many former british colonies cricket also popular sport.anguilla home omari banks played west indies cricket team cardigan connor played firstclass cricket english county side hampshire chef de mission team manager anguillas commonwealth games team .noted players include chesney hughes played derbyshire county cricket club england.rugby union represented anguilla anguilla eels rfc formed april .eels finalists st. martin tournament november semifinalists champions . |
Anguilla | eels formed scottish club national second row martin welsh club sponsor president aerfc ms. jacquie ruan canadian standout scrumhalf mark harris toronto scottish rfc.anguilla birthplace sprinter zharnel hughes represented great britain since england commonwealth games.metres european athletics championships x metres championships x metres england commonwealth games.also silver medal x relay great britain olympic games.shara proctor british long jump silver medalist world championships beijing first represented anguilla event began represent great britain england.anguillan flag achieved several medals nacac games.keith connor triple jumper also anguillan. |
Anguilla | represented great britain england achieved several international titles including commonwealth european games gold medals olympic bronze medal.keith later became head coach australia athletics.natural history wildlife anguilla habitat cuban tree frogs osteopilus septentrionalis.redfooted tortoise chelonoidis carbonaria species tortoise found originally came south america.hurricanes mids led overwater dispersal green iguanas iguana iguana anguilla. |
Anguilla | three animals introductions.five species bats known literature anguilla – threatened insular single leaf bat monophyllus plethodon antillean fruiteating bat brachyphylla cavernarum jamaican fruit bat artibeus jamaicensis mexican funneleared bat natalus stramineus velvety freetailed bat molossus molossus.notable people shomari kentish born anguillan football playerkelvin liddie born anguillan football player economy anguillas thin arid soil largely unsuitable agriculture island landbased natural resources.main industries tourism offshore incorporation management offshore banking captive insurance fishing.anguillas currency east caribbean dollar though us dollar also widely accepted.exchange rate fixed us dollar us ec..the economy especially tourism sector suffered setback late due effects hurricane luis september.hotels hit particularly hard recovery occurred following year. |
Anguilla | another economic setback occurred aftermath hurricane lenny .worldwide crisis economy anguilla growing strongly especially tourism sector driving major new developments partnerships multinational companies.anguillas tourism industry received major boost selected host world travel awards december .known oscars travel industry awards ceremony held cuisinart resort spa hosted vivica a. fox.anguilla voted worlds leading luxury island destination short list toptier candidates st. barts maldives mauritius.anguillas financial system comprises seven banks two money services businesses company managers insurers brokers captive intermediaries mutual funds eight trust companies.anguilla become popular tax capital gains estate profit sales corporate taxes. |
Anguilla | april faced mounting deficit introduced interim stabilisation levy anguillas first form income tax.anguilla also .property tax.anguilla aims obtain energy solar power become less reliant expensive imported diesel.climate development knowledge network helping government gather information needs change territorys legislation integrate renewables grid.barbados also made good progress switching renewables many small island developing states still early stages planning integrate renewable energy grids. |
Anguilla | small island far ahead said beth barry coordinator anguilla renewable energy office.weve got energy policy draft climate change policy focusing efforts question sustainable energy supply several years now.result lot information share islands.transportation air anguilla served clayton j. lloyd international airport prior july known wallblake airport.primary runway airport feet length accommodate moderatesized aircraft. |
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