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Glossary of medicine | bones support protect various organs body produce red white blood cells store minerals provide structure support body enable mobility.bones come variety shapes sizes complex internal external structure.lightweight yet strong hard serve multiple functions.bone marrow – semisolid tissue may found within spongy cancellous portions bones.bone marrow primary site new blood cell production hematopoiesis.composed hematopoietic cells marrow adipose tissue supportive stromal cells. |
Glossary of medicine | adult humans bone marrow primarily located ribs vertebrae sternum bones pelvis.average bone marrow constitutes total body mass humans adult kilograms mass lb bone marrow typically accounts approximately .kilograms .lb.brachial artery – major blood vessel upper arm.continuation axillary artery beyond lower margin teres major muscle. |
Glossary of medicine | continues ventral surface arm reaches cubital fossa elbow.divides radial ulnar arteries run forearm.individuals bifurcation occurs much earlier ulnar radial arteries extend upper arm.pulse brachial artery palpable anterior aspect elbow medial tendon biceps use stethoscope sphygmomanometer blood pressure cuff often used measure blood pressure.brachial plexus – network nerves formed ventral rami lower four cervical nerves first thoracic nerve c c c c t. plexus extends spinal cord cervicoaxillary canal neck first rib armpit.supplies afferent efferent nerve fibers chest shoulder arm hand.brachial veins – human anatomy brachial veins venae comitantes brachial artery arm proper. |
Glossary of medicine | deep muscle considered deep veins.course brachial artery reverse begin radial veins ulnar veins join corresponding bifurcation brachial artery.end inferior border teres major muscle.point brachial veins join basilic vein form axillary vein.brachial veins also small tributaries drain muscles upper arm biceps brachii muscle triceps brachii muscle.brachioradialis – muscle forearm flexes forearm elbow. |
Glossary of medicine | also capable pronation supination depending position forearm.attached distal styloid process radius way brachioradialis tendon lateral supracondylar ridge humerus.bradycardia –is condition typically defined wherein individual resting heart rate beats per minute bpm adults.brain – human brain central organ human nervous system spinal cord makes central nervous system.brain consists cerebrum brainstem cerebellum.controls activities body processing integrating coordinating information receives sense organs making decisions instructions sent rest body.brain contained protected skull bones head.brain tumor – occurs abnormal cells form within brain. |
Glossary of medicine | two main types tumors malignant cancerous tumors benign tumors.brain metastasis – cancer metastasized spread brain another location body therefore considered secondary brain tumor.metastasis typically shares cancer cell type original site cancer.breast – breast one two prominences located upper ventral region torso primates.females serves mammary gland produces secretes milk feed infants.females males develop breasts embryological tissues.puberty estrogens conjunction growth hormone cause breast development female humans much lesser extent primates. |
Glossary of medicine | breast development primate females generally occurs pregnancy.breast cancer – cancer develops breast tissue.signs breast cancer may include lump breast change breast shape dimpling skin fluid coming nipple newly inverted nipple red scaly patch skin.distant spread disease may bone pain swollen lymph nodes shortness breath yellow skin.brocas area – broca area region frontal lobe dominant hemisphere usually left brain functions linked speech production.bronchiole – bronchioles bronchioli passageways air passes nose mouth alveoli air sacs lungs branches longer contain cartilage glands submucosa.branches bronchi part conducting zone respiratory system.bronchioles divide smaller terminal bronchioles still conducting zone divide smaller respiratory bronchioles mark beginning respiratory region.bronchus – bronchi passage airway respiratory system conducts air lungs. |
Glossary of medicine | first bronchi branch trachea right main bronchus left main bronchus.widest enter lungs hilum branch narrower secondary bronchi known lobar bronchi branch narrower tertiary bronchi known segmental bronchi.divisions segmental bronchi known th order th order th order segmental bronchi grouped together subsegmental bronchi.bronchi narrow supported cartilage known bronchioles.gas exchange takes place bronchi.bruit – also called vascular murmur abnormal sound generated turbulent flow blood artery due either area partial obstruction localized high rate blood flow unobstructed artery.bulimia nervosa – also known simply bulimia eating disorder characterized binge eating followed purging. |
Glossary of medicine | binge eating refers eating large amount food short amount time.purging refers attempts get rid food consumed.buttocks – two rounded portions anatomy located posterior pelvic region comprise layer fat superimposed gluteus maximus gluteus medius muscles.physiologically buttocks enable weight taken feet sitting.c calcium – calcium ions ca contribute physiology biochemistry organisms cell.play important role signal transduction pathways act second messenger neurotransmitter release neurons contraction muscle cell types fertilization. |
Glossary of medicine | many enzymes require calcium ions cofactor bloodclotting cascade notable examples.extracellular calcium also important maintaining potential difference across excitable cell membranes well proper bone formation.calf – back portion lower leg human anatomy.muscles within calf correspond posterior compartment leg.two largest muscles within compartment known together calf muscle attach heel via achilles tendon.several smaller muscles attach knee ankle via long tendons toes.cancer – group diseases involving abnormal cell growth potential invade spread parts body. |
Glossary of medicine | contrast benign tumors spread parts body.capillary – small blood vessel micrometres µm diameter wall one endothelial cell thick.smallest blood vessels body convey blood arterioles venules.microvessels site exchange many substances interstitial fluid surrounding them.carcinogen – substance radionuclide radiation promotes carcinogenesis formation cancer.may due ability damage genome disruption cellular metabolic processes.carcinogenesis – also called oncogenesis tumorigenesis formation cancer whereby normal cells transformed cancer cells.cardiac arrest – sudden loss blood flow resulting failure heart effectively pump.symptoms include loss consciousness abnormal absent breathing. |
Glossary of medicine | individuals may experience chest pain shortness breath nausea cardiac arrest.treated within minutes typically leads death.cardiac catheterization – heart cath cath insertion catheter chamber vessel heart.done diagnostic interventional purposes.cardiac muscle – also called heart muscle myocardium one three types vertebrate muscles two skeletal smooth muscles.involuntary striated muscle constitutes main tissue walls heart.myocardium forms thick middle layer outer layer heart wall epicardium inner layer endocardium blood supplied via coronary circulation. |
Glossary of medicine | composed individual heart muscle cells cardiomyocytes joined intercalated discs encased collagen fibres substances form extracellular matrix.cardiac surgery – cardiovascular surgery surgery heart great vessels performed cardiac surgeons.often used treat complications ischemic heart disease example coronary artery bypass grafting correct congenital heart disease treat valvular heart disease various causes including endocarditis rheumatic heart disease atherosclerosis.also includes heart transplantation.cardiology – branch medicine dealing disorders heart well parts circulatory system.cardiothoracic surgery – also known thoracic surgery field medicine involved surgical treatment organs inside thorax chest—generally treatment conditions heart heart disease lungs lung disease.cardiovascular disease – cvd class diseases involve heart blood vessels.cvd includes coronary artery diseases cad angina myocardial infarction commonly known heart attack.cvds include stroke heart failure hypertensive heart disease rheumatic heart disease cardiomyopathy heart arrhythmia congenital heart disease valvular heart disease carditis aortic aneurysms peripheral artery disease thromboembolic disease venous thrombosis.carotid artery common – anatomy left right common carotid arteries carotids arteries supply head neck oxygenated blood divide neck form external internal carotid arteries.carotid artery external – external carotid artery major artery head neck. |
Glossary of medicine | arises common carotid artery splits external internal carotid artery.supplies blood face neck.carotid artery internal – internal carotid artery major paired artery one side head neck human anatomy.arise common carotid arteries bifurcate internal external carotid arteries cervical vertebral level internal carotid artery supplies brain external carotid nourishes portions head face scalp skull meninges.carotid artery stenosis – narrowing constriction part carotid arteries usually caused atherosclerosis.carpal bones – eight small bones make wrist carpus connects hand forearm.human anatomy main role wrist facilitate effective positioning hand powerful use extensors flexors forearm mobility individual carpal bones increase freedom movements wrist.carpal tunnel syndrome – cts medical condition due compression median nerve travels wrist carpal tunnel.main symptoms pain numbness tingling thumb index finger middle finger thumb side ring fingers.cartilage – resilient smooth elastic tissue rubberlike padding covers protects ends long bones joints structural component rib cage ear nose bronchial tubes intervertebral discs many body components. |
Glossary of medicine | hard rigid bone much stiffer much less flexible muscle.matrix cartilage made chondrin.cartilaginous joint – cartilaginous joints connected entirely cartilage fibrocartilage hyaline.cartilaginous joints allow movement bones fibrous joint less highly mobile synovial joint.cartilaginous joints also forms growth regions immature long bones intervertebral discs spinal column.catheter – thin tube made medical grade materials serving broad range functions.catheters medical devices inserted body treat diseases perform surgical procedure. |
Glossary of medicine | modifying material adjusting way catheters manufactured possible tailor catheters cardiovascular urological gastrointestinal neurovascular ophthalmic applications.celiac disease – another way spelling coeliac diseasecell biology – also called cytology branch biology studies structure function cell basic unit life.cell biology concerned physiological properties metabolic processes signaling pathways life cycle chemical composition interactions cell environment.central nervous system – cns part nervous system consisting brain spinal cord.cephalic vein – superficial vein arm.communicates basilic vein via median cubital vein elbow located superficial fascia along anterolateral surface biceps brachii muscle.near shoulder cephalic vein passes deltoid pectoralis major muscles deltopectoral groove deltopectoral triangle empties axillary vein.cerebellum – latin little brain major feature hindbrain vertebrates.although usually smaller cerebrum animals mormyrid fishes may large even larger. |
Glossary of medicine | humans cerebellum plays important role motor control.may also involved cognitive functions attention language well regulating fear pleasure responses movementrelated functions solidly established.human cerebellum initiate movement contributes coordination precision accurate timing receives input sensory systems spinal cord parts brain integrates inputs finetune motor activity.cerebellar damage produces disorders fine movement equilibrium posture motor learning humans.cerebrum – large part brain containing cerebral cortex two cerebral hemispheres well several subcortical structures including hippocampus basal ganglia olfactory bulb.human brain cerebrum uppermost region central nervous system. |
Glossary of medicine | prosencephalon embryonic structure cerebrum develops prenatally.mammals dorsal telencephalon pallium develops cerebral cortex ventral telencephalon subpallium becomes basal ganglia.cerebrum also divided approximately symmetric left right cerebral hemispheres.assistance cerebellum cerebrum controls voluntary actions body.cervical cancer – cancer arising cervix.due abnormal growth cells ability invade spread parts body. |
Glossary of medicine | early typically symptoms seen.later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding pelvic pain pain sexual intercourse.bleeding sex may serious may also indicate presence cervical cancer.cervix – cervix uteri lower part uterus human female reproductive system.cervix usually cm long inch roughly cylindrical shape changes pregnancy.narrow central cervical canal runs along entire length connecting uterine cavity lumen vagina. |
Glossary of medicine | opening uterus called internal os opening vagina called external os.lower part cervix known vaginal portion cervix ectocervix bulges top vagina.cheek – cheeks constitute area face eyes nose left right ear.buccal means relating cheek.humans region innervated buccal nerve.area inside cheek teeth gums called vestibule buccal pouch buccal cavity forms part mouth.chin – area face lower lip including mandibular prominence. |
Glossary of medicine | formed lower front mandible.chronic fatigue syndrome – cfs also referred myalgic encephalomyelitis medical condition characterized longterm fatigue persistent symptoms limit persons ability carry ordinary daily activities.ciliary muscle – ring smooth muscle eyes middle layer vascular layer controls accommodation viewing objects varying distances regulates flow aqueous humor schlemms canal.changes shape lens within eye size pupil carried sphincter pupillae muscle dilator pupillae.circulatory system – circulatory system also called cardiovascular system vascular system organ system permits blood circulate transport nutrients amino acids electrolytes oxygen carbon dioxide hormones blood cells cells body provide nourishment help fighting diseases stabilize temperature ph maintain homeostasis.clavicle – also known collar bone long bone serves strut shoulder blade sternum.two one right one left side trunk.along shoulder blade clavicles make shoulder girdle.clavicle many functions. |
Glossary of medicine | connects axial appendicular skeleton conjunction scapula helps extend range motion protects neurovascular structures.clinic – outpatient clinic ambulatory care clinic healthcare facility primarily focused care outpatients.clinics privately operated publicly managed funded.clinical research – branch healthcare science determines safety effectiveness efficacy medications devices diagnostic products treatment regimens intended human use.may used prevention treatment diagnosis relieving symptoms disease.clinical research different clinical practice.clinical practice established treatments used clinical research evidence collected establish treatment.coeliac disease – coeliac disease celiac disease longterm autoimmune disorder primarily affects small intestine. |
Glossary of medicine | classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems chronic diarrhoea abdominal distention malabsorption loss appetite among children failure grow normally.often begins six months two years age.nonclassic symptoms common especially people older two years.may mild absent gastrointestinal symptoms wide number symptoms involving part body obvious symptoms.coeliac disease first described childhood however may develop age. |
Glossary of medicine | associated autoimmune diseases diabetes mellitus type thyroiditis among others.colorectal surgery – field medicine dealing disorders rectum anus colon.common carotid artery – anatomy left right common carotid arteries carotids arteries supply head neck oxygenated blood divide neck form external internal carotid arteries.common cold – also known simply cold viral infectious disease upper respiratory tract primarily affects nose.throat sinuses larynx may also affected.signs symptoms may appear less two days exposure virus.may include coughing sore throat runny nose sneezing headache fever.people usually recover seven ten days symptoms may last three weeks. |
Glossary of medicine | occasionally health problems may develop pneumonia.common iliac artery – common iliac arteries two large arteries originate aortic bifurcation level fourth lumbar vertebra.end front sacroiliac joint one either side bifurcates external internal iliac arteries.common iliac vein – common iliac veins formed external iliac veins internal iliac veins.left right common iliac veins come together abdomen level fifth lumbar vertebra forming inferior vena cava.drain blood pelvis lower limbs.common iliac veins accompanied along course common iliac arteries.coronary arteries – blood vessels arteries coronary circulation transports oxygenated blood actual heart muscle. |
Glossary of medicine | heart requires continuous supply oxygen function survive much like tissue organ body.corpus callosum – also callosal commissure wide thick nerve tract consisting flat bundle commissural fibers beneath cerebral cortex brain.corpus callosum found placental mammals.spans part longitudinal fissure connecting left right cerebral hemispheres enabling communication them.largest white matter structure human brain ten centimetres length consisting – million axonal projections.cranial nerves – nerves emerge directly brain including brainstem contrast spinal nerves emerge segments spinal cord.ten cranial nerves originate brainstem. |
Glossary of medicine | cranial nerves relay information brain parts body primarily regions head neck.cure – substance procedure ends medical condition medication surgical operation change lifestyle even philosophical mindset helps end persons sufferings state healed cured.cytogenetics – branch genetics concerned chromosomes relate cell behaviour particularly behaviour mitosis meiosis.cytokines – broad loose category small proteins – kda important cell signaling.cytokines peptides cannot cross lipid bilayer cells enter cytoplasm.deep circumflex iliac vein – formed union venae comitantes deep iliac circumflex artery joins external iliac vein cm.inguinal ligament.also receives small tributary branches thoracoepigastric veindeep temporal arteries – deep temporal arteries two number anterior posterior ascend temporalis pericranium. |
Glossary of medicine | supply muscle anastomose middle temporal artery.anterior communicates lacrimal artery means small branches perforate zygomatic bone great wing sphenoid.deltoid muscle – muscle forming rounded contour human shoulder.anatomically appears made three distinct sets fibers though electromyography suggests consists least seven groups independently coordinated nervous system.dentistry – also known dental oral medicine branch medicine consists study diagnosis prevention treatment diseases disorders conditions oral cavity commonly dentition also oral mucosa adjacent related structures tissues particularly maxillofacial jaw facial area.dermatitis – also known eczema group diseases result inflammation skin.diseases characterized itchiness red skin rash.cases short duration may small blisters longterm cases skin may become thickened. |
Glossary of medicine | area skin involved vary small entire body.diagnosis – medical diagnosis abbreviated dx ds process determining disease condition explains persons symptoms signs.often referred diagnosis medical context implicit.information required diagnosis typically collected history physical examination person seeking medical care.often one diagnostic procedures medical tests also done process.sometimes posthumous diagnosis considered kind medical diagnosis.diabetes mellitus – dm commonly known diabetes group metabolic disorders characterized high blood sugar level prolonged period. |
Glossary of medicine | symptoms high blood sugar include frequent urination increased thirst increased hunger.left untreated diabetes cause many complications.acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state death.serious longterm complications include cardiovascular disease stroke chronic kidney disease foot ulcers damage eyes.dietary reference intake – dri system nutrition recommendations institute medicine iom national academies united states.differential diagnosis – distinguishing particular disease condition others present similar clinical features.digestive system – human digestive system consists gastrointestinal tract plus accessory organs digestion tongue salivary glands pancreas liver gallbladder.digestion involves breakdown food smaller smaller components absorbed assimilated body.disease – abnormal condition organism part negatively affects structure function. |
Glossary of medicine | disease caused external factors internal dysfunctions abnormal immune responses.e ear – organ hearing mammals balance.mammals ear usually described three parts—the outer ear middle ear inner ear.outer ear consists pinna ear canal.since outer ear visible portion ear animals word ear often refers external part alone. |
Glossary of medicine | middle ear includes tympanic cavity three ossicles.inner ear sits bony labyrinth contains structures key several senses semicircular canals enable balance eye tracking moving utricle saccule enable balance stationary cochlea enables hearing.ears vertebrates placed somewhat symmetrically either side head arrangement aids sound localisation.ear infection – otitis general term inflammation infection ear humans animals.subdivided followingotitis externa external otitis swimmers ear involves outer ear ear canal.external otitis ear hurts touched pulled.otitis media middle ear infection involves middle ear. |
Glossary of medicine | otitis media ear infected clogged fluid behind ear drum normally airfilled middleear space.common childhood infection sometimes requires surgical procedure called myringotomy tube insertion.otitis interna labyrinthitis involves inner ear.inner ear includes sensory organs balance hearing.inner ear inflamed vertigo common symptom.elbow – visible joint upper lower parts arm.includes prominent landmarks olecranon elbow pit lateral medial epicondyles elbow joint. |
Glossary of medicine | elbow joint synovial hinge joint humerus upper arm radius ulna forearm allows forearm hand moved towards away body.embryology – branch biology studies prenatal development gametes sex cells fertilization development embryos fetuses.additionally embryology encompasses study congenital disorders occur birth known teratology.emergency medicine – also known accident emergency medicine medical specialty concerned care illnesses injuries requiring immediate medical attention.emergency physicians care unscheduled undifferentiated patients ages.firstline providers primary responsibility initiate resuscitation stabilization start investigations interventions diagnose treat illnesses acute phase.endocrine system – chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops hormones released internal glands organism directly circulatory system regulating distant target organs.humans major endocrine glands thyroid gland adrenal glands. |
Glossary of medicine | vertebrates hypothalamus neural control center endocrine systems.study endocrine system disorders known endocrinology.endocrinology branch internal medicine.endocrinology – branch biology medicine dealing endocrine system diseases specific secretions known hormones.also concerned integration developmental events proliferation growth differentiation psychological behavioral activities metabolism growth development tissue function sleep digestion respiration excretion mood stress lactation movement reproduction sensory perception caused hormones.specializations include behavioral endocrinology comparative endocrinology.epidemiology – study analysis distribution patterns determinants health disease conditions defined populations. |
Glossary of medicine | cornerstone public health shapes policy decisions evidencebased practice identifying risk factors disease targets preventive healthcare.epidemiologists help study design collection statistical analysis data amend interpretation dissemination results including peer review occasional systematic review.epidemiology helped develop methodology used clinical research public health studies lesser extent basic research biological sciences.epiglottis – leafshaped flap throat prevents food entering windpipe lungs.stands open breathing allowing air larynx.swallowing closes prevent aspiration food lungs forcing swallowed liquids food go along esophagus toward stomach instead. |
Glossary of medicine | thus valve diverts passage either trachea esophagus.epilepsy – group neurological disorders characterized recurrent epileptic seizures.epileptic seizures episodes vary brief nearly undetectable periods long periods vigorous shaking.episodes result physical injuries including occasionally broken bones.epilepsy seizures tendency recur rule immediate underlying cause.isolated seizures provoked specific cause poisoning deemed represent epilepsy.erectile dysfunction – ed also called impotence type sexual dysfunction penis fails become stay erect sexual activity. |
Glossary of medicine | common sexual problem men.connection selfimage problems sexual relationships erectile dysfunction cause psychological harm.erector spinae muscles – erector spinae spinal erectors set muscles straighten rotate back.esophagus – esophagus american english oesophagus british english see spelling differences informally known food pipe gullet organ vertebrates food passes aided peristaltic contractions pharynx stomach.esophagus fibromuscular tube cm long adults travels behind trachea heart passes diaphragm empties uppermost region stomach.swallowing epiglottis tilts backwards prevent food going larynx lungs.extensor pollicis brevis muscle – human anatomy extensor pollicis brevis skeletal muscle dorsal side forearm.lies medial side closely connected abductor pollicis longus.extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle – human anatomy extensor pollicis et indicis communis aberrant muscle posterior compartment forearm. |
Glossary of medicine | first described .muscle prevalence ..extensor pollicis longus muscle – human anatomy extensor pollicis longus muscle epl skeletal muscle located dorsally forearm.much larger extensor pollicis brevis origin partly covers acts stretch thumb together muscle.external carotid artery – major artery head neck.arises common carotid artery splits external internal carotid artery. |
Glossary of medicine | external carotid artery supplies blood face neck.external iliac artery – external iliac arteries two major arteries bifurcate common iliac arteries anterior sacroiliac joint pelvis.external iliac vein – external iliac veins large veins connect femoral veins common iliac veins.origin inferior margin inguinal ligaments terminate join internal iliac veins form common iliac veins.external iliac veins accompanied along course external iliac arteries.external jugular vein – receives greater part blood exterior cranium deep parts face formed junction posterior division retromandibular vein posterior auricular vein.eye – human eye sense organ reacts light allows vision.rod cone cells retina photoreceptive cells able detect visible light convey information brain.eyes signal information used brain elicit perception color shape depth movement features. |
Glossary of medicine | eye part sensory nervous system.similar eyes mammals human eyes nonimageforming photosensitive ganglion cells retina receive light signals affect adjustment size pupil regulation suppression hormone melatonin entrainment circadian rhythm.eye surgery – f face – front animals head features three heads sense organs eyes nose mouth animals express many emotions.face crucial human identity damage scarring developmental deformities affects psyche adversely.fallopian tube – fallopian tubes also known uterine tubes salpinges singular salpinx tubes stretch uterus ovaries part female reproductive system.fertilized egg passes fallopian tubes ovaries female mammals uterus.fallopian tubes simple columnar epithelium hairlike extensions called cilia carry fertilized egg. |
Glossary of medicine | animals equivalent fallopian tube oviduct.fellowship medicine – period medical training united states canada physician dentist veterinarian may undertake completing specialty training program residency.time usually one year physician known fellow.fellows capable acting attending physician consultant physician specialist field trained internal medicine pediatrics.completing fellowship relevant subspecialty physician permitted practice without direct supervision physicians subspecialty cardiology oncology.female reproductive system – made internal external sex organs function reproduction new offspring.humans female reproductive system immature birth develops maturity puberty able produce gametes carry foetus full term. |
Glossary of medicine | internal sex organs uterus fallopian tubes ovaries.uterus womb accommodates embryo develops foetus.uterus also produces vaginal uterine secretions help transit sperm fallopian tubes.ovaries produce ova egg cells.external sex organs also known genitals organs vulva including labia clitoris vaginal opening. |
Glossary of medicine | vagina connected uterus cervix.femoral artery – large artery thigh main arterial supply thigh leg.enters thigh behind inguinal ligament continuation external iliac artery.femoral nerve – nerve thigh supplies skin upper thigh inner leg muscles extend knee.femoral vein – human body femoral vein blood vessel accompanies femoral artery femoral sheath.begins adductor hiatus opening adductor magnus muscle continuation popliteal vein.ends inferior margin inguinal ligament becomes external iliac vein.femoral vein bears valves mostly bicuspid whose number variable individuals often left right leg.femur – femur thigh bone proximal bone hindlimb tetrapod vertebrate largest bone human body. |
Glossary of medicine | head femur articulates acetabulum pelvic bone forming hip joint distal part femur articulates tibia kneecap forming knee joint.fibromyalgia –fibrous joint –fibula –finger –first aid –flat bone –foot –forearm –forehead –frontal bone –frontal nerve – largest branch ophthalmic nerve v branch trigeminal nerve cn v. frontal nerve branches ophthalmic nerve immediately entering superior orbital fissure.travels superolateral annulus zinn lacrimal nerve inferior ophthalmic vein.entering orbit travels anteriorly roof periosteum levator palpebrae superioris.midway apex base orbit divides two branches supratrochlear nerve supraorbital nerve.two branches frontal nerve provide sensory innervation skin forehead mucosa frontal sinus skin upper eyelid.frontalis muscle – g gallbladder – vertebrates gallbladder small hollow organ bile stored concentrated released small intestine. |
Glossary of medicine | humans pearshaped gallbladder lies beneath liver although structure position gallbladder vary significantly among animal species.receives stores bile produced liver via common hepatic duct releases via common bile duct duodenum bile helps digestion fats.gamete – haploid cell fuses another haploid cell fertilization organisms reproduce sexually.gametes organisms reproductive cells also referred sex cells.ganglion – group neuron cell bodies peripheral nervous system.somatic nervous system includes dorsal root ganglia trigeminal ganglia among others.autonomic nervous system sympathetic parasympathetic ganglia contain cell bodies postganglionic sympathetic parasympathetic neurons respectively.gastrocnemius muscle – plural gastrocnemii superficial twoheaded muscle back part lower leg humans. |
Glossary of medicine | runs two heads knee heel three joint muscle knee ankle subtalar joints.muscle named via latin greek γαστήρ gaster belly stomach κνήμη knḗmē leg meaning stomach leg referring bulging shape calf.gastroenterology – gastroenterology branch medicine focused digestive system disorders.diseases affecting gastrointestinal tract include organs mouth anus along alimentary canal focus speciality.gastrointestinal tract – gastrointestinal tract gi tract git digestive tract digestion tract alimentary canal tract mouth anus includes organs digestive system humans animals.food taken mouth digested extract nutrients absorb energy waste expelled feces.mouth esophagus stomach intestines part gastrointestinal tract. |
Glossary of medicine | gastrointestinal adjective meaning pertaining stomach intestines.tract collection related anatomic structures series connected body organs.gene therapy – also called human gene transfer medical field focuses utilization therapeutic delivery nucleic acids patients cells drug treat disease.general surgery – surgical specialty focuses abdominal contents including esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver pancreas gallbladder appendix bile ducts often thyroid gland depending local referral patterns.also deal diseases involving skin breast soft tissue trauma peripheral artery disease hernias perform endoscopic procedures gastroscopy colonoscopy.genetics – branch biology concerned study genes genetic variation heredity organisms.genitourinary system – genitourinary system urogenital system organs reproductive system urinary system.grouped together proximity common embryological origin use common pathways like male urethra.also proximity systems sometimes imaged together.geriatrics – geriatric medicine specialty focuses health care elderly people. |
Glossary of medicine | aims promote health preventing treating diseases disabilities older adults.set age patients may care geriatrician geriatric physician physician specializes care elderly people.rather decision determined individual patients needs availability specialist.important note difference geriatrics care aged people gerontology study aging process itself.term geriatrics comes greek γέρων geron meaning old man ιατρός iatros meaning healer. |
Glossary of medicine | however geriatrics sometimes called medical gerontology.gonad – gonad sex gland reproductive gland mixed gland produces gametes sex cells sex hormones organism.female species reproductive cells egg cells male reproductive cells sperm.male gonad testicle produces sperm form spermatozoa.female gonad ovary produces egg cells.gametes haploid cells. |
Glossary of medicine | hermaphroditic animals type gonad called ovotestis.gout – form inflammatory arthritis characterized recurrent attacks red tender hot swollen joint.pain typically comes rapidly reaching maximal intensity less hours.joint base big toe affected half cases.may also result tophi kidney stones urate nephropathy.gracilis muscle – superficial muscle medial side thigh.thin flattened broad narrow tapering below.great saphenous vein – gsv alternately long saphenous vein large subcutaneous superficial vein leg. |
Glossary of medicine | longest vein body running along length lower limb returning blood foot leg thigh deep femoral vein femoral triangle.gynaecology – gynecology see spelling differences medical practice dealing health female reproductive system.almost modern gynaecologists also obstetricians see obstetrics gynaecology.many areas specialities gynaecology obstetrics overlap.term means science women.counterpart andrology deals medical issues specific male reproductive system. |
Glossary of medicine | h hand – hand prehensile multifingered appendage located end forearm forelimb primates.human hand normally five digits four fingers plus one thumb often referred collectively five fingers however whereby thumb included one fingers.bones including sesmoid bones number varies people phalanges proximal intermediate distal fingers thumb.metacarpal bones connect fingers carpal bones wrist.human hand five metacarpals eight carpal bones.hand surgery – deals surgical nonsurgical treatment conditions problems may take place hand upper extremity commonly tip hand shoulder including injury infection. |
Glossary of medicine | hand surgery may practiced graduates general surgery orthopedic surgery plastic surgery.chiroplasty cheiroplasty plastic surgery hands.head – human anatomy head top human body.supports face maintained skull encloses brain.human head consists fleshy outer portion surrounds bony skull.brain enclosed within skull. |
Glossary of medicine | bones human head.head rests neck seven cervical vertebrae support it.human head typically weighs .kilograms .. |
Glossary of medicine | lb face anterior part head containing eyes nose mouth.either side mouth cheeks provide fleshy border oral cavity.ears sit either side head.health – defined world health organization state complete physical mental social wellbeing merely absence disease infirmity.definition subject controversy may limited value implementation.health may defined ability adapt manage physical mental social challenges throughout life.health care – health care healthcare healthcare maintenance improvement health via prevention diagnosis treatment recovery cure disease illness injury physical mental impairments people. |
Glossary of medicine | health care delivered health professionals allied health fields.physicians physician associates part health professionals.dentistry pharmacy midwifery nursing medicine optometry audiology psychology occupational therapy physical therapy athletic training health professions part health care.includes work done providing primary care secondary care tertiary care well public health.hearing –heart –heel –hematemesishematology –hematomahematuriahemodialysishemolysishemopathyhemoperfusionhemophiliahemoptysishemorrhoidhyperhydrosishigh blood pressure –hyperkalemiahip bone –histology –homeostasis –hormone –hospice –hospital –hospital medicine –human back –human body –human brain –human digestive system –human eye –human head –human mouth –human musculoskeletal system –human nose –human reproductive system –human skeleton –humerus –hypersalivation –hypertension – iliac artery common – common iliac arteries two large arteries originate aortic bifurcation level fourth lumbar vertebra.end front sacroiliac joint one either side bifurcates external internal iliac arteries.iliac artery external – external iliac arteries two major arteries bifurcate common iliac arteries anterior sacroiliac joint pelvis. |
Glossary of medicine | proceed anterior inferior along medial border psoas major muscles.exit pelvic girdle posterior inferior inguinal ligament one third laterally insertion point inguinal ligament pubic tubercle point referred femoral arteries.external iliac artery usually artery used attach renal artery recipient kidney transplant.ilium – plural ilia uppermost largest part hip bone appears vertebrates including mammals birds bony fish.reptiles ilium except snakes although snake species tiny bone considered ilium.ilium human divisible two parts body wing separation indicated top surface curved line arcuate line external surface margin acetabulum.immune system – network biological processes protects organism disease. |
Glossary of medicine | detects responds wide variety pathogens viruses parasitic worms well objects wood splinters distinguishing organisms healthy tissue.many species two major subsystems immune system.innate immune system provides preconfigured response broad groups situations stimuli.adaptive immune system provides tailored response stimulus learning recognize molecules previously encountered.use molecules cells perform functions.immunohistochemistry –immunology – branch biology covers study immune systems organisms. |
Glossary of medicine | immunology charts measures contextualizes physiological functioning immune system states health diseases malfunctions immune system immunological disorders autoimmune diseases hypersensitivities immune deficiency transplant rejection physical chemical physiological characteristics components immune system vitro situ vivo.immunology applications numerous disciplines medicine particularly fields organ transplantation oncology rheumatology virology bacteriology parasitology psychiatry dermatology.iliac vein common – human anatomy common iliac veins formed external iliac veins internal iliac veins.left right common iliac veins come together abdomen level fifth lumbar vertebra forming inferior vena cava.drain blood pelvis lower limbs.common iliac veins accompanied along course common iliac arteries.iliac vein deep circumflex –iliac vein external –iliac vein internal –index finger –infectious disease medical specialty –inferior oblique muscle –inferior thyroid artery –inferior vena cava –influenza –inspection medicine –integumentary system –intensive care medicine –internal carotid artery –internal iliac vein –internal jugular vein –internal medicine –internship medicine –interventional cardiology –interventional radiology –ischium – j jaundice also known icterus yellowish greenish pigmentation skin whites eyes due high bilirubin levels. |
Glossary of medicine | commonly associated itchiness.feces may pale urine dark.jaundice babies occurs half first week following birth pose serious threat most.bilirubin levels babies high long type brain damage known kernicterus may occur.jaw – jaw opposable articulated structure entrance mouth typically used grasping manipulating food.term jaws also broadly applied whole structures constituting vault mouth serving open close part body plan humans animals.jejunum second part small intestine humans higher vertebrates including mammals reptiles birds. |
Glossary of medicine | lining specialised absorption enterocytes small nutrient molecules previously digested enzymes duodenum.joint – joint articulation articular surface connection made bones body link skeletal system functional whole.constructed allow different degrees types movement.joints knee elbow shoulder selflubricating almost frictionless able withstand compression maintain heavy loads still executing smooth precise movements.joints sutures bones skull permit little movement birth order protect brain sense organs.connection tooth jawbone also called joint described fibrous joint known gomphosis. |
Glossary of medicine | joints classified structurally functionally.jugular vein – jugular veins veins take deoxygenated blood head back heart via superior vena cava.k keratogenesiskeratopathykidney – kidneys two reddishbrown beanshaped organs found vertebrates.located left right retroperitoneal space adult humans centimetres ⁄ inches length.receive blood paired renal arteries blood exits paired renal veins.kidney attached ureter tube carries excreted urine bladder.knee – humans primates knee joins thigh leg consists two joints one femur tibia tibiofemoral joint one femur patella patellofemoral joint. |
Glossary of medicine | largest joint human body.knee modified hinge joint permits flexion extension well slight internal external rotation.knee vulnerable injury development osteoarthritis.korsakoff syndrome ks amnestic disorder caused thiamine vitamin b deficiency typically associated prolonged use alcohol.syndrome psychosis named sergei korsakoff russian neuropsychiatrist discovered late th century.neurological disorder caused lack thiamine brain also exacerbated neurotoxic effects alcohol. |
Glossary of medicine | wernicke encephalopathy accompanies korsakoff syndrome combination called wernicke–korsakoff syndrome however recognized episode wernicke encephalopathy always obvious.l large intestine –the large intestine also known large bowel colon last part gastrointestinal tract digestive system vertebrates.water absorbed remaining waste material stored feces removed defecation.laryngeal prominence – adams apple laryngeal prominence colloquially known neck triangle lump protrusion human neck formed angle thyroid cartilage surrounding larynx seen especially males.laryngeal ventricle – also called ventricle larynx laryngeal sinus morgagnis sinus fusiform fossa situated vestibular vocal folds either side extending nearly entire length.also sinus morgagni pharynx.ligament – fibrous connective tissue connects bones bones.lips – visible body part mouth many animals including humans.lips soft movable serve opening food intake articulation sound speech. |
Glossary of medicine | human lips tactile sensory organ erogenous zone used kissing acts intimacy.little finger – pinky finger also known fifth digit pinkie ulnar smallest finger human hand opposite thumb next ring finger.liver – organ found vertebrates detoxifies various metabolites synthesizes proteins produces biochemicals necessary digestion growth.humans located right upper quadrant abdomen diaphragm.roles metabolism include regulation glycogen storage decomposition red blood cells production hormones.long bone –lumbar vertebrae –lung –lung cancer –lupus erythematosus –lymph –lymphatic system –lymphatic vessel –lymph node –lymphocyte –lymphoma cancer lymphatic system.major depressive disorder – mdd also known simply depression mental disorder characterized least two weeks pervasive low mood.low selfesteem loss interest normally enjoyable activities low energy pain without clear cause common symptoms. |
Glossary of medicine | affected may also occasionally delusions hallucinations.people periods depression separated years others nearly always symptoms present.major depression severe lasts longer sadness normal part life.male reproductive system –mammary gland –mandible – mandible lower jaw jawbone largest strongest lowest bone human face.forms lower jaw holds lower teeth place.mandible sits beneath maxilla. |
Glossary of medicine | movable bone skull discounting ossicles middle ear.masseter muscle – human anatomy masseter one muscles mastication.found mammals particularly powerful herbivores facilitate chewing plant matter.obvious muscle mastication masseter muscle since superficial one strongest.maternalfetal medicine – mfm also known perinatology branch medicine focuses managing health concerns mother fetus prior shortly pregnancy.maxilla – vertebrates upper fixed fixed neopterygii bone jaw formed fusion two maxillary bones.humans upper jaw includes hard palate front mouth.two maxillary bones fused intermaxillary suture forming anterior nasal spine. |
Glossary of medicine | similar mandible lower jaw also fusion two mandibular bones mandibular symphysis.mandible movable part jaw.mcat – medical college admission test.medical biology –medical classification – medical classification list standardized codes used process medical coding medical billing.medical coding – practice assigning statistical codes medical statements made hospital stay.closely related medical billing.medical college admission test – mcat computerbased standardized examination prospective medical students united states australia canada caribbean islands.designed assess problem solving critical thinking written analysis knowledge scientific concepts principles.medical device – device intended used medical purposes.medical devices benefit patients helping health care providers diagnose treat patients helping patients overcome sickness disease improving quality life. |
Glossary of medicine | significant potential hazards inherent using device medical purposes thus medical devices must proved safe effective reasonable assurance regulating governments allow marketing device country.general rule associated risk device increases amount testing required establish safety efficacy also increases.associated risk increases potential benefit patient must also increase.medical diagnosis – abbreviated dx ds process determining disease condition explains persons symptoms signs.often referred diagnosis medical context implicit.information required diagnosis typically collected history physical examination person seeking medical care. |
Glossary of medicine | often one diagnostic procedures medical tests also done process.sometimes posthumous diagnosis considered kind medical diagnosis.medical ethics –medical history –medical imaging –medical laboratory –medical research –medical school –medical sign –medical speciality –medication –medulla oblongata –metacarpal bones –metatarsal bones –microbiology –middle finger –middle temporal artery –molecular biology –mouth –muscle –muscular system –musculoskeletal system – n nail – nail clawlike keratinous plate tip fingers toes primates.nails correspond claws found animals.fingernails toenails made tough protective protein called alphakeratin found hooves hair claws horns vertebrates.nanobiotechnology – nanobiotechnology bionanotechnology nanobiology terms refer intersection nanotechnology biology.given subject one emerged recently bionanotechnology nanobiotechnology serve blanket terms various related technologies.nasal cavity – large airfilled space behind nose middle face. |
Glossary of medicine | nasal septum divides cavity two cavities also known fossae.cavity continuation one two nostrils.nasal cavity uppermost part respiratory system provides nasal passage inhaled air nostrils nasopharynx rest respiratory tract.paranasal sinuses surround drain nasal cavity.nasopharynx – upper portion pharynx nasopharynx extends base skull upper surface soft palate.includes space internal nares soft palate lies oral cavity. |
Glossary of medicine | adenoids also known pharyngeal tonsils lymphoid tissue structures located posterior wall nasopharynx.waldeyers tonsillar ring annular arrangement lymphoid tissue nasopharynx oropharynx.nasopharynx lined respiratory epithelium pseudostratified columnar ciliated.navel – navel clinically known umbilicus colloquially known belly button protruding flat hollowed area abdomen attachment site umbilical cord.placental mammals navel.nephrology – specialty medicine concerns study kidneys specifically normal kidney function kidney disease preservation kidney health treatment kidney disease diet medication renal replacement therapy dialysis kidney transplantation.nerve – enclosed cablelike bundle nerve fibres called axons peripheral nervous system.nerve transmits electrical impulses basic unit peripheral nervous system. |
Glossary of medicine | nerve provides common pathway electrochemical nerve impulses called action potentials transmitted along axons peripheral organs case sensory nerves periphery back central nervous system.axon within nerve extension individual neuron along supportive cells schwann cells coat axons myelin.nervous system – highly complex part animal coordinates actions sensory information transmitting signals different parts body.nervous system detects environmental changes impact body works tandem endocrine system respond events.neurology – branch medicine dealing disorders nervous system.neurology deals diagnosis treatment categories conditions disease involving central peripheral nervous systems subdivisions autonomic somatic nervous systems including coverings blood vessels effector tissue muscle.neurological practice relies heavily field neuroscience scientific study nervous system.neuroscience – neurobiology scientific study nervous system. |
Glossary of medicine | multidisciplinary science combines physiology anatomy molecular biology developmental biology cytology mathematical modeling psychology understand fundamental emergent properties neurons neural circuits.neurosurgery – neurological surgery medical specialty concerned prevention diagnosis surgical treatment rehabilitation disorders affect portion nervous system including brain spinal cord central peripheral nervous system cerebrovascular system.nose – human nose protruding part face.bears nostrils first organ respiratory system.also principal organ olfactory system.shape nose determined nasal bones nasal cartilages including nasal septum separates nostrils divides nasal cavity two.average nose male larger female.nuclear medicine – medical specialty involving application radioactive substances diagnosis treatment disease. |
Glossary of medicine | nuclear medicine imaging sense radiology done inside endoradiology records radiation emitting within body rather radiation generated external sources like xrays.addition nuclear medicine scans differ radiology emphasis imaging anatomy function.reason called physiological imaging modality.single photon emission computed tomography spect positron emission tomography pet scans two common imaging modalities nuclear medicine.nutrition – science interprets nutrients substances food relation maintenance growth reproduction health disease organism.includes ingestion absorption assimilation biosynthesis catabolism excretion. |
Glossary of medicine | oblique muscle auricle – oblique muscle auricle oblique auricular muscle tod muscle intrinsic muscle outer ear.oblique muscle auricle placed cranial surface pinna.consists fibers extending upper back part concha convexity immediately it.obstetrics – field study concentrated pregnancy childbirth postpartum period.medical specialty obstetrics combined gynecology discipline known obstetrics gynecology obgyn surgical field.obstetrics gynaecology – obstetrics gynaecology british english obstetrics gynecology american english medical specialty encompasses two subspecialties obstetrics covering pregnancy childbirth postpartum period gynecology covering health female reproductive system – vagina uterus ovaries breasts.commonly abbreviated obgyn obgyn us english obs gynae og british english.occipital bone – cranial dermal bone main bone occiput back lower part skull. |
Glossary of medicine | trapezoidal shape curved like shallow dish.occipital bone overlies occipital lobes cerebrum.base skull occipital bone large oval opening called foramen magnum allows passage spinal cord.ocular surgery –olfaction – sense smell process creating perception smell.occurs odor binds receptor within nose transmitting signal olfactory system.olfaction many purposes including detecting hazards pheromones plays role taste.oncology – branch medicine deals prevention diagnosis treatment cancer. |
Glossary of medicine | medical professional practices oncology oncologist.ophthalmology – branch medicine surgery deals diagnosis treatment eye disorders.ophthalmologist specialist ophthalmology.credentials include degree medicine followed additional four five years ophthalmology residency training.ophthalmology residency training programs may require oneyear preresidency training internal medicine pediatrics general surgery.additional specialty training fellowship may sought particular aspect eye pathology. |
Glossary of medicine | ophthalmologists allowed use medications treat eye diseases implement laser therapy perform surgery needed.ophthalmologists may participate academic research diagnosis treatment eye disorders.optometry – health care profession involves examining eyes applicable visual systems defects abnormalities well prescribing correction refractive error glasses contact lenses treatment eye diseases.organ – group tissues similar functions.plant life animal life rely many organs coexist organ systems.oral maxillofacial surgery – surgical specialty focusing reconstructive surgery face facial trauma surgery oral cavity head neck mouth jaws well facial cosmetic surgery.orbicularis oculi muscle –orbicularis oris muscle –orthopedic surgery –ossicles –otitis –otorhinolaryngology –ovary – p palate – roof mouth humans mammals.separates oral cavity nasal cavity.similar structure found crocodilians tetrapods oral nasal cavities truly separated. |
Glossary of medicine | palate divided two parts anterior bony hard palate posterior fleshy soft palate velum.palliative care – derived latin root palliare cloak interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed optimizing quality life mitigating suffering among people serious complex illness.within published literature many definitions palliative care exist notably world health organization describes palliative care approach improves quality life patients families facing problems associated lifethreatening illness prevention relief suffering means early identification impeccable assessment treatment pain problems physical psychosocial spiritual.past palliative care disease specific approach today world health organization takes broad approach principles palliative care applied early possible chronic ultimately fatal illness.palpation – process using ones hands check body especially perceivingdiagnosing disease illness.pancreas – organ digestive system endocrine system vertebrates.humans located abdomen behind stomach functions gland.pancreas endocrine digestive exocrine function. |
Glossary of medicine | endocrine gland functions mostly regulate blood sugar levels secreting hormones insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide.part digestive system functions exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice duodenum pancreatic duct.juice contains bicarbonate neutralizes acid entering duodenum stomach digestive enzymes break carbohydrates proteins fats food entering duodenum stomach.papillary oncology papillary refers neoplasms projections papillae latin nipple fibrovascular cores.parasitology – study parasites hosts relationship them.biological discipline scope parasitology determined organism environment question way life.means forms synthesis disciplines draws techniques fields cell biology bioinformatics biochemistry molecular biology immunology genetics evolution ecology.parathyroid glands – small endocrine glands neck humans tetrapods. |
Glossary of medicine | humans usually four parathyroid glands located back thyroid gland variable locations.parathyroid gland produces secretes parathyroid hormone response low blood calcium plays key role regulating amount calcium blood within bones.parkinsons disease –patella –pathology –pectineus muscle –pectoralis major muscle –pectoralis minor muscle –pediatrics –pelvis –penis –percussion medicine –peripheral nervous system –peripheral vision –phalanx bone –pharmacology –pharynx –physician –physical examination –physiology –pineal gland –pituitary gland –placenta –plastic surgery –plexus – branching network vessels nerves.pons –posterior tibial artery –preventive healthcare –prognosis –prostate –psychiatry –pubis –pulmonary artery –pulmonary circulation –pulmonary vein –pulmonology –pulse – q quadriplegia – tetraplegia also known quadriplegia paralysis caused illness injury results partial total loss use four limbs torso paraplegia similar affect arms.loss usually sensory motor means sensation control lost.paralysis may flaccid spastic.r radial artery – human anatomy radial artery main artery lateral aspect forearm.radial nerve – nerve human body supplies posterior portion upper limb. |
Glossary of medicine | innervates medial lateral heads triceps brachii muscle arm well muscles posterior osteofascial compartment forearm associated joints overlying skin.originates brachial plexus carrying fibers ventral roots spinal nerves c c c c t.radiology – medical discipline uses medical imaging diagnose treat diseases within body.radius – radius radial bone one two large bones forearm ulna.extends lateral side elbow thumb side wrist runs parallel ulna.ulna usually slightly longer radius radius thicker.therefore radius considered larger two. |
Glossary of medicine | long bone prismshaped slightly curved longitudinally.rectum – final straight portion large intestine humans mammals gut others.adult human rectum centimetres .long begins rectosigmoid junction end sigmoid colon level third sacral vertebra sacral promontory depending upon definition used.caliber similar sigmoid colon commencement dilated near termination forming rectal ampulla.terminates level anorectal ring level puborectalis sling dentate line depending upon definition used. |
Glossary of medicine | humans rectum followed anal canal centimetres .long gastrointestinal tract terminates anal verge.word rectum comes latin rectum intestinum meaning straight intestine.rectus abdominis muscle – also known abdominal muscle paired muscle running vertically side anterior wall human abdomen well mammals.two parallel muscles separated midline band connective tissue called linea alba.extends pubic symphysis pubic crest pubic tubercle inferiorly xiphoid process costal cartilages ribs v vii superiorly. |
Glossary of medicine | proximal attachments pubic crest pubic symphysis.attaches distally costal cartilages ribs xiphoid process sternum.rectus femoris muscle – one four quadriceps muscles human body.others vastus medialis vastus intermedius deep rectus femoris vastus lateralis.four parts quadriceps muscle attach patella knee cap quadriceps tendon.rectus femoris situated middle front thigh fusiform shape superficial fibers arranged bipenniform manner deep fibers running straight latin rectus deep aponeurosis. |
Glossary of medicine | functions flex thigh hip joint extend leg knee joint.red blood cell – common type blood cell vertebrates principal means delivering oxygen body tissues — via blood flow circulatory system.red blood cells take oxygen lungs release tissues squeezing bodys capillaries.renal artery –renal vein –reproductive system –residency medicine –respiratory system –rheumatology –rib cage –ring finger – sacrum – sacrum plural sacra sacrums human anatomy large triangular bone base spine forms fusing sacral vertebrae s–s years age.salivary gland – salivary glands mammals exocrine glands produce saliva system ducts.humans three paired major salivary glands parotid submandibular sublingual pair seromucous tubarial glands discovered well hundreds minor salivary glands.salivary glands classified serous mucous seromucous mixed.saphenous nerve – long internal saphenous nerve largest cutaneous branch femoral nerve.strictly sensory nerve motor function.saphenous vein great –saphenous vein small –sartorius muscle –scalp –scapula –sciatic nerve –scrotum –sebaceous gland –seminal vesicle –sensory nervous system –sensory processing –serratus anterior muscle –serratus posterior inferior muscle –serratus posterior superior muscle –skeletal muscle –skin –skull –small intestine –small saphenous vein –smooth muscle tissue –special senses –specialty medicine –spinal cord –spinal nerve –sole –soleus muscle –spleen –sports medicine –sternohyoid muscle –sternum –stomach –striated muscle tissue –subclavian artery –subcutaneous tissue –superficial temporal artery –superior oblique muscle –superior thyroid artery –superior vena cava –surgery –sweat gland –symptom –synovial bursa –synovial joint –synovial membrane –systemic lupus erythematosus –systems biology – tarsus – human body tarsus cluster seven articulating bones foot situated lower end tibia fibula lower leg metatarsus. |
Glossary of medicine | made midfoot cuboid medial intermediate lateral cuneiform navicular hindfoot talus calcaneus.taste – gustatory system sense taste sensory system partially responsible perception taste flavor.taste perception produced stimulated substance mouth reacts chemically taste receptor cells located taste buds oral cavity mostly tongue.taste along smell olfaction trigeminal nerve stimulation registering texture pain temperature determines flavors food substances.humans taste receptors taste buds areas including upper surface tongue epiglottis.gustatory cortex responsible perception taste.teeth –temple –temporal arteries deep –temporal artery middle –temporal artery superficial –temporal muscle –tendon –tensor fasciae latae muscle –testicle –thigh –thoracic diaphragm –thorax –throat –thumb –thymus –thyroid –thyroid artery inferior –thyroid artery superior –thyroid ima artery –tibia –tibialis anterior muscle –tibialis posterior muscle –tissue –toe –tolllike receptor –tongue –toxicology –trachea –trapezius muscle –triceps brachii muscle – u ulna – long bone found forearm stretches elbow smallest finger anatomical position found medial side forearm. |
Glossary of medicine | runs parallel radius long bone forearm.ulna usually slightly longer radius radius thicker.therefore radius considered larger two.ulnar artery – main blood vessel oxygenated blood medial aspects forearm.arises brachial artery terminates superficial palmar arch joins superficial branch radial artery.palpable anterior medial aspect wrist.ulnar nerve – human anatomy ulnar nerve nerve runs near ulna bone. |
Glossary of medicine | ulnar collateral ligament elbow joint relation ulnar nerve.nerve largest human body unprotected muscle bone injury common.nerve directly connected little finger adjacent half ring finger innervating palmar aspect fingers including front back tips perhaps far back fingernail beds.ureter – ureters tubes made smooth muscle propel urine kidneys urinary bladder.human adult ureters usually – cm – long around – mm .–.diameter. |
Glossary of medicine | ureter lined urothelial cells type transitional epithelium additional smooth muscle layer third closest bladder assists peristalsis.urethra – urethra tube connects urinary bladder urinary meatus removal urine body females males.human females primates urethra connects urinary meatus vagina whereas marsupials females urethra empties urogenital sinus.females use urethra urinating males use urethra urination ejaculation.external urethral sphincter striated muscle allows voluntary control urination.internal sphincter formed involuntary smooth muscles lining bladder neck urethra receives nerve supply sympathetic division autonomic nervous system. |
Glossary of medicine | internal sphincter present males females.urinary bladder – urinary bladder simply bladder hollow muscular organ humans vertebrates stores urine kidneys disposal urination.human bladder hollow muscular distensible organ sits pelvic floor.urine enters bladder via ureters exits via urethra.typical human bladder hold ml .. |
Glossary of medicine | fl oz urge empty occurs hold considerably more.urinary system – urinary system also known renal system urinary tract consists kidneys ureters bladder urethra.purpose urinary system eliminate waste body regulate blood volume blood pressure control levels electrolytes metabolites regulate blood ph.urinary tract bodys drainage system eventual removal urine.kidneys extensive blood supply via renal arteries leave kidneys via renal vein.kidney consists functional units called nephrons. |
Glossary of medicine | following filtration blood processing wastes form urine exit kidney via ureters tubes made smooth muscle fibres propel urine towards urinary bladder stored subsequently expelled body urination voiding.female male urinary system similar differing length urethra.urology – also known genitourinary surgery branch medicine focuses surgical medical diseases male female urinarytract system male reproductive organs.organs domain urology include kidneys adrenal glands ureters urinary bladder urethra male reproductive organs testes epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles prostate penis.uterus – uterus womb major female hormoneresponsive secondary sex organ reproductive system humans mammals.human lower end uterus cervix opens vagina upper end fundus connected fallopian tubes.within uterus fetus develops gestation. |
Glossary of medicine | human embryo uterus develops paramesonephric ducts fuse single organ known simplex uterus.uterus different forms many animals exists two separate uteri known duplex uterus.v vaccine – biological preparation provides active acquired immunity particular disease.vaccine typically contains agent resembles diseasecausing microorganism often made weakened killed forms microbe toxins one surface proteins.agent stimulates bodys immune system recognize agent threat destroy recognize destroy microorganisms associated agent may encounter future. |
Glossary of medicine | vaccines prophylactic prevent ameliorate effects future infection natural wild pathogen therapeutic e.g.vaccines cancer investigated.vagina – mammals vagina elastic muscular part female genital tract.humans extends vulva cervix.outer vaginal opening normally partly covered membrane called hymen.deep end cervix neck uterus bulges vagina. |
Glossary of medicine | vagina allows sexual intercourse birth.also channels menstrual flow menses occurs humans closely related primates part monthly menstrual cycle.vas deferens – also called ductus deferens part male reproductive system many vertebrates ducts transport sperm epididymis ejaculatory ducts anticipation ejaculation.partially coiled tube exits abdominal cavity inguinal canal.vastus intermedius muscle – arises front lateral surfaces body femur upper twothirds sitting rectus femoris muscle lower part lateral intermuscular septum.fibers end superficial aponeurosis forms deep part quadriceps femoris tendon.vastus lateralis muscle –vastus medialis –vein –vena cava inferior –vena cava superior –ventricle –ventricle system –venule –vertebral column –virology – study viral – submicroscopic parasitic particles genetic material contained protein coat – viruslike agents.focuses following aspects viruses structure classification evolution ways infect exploit host cells reproduction interaction host organism physiology immunity diseases cause techniques isolate culture use research therapy. |
Glossary of medicine | virology considered subfield microbiology medicine.visual acuity – va commonly refers clarity vision technically rates examinees ability recognize small details precision.visual acuity dependent optical neural factors i.e.sharpness retinal image within eye health functioning retina sensitivity interpretative faculty brain.visual cortex – visual cortex brain area cerebral cortex processes visual information.located occipital lobe.sensory input originating eyes travels lateral geniculate nucleus thalamus reaches visual cortex. |
Glossary of medicine | area visual cortex receives sensory input lateral geniculate nucleus primary visual cortex also known visual area v brodmann area striate cortex.extrastriate areas consist visual areas also known v v v v brodmann area brodmann area .visual field test – eye examination detect dysfunction central peripheral vision may caused various medical conditions glaucoma stroke pituitary disease brain tumours neurological deficits.visual field testing performed clinically keeping subjects gaze fixed presenting objects various places within visual field.simple manual equipment used tangent screen test amsler grid.dedicated machinery used called perimeter.visual perception – ability interpret surrounding environment using light visible spectrum reflected objects environment. |
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