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Glossary of medicine	different visual acuity refers clearly person sees example vision.person problems visual perceptual processing even vision.vital signs – also known vitals group four six important medical signs indicate status bodys vital lifesustaining functions.measurements taken help assess general physical health person give clues possible diseases show progress toward recovery.normal ranges persons vital signs vary age weight gender overall health.four primary vital signs body temperature blood pressure pulse heart rate breathing rate respiratory rate often notated bt bp hr rr.
Glossary of medicine	however depending clinical setting vital signs may include measurements called fifth vital sign sixth vital sign.vital signs recorded using loinc internationally accepted standard coding system.vitamin – group fatsoluble secosteroids responsible increasing intestinal absorption calcium magnesium phosphate many biological effects.humans important compounds group vitamin also known cholecalciferol vitamin ergocalciferol.vitrectomy – surgery remove vitreous humor eye.anterior vitrectomy entails removing small portions vitreous humor front structures eye—often tangled intraocular lens structures.pars plana vitrectomy general term group operations accomplished deeper part eye involve removing vitreous humor—the eyes clear internal jelly.vitreous body –vulva – w waist – part abdomen rib cage hips.
Glossary of medicine	people slim bodies waist narrowest part torso.waistline refers horizontal line waist narrowest general appearance waist.wart – warts typically small rough hard growths similar color rest skin.typically result symptoms except bottom feet may painful.usually occur hands feet also affect locations.one many warts may appear.
Glossary of medicine	cancerous.weber test – screening test hearing performed tuning fork.detect unilateral onesided conductive hearing loss middle ear hearing loss unilateral sensorineural hearing loss inner ear hearing loss.test named ernst heinrich weber –.conductive hearing ability mediated middle ear composed ossicles malleus incus stapes.sensorineural hearing ability mediated inner ear composed cochlea internal basilar membrane attached cochlear nerve cranial nerve viii.
Glossary of medicine	outer ear consisting pinna ear canal ear drum tympanic membrane transmits sounds middle ear contribute conduction sensorineural hearing ability save hearing transmissions limited cerumen impaction wax collection ear canal.weber test value screening test questioned literature.wernicke–korsakoff syndrome – wks combined presence wernicke encephalopathy alcoholic korsakoff syndrome.due close relationship two disorders people either usually diagnosed wks single syndrome.mainly causes vision changes ataxia impaired memory.wernickes area – also called wernickes speech area one two parts cerebral cortex linked speech brocas area.involved comprehension written spoken language contrast brocas area involved production language.
Glossary of medicine	traditionally thought reside brodmann area located superior temporal gyrus dominant cerebral hemisphere left hemisphere righthanded individuals lefthanded individuals.whiplash – nonmedical term describing range injuries neck caused related sudden distortion neck associated extension although exact injury mechanisms remain unknown.term whiplash colloquialism.cervical acceleration–deceleration cad describes mechanism injury term whiplash associated disorders wad describes injury sequelae symptoms.white blood cell – white blood cells wbcs also called leukocytes leucocytes cells immune system involved protecting body infectious disease foreign invaders.white blood cells produced derived multipotent cells bone marrow known hematopoietic stem cells.leukocytes found throughout body including blood lymphatic system.white matter – refers areas central nervous system cns mainly made myelinated axons also called tracts.
Glossary of medicine	long thought passive tissue white matter affects learning brain functions modulating distribution action potentials acting relay coordinating communication different brain regions.working memory – cognitive system limited capacity hold information temporarily.working memory important reasoning guidance decisionmaking behavior.working memory often used synonymously shortterm memory theorists consider two forms memory distinct assuming working memory allows manipulation stored information whereas shortterm memory refers shortterm storage information.working memory theoretical concept central cognitive psychology neuropsychology neuroscience.wrist – human anatomy wrist variously defined carpus carpal bones complex eight bones forming proximal skeletal segment hand wrist joint radiocarpal joint joint radius carpus anatomical region surrounding carpus including distal parts bones forearm proximal parts metacarpus five metacarpal bones series joints bones thus referred wrist joints.region also includes carpal tunnel anatomical snuff box bracelet lines flexor retinaculum extensor retinaculum.
Glossary of medicine	consequence various definitions fractures carpal bones referred carpal fractures fractures distal radius fracture often considered fractures wrist.x xanthoma – xanthoma pl.xanthomas xanthomata condition xanthomatosis greek ξανθός xanthós yellow deposition yellowish cholesterolrich material appear anywhere body various disease states.cutaneous manifestations lipidosis lipids accumulate large foam cells within skin.associated hyperlipidemias primary secondary types.
Glossary of medicine	yaws – tropical infection skin bones joints caused spirochete bacterium treponema pallidum pertenue.disease begins round hard swelling skin centimeters diameter.center may break open form ulcer.initial skin lesion typically heals three six months.weeks years joints bones may become painful fatigue may develop new skin lesions may appear.
Glossary of medicine	skin palms hands soles feet may become thick break open.bones especially nose may become misshapen.five years large areas skin may die leaving scar.yellow fever – viral disease typically short duration.cases symptoms include fever chills loss appetite nausea muscle pains particularly back headaches.symptoms typically improve within five days.
Glossary of medicine	people within day improving fever comes back abdominal pain occurs liver damage begins causing yellow skin.occurs risk bleeding kidney problems increased.z zellweger spectrum disorders – group rare disorders create disease process.subdivisions spectrum hyperpipecolic acidemia infantile refsum disease neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy nald zellweger syndrome.also referred peroxisomal biogenesis disorders zellweger syndrome spectrum nald cerebrohepatorenal syndrome zss.
Glossary of medicine	affect many body organs including kidneys eyes hearing.named hans zellweger.zika virus – zikv pronounced member virus family flaviviridae.spread daytimeactive aedes mosquitoes a. aegypti a. albopictus.name comes ziika forest uganda virus first isolated .zika virus shares genus dengue yellow fever japanese encephalitis west nile viruses.
Glossary of medicine	since known occur within narrow equatorial belt africa asia.virus spread eastward across pacific ocean americas leading – zika virus epidemic.zoonosis – zoonosis plural zoonoses zoonotic diseases infectious disease caused pathogen infectious agent bacterium virus parasite prion jumped nonhuman animal usually vertebrate human.typically first infected human transmits infectious agent least one human turn infects others.zygomatic bone – human skull zygomatic bone cheekbone malar bone paired irregular bone articulates maxilla temporal bone sphenoid bone frontal bone.situated upper lateral part face forms prominence cheek part lateral wall floor orbit parts temporal fossa infratemporal fossa.presents malar temporal surface four processes frontosphenoidal orbital maxillary temporal four borders.
Lobbying in the United States	see also medicineoutline medicinelist medical roots suffixes prefixeslist bones human skeletonlist nerves human bodylist skeletal muscles human bodyanatomical terms locationlist diseaseshistory medicinemedical college admission test references see alsohighly controversial phenomenon often seen negative light journalists american public critics describing legal form bribery influence peddling extortion.lobbying subject extensive often complex rules followed lead penalties including jail activity lobbying interpreted court rulings constitutionally protected free speech way petition government redress grievances two freedoms protected first amendment constitution.since lobbying activity grown immensely united states terms numbers lobbyists size lobbying budgets become focus much criticism american governance.since lobby rules require extensive disclosure large amount information public sphere entities lobby much.current pattern suggests much lobbying done primarily corporations although wide variety coalitions representing diverse groups also occurs.lobbying takes place every level government including federal state county municipal local governments.
Lobbying in the United States	washington d.c. lobbying usually targets members congress although efforts influence executive agency officials well supreme court appointments.lobbying important influence political system example study suggested special interest lobbying enhanced power elite groups factor shifting nations political structure toward oligarchy average citizens little independent influence.the number lobbyists washington estimated twelve thousand lobbying terms expenditures handled fewer firms low turnover.report nation suggested number registered lobbyists decreased compared lobbying activity increasing going underground lobbyists use increasingly sophisticated strategies obscure activity.analyst james a. thurber estimated actual number working lobbyists close industry brings billion annually.wall street spent record billion trying influence united states presidential election.lobbying subject academic inquiry various fields including law public policy economics even marketing strategy.
Lobbying in the United States	overview political scientist thomas r. dye said politics battling scarce governmental resources gets how.since government makes rules complex economy united states logical various organizations businesses individuals nonprofits trade groups religions charities others—which affected rules—will exert much influence rulings favorable cause.battling influence happened every organized society since beginning civilization whether ancient athens florence time medici late imperial china presentday united states.modernday lobbyists one sense like courtiers ancien régime.voting general way public control government lobbying specific targeted effort focused narrower set issues.the term lobby etymological roots physical structure british parliament intermediary covered room outside main hall.
Lobbying in the United States	people pushing agenda would try meet members parliament room came known metonymy lobbyists although one account suggested application word lobby american term used much britain.willard hotel blocks white house pennsylvania avenue claims term originated willard lobby ulysses s. grant popularized term “lobbyist.” often bothered selfpromoters sat lobby enjoyed cigar brandy referred individuals lobbyists.the term lobbying everyday parlance describe wide variety activities general sense suggests advocacy advertising promoting cause.sense anybody tries influence political position thought lobbying sometimes term used loose sense.person writes letter congressperson even questions candidate political meeting could construed lobbyist.however term lobbying generally means paid activity purpose attempting influence sway public official – including bureaucrats elected officials – towards desired specific action often relating specific legislation.advocacy disseminating information including attempts persuade public officials well public media promote cause something support activity becomes focused specific legislation either support opposition crosses line advocacy becomes lobbying.
Lobbying in the United States	usual sense term lobbying.one account suggested much activity nonprofits lobbying per se since usually mean changes legislation.a lobbyist according legal sense word professional often lawyer.lobbyists intermediaries client organizations lawmakers explain legislators organizations want explain clients obstacles elected officials face.one definition lobbyist someone employed persuade legislators pass legislation help lobbyists employer.many lobbyists work lobbying firms law firms retain clients outside lobbying.
Lobbying in the United States	others work advocacy groups trade associations companies state local governments.lobbyists one type government official governor state presses officials washington specific legislation.lobbyist may put together diverse coalition organizations people sometimes including lawmakers corporations whole effort may considered lobby example abortion issue prochoice lobby prolife lobby.an estimate reported federal lobbyists based washington dc another estimate suggested count registered lobbyists actually lobbied year .numbers like suggest lobbying widespread activity accounts suggest washington lobbying industry exclusive one run wellconnected firms players serious barriers entry firms wanting get lobbying business since requires roaming halls congress years years.it possible foreign nations influence foreign policy united states lobbying supporting lobbying organizations directly indirectly.example taiwanese officials hired american senatorturnedlobbyist bob dole set controversial phone call presidentelect donald trump taiwanese president tsai ingwen.
Lobbying in the United States	reports national rifle association u.s.based lobbying group advocating gun rights target decadelong infiltration effort russian president vladimir putin allegations putin funneled cash nra aid election donald trump.also reports qatar saudi arabia bahrain united arab emirates waged intense lobbying campaign win trump administration congress.the longstanding probe influence campaign run foreign governments uae us presidential elections led arrest highprofile associate july ties former president donald trump.former outside adviser mr. trump’s election campaign one top fundraisers elections thomas j. barrack jr. arrested midjuly obstruction justice lying investigators failing register foreign lobbyist working government uae.yearold accused sevencount indictment misusing access trump order expand foreign policy goals foreign government uae repeatedly misleading federal agents regarding activities per june interview.two men matthew grimes former senior executive barracks company rashid almalik alshahhi emirati business close ties uae rulers like mohammed bin zayed al nahyan also named investigation charged acting agents emirati government without registration fara us justice department.
Lobbying in the United States	yearold grimes arrested yearold mr. almalik remained unreachable.different types lobbying focus lobbying efforts generally lobbyists focus trying persuade decisionmakers congress executive branch agencies treasury department securities exchange commission supreme court state governments including governors.federal agencies targeted lobbyists since write industryspecific rules accordingly interest groups spend massive sums money trying persuade make socalled carveouts try block specific provisions enacted.large fraction overall lobbying focused sets issues according one report.possible one level government lobby another level example district columbia lobbying congress president greater power including possible statehood voting representation congress one assessment suggested district needed rethink lobbying strategy since past efforts mixed results.
Lobbying in the United States	many executive branch agencies power write specific rules target lobbying.federal agencies state department make rules giving aid money countries egypt one example egyptianamerican businessman named kais menoufy organized lobby try halt u.s. aid egypt.since supreme court power judicial review render congressional law unconstitutional great power influence course american life.example roe v. wade decision ruled legality abortion.variety forces use lobbying tactics pressure court overturn decision.lobbyists represent clients organizations interests state capitols.
Lobbying in the United States	example former school superintendent lobbying state legislatures california michigan nevada overhaul teacher evaluations trying end last first teacher hiring processes according one report michelle rhee becoming political force.state governments lobbied groups represent governments within state city authority example cities tallahassee st. petersburg lobbied florida legislature using paid lobbyists represent citys interests.lobbying activity county municipal levels especially larger cities populous counties.example officials within city government chicago called aldermen became lobbyists serving municipal government following oneyear period required city ethics rules abstain lobbying.paid versus free lobbying bulk lobbying happens business professional interests hire paid professionals lobbyists represent nonprofits probono issues personally interested.
Lobbying in the United States	pro bono publico clients offer activities meet socialize local legislators events like fundraisers awards ceremonies.single issue versus multiple issue lobbying lobbies push single issue grown importance past twenty years according one source.corporations generally would considered single issue lobbies.corporation wishes change public policy influence legislation impacts success business may use lobbying primary avenue purpose.one research study suggested single issue lobbies often operate different kinds institutional venues sometimes bringing message different groups.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbies represent groups labor unions business organizations trade associations sometimes considered multiple issue lobbies succeed must somewhat flexible politically willing accept compromise.inside versus outside lobbying inside lobbying sometimes called direct lobbying describes efforts lobbyists influence legislation rulemaking directly contacting legislators assistants sometimes called staffers aides.outside lobbying sometimes indirect lobbying includes attempts interest group leaders mobilize citizens outside policymaking community perhaps public relations methods advertising prompt pressure public officials within policymaking community.one example outside lobbying effort film entitled injustice made group promoting lawsuit reform.lobbyists using social media reduce cost traditional campaigns precisely target public officials political messages.taxpayerfunded lobbying taxpayerfunded lobbying one taxpayerfunded entity lobbies another taxpayerfunded entity usually taxpayerfunds.
Lobbying in the United States	united states typically takes place form statelevel agencies municipalities devoting part budget lobby state government larger budget.history lobbying constitution crafted part solve problem special interests today usually represented lobbies factions compete.james madison identified faction number citizens whether amounting minority majority whole united actuated common impulse passion interest adverse rights citizens permanent aggregate interests community madison argued federalist no.less risk injury narrowly focused faction large republic negative influence counteracted factions.addition constitution protected free speech including right petition government rights used lobbying interests throughout nations history.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbying every level government particularly state governments nineteenth century increasingly directed towards federal government twentieth century.last decades marked exponential increase lobbying activity expenditures.lobbying business key players lobbyists number registered washington lobbyists substantial.washington post estimated registered lobbyists describing nations capitol teeming lobbyists.. guardian estimated addition approximately registered lobbyists thousands unregistered lobbyists could exist washington.ratio lobbyists employed healthcare industry compared every elected politician six one according one account.
Lobbying in the United States	nevertheless numbers lobbyists actively engaged lobbying considerably less ones occupied lobbying fulltime making significant money even less.law firms several law firms including patton boggs akin gump holland knight sizable departments devoted socalled government relations.one account suggested lobbying arms law firms held separate subsidiaries law practices involved government lobbying integrated overall framework law firm.benefit integrated arrangement law firm lobbying department could share refer clients back forth.holland knight earned .million lobbying revenue .
Lobbying in the United States	one law firm employs socalled power brokers including former treasury department officials marti thomas former presidential advisers daniel meyer.report two law firms treating lobbying groups separate business units giving nonlawyer lobbyists equity stake firm.lobbying firms firms usually lawyers often founded former congressional staffers legislators politicians.lobbying groups bought large advertising conglomerates.corporations corporations lobby actively tend number large often sell government.corporations hire lobbyists.
Lobbying in the United States	one study found actual number firms lobbying regularly fewer percent firms engaged lobbying mainly large rich firms getting fun.firms hired lobbyists year year much evidence large firms taking much interest lobbying.corporations considering lobbying run substantial barriers entry corporations research relevant laws lobbying hire lobbying firms cultivate influential people make connections.issue regarding change immigration policy arose large corporations currently lobbying switched focus somewhat take account new regulatory world new corporations—even ones likely affected possible rulings immigration—stayed lobbying fray according study.still entities lobbying washington biggest overall spenders fact corporations.first decade lucrative clients gerald cassidys lobbying firm corporations displacing fees appropriations business.
Lobbying in the United States	wall street lobbyists financial industry spent upwards million one year court regulators lawmakers particularly since finalizing new regulations lending trading debit card fees.one academic analysis found firms likely spend lobbying large concerned adverse financial statement consequences lobby.big banks prolific spenders lobbying jpmorgan chase inhouse team lobbyists spent .million american bankers association spent .million lobbying organization representing nations largest financial firms called financial services roundtable spent heavily well.
Lobbying in the United States	trade group representing hedge funds spent million one quarter trying influence government financial regulations including effort try change rule might demand greater disclosure requirements funds.amazon.com spent one quarter lobbying possible online sales tax well rules data protection privacy.corporations sell substantially government tend active lobbiers.example aircraft manufacturer boeing sizeable defense contracts pours millions lobbyingboeing co. one influential companies airline manufacturing continually shown influence lobbying congress ... january september boeing spent total million lobbying according research center responsive politics.additionally boeing political action committee donated .
Lobbying in the United States	million federal candidates election cycle.sum percent went democrats....through september boeings pac donated federal politicians.in spring fierce lobbying effort internet service providers isps comcast att tech firms google facebook undo regulations protecting consumer privacy.rules passed obama administration required isps get explicit consent consumers gathering browsing histories locations businesses visited applications used trade groups wanted able sell information profit without consent.lobbyists connected republican senator jeff flake republican representative marsha blackburn sponsor legislation dismantle internet privacy rules flake received donations blackburn received donations trade groups.
Lobbying in the United States	march abolition privacy restrictions passed narrow partyline vote lobbying effort achieved result.credit reporting agency equifax lobbied congress extensively spending .million seeking rules limit damage lawsuits less regulatory oversight august equifaxs databases breached confidential data millions americans stolen hackers identity thieves potentially opening firm numerous class action lawsuits.major american corporations spent million lobbying three proimmigration bills .internet service providers united states spent .billion lobbying since biggest year far total spend million.from review major food beverage corporations spent .
Lobbying in the United States	million lobbying strengthen maintain big food influence washington d.c. unions one report suggested united food commercial workers international union spent lobbying federal government issues relating tax code food safety immigration reform issues.players possible players lobbying arena might influence legislation house senate colleagues public opinion district white house party leaders union leaders influential persons groups.interest groups often thought nonparty organizations regularly try change influence government decisionmaking.lobbying methods techniques lobbying much common highly peopleintensive businesses management consulting public relations political legal sensibility.like lawmakers many lobbyists lawyers persons trying influence duty writing laws.
Lobbying in the United States	disciplines law lobbying intertwined could seen case texas lawyer seeking compensation unfairly imprisoned client since exoneratedprisoner client trouble paying legal expenses lawyer lobbied texas state legislature raise states payment unfairly imprisoned prisoners per year per year succeeded making possible newly freed client pay lawyers fees.wellconnected lobbyists work washington years know issues highly skilled advocates cultivated close connections members congress regulators specialists others.understand strategy excellent communication skills many well suited able choose clients would like represent.lobbyists patiently cultivate networks powerful people many years trying build trust maintain confidence friendships.client hires push specific issue agenda usually form coalitions exert political pressure.lobbying result depends trying flexible new opportunities time act agent client.
Lobbying in the United States	one lobbyist put itits job advance interests association client.period.— comment lobbyistaccess important often means oneonone meeting legislator.getting access sometimes difficult various avenues email personal letters phone calls facetoface meetings meals gettogethers even chasing congresspersons capitol buildingmy style lobbying big formal meetings catch members fly theyre walking house office buildings.— lobbyist commenting accesswhen getting access difficult ways wear walls surrounding legislator.
Lobbying in the United States	jack abramoff explainedaccess vital lobbying.cant get door cant make case.hostile senator whose staff hostile get in.thats lobbyist safecracker method throw fundraisers raise money become big donor.— lobbyist jack abramoff lobbyists often assist congresspersons campaign finance arranging fundraisers assembling pacs seeking donations clients.
Lobbying in the United States	many lobbyists become campaign treasurers fundraisers congresspersons.helps incumbent members cope substantial amounts time required raise money reelection bids one estimate congresspersons spend third working hours fundraising activity.pacs fairly easy set requires lawyer roughly.even steeper possible reward used exchange favors lure highpaying job lobbyist according jack abramoff one best ways get wanted offer highranking congressional aide highpaying job decided leave public office.promise future employment accepted according abramoff owned them.
Lobbying in the United States	helped lobbying firm exert influence particular congressperson going staff member aide.time hard outside observers argue particular decision hiring former staffer lobbying position purely reward past political decision since staffers often valuable connections policy experience needed lobbying firms.research economist mirko draca suggested hiring staffer ideal way lobbying firm try sway old bosses—a congressperson—in future.lobbyists according several sources strive communications clear straightforward direct.oneonone meeting lobbyist helps understand precisely goal wanted.lobbyist wants action bill legislator wants reelected.
Lobbying in the United States	idea persuade legislator lobbyist wants good public policy.lobbyists often urge lawmakers try persuade lawmakers approve bill.still persuasion subtle business requiring deft touch carelessness boomerang.one instance public relations reversal lobbying initiative cassidy firm targeted senator robert c. byrd blew cassidybyrd connection published washington post resulted furious byrd reversing previous procassidy position throwing theatrical temper tantrum regarding million facility.byrd denounced lobbyists collect exorbitant fees create projects earmarked appropriation bills... benefit clients.since often takes long time build network relationships within lobbying industry ethical interpersonal dealings important.maxim industry lobbyists truthful people trying persuade one lobbyist described way youve basically got word reputation.
Lobbying in the United States	untruth lie risky successful development longterm relationship potential gain worth risk.one report suggested belowthebelt tactics generally work.one account suggest groping personal dirt opponents counterproductive since would undermine respect lobbyist clients.reverse logic untruth told opponent opposing lobby makes sense publicize it.general code among lobbyists unsubstantiated claims bad business.
Lobbying in the United States	even worse planting informant opponents camp since subterfuge ever discovered boomerang negatively hundred ways credibility drop zero.importance personal relationships lobbying seen state illinois fatherson ties helped push smartgrid energy bill although accusations favoritism.anecdotal evidence business firm seeking profitably influence legislation pay particular attention lobbyist hires.strategic considerations lobbyists trying influence legislation include locating power base constituency logically predisposed support given policy.timing well usually important sense knowing propose certain action bigpicture view possible sequence desired actions.strategic lobbying tries estimate possible responses different groups possible lobby approach one study suggested expectations opposition interests key factor helping determine lobby operate.increasingly lobbyists seek put together coalitions use outside lobbying swaying public opinion.
Lobbying in the United States	bigger diverse deep pocketed coalitions tend effective outside lobbying strength numbers principle often applies.interest groups try build sustainable coalitions similarly situated individual organizations pursuit likeminded goals.according one study often difficult lobbyist influence staff member congress directly since staffers tend wellinformed subject views competing interests.indirect tactic lobbyists try manipulate public opinion turn sometimes exert pressure congresspersons.activities purposes include trying use mass media cultivating contacts reporters editors encouraging write editorials cover stories influence public opinion may secondary effect influencing congress.
Lobbying in the United States	according analyst ken kollman easier sway public opinion congressional staff member since possible bombard public halftruths distortion scare tactics misinformation.kollman suggests two goals communicate public support behind issue policymakers increase public support issue among constituents.kollman suggested outside lobbying powerful tool interest group leaders.sense using criteria one could consider james madison engaged outside lobbying since constitution proposed wrote many newspaper editorials arguing people support constitution writings later became federalist papers.result lobbying effort constitution ratified although narrow margins victory four state legislatures.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbying today generally requires mounting coordinated campaign using targeted blitzes telephone calls letters emails congressional lawmakers marches national mall bus caravans often put together lobbyists coordinate variety interest group leaders unite behind hopefully simple easytograsp persuasive message.it important lobbyists follow rules governing lobbying behavior.difficult complex take time learn require full disclosure mistakes land lobbyist serious legal trouble.gifts congresspersons staffers problematic since anything sizeable value must disclosed generally gifts illegal.failure observe gift restrictions one factor caused lobbyist jack abramoff eventually plead guilty raft federal corruption charges led convictions lobbyists public officials including congressperson bob ney bush deputy interior secretary stephen griles.generally gifts congresspersons staffs federal officials allowed exceptions books permitted provided inside cover inscribed congresspersons name name ones organization.gifts allowed.
Lobbying in the United States	another exception awards permitted give congressperson plaque thanking support given issue.cash gifts payable check made campaign committees candidate personally staff permitted give cash stock.wealthy lobbyists often encourage lobbying clients donate particular cause hope favors returned later date.lobbyist gerald cassidy encouraged clients give causes dear particular client engaged current lobbying effort.lobbyists give money cassidy reportedly donated million dollars one project according one report noted cassidys firm received many times much fees clients paid monthly retainers.clients turn received hundreds millions earmarked appropriations benefits worth hundreds millions more.the dynamics lobbying world make fairly easy semiskilled operator defraud client.
Lobbying in the United States	essentially happened jack abramoff indian lobbying scandal.concerned client—in case indian casino—worried possible illeffects legislation gambling business lobbyists jack abramoff knew exploit fears.lobbyists actively lobbied casinoclient way ratchet fears adverse legislation well stoke possible future contributions lobbyists committed violations grossly overbilling clients well violating rules giving gifts congresspersons.numerous persons went jail scandal.following factors make fraud fairly easytodo activity lobbyists paid try influence decisionmakers may may succeed making hard tell lobbyist actual work much happens regarding interpersonal relations obscure despite rather strict disclosure transparency requirements sizable monies involved—factors almost guarantee future scandals involving fraudulent lobbying activity according one assessment.
Lobbying in the United States	fraud similar abramoffs perpetrated maryland lobbyist gerard e. evans convicted mail wire fraud case involving falsely creating fictitious legislative threat client billing client work supposed threat.lobbyists routinely monitor congressional officials vote sometimes checking past voting records congresspersons.one report suggested reforms requiring publicly recorded committee votes led information congresspersons voted instead becoming valuable resource news media voters information helped lobbyists monitor congressional voting patterns.general rule lawmakers must vote particular interest group wishes vote risk losing support.strategy usually dictates targeting specific office holders.state level one study suggested much lobbying activity targeted offices governors well statelevel executive bureaucrats state lobbying intensely personal game facetoface contact required important decisions.lobbying counteractive response lobbying efforts others.one study suggested particularly true battles surrounding possible decisions supreme court considered battleground public policy differing groups try etch policy preferences law.
Lobbying in the United States	sometimes lobbying efforts slow derail legislative processes example fda began considering cheaper generic version costly anticlotting drug lovenox french pharmaceutical firm sanofi sprang action try slow process.lobbyists often assembled anticipation potential takeover bid particularly large highprofile companies large foreign company involved substantial concern takeover may blocked regulatory authorities.an example may illustrate.company tyco learned discussion possible new tax provision might cost billion overall.firm hired jack abramoff paid retainer month.assembled dozens lobbyists connections key congressional committees ultimate objective influence powerful senator charles grassley.
Lobbying in the United States	abramoff began fundraising effort round every check possible.sought funds lobbying clientsi clients understand clients nothing would step give contributions congressmen needed sway similarly needed same.went every client could rounded every check could him.lobbyists educators advisors since government grown increasingly complex deal new technologies task writing rules become complex.government grown complex virtual certainty one agency would affected piece legislation according one view.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbyists therefore spend considerable time learning ins outs issues use expertise educate lawmakers help cope difficult issues.lobbyists knowledge considered intellectual subsidy lawmakers.lobbyists become specialists expertise particular set issues although one study suggested two competing criteria lobbyists—expertise access—that access far important.lobby groups members sometimes also write legislation whip bills instances helpful lawyers skilled writing legislation assist efforts.often necessary research relevant laws issues beforehand.many instances lobbyists write actual text proposed law hire lawyers get language pat—an omission wording unclear phrase may open loophole opponents wrangle years.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbyists often advise lawmaker navigate approval process.lobbying firms serve mentors guides.example months protesting occupy wall street one lobbying firm prepared memo clients warning republicans may turn big banks least public may effect altering political ground years come.parts memo broadcast msnbc network.leading democratic party strategists begun openly discuss benefits embracing growing increasingly organized occupy wall street ows movement ... would mean shortterm discomfort wall street firms.vilifying leading companies sector allowed become unchallenged centerpiece coordinated democratic campaign potential longlasting political policy financial impacts companies center bullseye.... bigger concern republicans longer defend wall street companies... growing billion dollar business since explosive growth lobbying industry particularly washington d.c. one estimate overall lobbying spending nationally billion dollars.
Lobbying in the United States	estimate lobbying expenses federal arena .billion .billion .prodigious data since firms required disclose lobbying expenditures quarterly basis.the industry however immune economic downturns.congress gridlocked summer early fall lobbying activity dipped considerably according washington post.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbying firm patton boggs reported drops revenue year million million .cope downturn law firms compensated increasing activity litigation regulatory work representing clients congressional investigations.a seachange government shift control legislature one political party affect lobbying business profoundly.example primarily democraticserving lobbying firm cassidy associates learned control congress would change hands democrats republicans firm acquired republican lobbyists congressional handover power move helped lobbying firm stay top new political realities.examples lobbying numerous examples lobbying activity reported media.one report chronicled somewhat unusual alliance consumer advocates industry groups boost funding food drug administration general pattern lobbying efforts try reduce regulatory oversight agency.
Lobbying in the United States	case however lobbying groups wanted federal watchdog agency tougher policing authority avert expensive problems oversight lax case industry consumer groups harmony lobbyists able persuade officials higher fda budgets public interest.religious consortiums according one report engaged million lobbying effort issues relation church state civil rights religious minorities bioethics issues including abortion capital punishment endoflife issues family issues.lobbying career nationallevel lobbyists working washington highest salaries many lobbyists operating state level earn substantial salaries.table shows top lobbyists one state—maryland—in .top powerbrokers gerald cassidy made fortunes lobbyingcassidys reaction wealth complicated.lives large riding around town chauffeured car spending thousands custommade clothes investing big money example charlie palmer steak restaurant foot capitol hill fun it.
Lobbying in the United States	fashioned wine cellar bottles.loves go england live like gentleman kind irish antecedents would considered anathema.effectiveness lobbying general consensus view lobbying generally works overall achieving soughtafter results clients particularly since become prevalent substantial growing budgets although dissenting views.study investmentresearch firm strategas cited economist washington post compared firms spent lobbying relative assets compared financial performance sp stock market study concluded spending lobbying spectacular investment yielding blistering returns comparable highflying hedge fund even despite financial downturn past years.study university kansas professor raquel meyer alexander suggested lobbying brought substantial return investment.
Lobbying in the United States	metaanalysis previous research findings found positive correlation corporate political activity firm performance.numerous reports national rifle association nra successfully influenced senators block proposed rule regulate assault weapons despite strong public support gun control.nra spends heavily influence gun policy gives million annually reelection campaigns congresspersons directly gives additional money pacs others influence legislation indirectly according bbc .there widespread agreement key ingredient effective lobbying money.view shared players lobbying industry.deep pockets speak money trumps all.still effectiveness vary depending situational context.one view large multipleissue lobbies tend effective getting results clients sophisticated managed legislative director familiar art compromise play political hardball.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbies became big large industrial trade organizations became harder control often leading lackluster results.study compared lobbying activity usstyle congressional europeanstyle parliamentary systems found congressional systems advantage favoring agendasetters systems lobbying marked effect policies.one report suggested registered lobbyists california highly influential called third house.studies lobbying academics previous decades painted picture lobbying ineffectual activity although many studies done lobbying became prevalent american politics.study bauer pool dexter suggested lobbyists mostly impotent exerting influence.studies early suggested lobbying exerted influence marginally although suggested lobbying activity achieve political impacts results political choices sufficient justify expenditure lobbying.
Lobbying in the United States	fairly recent study washington lobbies far less influential political rhetoric suggests lobbying campaigns change views strong entrenchment status quo.depends seen effective since many lobbying battles result stalemate since powerful interests battle many cases merely keeping status quo could seen victory sorts.happens often varying coalitions find diametrical opposition stalemates result.there anecdotal evidence numerous newspaper accounts different groups battling lobbying activity usually achieves results.example obama administration pledged stop forprofit colleges luring students false promises threat lobbying industry sprang action million campaign efforts succeeded watering proposed restrictions.lobbying campaign succeed actions taken includedspent millionhired allstar list prominent players including democrats republicans white house tiesplotted strategyworked fundraising bundler jamie rubin former obama communications directorwon support influential people including congresspersonturnedlobbyist dick gephardt senatorturnedlobbyist john breaux lobbyist tony podesta washington post ceo donald e. graham education entrepreneur university phoenix founder john sperling otherskey leaders made impassioned appealsmobilization effort produced public documents education department advocating changesand sometimes merely keeping status quo could seen victory.
Lobbying in the United States	gridlock led supposed supercommittee solution numerous lobbyists parts political spectrum worked hard stalemate resulted side defended special interests.money important variable one among many variables instances huge sums spent lobbying result backfire.one report suggested communications firm att failed achieve substantial results lobbying efforts since government antitrust officials rejected plan acquire rival tmobile.lobbying practical necessity firms live die government decisions large government contractors boeing.study done bloomberg news suggested lobbying sound moneymaking strategy largest federal contractors.largest contractor lockheed martin corporation received almost billion federal contracts – spent million lobbying expenses campaign donations.
Lobbying in the United States	dollar lobbying investment firm received revenues according report.lobbying firm cassidy associates began achieving results earmarks colleges universities medical centers new lobbying firms rose compete win earmarks clear sign lobbying exceedingly effective.lobbying controversies lobbying subject much debate discussion.general consensus lobbying significant corrupting influence american politics although criticism universal arguments put forward suggest system working properly.unfavorable image generally image lobbyists lobbying public sphere positive one although universal sentiment.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbyists described hired gun without principles positions.scandals involving lobbying helped taint image profession ones involving lobbyist jack abramoff congressmen randy duke cunningham bob ney others featured words bribery lobbyist member congress prison tending appear together articles.negative publicity sully lobbyings image great extent highprofile cases lobbying fraud abramoffs dubious fatherson exchangeoffavors ties public officials newt gingrich accused denying accusations done lobbying earning .million strategic advice.variety reasons lobbying acquired negative image public consciousness.
Lobbying in the United States	much disclosure much happens hardtodisclose personal meetings resulting secrecy confidentiality serve lower lobbyings status.revolving door since congresspersons staffers going downtown—becoming lobbyists—and big draw money.lucrative world k street means former congresspersons even modest seniority move jobs paying million annually without including bonuses bringing new clients.general concern revolvingdoor activity elected officials—persons supposed represent interests citizens—have instead become entangled bigmoney interests forprofit corporations interest groups narrow concerns public officials taken private interests.in july public citizen published report entitled journey congress k street report analyzed hundreds lobbyist registration documents filed compliance lobbying disclosure act foreign agents registration act among sources.found since percent members congress left government join private life registered lobby.
Lobbying in the United States	similar report center responsive politics found former members influencepeddling business officially registered federal lobbyists others described providing strategic advice public relations corporate clients.washington post described results reflecting sea change occurred lawmakers attitudes toward lobbying recent years.report included case study one particularly successful lobbyist bob livingston stepped speakerelect resigned seat .six years since resignation livingston group grew th largest nonlaw lobbying firm earning nearly million end .roughly time period livingston wife two political action committees pacs contributed campaign funds various candidates.
Lobbying in the United States	percentage former members congress become lobbyists continued increase.study found representatives leave congress work private sector working lobbying political consulting firms trade groups business groups tasked influencing federal government policy.numerous reports chronicle revolving door phenomenon.estimate suggested nearly former congressional staffers become federal lobbyists tenyear period lawmakers made similar jump.symbiotic relationship sense lobbying firms exploit experience connections gleaned working inside legislative process lawmakers find ready pool experienced talent.movement direction well one report found former lobbyists taken jobs working lawmakers tenyear period.
Lobbying in the United States	study london school economics found lobbyists formerly worked lawmakers offices.lobbying option way staffers lawmakers cash experience according one view.staffers aides worked many years congresspersons sometimes decades tended stay jobs lure higherpaying lobbying jobs many would quit posts years go downtown.and staffers lawmakers well including highprofile ones congressperson richard gephardt.represented workingclass district missouri many years leaving congress became lobbyist.began lobbying firm called gephardt government affairs group earning close million revenues clients including goldman sachs boeing visa inc. ameren corporation waste management inc. senators robert bennett byron dorgan became lobbyists too.
Lobbying in the United States	mississippi governor haley barbour became lobbyist.former representative billy tauzin earned million running drug industrys lobbying organization called pharmaceutical research manufacturers america phrma.bill provide prescription drug access medicare recipients gave major concessions pharmaceutical industry medicare prevented negotiating lower costs prescription drugs reimportation drugs first world countries allowed medicare undermined policy medigap d. bill passed months later tauzin retired congress took executive position phrma earn annual salary million.many former representatives earned million one year including james greenwood daniel glickman.insiders game similar concern voiced critics lobbying washington politics become dominated elites insiders game excluding regular citizens favors entrenched firms.
Lobbying in the United States	individuals generally afford lobby critics question whether corporations deeper pockets greater power regular persons.view system favors rich rich gotten richer weak weaker admits lobbyist gerald cassidy.concern money better political connections exert influence others.however analyst barry hessenius made case excessive forprofit lobbying could counteracted efforts increase nonprofit lobbying boost effectiveness.much money described flood corrupting influence united states appears awash interest groups.
Lobbying in the United States	coalitions different forces battle political arena favorable treatment better rules tax breaks seen fair sides equal resources try fight interests best can.gerald cassidy saidin lot areas stakes big companies hard argue one solution better another solution regard consumers interest ... issue ... whether company solution company bs solution based technology footprint right one.a related slightly different criticism problem lobbying exists today creates inequity access decisionmaking process.result important needs get left political evaluation antihunger lobbies lobbies seeking serious solutions problem poverty.nonprofit advocacy conspicuously absent lobbying efforts according one view.critics suggest powerful coalition battles less powerful one one poorly connected underfunded result may seen unfair potentially harmful entire society.
Lobbying in the United States	increasing number former lawmakers becoming lobbyists led senator russ feingold dwi propose paring back many capitol hill privileges enjoyed former senators representatives.plan would deprive lawmakersturnedlobbyists privileges unfettered access otherwise members areas house senate floors house gym.choicemaking problems concern among many critics influence peddling hurts overall decision making according criticism.proposals merit dropped favor proposals backed political expediency.example cited media recent battling food industry lobbyists healthcare lobbyists regarding school lunches.
Lobbying in the United States	group supported united states department agriculture proposed healthier lunches way combat childhood obesity limiting number potatoes served limiting salty foods adding fresh vegetables group countered strong food lobby backed cocacola del monte makers frozen pizza.food lobbyists succeeded blocking proposed reforms even writing rules suggesting tomato paste pizza qualified vegetable overall according critics case appeared example business interests health concerns.critics use examples suggest lobbying distorts sound governance.study imf economists found heaviest lobbying came lenders making riskier loans expanding mortgage business rapidly housing boom indications heavylobbying lenders likely receive bailout funds.study found correlation lobbying financial institutions excessive risktaking – authors concluded politically active lenders played role accumulation risks thus contributed financial crisis.
Lobbying in the United States	another study suggested governments tend protect domestic industries habit shunting monies ailing sectors study suggested government policy picks losers losers pick government policy.one critic suggested financial industry successfully blocked attempts regulation aftermath financial collapse.governmental focus critics contended lawmakers drawn battles determine issues composition school lunches much atm fee serious issues deficit reduction global warming social security neglected.leads legislative inertia.concern preoccupation seen superficial issues prevents attention longterm problems.
Lobbying in the United States	critics suggested congress spent time discussing pertransaction debitcard fees neglecting issues seen pressing.methodological problems line reasoning critics contend lobbying sole problem one aspect larger problem american governance.critics point interplay factors citizens uninvolved politically congresspersons needing huge sums money expensive television advertising campaigns increased complexity terms technologies congresspersons spending three days every week raising money forth.given temptations lobbying came along logical response meet needs congresspersons seeking campaign funds staffers seeking personal enrichment.sense competitive politics common good gets losti know client wants one knows common good is.a lobbyist identify clients needs.
Lobbying in the United States	hard single individual say best whole group.intent constitutions framers builtin constitutional protections protect common good according critics protections seem working wellthe structure representative government elected people systems builtin protection whole us—fairly elected officeholders represent constituent groups free obligations special interests.unfortunately money corrupted system compromised fairness electoral process well independence impartiality elected officials.lawrence lessig professor harvard law school author republic lost suggested moneyed persuasive power special interests insinuated people lawmakers.quoted congressperson jim cooper remarked congress become farm league k street sense congresspersons focused lucrative lobbying careers congress rather serving public interest office.speech lessig suggested structure incentives legislators tempted propose unnecessary regulations way lobbying industry activity.
Lobbying in the United States	according one view major legislation proposed wall street reforms spurred demand participating regulatory process.lessig suggested possibility corporations deciding take lobbying congress choosing debate lessthanimportant issues bring wellheeled corporations political fray lobbyists.result concerns lessig called state governments summon second constitutional convention propose substantive reform.lessig believes constitutional amendment written limit political contributions noncitizens including corporations anonymous organizations foreign nationals.our current tax system complexities part designed make easier candidates particular congressmen raise money get back congress ... sorts special exceptions expire limited period time reason pick phone call somebody say exception expire here’s good reason help us fight get extend.gives opportunity practice really type extortion – shaking trees money private sector campaign coffers run congress again.scholars richard labunski sanford levinson glenn reynolds larry sabato well newspaper columnist william safire activists john booth restoringfreedom.org called constitutional changes would curb powerful role money politics.
Lobbying in the United States	expansion lobbying law united states generally made congress federal government expanded much twentieth century sizeable number federal agencies generally control president.agencies write often industryspecific rules regulations regarding things automobile safety air quality.unlike elected congresspersons constantly seeking campaign funds appointed officials harder influence generally.however indications lobbyists seek expand influence halls congress deeper federal bureaucracy.president obama pledged election campaign rein lobbying.president january signed two executive orders three presidential memoranda help ensure administration would open transparent accountable.
Lobbying in the United States	documents attempted bring increased accountability federal spending limit influence special interests included lobbyist gift ban revolving door ban.may recovery act lobbying rules.executive branch reform act h.r.bill would required executive branch officials report public database nearly significant contact private party.purpose identify lobbying activity.
Lobbying in the United States	bill supported proponents expansion government sunshine including groups public citizen.but proposals ran serious opposition various groups including lobbying industry itself.opponents argued proposed reporting rules would infringed right petition making difficult lobbyists regular citizens communicate views controversial issues without names viewpoints entered government database.opposition groups suggested although proposed rules promoted way regulate lobbyists persons described private party could practically anybody anybody contacting federal official might deemed lobbyist.u.s. department justice raised constitutional objections bill.opponents mobilized groups including u.s. chamber commerce national association realtors letter writing campaigns proposed restrictions.
Lobbying in the United States	lobbyist howard marlowe argued stern letter restriction giftgiving federal employees would create fear retribution political donationssince announcement seek presidency consistently attacked honorable profession lobbying ... lobbyists play important role legislative process serving educators elected officials.best interest government informed individuals serve experts every arena public policy.ability access navigate legislative process push issues forward bureaucratic cluster vital service nation.draft order would inhibit one vital tools advocates arsenal creating fear retribution political donations.making kind disclosure part bidding process tarnishes competition based qualifications adds unneeded level bureaucracy endangers protection free speech afforded americans first amendment constitution...in efforts shift regulatory power executive branch congress requiring major rule may cost economy million must decided congress upordown vote.
Lobbying in the United States	skeptics think move proposed republican lawmakers could usher lobbying bonanza industry specialinterest groups use campaign contributions reshape regulatory milieu.potential reform critics suggest congress power fix reluctant sacrifice money power.one report suggested control unbroken record finding ways navigate around reform laws turn regulatory standards advantage.arguments lobbying counterarguments system working despite rather messy.according line argument madisonian view politics—in factions supposed compete factions—is working exactly should.
Lobbying in the United States	competing factions case competing interest groups square off.battling happens within federal government instead settling arguments elections arguments settled powerful interest groups fighting often financially.might appear members groups lost lobbying battle reason loss side lobbied unfairly using money.numerous instances opposed lobbies stalemate instances stalemates seen positive result.sometimes powerful financial interests lose battle.lobbying brings valuable information policymakers according another argument favor lobbying.
Lobbying in the United States	since lobbyists often become highly knowledgeable specific issue studying depth years bring considerable expertise help legislators avoid errors well grasp nuances complex issues.information also help congress oversee numerous federal agencies often regulate complex industries issue highly detailed specific rulings.accordingly difficult congress keep track agencies do.argued lobbyists help congress monitor activity possibly raising red flags proposed administrative rulings.congresspersons quickly gauge stand proposed administrative ruling simply seeing lobbying groups support proposal oppose it.another argument support lobbying different interest groups lobbyists trying build coalitions win support often amend soften change positions process interest groups lobbyists regulate sense.but general sentiment supporting lobbying arrangement every citizen construed represented dozens special interestsevery citizen special interest... blacks consumers teachers prochoicers gun control advocates handicapped people aliens exporters salesmen – special interests... american today represented whether knows least dozen special interest groups.
Lobbying in the United States	... one persons special interest another persons despotism...if powerful groups oil industry succeed winning battle government consumers drive gaspowered cars benefit bit according view.even readers wikipedia could conceived special interest represented various lobbies.example opponents stop online piracy act believed act might restrict sites wikipedia january form protest way encourage readers contributors english wikipedia write congresspersons online encyclopedia blacked day part effort lobby government.another view support lobbying serves helpful purpose helping guard extremism.according view lobbying adds builtin delays permits encourages opposing lobbies battle.battling possibly damaging decrees incorrect decisions stymied seemingly unhelpful delays waits.a slightly different view lobbying different professionslobbying perfect practice law practice medicine.
Lobbying in the United States	regulatory environment disclosure domestic regulations generally united states requires systematic disclosure lobbying may one countries extensive requirements.disclosure one sense allows lobbyists public officials justify actions banner openness full compliance law.rules often specify much lobbyist spend specific activities report expenses many laws guidelines specified lobbying disclosure act .transparency disclosure requirements mean volumes statistics available kinds analyses—by journalists public rival lobbying efforts.researchers subdivide lobbying expenditures numerous breakdowns contributions energy companies.sometimes defining clearly lobbyist precisely lobbying activities difficult.
Lobbying in the United States	according lobbying disclosure act several authorized definitions includelobbying activities means lobbying contacts efforts support contacts including preparation planning activities research background work intended time performed use contacts coordination lobbying activities others.lobbying contact means oral written communication including electronic communication covered executive branch official covered legislative branch official.still distinguishing lobbyists strategic adviser difficult since duties often overlap hard define precisely.issues raised constitutes difference lobbyist bundler one report described bundlers supporters contribute money campaign solicit others question whether persons really lobbyists involved raising campaign monies election barack obama whether obama broken pledge receive money lobbyists.legal ramifications lobbying intertangled aspects campaign finance reform since lobbyists often spend time seeking donations reelection efforts congresspersons sorting issues pose ethical challenges.there numerous regulations governing practice lobbying often ones requiring transparency disclosure.people paid lobby must register secretary senate clerk house representatives within days contacting legislator first time days employed.exception lobbyists earn less per client fiscal quarter whose total lobbying expenses less quarter need register.
Lobbying in the United States	parttime lobbyists exempt registering unless spend working hours lobbying activities quarter.lobbyists two contacts legislator lobbyist must register.requirements registering also apply companies specialize lobbying ones inhouse lobbyist particularly spend lobbying.generally nonprofit organizations churches exempt registering hire outside lobbying firm.filing must made quarter separate file needed lobbyists clients include information name title client estimate lobbying expenses estimate income lobbyist achieved lobbying.states addition moving direction greater disclosure transparency regarding lobbying activities.
Lobbying in the United States	california online database called calaccess although reports underfunded.money collected registration fees often used pay disclosure services calaccess.complaints illinois disclosure requirements often rigorous enough allowed lobbyists work without public notice possible conflicts interest.many local municipalities requiring legislative agents register lobbyists represent interests clients local city council members swing state ohio cities columbus cincinnati.laws requiring disclosure prevalent twentieth century.socalled sunshine law requiring lobbyists disclose whose behalf much received payment.
Lobbying in the United States	resulting federal regulation lobbying act governed lobbying rules lobbying disclosure act replaced it.federal election campaign act later amended mccain feingold act rules governing campaign contributions.branch congress rules well.legislation generally requires reports containing accounting major expenditures well legislation influenced wording pertinent laws found u.s.c.ch.
Lobbying in the United States	.lobbying law constantly evolving field american bar association published book guidelines pages.laws often rather specific observed lead serious trouble.failing file quarterly report knowingly filing incorrect report failing correct incorrect report lead fines imprisonment five years.penalties apply lobbyists fail list gifts made legislator.situations punishment light example congressional aideturnedlobbyist fraser verrusio spent hours jail pleading guilty taking client world series baseball game failing report it.
Lobbying in the United States	tax rules apply lobbying.one situation charity hawaii family forum risked losing taxexempt status engaged lobbying activity federal tax law requires charities one limit lobbying overall expenditures else eligible taxed like forprofit corporation.lobbyists sometimes support rules requiring greater transparency disclosureour profession critical point either embrace constructive changes reforms congress seek loopholes continue slippery slide history along side ranks snake oil salesmen.scandals spur impetus towards greater regulation well.jack abramoff indian lobbying scandal started led guilty plea inspired legislative transparency accountability act s. .according time magazine senate billbarred lobbyists buying gifts meals legislators left loophole firms organizations represented lobbyists could still dole gifts perksallowed privately funded trips lawmakers got prior approval commissioned ethics committeerequired lobbyists file frequent detailed activity reports posted publicly.bill approved – vote.in th congress tried reform lobbying passing lobbying disclosure act defines requires lobbyists compensated actions register congressional officials.
Lobbying in the United States	legislation later amended lobbying disclosure technical amendments act .subsequent modifications leading honest leadership open government act .lobbying transparency accountability act h.r.legislation modified senate rules although senators coalition goodgovernment groups assailed bill weak.honest leadership open government act comprehensive ethics lobbying reform bill h.r.
Lobbying in the United States	passed house congress large majority.parallel senate version legislation s. passed nearly unanimous vote.house senate resolved differences passed amended revision president bush signed enrolled bill law pub.l.– text pdf.some states considered banning government employees permanently lobbying issues worked on.example proposal along lines prevent county employees maryland ever lobbying issues worked on.
Lobbying in the United States	proposal insisted county officials post financial disclosures well prohibit gifts contractors.jack abramoff emerging prison spoken publicly lobbying.view regulations designed rein excesses lobbying effective reforms regulations cleaned system all.abramoff said lobbyists could find way around reform congress enacted gave exampleyou cant take congressman lunch buy hamburger steak something like ... take fundraising lunch buy steak give extra call fundraiser – access interactions congressman.a similar view suggested lobbying reform efforts fought tooth nail prevent passage since people power reform would curtail powers income flows.foreign lobbying since commerce worldwide becoming integrated firms headquartered one country increasingly business many countries logical expect lobbying efforts reflect increasing globalization.sometimes foreignowned corporations want lobby united states government instances new rules apply since particularly thorny resolving whether national security interests stake might affected.in foreign agents registration act required explicit listing political activities undertaken lobbyist behalf foreign principal.
Lobbying in the United States	serious concerns lobbying firms representing foreign entities – potentially values opposed american principles – axis power agitprop planted american soils world war ii efforts publicrelations specialist ivy lees proxy firm german dye trust.result foreign agents registration act fara passed congress law required foreign lobbyists share information contracts justice department.faras mandate disclose policymakers sources information influenced public opinions policies law.however goal restrict speech lobbyist content lobbying.nonetheless estimated less half foreign lobbyists registered fara actually so.by perceived failures faras enforcement led public outcry lobbying excesses revelations foreign bribery circulated regularly well early s. prompted legislation proposed reduce autonomy foreign firms ratified concerns lack constitutionality.
Lobbying in the United States	house representatives passed rule increase public scrutiny foreign lobbying one estimate lobbyists exempt registration requirement including individuals representing foreign interests.a general trend number lobbyists representing foreign companies rising.case washingtons apco worldwide firm represented dictatorship general sani abacha nigeria whose regime hanged nine prodemocracy activists attracted negative publicity.current law forbids foreign nations contributing federal state local elections loopholes allow american subsidiaries foreign corporations establish socalled separated segregated funds ssfs raise money.according one view definition firms defined foreign unclear lack clarity undermines ability regulate activity.foreignfunded lobbying efforts include israel saudi arabia turkey egypt pakistan libya china lobbies.
Lobbying in the United States	foreign governments spent approximately million lobbying congress u.s. government.saudi arabia paid million registered lobbyists influence u.s. government.while congress tried quell criticisms leverage domestic lobbying firms updating domestic lobbying legislation – revision lobbyist disclosure act —there report inaction rectifying loopholes foreign lobbying regulation led scandals.report upsurge lobbying foreignowned u.s. subsidiaries democratic efforts limit campaign spending early .proposed restrict lobbying u.s. subsidiaries foreign firms.chinese firm alibaba hired lobbying firm washington began contemplating purchase u.s. firm yahoo.
Lobbying in the United States	case lobbying effort described extraordinary trying change designation fringe iranian opposition group terrorist organization benign organization.lobbyists seeking downgrade designation hired influential foreign affairs officials including former cia directors former fbi director others advocate change designation.others accused illegally lobbying foreign nations failed register foreign agent may face prison time result.see also united states chamber commercehistory lobbying united statespolitical action committeenational rifle associationsecond constitutional convention united statesaarp formerly american association retired personshonest leadership open government act israel lobby united statesamerican israel public affairs committeediaspora politics united stateschina lobbyturkish lobby united stateslibya lobby united statessaudi arabia lobby united statesfossil fuels lobbyflorida institute cpasalbanian american civic leagueamerican automobile associationcenter responsive politicsarab lobby united statesjack abramoff indian lobbying scandaljerry lewis lowery lobbying firm controversylobbying disclosure act money loopmothers drunk drivingunited states v. harrissnarfe national active retired federal employeesdark money references notes federalist no..
Lobbying in the United States	p. dawson edition wikisource.federalist no..p. dawson edition wikisource.federalist no.
History of Australia	.p. dawson edition wikisource.reading external links lobbying database opensecrets.orgfollowthemoney.orggovernment accountability groups leading u.s. progressive organizations categorysourcewatchlobbyists.info database lobbyists government relations professionalsopen secrets glossarylawrence lessig ted talk lobbyingsunlight foundationus senate lobbyingdatabase searchus house representativeslobby contributions searchreport aipac lobbyinglobbyists goodmoral lobbying techniques persuading state legislatorsartistic musical spiritual traditions established among longest surviving traditions human history.the first torres strait islanders ethnically culturally distinct aboriginal people arrived papua new guinea around years ago settled islands torres strait cape york peninsula forming northern tip australian landmass.the first known landing australia europeans dutch navigator willem janszoon.later year spanish explorer luís vaz de torres sailed navigated called torres strait associated islands.twentynine dutch navigators explored western southern coasts th century named continent new holland.macassan trepangers visited australias northern coasts possibly earlier.european explorers followed lieutenant james cook charted east coast australia great britain.

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