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History of Australia	returned london accounts favouring colonisation botany bay sydney.the first fleet british ships arrived botany bay january establish penal colony first colony australian mainland.century followed british established colonies continent european explorers ventured interior.aboriginal people greatly weakened numbers diminished introduced diseases conflict colonists period.gold rushes agricultural industries brought prosperity.autonomous parliamentary democracies began established throughout six british colonies midth century.colonies voted referendum unite federation modern australia came being.
History of Australia	australia fought side britain two world wars became longstanding ally united states threatened imperial japan world war ii.trade asia increased postwar immigration program received .million migrants every continent.supported immigration people almost every country world since end world war ii population increased .million per cent population born overseas.
History of Australia	indigenous prehistory humans believed arrived australia years ago.huntergatherers established enduring spiritual artistic traditions used range implements adapted environments.recent estimates population time british settlement range one million.there considerable archaeological discussion route taken first population.people appear arrived sea period glaciation new guinea tasmania joined continent however journey still required sea travel making among worlds earliest mariners.scott cane wrote first wave may prompted eruption lake toba.
History of Australia	arrived years ago could crossed water timor sea level low came later around years ago likely route would moluccas new guinea.given likely landfall regions approximately metres water past years unlikely timing ever established certainty.the oldest known sites human occupation australia arnhem land north continent dated bp.population spread range different environments.devils lair extreme southwest continent occupied around bp tasmania bp.earliest known human remains australia found lake mungo dry lake southwest new south wales years old.
History of Australia	remains found mungo suggest one worlds oldest known cremations thus indicating early evidence religious ritual among humans.the spread population also altered environment.evidence deliberate use fire shape australian environment years ago.many parts australia firestick farming used clear vegetation make travel easier drive animals ambushes create open grasslands rich animal vegetable food sources.species animals including australian megafauna became extinct ago.researchers variously attributed extinctions human hunting firing practices climate change combination factors.the inhabitants developed technologies better exploit diverse environments.
History of Australia	fibre nets use watercraft fishing developed bp.complex tools edgeground axes hafted wooden handles appeared bp.elaborate trade networks also developed.ochre transported kilometres barrier range lake mungo years ago.shells decorative beads transported kilometres bp.
History of Australia	extensive trade networks developed later times.the earliest aboriginal rock art consists handprints handstencils engravings circles tracks lines cupules dated years ago.around year ago aboriginal artists depicting humans animals.however dating contentious researchers believe known examples aboriginal rock art possibly recent.the aboriginal population confronted significant changes climate environment.years ago sea levels began fall temperatures southeast continent dropped much degrees celsius interior australia became arid.years ago new guinea tasmania connected australian continent quarter larger today.about years ago temperatures sea levels began rise.
History of Australia	tasmania became separated mainland years ago years ago thousands islands torres strait around coast australia formed.josephine flood writes flooding loss land coastlines receded might led greater emphasis territorial boundaries separating groups stronger clan identity development rainbow serpent mythologies.the warmer climate associated new technologies.small backbladed stone tools appeared thousand years ago.wooden javelins boomerangs found dating years ago.stone points spears found dating thousand years ago.
History of Australia	spear throwers probably developed recently years ago.sea levels stabilised around current level years ago.warmer weather wetter conditions new coastlines led significant changes aboriginal social economic organisation.new coastal societies emerged around tidal reefs estuaries flooded river valleys coastal islands incorporated local economies.proliferation stone tool plant processing landscape modification technologies.elaborate fish eel traps involving channels three kilometres long use western victoria years ago.
History of Australia	semipermanent collections wooden huts mounds also appeared western victoria associated systematic exploitation new food sources wetlands.aboriginal tasmanians isolated mainland years ago.result possessed one quarter tools equipment adjacent mainland without hafted axes grinding technology stone tipped weapons spear throwers boomerang.bp ceased eat fish use bone tools.coastal tasmanians switched fish abalone crayfish tasmanians moved interior.tasmanians built watercraft reeds bark journeyed kilometres offshore visit islands hunt seals muttonbirds.around years ago first phase occupation torres strait islands began.
History of Australia	years ago islands occupied distinctive torres strait island maritime culture emerged.agriculture also developed islands years ago villages appeared.one genetic study suggested years ago indian explorers settled australia assimilated local population.however recent studies support view.nevertheless innovations imported mainland neighbouring cultures.dingo introduced years ago.shell fish hooks appeared australia years ago probably introduced torres strait polynesian seafarers.
History of Australia	mids fishing vessels indonesia regularly visited north coast australia search trepang sea cucumber.trade social relationships developed reflected aboriginal art ceremonies oral traditions.aboriginal people adopted dugout canoes metal harpoon heads indonesians allowed better hunt dugong turtle coast nearby islands.despite interactions neighbouring cultures basic structure aboriginal society unchanged.family groups joined bands clans averaging people defined territory foraging.clans attached tribes nations associated particular languages country.
History of Australia	time european contact tribes nations distinct languages various dialects.aboriginal society egalitarian formal government chiefs.authority rested elders held extensive ritual knowledge gained many years.group decisions generally made consensus elders.traditional economy cooperative males generally hunting large game females gathered local staples small animals shellfish vegetables fruits seeds nuts.food shared within groups exchanged across groups.aboriginal groups seminomadic generally ranging specific territory defined natural features.
History of Australia	members group would enter territory another group rights established marriage kinship invitation specific purposes ceremonies sharing abundant seasonal foods.natural features land created ancestral beings groups particular country provided physical spiritual nourishment.according australian aboriginal mythology animist framework developed aboriginal australia dreaming sacred era ancestral totemic spirit beings formed creation.dreaming established laws structures society ceremonies performed ensure continuity life land.the extent aboriginal societies agricultural controversial.lake condah region western victoria inhabitants built elaborate eel fish traps hundreds gathered semipermanent stone bark huts eel season.however groups still moved across territory several times year exploit seasonal food sources.
History of Australia	semiarid areas millet harvested stacked threshed seeds stored later use.tropical areas tops yams replanted.flood argues practices better classified resource management agriculture aboriginal societies develop systematic cultivation crops permanent villages existed torres strait islands.elizabeth williams called inhabitants settled regions murray valley complex hunter gatherers.early european exploration dutch discovery exploration although theory portuguese discovery exists lacks definitive evidence.
History of Australia	dutch east india company ship duyfken captained willem janszoon made first documented european landing australia .year spanish expedition sailing nearby waters led portuguese navigator pedro fernandes de queirós landed new hebrides believing fabled southern continent named land austrialia del espiritu santo southern land holy spirit honour queen margaret austria wife philip iii spain.later year queirós deputy luís vaz de torres sailed north australia torres strait along new guineas southern coast.the dutch contributed great deal europes knowledge australias coast.dirk hartog sailing course en route cape good hope batavia landed island shark bay western australia.– leeuwin made first recorded rounding south west corner continent gave name cape leeuwin.in south coast australia accidentally discovered françois thijssen named land van pieter nuyts honour highest ranking passenger pieter nuyts extraordinary councillor india.
History of Australia	squadron dutch ships sent governorgeneral dutch east indies pieter de carpentier explore northern coast.ships made extensive examinations particularly gulf carpentaria named honour de carpentier.abel tasmans voyage first known european expedition reach van diemens land later tasmania new zealand sight fiji.second voyage also contributed significantly mapping australian mainland called new holland making observations land people north coast new guinea.following tasmans voyages dutch able make almost complete maps australias northern western coasts much southern southeastern tasmanian coasts reflected map joan blaeu nova et accuratissima terrarum orbis tabula.british french exploration william dampier english buccaneer explorer landed northwest coast new holland published influential descriptions aboriginal people.in lieutenant james cook command hms endeavour travelled tahiti observe record transit venus.cook also carried secret admiralty instructions locate supposed southern continent.
History of Australia	continent found disappointment alexander dalrymple fellow members royal society urged admiralty undertake mission.cook decided survey east coast new holland major part continent charted dutch navigators.on april endeavour reached east coast new holland ten days later anchored botany bay.cook charted coast northern extent formally took possession east coast new holland august possession island west coast cape york peninsula.he noted journal could land upon eastern coast new holland western side make new discovery honour belongs dutch navigators may lay claim property italicised words crossed original eastern coast latitude south place confident never seen viseted european us therefore rule belongs great brittan italicised words crossed original.in march marcjoseph marion du fresne command two french ships reached van diemens land way tahiti south seas.party became first recorded europeans encounter indigenous tasmanians kill one them.in year french expedition led louis aleno de st aloüarn became first europeans formally claim sovereignty west coast australia attempt made follow colonisation.colonisation plans colonisation although various proposals colonisation australia made prior none attempted.
History of Australia	jeanpierre purry sent plan dutch east india company colonisation area modern south australia.company rejected plan comment prospect use benefit company rather certain heavy costs.in contrast emanuel bowen promoted benefits exploring colonising country writingit impossible conceive country promises fairer situation terra australis longer incognita map demonstrates southern continent discovered.lies precisely richest climates world... therefore whoever perfectly discovers settles become infalliably possessed territories rich fruitful capable improvement hitherto found either east indies west.john harris navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca voyages travels – recommended exploration east coast new holland view british colonisation way abel tasmans route van diemens land.john callander put forward proposal britain found colony banished convicts south sea terra australis enable mother country exploit riches regions.said world must present us many things entirely new hitherto little knowledge lain another planet.swedens king gustav iii ambitions establish colony country swan river plan stillborn.sixteen years cooks landfall east coast australia british government decided establish colony botany bay.the american revolutionary war – saw britain lose north american colonies consider establishing replacement territories.britain transported convicts new world searching alternative.
History of Australia	temporary solution floating prison hulks reached capacity public health hazard option building jails workhouses deemed expensive.in sir joseph banks eminent scientist accompanied james cook voyage recommended botany bay suitable site penal settlement.bankss plan send convicts botany bay could left devices burden british taxpayer.under bankss guidance american loyalist james matra also travelled cook produced new plan colonising new south wales .matra argued country suitable plantations sugar cotton tobacco new zealand timber hemp flax could prove valuable commodities could form base pacific trade could suitable compensation displaced american loyalists.following interview secretary state lord sydney matra amended proposal include convicts settlers considering would benefit economy publick humanity individual.the london newspapers announced november plan presented prime minister cabinet instituting new colony new holland.vast tract land....every sort produce improvement various soils earth capable may expected.the major alternative botany bay sending convicts africa.
History of Australia	convicts sent garrison british forts west africa experiment proved unsuccessful.pitt government considered exiling convicts small river island gambia could form selfgoverning community colony thieves expense government.in parliamentary select committee chaired lord beauchamp recommended gambia plan failed endorse alternative botany bay.second report beauchamp recommended penal settlement das voltas bay modern namibia.plan dropped however investigation site found unsuitable.two weeks later august pitt government announced intention send convicts botany bay.
History of Australia	government incorporated settlement norfolk island plan attractions timber flax proposed bankss royal society colleagues sir john call sir george young.there longstanding debate whether key consideration decision establish penal colony botany bay pressing need find solution penal management problem whether broader imperial goals — trade securing new supplies timber flax navy desirability strategic ports region — paramount.leading historians debate included sir ernest scott geoffrey blainey alan frost.the decision settle taken seemed outbreak civil war netherlands might precipitate war britain would confronted alliance three naval powers france holland spain brought defeat .circumstances naval base new south wales could facilitate attacks dutch spanish interests region would attractive.specific plans using colony strategic base spanish interests occasionally made never implemented.macintyre argues evidence militarystrategic motive establishing colony largely circumstantial hard reconcile strict ban establishing shipyard colony.karskens points instructions provided first five governors new south wales show initial plans colony limited.
History of Australia	settlement selfsufficient penal colony based subsistence agriculture.trade shipping ship building banned order keep convicts isolated interfere trade monopoly british east india company.plan economic development apart investigating possibility producing raw materials britain.christopher maxwellstewart argue whatever governments original motives establishing colony least achieved imperial objective providing harbour vessels could careened resupplied.colony new south wales establishment colony territory new south wales claimed britain included australia eastward meridian ° east.
History of Australia	included half mainland australia reflected line division claims spain portugal established treaty tordesillas .watkin tench subsequently commented narrative expedition botany bay partition may fairly presumed every source future litigation dutch us ever cut discoveries english navigators comprized territory.the claim also included islands adjacent pacific latitudes cape york southern tip van diemens land tasmania.king argues unofficial british map published general chart new holland showed possible extend claim.british government withdrew extensive territorial claim south pacific passing act specifying tahiti new zealand islands south pacific within majestys dominions.however unclear whether claim ever extended current islands new zealand.the colony new south wales established arrival first fleet vessels command captain arthur phillip january .
History of Australia	consisted thousand settlers including convicts women men.days arrival botany bay fleet moved suitable port jackson settlement established sydney cove january .date later became australias national day australia day.colony formally proclaimed governor phillip february sydney.sydney cove offered fresh water supply safe harbour philip described exception finest harbour world ... thousand sail line may ride perfect security.governor phillip vested complete authority inhabitants colony.
History of Australia	personal intent establish harmonious relations local aboriginal people try reform well discipline convicts colony.phillip several officers—most notably watkin tench—left behind journals accounts tell immense hardships first years settlement.often phillips officers despaired future new south wales.early efforts agriculture fraught supplies overseas scarce.male female convicts landed sydney.
History of Australia	many new arrivals sick unfit work conditions healthy convicts deteriorated hard labour poor sustenance settlement.food situation reached crisis point second fleet finally arrived june lost quarter passengers sickness condition convicts third fleet appalled phillip however regular arrival ships beginnings trade lessened feeling isolation improved supplies.in phillip established subsidiary settlement norfolk island south pacific hoped obtain timber flax navy.island however safe harbour led settlement abandoned settlers evacuated tasmania .island subsequently reestablished site secondary transportation .phillip sent exploratory missions search better soils fixed parramatta region promising area expansion moved many convicts late establish small township became main centre colonys economic life.left sydney cove important port focus social life.
History of Australia	poor equipment unfamiliar soils climate continued hamper expansion farming farm cove parramatta toongabbie building program assisted convict labour advanced steadily.convicts gaolers made majority population however free population soon began grow consisting emancipated convicts locally born children soldiers whose military service expired finally free settlers britain.governor phillip departed colony england december new settlement survived near starvation immense isolation four years.a number foreign commentators pointed strategic importance new colony.spanish naval commander alessandro malaspina visited sydney march–april reported government transportation convicts constituted means object enterprise.extension dominion mercantile speculations discovery mines real object.
History of Australia	frenchman françois péron baudin expedition visited sydney reported french government conceived monstrous invasion accomplished complaint europe protest conceived spain previously raised many objections opposing occupation malouines falkland islands meekly allowed formidable empire arise facing richest possessions empire must either invade liberate themking points supporters penal colony frequently compared venture foundation rome first great seal new south wales alluded this.phillip however wrote would wish convicts lay foundations empire.... consolidation departure phillip colonys military officers began acquiring land importing consumer goods obtained visiting ships.former convicts also farmed land granted engaged trade.farms spread fertile lands surrounding paramatta windsor camden colony selfsufficient grain.boat building developed order make travel easier exploit marine resources coastal settlements.
History of Australia	sealing whaling became important industries.the new south wales corps formed england permanent regiment british army relieve marines accompanied first fleet.officers corps soon became involved corrupt lucrative rum trade colony.governor william bligh – tried suppress rum trade illegal use crown land resulting rum rebellion .corps working closely newly established wool trader john macarthur staged successful armed takeover government australian history deposing bligh instigating brief period military rule prior arrival britain governor lachlan macquarie .macquarie served last autocratic governor new south wales leading role social economic development new south wales saw transition penal colony budding civil society.established bank currency hospital.
History of Australia	employed planner design street layout sydney commissioned construction roads wharves churches public buildings.sent explorers sydney road across blue mountains completed opening way large scale farming grazing lightlywooded pastures west great dividing range.central macquaries policy treatment emancipists considered treated social equals freesettlers colony.appointed emancipists key government positions including francis greenway colonial architect william redfern magistrate.policy emancipists opposed many influential free settlers officers officials london became concerned cost public works.london appointed j. t. bigge conduct inquiry colony macquarie resigned shortly report inquiry published.
History of Australia	expansion british settlement largely confined kilometre radius around sydney central plain van diemens land.settler population mainland van diemens land.following end napoleonic wars transportation convicts increased rapidly number free settlers grew steadily.convicts arrived new south wales van diemens land.however free settlers locally born exceeded convict population new south wales.from squatters increasingly established unauthorised cattle sheep runs beyond official limits settled colony.
History of Australia	system annual licences authorising grazing crown land introduced attempt control pastoral industry booming wool prices high cost land settled areas encouraged squatting.wool accounted half colonys exports eastern third new south wales controlled fewer pastoralists.in western boundary new south wales extended longitude ° east current boundary western australia.result territory new south wales reached greatest extent covering area modern state well modern queensland victoria tasmania south australia northern territory.by settler population new south wales grown including thousand living area became separate colony victoria .establishment colonies van diemens land hosting nicholas baudins french naval expedition sydney governor phillip gidley king decided establish settlement van diemens land modern tasmania partly forestall possible french settlement.british settlement island soon centred launceston north hobart south.
History of Australia	first two decades settlement relied heavily convict labour smallscale farming sheep grazing sealing whaling dog kangaroo economy emancipists escaped convicts hunted native game guns dogs.from free settlers encouraged offer land grants proportion capital settlers would bring.almost million acres land granted free settlers decade number sheep island increased million.land grants created social division large landowners majority landless convicts emancipists.van diemens land became separate colony new south wales december continued expand supported farming sheep grazing whaling.following suspension convict transportation new south wales van diemens land became main destination convicts.transportation van diemens land ended colony officially changed name tasmania.
History of Australia	victoria pastoralists van diemens land began squatting port phillip hinterland mainland attracted rich grasslands.john batman others negotiated transfer acres land kulin people.however treaty annulled year british colonial office issued proclamation governor bourke stating unalienated land colony vacant crown land irrespective whether occupied traditional landowners.publication meant people found occupying land without authority government would considered illegal trespassers.in port phillip officially recognised district new south wales opened settlement.main settlement melbourne established planned town instructions governor bourke.
History of Australia	squatters settlers van diemens land new south wales soon arrived large numbers district population europeans indigenous inhabitants million sheep.port phillip district separated new south wales colony victoria.western australia governor new south wales ralph darling sent military garrison king george sound basis later town albany deter french establishing settlement western australia.head expedition major edmund lockyer formally annexed western third continent british colony.in swan river colony established sites modern fremantle perth becoming first convictfree privatised colony australia.however much arable land allocated absentee owners development colony hampered poor soil dry climate lack capital labour.
History of Australia	little settlers half children.colony accepted convicts year acute shortage labour.south australia province south australia established privately financed settlement based theory systematic colonisation developed edward gibbon wakefield.intention found free colony based private investment little cost british government.power divided crown board commissioners colonisation responsible shareholders.
History of Australia	settlement controlled promote balance land capital labour.convict labour banned hope making colony attractive respectable families promote even balance male female settlers.city adelaide planned generous provision churches parks schools.land sold uniform price proceeds used secure adequate supply labour selective assisted migration.various religious personal commercial freedoms guaranteed letters patent enabling south australia act included guarantee rights aboriginal natives descendants lands actually occupied enjoyed.the colony badly hit depression overproduction wheat overinvestment infrastructure almost bankrupted it.
History of Australia	conflict indigenous traditional landowners also reduced protections promised.settlement became crown colony administered governor appointed legislative council.economy recovered supported wheat farming sheep grazing boom copper mining.settler population grown following year colony achieved limited selfgovernment partially elected legislative council.queensland moreton bay penal settlement established site present day brisbane place secondary punishment.
History of Australia	penal colony closed area opened free settlement.population brisbane reached increasing numbers pastoralists grazing cattle sheep darling downs west town.however several attempts establish settlements north tropic capricorn failed settler population north remained small.frontier violence settlers indigenous population became severe pastoralism expanded north tweed river.a series disputes northern pastoralists government sydney led increasing demands northern settlers separation new south wales.british government agreed separation colony queensland proclaimed.
History of Australia	settler population new colony vast majority territory still occupied traditional owners.convicts colonial society convicts emancipists approximately convicts women transported australian colonies new south wales van diemens land western australia.historian lloyd robson estimated perhaps twothirds thieves working class towns particularly midlands north england.majority repeat offenders.literacy rate convicts average brought range useful skills new colony including building farming sailing fishing hunting.
History of Australia	small number free settlers meant early governors also rely convicts emancipists professions lawyers architects surveyors teachers.the first governors saw new south wales place punishment reform convicts.convicts worked government farms public works land clearing building.majority assigned work private employers including emancipists transported convicts completed sentence pardoned called themselves.emancipists granted small plots land farming year government rations.later assigned convict labour help work farms.
History of Australia	convicts assigned military officers run businesses officers want directly associated trade.convicts learnt commercial skills could help work sentence ended granted ticket leave form parole.convicts soon established system piece work allowed work wages allocated tasks completed.due shortage labour wage rates high male workers although much lower females engaged domestic work.governor macquarie ordered convicts work p.m. private employers pay wages additional work.by convicts emancipists children owned twothirds land cultivation half cattle onethird sheep.also worked trades small business.
History of Australia	emancipists employed half convicts assigned private masters.after wages employment opportunities convicts emancipists deteriorated sharp increase number convicts transported led oversupply labour.series reforms recommended j. t. bigge also sought change nature colony make transportation object real terror.food ration convicts cut opportunities work wages restricted.convicts assigned rural work gangs bureaucratic control surveillance convicts made systematic isolated penal settlements established places secondary punishment rules tickets leave tightened land grants skewed favour free settlers large capital.result convicts arrived far less likely become property owners marry establish families.
History of Australia	free settlers bigge reforms also aimed encourage affluent free settlers offering land grants farming grazing proportion capital.colonies replaced land grants land sales auction fixed minimum price per acre proceeds used fund assisted migration workers.australia attracted immigrants united kingdom.although immigrants settled towns many attracted high wages business opportunities available rural areas.however system land grants later land sales led concentration land hands small number affluent settlers.twothirds migrants australia period received assistance british colonial governments.
History of Australia	healthy young workers without dependants favoured assisted migration especially experience agricultural labourers domestic workers.families convicts also offered free passage migrants selected english poor laws.various specialpurpose charitable schemes caroline chisholm john dunmore lang also provided migration assistance.women colonial australia characterised imbalance sexes women comprised per cent convicts transported.first female convicts brought range skills including experience domestic workers dairy women farm workers.
History of Australia	due shortage women colony likely marry men tended choose older skilled men property husbands.early colonial courts enforced property rights women independently husbands ration system also gave women children protection abandonment.women active business agriculture early years colony among successful former convict turned entrepreneur mary reibey agriculturalist elizabeth macarthur.onethird shareholders first colonial bank founded women.one goals assisted migration programs promote migration women families provide even gender balance colonies.philanthropist caroline chisholm established shelter labour exchange migrant women new south wales promoted settlement single married women rural areas hoped would civilising influence rough colonial manners act gods police.between female proportion australian settler population increased per cent per cent.
History of Australia	religion early chaplains colony also civil magistrates power discipline convicts grant tickets leave.church england recognised church clergy worked closely governors.richard johnson chief chaplain – charged governor arthur phillip improving public morality colony also heavily involved health education.samuel marsden various ministries – became known missionary work severity punishments magistrate vehemence public denunciations catholicism irish convicts.about quarter convicts catholics frequently requested catholic priest perform rites.lack official recognition catholicism combined suspicion irish convicts increased irishled castle hill rebellion .
History of Australia	two catholic priests operated temporarily colony governor macquarie appointed official catholic chaplains new south wales van diemens land .the bigge reports recommended status anglican church enhanced source stability moral authority colony.anglican archdeacon appointed allocated seat first advisory legislative council.anglican clergy schools also received state support.policy changed governor burke church acts .government provided state support clergy church buildings four largest denominations anglican catholic presbyterian later methodist.the church acts alleviate sectarianism many anglicans saw state support catholic church threat.
History of Australia	prominent presbyterian minister john dunmore lang also promoted sectarian divisions s. state support however led growth church activities.charitable associations catholic sisters charity founded provided hospitals orphanages asylums old disabled.religious organisations also main providers school education first half nineteenth century notable example langs australian college opened .many religious associations sisters st joseph cofounded mary mackillop continued educational activities provision secular state schools grew s. exploration continent – george bass matthew flinders set sydney sloop circumnavigated tasmania thus proving island.– matthew flinders hms investigator led first circumnavigation australia.
History of Australia	aboard ship aboriginal explorer bungaree sydney district became first person born australian continent circumnavigate australian continent.in former convict john wilson two companions crossed blue mountains west sydney expedition ordered governor hunter.hunter suppressed news feat fear would encourage convicts abscond settlement.gregory blaxland william lawson william wentworth crossed mountains different route road soon built central tablelands.in governor sir thomas brisbane commissioned hamilton hume former royal navy captain william hovell lead expedition find new grazing land south colony also find answer mystery new south wales western rivers flowed.weeks – hume hovell journeyed port phillip back.made many important discoveries including murray river named hume many tributaries good agricultural grazing lands gunning new south wales corio bay port phillip.charles sturt led expedition along macquarie river discovered darling river.
History of Australia	theory developed inland rivers new south wales draining inland sea.leading second expedition sturt followed murrumbidgee river broad noble river named murray river.party followed river junction darling river.sturt continued river lake alexandrina murray meets sea south australia.surveyor general sir thomas mitchell conducted series expeditions fill gaps left previous expeditions.mitchell employed three aboriginal guides meticulous recording aboriginal place names around colony.
History of Australia	also recorded violent encounter traditional owners murray men pursued shooting many could.the polish scientist explorer count paul edmund strzelecki conducted surveying work australian alps led two aboriginal guides charlie tarra jackie became first european ascend australias highest peak named mount kosciuszko honour polish patriot tadeusz kościuszko.european explorers penetrated deeper interior quest discover new lands agriculture answer scientific enquiries.german scientist ludwig leichhardt led three expeditions northern australia decade sometimes help aboriginal guides identifying grazing potential region making important discoveries fields botany geology.party disappeared attempting cross continent east west.edmund kennedy led expedition farwestern queensland speared aborigines cape york peninsula .in burke wills led first south–north crossing continent melbourne gulf carpentaria.lacking bushcraft unwilling learn local aboriginal people burke wills died returned gulf rendezvous point coopers creek discover rest party departed location matter hours previously.
History of Australia	became tragic heroes european settlers funeral attracting crowd story inspiring numerous books artworks films representations popular culture.in john mcdouall stuart succeeded traversing central australia south north.expedition mapped route later followed australian overland telegraph line.the completion overland telegraph line associated exploration gibson desert nullarbor plain.exploring central australia ernest giles sighted kata tjuta location near kings canyon called mount olga.following year willian gosse observed uluru named ayers rock honour chief secretary south australia sir henry ayers.in alexander forrest trekked north coast western australia overland telegraph discovering land suitable grazing kimberley region.impact british settlement indigenous population first fleet arrived sydney cove colonists january aboriginal population sydney region estimated people.
History of Australia	first governor new south wales arthur phillip arrived instructions endeavour every possible means open intercourse natives conciliate affections enjoining subjects live amity kindness them.disease relative isolation indigenous population years meant little resistance many introduced diseases.outbreak smallpox april killed half aboriginal population sydney region one death recorded among settlers.source outbreak controversial researchers contend originated contact indonesian fisherman far north spread along aboriginal trade routes others argue likely deliberately spread settlers.there smallpox outbreaks devastating aboriginal populations late affecting southeastern australia early travelling inland coburg peninsula north great australian bight south late kimberley geraldton.according josphine flood estimated aboriginal mortality rate smallpox per cent first exposure per cent tropics per cent arid interior.
History of Australia	introduced diseases measles influenza typhoid tuberculosis also resulted high death rates aboriginal communities.butlin estimates aboriginal population area modern victoria around two smallpox outbreaks reduced .settlement port phillip aboriginal population victoria fell around .estimated per cent deaths introduced diseases per cent natural causes per cent settler violence.venereal diseases also factor indigenous depopulation reducing aboriginal fertility rates southeastern australia estimated per cent .per cent aboriginal population regions queensland affected.
History of Australia	conflict dispossession british settlement initially planned selfsufficient penal colony based agriculture.karskens argues conflict broke settlers traditional owners land settlers assumptions superiority british civilisation entitlement land improved building cultivation.broome argues british claims exclusive possession land property irreconcilable aboriginal concepts communal ownership land food resources.flood points conflict british law aboriginal customary law also source conflict example aboriginal groups considered right hunt animals traditional land whereas british settlers considered killing livestock poaching.conflict also arose crosscultural misunderstandings reprisals previous actions kidnapping aboriginal men women children.reprisal attacks collective punishments perpetrated colonists aboriginal groups alike.
History of Australia	sustained aboriginal attacks settlers burning crops mass killing livestock obviously acts resistance loss traditional land food resources.as colony spread fertile lands around hawkesbury river northwest sydney conflict settlers darug people intensified reaching peak .bands darug people led pemulwuy later son tedbury burned crops killed livestock raided settler huts stores pattern resistance repeated colonial frontier expanded.military garrison established hawkesbury .death toll settlers darug.conflict erupted expansion colony dharawal country nepean region southwest sydney.following deaths several settlers governor macquarie despatched three military detachments dharawal lands culminating appin massacre april least aboriginal people killed.in colony spread lightlywooded pastures west great dividing range opening way large scale farming grazing wiradjuri country.
History of Australia	windradyne led group aboriginal men raids livestock stockmens huts resulting death colonists.martial law declared august ended five months later windradyne followers ended armed resistance.estimates aboriginal deaths conflict range .after two decades sporadic violence settlers aboriginal tasmanians van diemens land black war broke following rapid expansion settler numbers sheep grazing islands interior.eumarrah leader north midlands people captured said patriotic duty kill many white people possible driven people kangaroo hunting grounds.martial law declared settled districts van diemens land november extended entire island october .
History of Australia	black line around troops settlers swept island intention driving aboriginal population settled districts.george augustus robinson aboriginal ambassadors including truganini led series friendly missions aboriginal tribes effectively ended black war.flood states around settler aboriginal tasmanian deaths frontier violence recorded period adds never known many aboriginal deaths went unreported.clements estimates colonists killed aboriginal people eastern van diemens land black war.around aboriginal tasmanians eventually relocated flinders island.as settlers pastoralists spread region modern victoria competition land natural resources sparked conflict traditional landowners.
History of Australia	aboriginal resistance intense unusual sheep runs abandoned repeated attacks.broome estimates settlers aboriginal people died frontier conflict victoria .the growth swan river colony centred fremantle perth led conflict number clans noongar people.governor sterling established mounted police force october year led mixed force soldiers mounted police civilians punitive expedition pindjarup.expedition culminated pinjarra massacre aboriginal people killed.according neville green settlers aboriginal people died violent conflict western australia .the spread sheep cattle grazing grasslands semiarid regions australia brought conflict aboriginal tribes distant closely settled areas.
History of Australia	aboriginal casualty rates conflicts increased colonists made greater use mounted police native police units newly developed revolvers breechloaded guns.civilian colonists often launched punitive raids aboriginal groups without knowledge colonial authorities.conflict particularly intense nsw queensland .central australia estimated aboriginal people population killed colonists .gulf country northern australia five settlers aboriginal people killed .
History of Australia	last recorded massacre aboriginal people settlers coniston northern territory least aboriginal people killed.the spread british settlement also led increase intertribal aboriginal conflict people forced traditional lands territory often hostile tribes.butlin estimated aboriginal deaths victoria intertribal violence.broome estimates total death toll settleraboriginal conflict settlers aboriginal people.reynolds suggested higher guesstimate settlers aboriginals killed.project team university newcastle australia reached preliminary estimate aboriginal deaths frontier massacres .cooperation protection first two years settlement aboriginal people sydney initial curiosity mostly avoided newcomers.
History of Australia	governor phillip number aboriginal people kidnapped attempt learn language customs.one bennelong led survivors several clans sydney november months smallpox epidemic devastated aboriginal population.bungaree kuringgai man joined matthew flinders circumnavigation australia playing important role emissary various indigenous peoples encountered.governor macquarie hoped effect civilization aborigines reclaim barbarous practices.established native institution provide elementary education aboriginal children settled aboriginal families farms sydney made first freehold land grant aboriginal people black town west sydney.initiated annual native feast parramatta attracted aboriginal people far bathurst plains.
History of Australia	however native institution aboriginal farms failed.aboriginal people continued live vacant waterfront land fringes sydney settlement adapting traditional practices new semiurban environment.escalating frontier conflict saw colonial governments develop number policies aimed protecting aboriginal people.protectors aborigines appointed south australia port phillip district western australia .aim extend protection british law aboriginal people often result increase criminalisation.protectors also responsible distribution rations delivering elementary education aboriginal children instruction christianity training occupations useful colonists.colonial governments established small number reserves encouraged christian missions afforded protection frontier violence.
History of Australia	nsw governor granted acres aboriginal mission lake macquarie.early also missions wellington valley port phillip moreton bay.settlement aboriginal tasmanians flinders island operated effectively mission george robinson .protectors aborigines also set government stations providing housing rations schools small farms.however protection offices closed due cost failure meets goals.in new south wales aboriginal reserves established .
History of Australia	reserves allowed aboriginal people degree autonomy freedom enter leave.contrast victorian board protection aborigines created extensive power regulate employment education place residence aboriginal victorians closely managed five reserves missions established since self government .protection board gained power exclude half caste aboriginal people missions stations.victorian legislation forerunner racial segregation policies australian governments s.in densely settled areas aboriginal people lost control land lived reserves missions fringes cities towns.pastoral districts british waste land act gave traditional landowners limited rights live hunt gather food crown land pastoral leases.
History of Australia	many aboriginal groups camped pastoral stations aboriginal men often employed shepherds stockmen.groups able retain connection lands maintain aspects traditional culture.autonomy federation colonial selfgovernment gold rushes towards representative government imperial legislation provided legislative council nominated governor new south wales new supreme court providing additional limits power governors.number prominent colonial figures including william wentworth.campaigned greater degree selfgovernment although divisions extent future legislative body popularly elected.
History of Australia	major issues public debate colonial selfgovernment traditional british political rights land policy transportation whether colonies large population convicts former convicts could trusted selfgovernment.australian patriotic association formed promote representative government new south wales.the british government abolished transportation new south wales granted limited representative government colony establishing reformed legislative council onethird members appointed governor twothirds elected male voters met property qualification.property qualification meant per cent males eligible vote first legislative council elections .the increasing immigration free settlers declining number convicts growing middle class working class population led agitation liberal democratic reforms.public meetings adelaide called representative government south australia.constitutional association formed sydney called manhood suffrage.
History of Australia	antitransportation league founded van diemens land also demanded representative government.port phillip district agitation representative government closely linked demands independence new south wales.in imperial parliament passed australian colonies government act granting van diemens land south australia newlycreated colony victoria semielected legislative councils new south wales model.act also reduced property requirement voting.government officials responsible governor rather legislative council imperial legislation provided limited representative government rather responsible government.gold rushes although gold found australia early surveyor james mcbrien gold rush began edward hargraves widely publicised discovery gold near bathurst new south wales february .
History of Australia	discoveries made later year victoria richest gold fields found.british law minerals belonged crown governors new south wales victoria quickly introduced laws aimed avoiding disorder associated california gold rush .colonies introduced gold mining licence monthly fee revenue used offset cost providing infrastructure administration policing gold fields.size allowable claims small .metres square much gold near surface licensing system favoured small prospectors large enterprises.the gold rush initially caused economic disruption including wage price inflation labour shortages male workers moved goldfields.
History of Australia	male population south australia fell three per cent tasmania per cent.immigrants united kingdom continental europe united states china also poured victoria new south wales.australian population increased .victoria became populous colony melbourne largest city.chinese migration particular concern colonial officials.chinese miners victorian goldfields new south wales diggings.
History of Australia	widespread belief represented danger white australian living standards morality colonial governments responded imposing range taxes charges restrictions chinese migrants residents.antichinese riots erupted victorian goldfields new south wales .according stuart macintyre goldfields migrant reception centres nineteenth century crucibles nationalism xenophobia.” eureka stockade men moved gold fields quantity easilyaccessible gold diminished average income miners fell.victorian miners increasingly saw flat monthly licence fee regressive tax complained official corruption heavyhanded administration lack voting rights itinerant miners.protests intensified october three miners arrested following riot ballarat.
History of Australia	protesters formed ballarat reform league support arrested men demanded manhood suffrage reform mining licence administration land reform promote small farms.protests followed protesters built stockade eureka field ballarat.december troops overran stockade killing protesters.five troops killed seriously wounded.following royal commission monthly licence replaced annual miners right lower cost also gave holders right vote build dwelling gold fields.administration victorian goldfields also reformed.
History of Australia	stuart macintyre states eureka rebellion formative event national mythology southern cross eureka flag symbol freedom independence.” however according a. g. l. shaw eureka affair often painted great fight australian liberty rights working man that.leaders small capitalists...and even universal suffrage introduced...only fifth miners bothered vote.selfgovernment democracy elections semirepresentative legislative councils held new south wales victoria south australia van diemens land produced greater number liberal members.year new south wales legislative council petitioned british government requesting selfgovernment colony.antitransportation league also saw convict system barrier achievement selfgovernment.
History of Australia	british government announced convict transportation van diemens land would cease invited eastern colonies draft constitutions enabling responsible selfgovernment.secretary state cited social economic transformation colonies following discoveries gold one factors making selfgovernment feasible.the constitutions new south wales victoria van diemens land renamed tasmania gained royal assent south australia .constitutions varied created lower house elected broad male franchise upper house either appointed life new south wales elected restricted property franchise.britain retained right veto legislation regarding matters imperial interest.queensland became separate colony immediately became selfgoverning adopting constitution new south wales.
History of Australia	western australia granted selfgovernment .the secret ballot adopted tasmania victoria south australia followed new south wales queensland western australia .south australia introduced universal male suffrage lower house followed victoria new south wales queensland western australia tasmania .queensland excluded aboriginal males voting women also excluded.western australia women disenfranchised property qualification voting existed male aboriginals asians africans people mixed descent.societies promote womens suffrage formed victoria south australia new south wales .womens christian temperance union also established branches australian colonies promoting votes women range social causes.
History of Australia	female suffrage right stand office first south australia .women vote western australia restrictions based race.women remainder australia full rights vote stand elected office decade federation although racial restrictions.long boom land reform new south wales victoria queensland south australia introduced selection acts intended promote family farms mixed farming grazing.legislation typically allowed individual selectors select small parcels unused crown land leased pastoral land purchase credit.
History of Australia	reforms initially little impact concentration land ownership large landowners used loopholes laws buy land.however refinements legislation improvements farming technology introduction crops adapted australian conditions eventually led diversification rural land use.expansion railways allowed wheat cheaply transported bulk stimulating development wheat belt south australia queensland.land cultivation increased hectares million hectares .bushrangers period saw revival bushranging.
History of Australia	first bushrangers escaped convicts former convicts early years british settlement lived independently bush often supporting criminal activity.early association bush freedom beginning enduring myth.resurgence bushranging drew grievances rural poor several members kelly gang famous bushrangers sons impoverished small farmers.exploits ned kelly gang garnered considerable local community support extensive national press coverage time.kellys capture execution murder story inspired numerous works art literature popular culture continuing debate extent rebel fighting social injustice oppressive police murderous criminal.
History of Australia	economic growth race gold australias largest export allowed colony import range consumer capital goods.importantly increase population decades following gold rush stimulated demand housing consumer goods services urban infrastructure.half australian population lived towns making australia urbanised united kingdom united states canada.average income per person australia per cent higher united states giving australia one highest living standards world.the size government sector almost doubled per cent national expenditure per cent .colonial governments spent heavily infrastructure railways ports telegraph schools urban services.
History of Australia	much money infrastructure borrowed london financial markets landrich governments also sold land finance expenditure keep taxes low.in building workers sydney melbourne first world win eight hour working day.saw trade unions grow spread lower skilled workers also across colonial boundaries.per cent male workers belonged union one highest rates world.economic growth accompanied expansion northern australia.gold discovered northern queensland kimberley pilbara regions western australia s. sheep cattle runs spread northern queensland gulf country northern territory kimberley region western australia s. sugar plantations also expanded northern queensland period.the gold discoveries northern australia attracted new wave chinese immigrants.queensland sugar cane industry also relied heavily indentured south sea island workers whose low wages poor working conditions became national controversy led government regulation industry.
History of Australia	additionally significant population japanese filipinos malays working pearling fishing.population northern australia estimated europeans asians pacific islanders.indigenous people probably outnumbered groups leaving white people minority north tropic capricorn.from late trade unions antichinese leagues community groups campaigned chinese immigration lowwage chinese labour.following intercolonial conferences issue colonial governments responded series laws progressively restricted chinese immigration citizenship rights.depression falling wool prices collapse speculative property bubble melbourne heralded end long boom.
History of Australia	british banks cut back lending australia heavily indebted australian economy fell economic depression.number major banks suspended business economy contracted per cent .unemployment rose almost third workforce.depression followed federation drought .in strike shipping industry spread wharves railways mines shearing sheds.employers responded locking workers employing nonunion labour colonial governments intervened police troops.
History of Australia	strike failed subsequent strikes shearers miners .depression employer resistance trade unions saw union membership fall five per cent workforce.the defeat maritime strike led trade unions form political parties.new south wales labor electoral league quarter seats elections held balance power free trade party protectionist party.labor parties also seats south australian queensland elections .worlds first labor government formed queensland lasted week.from mids colonial governments often labor support passed acts regulating wages working conditions coloured labour number industries.at intercolonial conference colonies agreed extend restrictions chinese immigration coloured races.
History of Australia	labor supported reid government new south wales passing coloured races restriction regulation act forerunner white australia policy.however britain japan voiced objections legislation new south wales tasmania western australia instead introduced european language tests restrict undesirable immigrants.growth nationalism late majority people living australian colonies native born although per cent british irish heritage.australian natives association friendly society open australianborn males flourished s. campaigned australian federation within british empire promoted australian literature history successfully lobbied january australia’s national day.australian nationalists often claimed unification colonies australias destiny.australians lived single continent vast majority shared british heritage spoke english.
History of Australia	many nationalists spoke australians sharing common blood members british race.henry parkes stated crimson thread kinship runs us all...we must unite one great australian people.a minority nationalists saw distinctive australian identity rather shared britishness basis unified australia.radical magazine bulletin tasmanian attorneygeneral andrew inglis clark republicans others prepared accept fully independent country australia ceremonial role british monarch.poet henry lawson wrote choice old dead tree young tree green land belongs lord queenand land belongs you.a unified australia usually associated white australia.bulletin declared white men left religious class divisions old world behind australians.
History of Australia	saw proliferation books articles depicting australia sparsely populated white nation threatened populous asian neighbours.white australia also meant exclusion cheap asian labour idea strongly promoted labour movement.according historian john hirst federation needed make white australia policy policy popular expression national ideal inspired federation.”the growing nationalist sentiment associated development distinctively australian art literature.artists heidelberg school arthur streeton frederick mccubbin tom roberts followed example european impressionists painting open air.applied capturing light colour australian landscape exploring distinctive universal mixed life city characteristic life station bush.in henry lawson banjo paterson writers associated bulletin produced poetry prose exploring nature bush life themes independence stoicism masculine labour egalitarianism antiauthoritarianism mateship.
History of Australia	protagonists often shearers boundary riders itinerant bush workers.following decade lawson paterson writers steele rudd miles franklin joseph furphy helped forge distinctive national literature.patersons ballad man snowy river achieved popularity lyrics song waltzing matilda c. helped make unofficial national anthem many australians.according macintyre however even bush legend myth enshrined lost possibilities.federation movement growing nationalist sentiment coincided business concerns economic inefficiency customs barriers colonies duplication services colonial governments lack single national market goods services.
History of Australia	colonial concerns german french ambitions region also led british pressure federated australian defence force unified singlegauge railway network defence purposes.a federal council australasia formed powers new south wales south australia declined join.an obstacle federation fear smaller colonies would dominated new south wales victoria.queensland particular although generally favouring white australia policy wished maintain exception south sea islander workers sugar cane industry.another major barrier free trade policies new south wales conflicted protectionist policies dominant victoria colonies.nevertheless nsw premier henry parkes strong advocate federation tenterfield oration pivotal gathering support cause.parkes also struck deal edmund barton leader nsw protectionist party whereby would work together federation leave question protective tariff future australian government decide.in representatives six colonies new zealand met melbourne agreed principle federation colonies colonial legislatures nominate representatives attend constitutional convention.following year national australasian convention held sydney future states new zealand represented.
History of Australia	draft constitutional bill adopted transmitted colonial parliaments approval people.worsening economic depression parliamentary opposition however delayed progress.in early first citizens federation league established riverina region new south wales many leagues soon formed colonies.leagues organised conference corowa july developed new plan federation involving constitutional convention directly elected delegates referendum colony endorse proposed constitution.new nsw premier george reid endorsed corowa plan convinced majority premiers adopt it.most colonies sent directly elected representatives constitutional convention although western australia chosen parliament.queensland send delegates.
History of Australia	convention held sessions resulted proposed constitution commonwealth federated states british crown.referendums held resulted solid majorities constitution victoria south australia tasmania.however referendum failed gain required majority new south wales colonys labor party campaigned premier reid gave qualified support earned nickname yesno reid.the premiers colonies agreed number concessions new south wales particularly future commonwealth capital would located state referendums held colonies except western australia.resulted yes votes.in march delegates dispatched london including barton victorian parliamentarian alfred deakin leading advocate federation.following intense negotiations british government federation bill passed imperial government july gained royal assent july.western australia subsequently voted join new federation.
History of Australia	federation white australia protectionism rise labor commonwealth australia proclaimed governorgeneral lord hopetoun january barton sworn australias first prime minister.first federal elections held march resulted narrow plurality protectionist party free trade party australian labor party alp polling third.labor declared would support party offered concessions program bartons protectionists formed government deakin attorneygeneral.the immigration restriction act one first laws passed new australian parliament.centrepiece white australia policy aimed extend restrictions immigration asians previously enacted colonies.like colonial legislation immigration restriction act used dictation test european language exclude asian migrants considered threat australias living standards majority british culture.
History of Australia	government also ended use indentured south sea islander labour queensland sugar cane industry announced workers would repatriated islands .deakin stated white australia surface reasoned policy goes roots national life whole social industrial political organisation governed.in government introduced female suffrage commonwealth jurisdiction time excluded aboriginal people franchise unless already vote state jurisdiction.the barton government also introduced tariff imports designed raise revenue protect australian industry.however tariff lower less extensive many protectionists wanted due need attract sufficient support labor parliamentarians free vote issue many favoured free trade.the three major parties supported system commonwealth conciliation arbitration settle industrial disputes extending across state borders labor insisted railway workers included system preference given unionised labour.disagreements legislation instrumental fall deakins protectionist government april appointment first national labor government prime minister chris watson.watson government fell april free trade government prime minister reid successfully introduced legislation commonwealth conciliation arbitration court.in july deakin withdrew support reid government formed protectionist government support labor.
History of Australia	new government embarked series social reforms program dubbed new protection tariff protection australian industries would linked provision fair reasonable wages.harvester case h. b. higgins conciliation arbitration court set fair reasonable wage based needs male breadwinner supporting wife three children.high court australia struck new protection legislation unconstitutional.however harvester case set standard basic wage subsequently used conciliation arbitration court settling industrial disputes.commonwealth new south wales queensland western australia used arbitration courts settle industrial disputes fix wages conditions victoria south australia tasmania used wage boards achieve goals.
History of Australia	labor antilabor base labor party australian trade union movement grew members half million .party also drew considerable support clerical workers catholics small farmers.labor party adopted objectives federal level included cultivation australian sentiment based upon maintenance racial purity collective ownership monopolies.year queensland branch party adopted overtly socialist objective.in federal free trade party changed name antisocialist party december elections became largest party per cent vote compared per cent labor per cent protectionists.deakins protectionist government remained power following passage legislation old age pensions new protective tariff labor withdrew support government november andrew fisher became second labor prime minister.
History of Australia	response liberalprotectionists antisocialists conservative corner group entered coalition known fusion formed government prime minister deakin june .reid stated question whether australia follow course free enterprise state control.in elections may labor majority houses parliament fisher became prime minister.labor government introduced series reforms including progressive land tax invalid pensions maternity allowance .government established commonwealth bank referendums nationalise monopolies extend commonwealth trade commerce powers defeated .commonwealth took responsibility northern territory south australia .the antilabor parliamentary fusion formalised commonwealth liberal party former new south wales labor party leader joseph cook.
History of Australia	liberal party narrowly may elections labor still controlled senate.cook governments attempt pass legislation abolishing preferential treatment union members commonwealth public service triggered double dissolution parliament.labor comfortably september elections fisher resumed office.external affairs defence federation commonwealth inherited small defence forces six former australian colonies.units soldiers six australian colonies active part british forces boer war.
History of Australia	british government asked troops australia early australian government obliged national contingent.men volunteered service wars end june .in britain germany agreed partition eastern half new guinea.british new guinea placed authority australia saw territory vital protection shipping lanes.passage papua act british new guinea became australian territory papua.formal australian administration territory began .under agreement australia contributed cost royal navy pacific fleet provide nations defence britain reserved right deploy fleet outside australian waters.
History of Australia	following japans defeat russia war concern japanese naval power led calls australian fleet.deakin proposed purchase destroyers governments surplus revenue act provided £ naval expenditure.fisher labor government increased naval budget established royal australian navy.october navys first battle cruiser australia arrived sydney harbour accompanied new light cruisers sydney melbourne.in deakin proposed compulsory military training home defence measure supported watson hughes labor party.labor party adopted measure annual conference fisher government expanded system compulsory military training introduced deakin government previous year.

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