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Coal mining	conveyors transport removed coal seam.remotecontrolled continuous miners used work variety difficult seams conditions robotic versions controlled computers becoming increasingly common.continuous mining misnomer room pillar coal mining cyclical.us one generally cut around feet meters.may increased msha permission.
Coal mining	south africa limit may high meters roughly ft. cutting limit reached continuous miner assembly removed roof supported use roof bolter face serviced advanced again.servicing continuous miner moves another face.continuous miners bolt rock dust face two major components servicing cutting coal trained crew may able advance ventilation truly earn continuous label.however mines able achieve it.continuous mining machines use us lack ability bolt dust.
Coal mining	may partly incorporation bolting makes machines wider therefore less maneuverable.room pillar mining consists coal deposits mined cutting network rooms coal seam.pillars coal left behind order keep roof.pillars make forty percent total coal seam however space leave head floor coal evidence recent open cast excavations thcentury operators used variety room pillar techniques remove percent situ coal.however extracted later stage see retreat mining.blast mining conventional mining older practice uses explosives dynamite break coal seam coal gathered loaded onto shuttle cars conveyors removal central loading area.process consists series operations begins cutting coalbed break easily blasted explosives.
Coal mining	type mining accounts less percent total underground production us today.shortwall mining method currently accounting less percent deep coal production involves use continuous mining machine movable roof supports similar longwall.continuous miner shears coal panels feet metres wide halfmile km long regard factors geological strata.retreat mining method pillars coal ribs used hold mine roof extracted allowing mine roof collapse mining works back towards entrance.one dangerous forms mining owing imperfect predictability roof collapse possibly crush trap workers mine.production coal mined commercially countries.mt coal produced increase years since .
Coal mining	world production brown coal lignite .mt germany worlds largest producer .mt.china likely second largest producer consumer lignite globally although specific lignite production data made available.coal production grown fastest asia europe declined.since world coal production stable decreases europe usa offset increases china indonesia australia.
Coal mining	top coal mining nations aremost coal production used country origin around percent hard coal production exported.economic impact globally coal mining highly concentrated certain jurisdictions concentrating much social economic impacts industry.globally industry directly employs million workers creates millions indirect jobs.many parts world producers reached peak coal global economy shifts away fossil fuels like coal address climate change.study found renewables jobs could feasibly created geographies replace many coal mining jobs part transition however renewable energy suitable geographies high concentrations miners china.
Coal mining	waste refuse disasters modern mining technological advancements made coal mining today productive ever been.keep technology extract coal efficiently possible modern mining personnel must highly skilled well trained use complex stateoftheart instruments equipment.many jobs require fouryear university degrees.computer knowledge also become greatly valued within industry machines safety monitors computerized.the use sophisticated sensing equipment monitor air quality common replaced use small animals canaries often referred miners canaries.in united states increase technology significantly decreased mining workforce.us coal mines employees lowest figure since eia began collecting data .
Coal mining	however study reported relatively minor investment would allow coal workers retrain solar energy industry.safety dangers miners historically coal mining dangerous activity list historical coal mining disasters long.us alone coal miners killed mine accidents since percent fatalities occurring first half th century.died worst year ever five.open cut hazards principally mine wall failures vehicle collisions underground mining hazards include suffocation gas poisoning roof collapse rock burst outbursts gas explosions.firedamp explosions trigger muchmoredangerous coal dust explosions engulf entire mine.risks greatly reduced modern mines multiple fatality incidents rare parts developed world.
Coal mining	modern coal mining us average deaths per year due mine accidents –.however lesser developed countries developing countries many miners continue die annually either direct accidents coal mines adverse health consequences working poor conditions.china particular highest number coal mining related deaths world official statistics claiming deaths occurred .compare deaths reported us year.coal production china twice us number coal miners around times us making deaths coal mines china times common per worker times common per unit output us.mine disasters still occurred recent years us examples include sago mine disaster mine accident utahs crandall canyon mine nine miners killed six entombed.decade – us coal mining fatalities averaged per year.
Coal mining	fatalities – decade year upper big branch mine disaster west virginia killed miners.chronic lung diseases pneumoconiosis black lung common miners leading reduced life expectancy.mining countries black lung still common new cases black lung every year us percent workers annually new cases every year china .percent workers.use water sprays mining equipment reduces risk miners lungs.buildups hazardous gas known damps possibly german word dampf means steam vaporblack damp mixture carbon dioxide nitrogen mine cause suffocation formed result corrosion enclosed spaces removing oxygen atmosphere.after damp similar black damp damp consists carbon monoxide carbon dioxide nitrogen forms mine explosion.fire damp consists mostly methane highly flammable gas explodes – causes asphyxiation.stink damp named rotten egg smell hydrogen sulfide gas stink damp explode also toxic.white damp air containing carbon monoxide toxic even low concentrationsa heavy curtain used direct air currents mines prevent buildup dangerous gases known damp sheet.noise also contributing factor potential adverse effects coal miners health.
Coal mining	exposure excessive noise lead noiseinduced hearing loss.hearing loss developed result occupational exposures coined occupational hearing loss.protect miners hearing us mine safety health administrations msha guidelines noise place permissible exposure limit pel noise dba timeweighted hours.lower cutoff dba set worker fall msha action level dictates workers placed hearing conservation programs.noise exposures vary depending method extraction.example study found among surface coal mine operations dragline equipment produced loudest sound range – dba.
Coal mining	within longwall sections stageloaders used transport coal mining face shearers used extraction represent highest noise exposures.auxiliary fans dba continuous mining machines dba roof bolters dba represent noisiest equipment within continuous mining sections.exposures noise exceeding dba lead adverse effects workers hearing.use administrative controls engineering controls used reduce noise exposures.safety improvements improvements mining methods e.g.
Coal mining	longwall mining hazardous gas monitoring safetylamps modern electronic gas monitors gas drainage electrical equipment ventilation reduced many risks rock falls explosions unhealthy air quality.gases released mining process recovered generate electricity improve worker safety gas engines.another innovation recent years use closed circuit escape respirators respirators contain oxygen situations mine ventilation compromised.statistical analyses performed us department labors mine safety health administration msha show industry cut rate injuries half fatalities twothirds.according bureau labor statistics even mining remained second dangerous occupation america measured fatality rate.
Coal mining	numbers however include mining activities oil gas mining contribute majority fatalities.coal mining resulted fatalities year.one study though suggested hazards modern mining accretive workers facing longterm health impacts sleep deprivation build time.health environmental impacts coal mining country top hard brown coal producers million metric tons china united states india australia indonesia russia south africa germany poland kazakhstan .australia coal mined every state australia mainly queensland new south wales victoria.
Coal mining	mostly used generate electricity annual coal production exported mostly eastern asia.in million tonnes coal mined australia.coal provided australias electricity production.fiscal year million tonnes coal mined million tonnes exported.fiscal year .million tonnes coal mined .
Coal mining	million tonnes exported.coal provided australias electricity production.in australia worlds fifthlargest coal producer china united states india indonesia.however terms proportion production exported australia worlds second largest coal exporter exports roughly coal production.indonesia exports coal production.a court australia cited climate change ruling new coal mine.canada canada ranked th coal producing country world total production .
Coal mining	million tonnes.canadas coal reserves th largest world located largely province alberta.the first coal mines north america located joggins port morien nova scotia mined french settlers beginning late s. coal used british garrison annapolis royal construction fortress louisbourg.chile compared south american countries chile limited coal resources.argentina similarly poor.coal chile mostly subbituminous exception bituminous coals arauco basin central chile.
Coal mining	china china far largest producer coal world producing .billion tons coal approximately .percent coal produced world year.comparison second largest producer united states produced .billion tons .
Coal mining	estimated million people work chinas coalmining industry.many miners die accidents year.chinese mines deep underground produce surface disruption typical strip mines.although evidence reclamation mined land use parks china require extensive reclamation creating significant acreages abandoned mined land unsuitable agriculture human uses inhospitable indigenous wildlife.chinese underground mines often experience severe surface subsidence – meters negatively impacting farmland longer drains well.
Coal mining	china uses subsidence areas aquaculture ponds need purpose.reclamation subsided ground significant problem china.chinese coal domestic consumption burned little air pollution control equipment contributes greatly visible smoke severe air pollution industrial areas using coal fuel.chinas total energy uses coal mines.colombia worlds largest coal reserves located south america opencast mine cerrejón colombia one worlds largest open pit mines.
Coal mining	output mine .million tons compared total global hard coal production million tons.cerrejón contributed half colombias coal exports million tons year colombia ranked sixth among major coal exporting nations.company planned expand production million tons .company km standardgauge railroad connecting mine coalloading terminal puerto bolívar caribbean coast.
Coal mining	two car unit trains carrying tons coal per trip.roundtrip time train including loading unloading hours.coal facilities port capable loading tons per hour onto vessels tons dead weight.mine railroad portoperate hours per day.cerrejón directly employs workers employed contractors.
Coal mining	reserves cerrejón lowsulfur lowash bituminous coal.coal mostly used electric power generation also used steel manufacture.surface mineable reserves current contract million tons.however total proven reserves depth metres million tons.the expansion cerrejón mine blamed forced displacement local communities.germany germany long history coal mining going back middle ages.
Coal mining	coal mining greatly increased industrial revolution following decades.main mining areas around aachen ruhr saar area along many smaller areas parts germany.areas grew shaped coal mining coal processing still visible even end coal mining.coal mining reached peak first half th century.coal producers started struggle financially.subsidy introduced kohlepfennig.
Coal mining	bundestag decided end subsidies .consequence rag ag owner two remaining coal mines germany announced would close mines thus ending coal mining germany.greece lignite mined greece since today supplies approximately countrys energy.main mining areas located western macedonia ptolemaida pelopponese megalopolis.india coal mining india long history commercial exploitation starting john sumner suetonius grant heatly east india company raniganj coalfield along western bank damodar river.
Coal mining	demand coal remained low introduction steam locomotives .production rose annual average mt india produced .mt per year mt per year following increased demand first world war went slump early thirties.production reached level mt mt .independence country embarked upon fiveyear development plans.
Coal mining	beginning st plan annual production went mt.st plan period need increasing coal production efficiently systematic scientific development coal industry felt.setting national coal development corporation ncdc government india undertaking collieries owned railways nucleus first major step towards planned development indian coal industry.along singareni collieries company ltd. sccl already operation since became government company control government andhra pradesh india thus two government coal companies fifties.sccl joint undertaking government telangana government india.
Coal mining	japan richest japanese coal deposits found hokkaido kyushu.japan long history coal mining dating back japanese middle ages.said coal first discovered farming couple near ōmuta central kyushu.farmers discovered burning stones north island led exploitation chikuhõ coalfield.following japanese industrialization additional coalfields discovered northern japan.one first mines hokkaido hokutan horonai coal mine.poland russia russia ranked fifth largest coal producing country total production .
Coal mining	mt.russia worlds second largest coal reserves.russia norway share coal resources arctic archipelago svalbard svalbard treaty.spain spain ranked th coal producing country world .coal miners spain active spanish civil war republican side.
Coal mining	october asturias union miners others suffered fifteenday siege oviedo gijon.museum dedicated coal mining region catalonia called cercs mine museum.in october sánchez government spanish labour unions settled agreement close ten spanish coal mines end .government preengaged spend million euro pay early retirements occupational retraining structural change.per cent electric energy produced spain produced coalburning power plants.south africa south africa one ten largest coal producing countries fourth largest coal exporting country world.
Coal mining	taiwan taiwan coal distributed mainly northern area.commercial coal deposits occurred three miocene coalbearing formations upper middle lower coal measures.middle coal measures important wide distribution great number coal beds extensive potential reserves.taiwan coal reserves estimated – mt.however coal output small amounting metric tonnes per month pits ceased production effectively .
Coal mining	abandoned coal mine pingxi district new taipei turned taiwan coal mine museum.turkey ukraine coal production ukraine amounted .million tonnes ..coal consumption year grew .
Coal mining	million tonnes .compared .more percent ukraines coal production comes donets basin.countrys coal industry employs people.ukrainian coal mines among dangerous world accidents common.furthermore country plagued extremely dangerous illegal mines.
Coal mining	united kingdom united states coal mined america early th century commercial mining started around midlothian virginia.the american share world coal production remained steady percent billion short tons per year.united states ranked second highest coal producing country world possesses largest coal reserves world.thenpresident george w. bush stated coal reliable source electricity.however president barack obama said us rely cleaner sources energy emit lower carbon dioxide pollution.time domestic coal consumption electric power displaced natural gas exports increasing.
Coal mining	us net coal exports increased ninefold peaked million short tons declined million tons .net us exports went europe asia.us coal production increasingly comes strip mines western united states powder river basin wyoming montana.coal come continued price pressure natural gas renewable energy sources resulted rapid decline coal u.s. several notable bankruptcies including peabody energy.april reported revenue reduced percent coal prices fell lost two billion dollars previous year.filed chapter bankruptcy april .harvard business review discussed retraining coal workers solar photovoltaic employment rapid rise u.s. solar jobs.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	study indicated technically possible would account industrial revenue single year provide coal workers job security energy industry whole.donald trump pledged bring back coal jobs us presidential election president announced plans reduce environmental protection particularly repealing clean power plan cpp.however industry observers warned might lead boom mining jobs projection energy information administration estimated coal production without cpp would decline coming decades faster rate indicated agencys projection assumed cpp effect.see also references reading external links glossary mining termsglobal coal mine tracker global energy monitorcoal mine exploration preservationabandoned mine researchmethods mining – overview graphic coal mining methodscoal mining british isles northern mine research societynational coal mining museum englandniosh coal workers health surveillance programpurdue university – petroleum coaluniversity wollongong – educational resource longwall miningvirtual coalmine archived september wayback machine – visual elearning source comprehensive display longwall faceworld coal institute – coal miningnever crowned pope journey rome blocked venetians.instead proclaimed emperor elect pope julius ii trent thus breaking long tradition requiring papal coronation adoption imperial title.maximilian son frederick iii holy roman emperor eleanor portugal.ruled jointly father last ten years latters reign c. fathers death .maximilian expanded influence house habsburg war marriage mary burgundy ruler burgundian state heir charles bold though also lost familys original lands todays switzerland swiss confederacy.marriage son philip handsome eventual queen joanna castile maximilian helped establish habsburg dynasty spain allowed grandson charles hold thrones castile aragon.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	historian thomas a. brady jr. describes first holy roman emperor years ruled well reigned also ablest royal warlord generation.nicknamed coeur d’acier “heart steel” olivier de la marche later historians either praise courage martial qualities reproach ruthlessness warlike ruler maximilian entered public consciousness last knight der letzte ritter especially since eponymous poem anastasius grün published although nickname likely existed even maximilians lifetime.scholarly debates still discuss whether truly last knight either idealized medieval ruler leading people horseback quixotetype dreamer misadventurer first renaissance prince — amoral machiavellian politician carried family european pinnacle dynastic power largely back loans.historians second half nineteenth century like leopold von ranke tended criticize maximilian putting interest dynasty germany hampering nations unification process.ever since hermann wiesfleckers kaiser maximilian i. das reich österreich und europa der wende zur neuzeit became standard work much positive image emperor emerged.seen essentially modern innovative ruler carried important reforms promoted significant cultural achievements even financial price weighed hard austrians military expansion caused deaths sufferings tens thousands people.through unprecedented imagebuilding program help many notable scholars artists lifetime emperor – promoter coordinator prime mover artistic impresario entrepreneur seemingly limitless energy enthusiasm unfailing eye detail – built virtual royal self quality historians call unmatched hitherto unimagined.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	image new layers added works later artists centuries following death continuation deliberately crafted images developed program well development spontaneous sources exploration actual historical events creating elaine tennant dubs maximilian industry.background childhood maximilian born wiener neustadt march .father frederick iii holy roman emperor named obscure saint maximilian tebessa frederick believed warned imminent peril dream.infancy parents besieged vienna albert austria.one source relates sieges bleakest days young prince wandered castle garrison begging servants menatarms bits bread.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	favourite child mother whose personality contrast father although seemed communication problems mother son spoke portuguese.reportedly told maximilian known son would become like father would regretted born throne.early death pushed even towards mans world one grew first warrior rather politician.despite efforts father frederick tutor peter engelbrecht maximilian held contempt life violent teaching methods according cuspinianus made maximilian hate science maximilian became indifferent times belligent student much preferred physical activities learning would later rediscover love science culture terms though especially time burgundy influence mary burgundy.although two remained good terms overall emperor encouraged maximilians interest weapons hunt well let attend important meetings frederick horrified surviving son heirs overzealousness chivalric contests extravagance especially heavy tendency towards wine feasts young women became evident trips –.even though still young princes skills physical attractiveness made center everywhere went.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	although frederick forbidden princes empire fighting maximilian tournaments maximilian gave necessary permission first chance got.frederick allow participate war burgundy though placed care bishop augsburg instead.charles bold chief political opponent maximilians father frederick iii.frederick concerned burgundys expansive tendencies western border holy roman empire forestall military conflict attempted secure marriage charles daughter mary burgundy son maximilian.siege neuss – successful.perhaps preparation task netherlands age name father apparently maximilian commanded military campaign hungary – first actual battlefield experience life command responsibility likely shared experienced generals though.the wedding maximilian mary took place august .reign burgundy netherlands maximilians wife inherited large burgundian domains france low countries upon fathers death battle nancy january .
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	duchy burgundy also claimed french crown salic law louis xi france vigorously contesting habsburg claim burgundian inheritance means military force.maximilian undertook defence wifes dominions.without support empire empty treasury left charles bolds campaigns mary pawn jewels obtain loans carried campaign french – reconquered le quesnoy conde antoing.defeated french forces battle guinegate modern enguinegatte august despite winning maximilian abandon siege thérouanne disband army either netherlanders want become strong treasury empty.battle important mark military history though burgundian pikemen precursors landsknechte french side derived momentum military reform loss.according maximilian marys wedding contract stipulated children would succeed couple could others heirs.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	mary tried bypass rule promise transfer territories gift case death plans confounded.marys death riding accident march near wijnendale castle maximilians aim secure inheritance marys son philip handsome.according haemers sutch original marriage contract stipulated maximilian could inherit burgundian lands children.the guinegate victory made maximilian popular inexperienced ruler hurt politically trying centralize authority without respecting traditional rights consulting relevant political bodies.belgian historian eugène duchesne comments years among saddest turbulent history country despite later great imperial career maximilian unfortunately could never compensate mistakes made regent period.netherlander provinces hostile maximilian signed treaty louis xi arras forced maximilian give franchecomté artois french crown.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	openly rebelled twice period – attempting regain autonomy enjoyed mary.flemish rebels managed capture philip even maximilian released maximilian frederick iii intervened.turned attention hereditary lands left low countries hands albert saxony proved excellent choice less emotionally committed low countries flexible politician maximilian also capable general.rebellions completely suppressed.maximilian revoked great privilege established strong ducal monarchy undisturbed particularism.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	would reintroduce charles bolds centralizing ordinances.since departure government albert saxony made efforts consulting representative institutions showed restraint subjugating recalcitrant territories.notables previously supported rebellions returned city administrations.estates general continued develop regular meeting place central government.harsh suppression rebellions unifying effect provinces stopped behaving like separate entities supporting different lord.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	helmut koenigsberger opines erratic leadership maximilian brave hardly understood netherlands estates desire survival country made burgundian monarchy survive.jean berenger c.a.simpson argue maximilian gifted military champion organizer save netherlands france although conflict estates personal ambitions caused catastrophic situation short term.peter spufford opines invasion prevented combination estates maximilian although cost war maximilians spendthrift liberality interests enforced german bankers cause huge expenditure income falling.jelle haemers comments estates stopped support towards young ambitious impresario director war took personal control military financial details war knew guinegate nature war defensive anymore.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian followers managed achieve remarkable success stabilizing situation though stalemate kept ghent well bruges tragic death mary completely turned political landscape whole country upside down.according haemers willem zoetes indictment maximilians government onesided picture exaggerated negative points regency council displayed many problems maximilian followers could prudent dealing complaints opponents matters became bigger.while suggested maximilian displayed classbased mentality favoured aristocrats modern historian shares viewpoint koenigsberger recent studies suggest evidenced court ordinance point marys death threats rule seemed eliminated among others sought promote parvenus beholden often either functionaries risen charles bold proved loyalty maximilian representatives mercantile elites alarming speed traditional elites.rebellions concerning aristocracy although maximilian punished death unlike later desbribed theuerdank properties largely confiscated replaced new elite class loyal habsburgs – among noblemen part traditional high nobility elevated supranational importance period.important john iii frederik egmont engelbrecht ii nassau henry witthem brothers glymes–bergenin early retook mortaigne lecluse honnecourt even thérouanne thing like happened – lacked financial resources exploit keep gains.stable internal situation able reconquer keep franchecomté arras pretext french repudiated daughter.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian charles viii france signed treaty senlis artois franchecomté returned burgundian rule picardy confirmed french possession.french also continued keep duchy burgundy.thus large part netherlands known seventeen provinces stayed habsburg patrimony.on january using similar french ordinance model together philip issued ordinance admiralty organized admiralty state institution strove centralize maritime authority departure policy philip good whose ordinance tried restore maritime order decentralizing power.beginning dutch navy although initially policy faced opposition unfavourable political climate improved appointment philip burgundybeveren .permanent navy took shape governorship granddaughter mary hungary.in frederick iii died thus maximilian became de facto leader holy roman empire.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	decided transfer power yearold philip.time low countries contracted emotional problems except rare necessary occasions would never return land gaining control.estates sent delegation offer regency philips death evaded months.as suzerain maximilian continued involve low countries afar.sons daughters governments tried maintain compromise states empire.philip particular sought maintain independent burgundian policy sometimes caused disagreements father.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	philip preferred maintain peace economic development land maximilian left fighting charles egmond guelders resources.one point philip let french troops supporting guelders resistance rule pass land.end reign philip decided deal threat together father.time guelders affected continuous state war problems.duke cleves bishop utrecht hoping share spoils gave philip aid.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian invested son guelders zutphen.within months fathers skilled use field artillery philip conquered whole land charles egmond forced prostrate front philip.charles later escaped philip haste make fatal journey spain troubles would soon arise leaving margaret deal problems.time father less inclined help though.suggested estates low countries defend forcing sign treaty charles.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	habsburg netherlands would able incorporate guelders zutphen charles v.following margarets strategy defending low countries foreign armies head henry viiis army maximilian gained victory french battle spurs little cost daughter fact according margaret low countries got profit one million gold supplying english army.sake grandson charless burgundian lands ordered thérouannes walls demolished stronghold often served backdoor french interference low countries.reign holy roman empire recapture austria expedition hungary maximilian elected king romans february frankfurtammain fathers initiative crowned april aachen.much austrian territories vienna rule king matthias corvinus hungary result austrian–hungarian war –.maximilian king without lands.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	death king matthias july maximilian began series short sieges reconquered cities fortresses father lost austria.maximilian entered vienna without siege already evacuated hungarians august .injured attacking citadel guarded garrison hungarians troops twice repelled forces days surrendered.money innsbruck southern german towns raised enough cavalry landsknechte campaign hungary itself.despite hungarys gentrys hostility habsburg managed gain many supporters including several corvinuss former supporters.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	one jakob székely handed styrian castles him.claimed status king hungary demanding allegiance stephen moldavia.seven weeks conquered quarter hungary.mercenaries committed atrocity totally sacking székesfehérvár countrys main fortress.encountering frost troops refused continue war though requesting maximilian double pay could afford.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	revolt turned situation favour jagiellonian forces.maximilian forced return.depended father territorial estates financial support.soon reconquered lower inner austria father returned settled linz.worrying sons adventurous tendencies frederick decided starve financially though.beatrice naples – mathias corvinuss widow initially supported maximilian hope would marry maximilian want liaison.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	hungarian magnates found maximilian impressive wanted king could dominate.crown hungary thus fell king vladislaus ii deemed weaker personality also agreed marry beatrice.tamás bakócz hungarian chancellor allied maximilian helped circumvent diet declared foreigner could elected king hungary.signed peace treaty pressburg provided maximilian recognized vladislaus king hungary habsburgs would inherit throne extinction vladislauss male line austrian side also received golden florins war reparations.maximilian croatians began harbour connection house habsburg.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	except two powerful noblemen duke ivanis corvinus bernardin frankopan croatian nobility wanted king.worrying protracted multifronted war would leave overextended though maximilian evacuated croatia conquered whole northern part country previously accepted treaty jagiellons.in addition county tyrol duchy bavaria went war late th century.bavaria demanded money tyrol loaned collateral tyrolean lands.two nations demanded maximilian step mediate dispute.habsburg cousin childless archduke sigismund negotiating sell tyrol wittelsbach rivals rather let emperor frederick inherit it.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilians charm tact though led reconciliation reunited dynastic rule .tyrol law code time nobility freely expropriated money populace caused royal palace innsbruck fester corruption.taking control maximilian instituted immediate financial reform.gaining control tyrol habsburgs strategic importance linked swiss confederacy habsburgcontrolled austrian lands facilitated imperial geographic continuity.maximilian became ruler holy roman empire upon death father .italian swiss wars treaty senlis resolved french differences holy roman empire king louis xii france secured borders north turned attention italy made claims duchy milan.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	– conquered drove sforza regent lodovico il moro exile.brought potential conflict maximilian march married bianca maria sforza daughter galeazzo maria sforza duke milan.however maximilian unable hinder french taking milan.prolonged italian wars resulted maximilian joining holy league counter french.campaigns italy generally successful progress quickly checked.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilians italian campaigns tend criticized wasteful gaining little.despite emperors work enhancing army technically organizationwise due financial difficulties forces could muster always small make decisive difference.italy gained derisive nickname massimiliano di pochi denari maximilian moneyless.one particularly humiliating episode happened force mustered largely hereditary lands limited resources emperor decided attack venice.diversionary force sixt trautson routed bartolomeo dalviano sixt trautson among fallen maximilians advance blocked main venetian force niccolò di pitigliano french army alessandro trivulzio.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	bartolomeo dalviano pushed imperial territory seizing gorizia trieste forcing maximilian sign unfavourable truce.afterwards formed league cambrai together spain france pope julius ii back territories conceded venetian possessions.sloveneinhabited areas transferred habsburgs.atrocities expenses war devastated austria carniola.lack financial means meant depended allies resources like low countries sometimes practically functioned condottiero.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	schiner suggested let war feed war though agree brutal enough that.acknowledged french control milan .the situation italy problem maximilian time.swiss decisive victory empire battle dornach july .maximilian choice agree peace treaty signed september basel granted swiss confederacy independence holy roman empire.jewish policy jewish policy maximilian fluctuated greatly usually influenced financial considerations emperors vacillating attitude facing opposing views.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian issued decree expelled jews styria wiener neustadt.authorized less thirteen expulsions jews return sizeable fiscal compensations local government expelled jews allowed resettle lower austria.buttaroni comments inconsistency showed even maximilian believe expulsion decision just.. though happened showed unusually resolute attitude resisting campaign expel jews regensburg.david price comments first seventeen years reign great threat jews even attitude still exploitative policy gradually changed.factor probably played role change maximilians success expanding imperial taxing german jewry point probably considered possibility generating tax money stable jewish communities instead temporary financial compensations local jurisdictions sought expel jews.in relying influence kunigunde maximilians pious sister cologne dominicans antijewish agitator johannes pfefferkorn authorized maximilian confiscate offending jewish books including prayer books except bible.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	confiscations happened frankfurt bingen mainz german cities.responding order archbishop mainz city council frankfurt various german princes tried intervene defense jews.maximilian consequently ordered confiscated books returned.may though influenced supposed host desecration blood libel brandenburg well pressure kunigunde ordered creation investigating commission asked expert opinions german universities scholars.prominent humanist johann reuchlin argued strongly defense jewish books especially talmud.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	reuchlins arguments seemed leave impression emperor followed advice recommendation commission gradually developed intellectual interest talmud jewish books.maximilian later urged hebraist petrus galatinus defend reuchlins position.galatinus dedicated work de arcanis catholicae veritatis provided literary threshold jews gentiles might meet emperor.appointed paulus ricius jew converted christianity personal physician.interested riciuss hebrew skills medical abilities though.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	reminded treasurer jakob villinger ricius admitted purpose translating talmud latin urged villinger keep eye him.perhaps overwhelmed emperors request ricius managed translate two sixtythree mishna tractates emperors death.ricius managed publish translation joseph gikatillas kabbalistic work gates light dedicated maximilian though.reforms within holy roman empire also consensus deep reforms needed preserve unity empire.reforms delayed long time launched reichstag worms.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	new organ introduced reichskammergericht largely independent emperor.new tax launched finance empires affairs military campaigns gemeine pfennig although would collected charles v ferdinand fully.create rival reichskammergericht maximilian establish reichshofrat seat vienna.unlike reichskammergericht reichshofrat looked criminal matters even allowed emperors means depose rulers live expectations.maximilians reign council popular though.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	around part administrative reforms restructured privy council geheimer rat decision today induces much scholarly discussion.apart balancing reichskammergericht reichshofrat act restructuring seemed suggest westphal quoting ortlieb imperial ruler – independent existence supreme court – remained contact person hard pressed subjects legal disputes well special agency deal matters could appear sensible also shown large number supplications received.in maximilian urgently needed assistance military plans agreed establish organ called reichsregiment central imperial government consisting twenty members including electors emperor representative chairman first organized nuremberg consisted deputies emperor local rulers commoners princeelectors holy roman empire.maximilian resented new organization weakened powers estates failed support it.new organ proved politically weak power returned maximilian .the important governmental changes targeted heart regime chancery.early maximilians reign court chancery innsbruck competed imperial chancery electorarchbishop mainz senior imperial chancellor.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	referring political matters tyrol austria well imperial problems court chancery maximilian gradually centralized authority.two chanceries became combined .emperor created general treasury hofkammer innsbruck became responsible hereditary lands.chamber accounts raitkammer vienna made subordinate body.paul von liechtenstein hofkammer entrusted hereditary lands affairs maximilians affairs german king too.historian joachim whaley points usually two opposite views maximilians rulership one side represented works nineteenth century historians like heinrich ullmann leopold von ranke criticize selfishly exploiting german nation putting interest dynasty germanic nation thus impeding unification process recent side represented hermann wiesfleckers biography – praises talented successful ruler notable realpolitik also cultural activities generally literary artistic patronage particular.according brady jr. ranke right regarding fact berthold von henneberg princes play leading role presenting proposals creating institutions would also place power hands princes .
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	however maximilian opposed reform per se.generally shared sentiments regarding ending feuds sounder administrative procedures better recordkeeping qualifications offices etc.responding proposal imperial council later reichsregiment created agreed welcomed participation estates alone one appointed members council function campaigns.supported modernizing reforms pioneered austrian lands also wanted tie personal control permanent taxation estates consistently opposed.strong enough propose ideas council cowered estates tried resist.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	strongest point though still failed find solution common tax matter led disasters italy later.meanwhile explored austrias potential base imperial power built government largely officials drawn lower aristocracy burghers southern germany.whaley notes real foundation imperial power lay networks allies clients especially less powerful estates helped recover strength first reform proposals king romans creation network regional unions.according whaley systematically predecessor maximilian exploited potential regional leagues unions extend imperial influence create possibility imperial government reich.empire mechanisms involving regional institutions bolstered land piece ewiger landfriede declared well creation reichskreise imperial circles would serve purpose organize imperial armies collect taxes enforce orders imperial institutions six first number increased ten.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	although fully functional decades later.brady describes maximilians thinking dynastic early modern heinz angermeier also focusing intentions diet writes maximilian first politician german throne dynastic interests imperial politics contradiction.rather alliance spain imperial prerogatives antiottoman agenda european leadership inner politics tied together.austria maximilian defined two administrative units lower austria upper austria austria included upper austria..another development arising reform amidst prolonged struggles monarchicalcentralism emperor estatesbased federalism princes reichstag imperial diet became allimportant political forum supreme legal constitutional institution without declared legal basis inaugural act would act guarantee preservation empire long run.ultimately results reform movement presided maximilian presented shape newly formed structures well general framework functioning constitutional framework compromise emperor estates less shared common cause separate interests.although system insitutions arose complete flexible adaptive problemsolving mechanism empire formed.according whaley maximilian ever saw germany source income soldiers failed miserably extracting both.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	hereditary lands sources always contributed much estates gave equivalent gulden per year lower even taxes paid jews reich hereditary lands austria contributed gulden per year.hand attempts demonstrated building imperial system alone shows consider german lands real sphere government aspirations royal rule actively purposefully pursued.whaley notes despite struggles emerged end maximilians rule strengthened monarchy oligarchy princes.usually weak trying act monarch using imperial instituations like reichstag maximilians position often strong acting neutral overlord relying regional leagues weaker principalities swabian league shown ability call money soldiers mediate bavaria dispute gained significant territories alsace swabia tyrol.fiscal reform hereditary lands provided model german princes.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	benjamin curtis opines maximilian able fully create common government lands although chancellery court council able coordinate affairs across realms strengthened key administrative functions austria created central offices deal financial political judicial matters offices replaced feudal system became representative modern system administered professionalized officials.two decades reforms emperor retained position first emong equals empire gained common institutions emperor shared power estates.in maximilian assent pope julius ii took title erwählter römischer kaiser elected roman emperor thus ending centuriesold custom holy roman emperor crowned pope.at diet worms reception roman law accelerated formalized.roman law made binding german courts except case contrary local statutes.practice became basic law throughout germany displacing germanic local law large extent although germanic law still operative lower courts.desire achieve legal unity factors adoption also highlighted continuity ancient roman empire holy roman empire.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	realize resolve reform unify legal system emperor frequently intervened personally matters local legal matters overriding local charters customs.practice often met irony scorn local councils wanted protect local codes.maximilian general reputation justice clemency could occasionally act violent resentful manner personally affronted.in ruler tyrol introduced maximilianische halsgerichtsordnung penal code maximilian.first codified penal law german speaking world.law attempted introduce regularity contemporary discrete practices courts.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	would part basis constitutio criminalis carolina established charles v .regarding use torture court needed decide whether someone tortured.decision made three council members clerk present observe whether confession made fear torture pain torture another person would harmed.during austrianhungarian war maximilians father frederick iii issued first modern regulations strengthen military discipline.using ordinance basis maximilian devised first military code “articles”.code included articles.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	first five articles prescribed total obedience imperial authority.article established rules conduct camps.article exempted churches billeting article forbade violence civilians “you shall swear harm pregnant women widows orphans priests honest maidens mothers fear punishment perjury death”.actions indicated early developments military revolution european laws tradition roman concept war ideas sixteenthcentury scholars developed ancient doctrine main thesis advocated war matter two armies thus civilians especially women children old people given immunity.code would basis ordinances charles v new articles maximilian ii became universal military code whole holy roman empire .the legal reform seriously weakened ancient vehmic court vehmgericht secret tribunal westphalia traditionally held instituted charlemagne theory considered unlikely.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	although would abolished completely abolished order jérôme bonaparte.in general diet habsburg hereditary lands emperor issued innsbrucker libell set generaldefence order verteidigungsordnung austrian provinces gathered together elements appeared developed preceding centuries.. provincial army based noble cavalry defence bonded labourers conscripted using proportional conscription system upper lower austrian provinces agreed mutual defence pact would form joint command structure either attacked.military system reforms threatened maximilians deạth would restored reorganized later ferdinand i.according brady jr. maximilian reformer church though.personally pious also practical caesaropapist interested ecclesiastical organization far reforms could bring political fiscal advantages.finance economy maximilian always troubled financial shortcomings income never seemed enough sustain largescale goals policies.reason forced take substantial credits upper german banker families especially gossembrot baumgarten fugger welser families.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	jörg baumgarten even served maximilians financial advisor.connection emperor banking families augsburg widely known francis france derisively nicknamed mayor augsburg another story recounts french courtier called alderman augsburg louis xii replied yes every time alderman rings tocsin belfry makes france tremble.referring maximilians military ability.around percent income went wars waging wars almost sides border.end maximilians rule habsburgs mountain debt totalled six million gulden six half million gulden depending sources.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	remaining amount debt estimated gulden spanish ducats.entire reign spent around million gulden much contributed loyal subjects – tyrolers.historian thomas brady comments best said financial practices borrowed democratically rich poor alike defaulted evenhandedness.comparison abdicated charles v left philip total debt million ducats equal income spanish america entire reign ferdinand left debt .million gulden died .economy economic policies reign maximilian relatively unexplored topic according benecke.overall according whaley reign maximilian saw recovery growth also growing tension.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	created winners losers.although whaley opines reason expect revolutionary explosion connection luther reformation.whaley points though maximilian charles v tried promoted interests netherlands hanseatic league negatively affected growth relative england netherlands declined.in low countries regency get money pay campaigns resorted debase coins burgundian mints causing conflicts interests estates merchant class.in austria although never enough needs management mines salt works proved efficient marked increase revenue fine silver production schwaz increased kg kg .benecke remarks maximilian ruthless exploitative businessman holleger sees clearheaded manager sober costbenefit analysis.ultimately mortgage properties fuggers get quick cash.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	financial price would ultimately fall austrian population.fichtner states maximilians paneuropean vision expensive financial practices antagonized subjects high low burgundy austria germany tried temper ambitions although never came hate charismatic ruler personally still modest comparison come ottoman threat gave austrians reason pay.leipzig started rise one largest european trade fair cities maximilian granted wideranged privileges raised three markets status imperial fair .tu felix austria nube part treaty arras maximilian betrothed threeyearold daughter margaret dauphin france later charles viii son adversary louis xi.terms margarets betrothal sent louis brought guardianship.despite louiss death shortly margaret arrived france remained french court.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	dauphin charles viii still minor regent sister anne.dying shortly signing treaty le verger francis ii duke brittany left realm daughter anne.search alliances protect domain neighboring interests betrothed maximilian .year later married proxy.however charles viii sister wanted inheritance france.former came age taking advantage maximilian fathers interest succession adversary mathias corvinus king hungary charles repudiated betrothal margaret invaded brittany forced anne brittany repudiate unconsummated marriage maximilian married anne brittany himself.margaret remained france hostage sorts finally returned father signing treaty senlis.in year hostilities lengthy italian wars france preparation maximilian contracted another marriage time bianca maria sforza daughter galeazzo maria sforza duke milan intercession brother ludovico sforza regent duchy formers death.years later order reduce growing pressures empire brought treaties rulers france poland hungary bohemia russia well secure bohemia hungary habsburgs maximilian met jagiellonian kings ladislaus ii hungary bohemia sigismund poland first congress vienna .arranged maximilians granddaughter mary marry louis son ladislaus anne sister louis marry maximilians grandson ferdinand grandchildren children philip handsome maximilians son joanna castile.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	marriages arranged brought habsburg kingship hungary bohemia .louis adopted maximilian.maximilian serve proxy groom anna betrothal ceremony ferdinand agree enter marriage would happen .thus maximilian marriages descendants attempted unsuccessfully successfully alike sought current practice dynastic states time extend sphere influence.marriages arranged children successfully fulfilled specific goal thwarting french interests turn sixteenth century matchmaking focused grandchildren looked away france towards east.these political marriages summed following latin elegiac couplet reportedly spoken matthias corvinus bella gerant aliī tū fēlix austria nūbe nam quae mars aliīs dat tibi regna venus let others wage war thou happy austria marry kingdoms mars gives others venus gives thee.contrary implication motto though maximilian waged war aplenty four decades ruling waged wars total.general strategy combine intricate systems alliance military threats offers marriage realize expansionist ambitions.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	using overtures russia maximilian succeeded coercing bohemia hungary poland acquiesce habsburgs expansionist plans.combining tactic military threats able gain favourable marriage arrangements hungary bohemia dynasty.at time sprawling panoply territories well potential claims constituted threat france thus forcing maximilian continuously launch wars defense possessions burgundy low countries italy four generations french kings louis xi charles viii louis xii francis i. coalitions assembled purpose sometimes consisted nonimperial actors like england.edward j. watts comments nature wars dynastic rather imperial.fortune also factor helped bring results marriage plans.double marriage could given jagiellon claim austria potential male child margaret john prince spain would claim portion maternal grandfathers possessions well.turned vladislauss male line became extinct frail john died possibly overindulgence sexual activities bride without offsprings maximilians male line able claim thrones.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	death succession last years maximilian began focus question succession.goal secure throne member house prevent francis france gaining throne.according traditional view resulting election campaign unprecedented due massive use bribery.fugger family provided maximilian credit one million gulden used bribe princeelectors.however bribery claims challenged.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	first policy seemed successful maximilian managed secure votes mainz cologne brandenburg bohemia grandson charles v. death maximilian seemed put succession risk months election charles v secured.in maximilian fell horse badly injured leg causing pain rest life.historians suggested maximilian morbidly depressed travelled everywhere coffin.feeling death near seeing eclipse returned beloved innsbruck citys innskeepers purveyors grant emperors entourage credit.resulting fit led stroke left bedridden december .continued read documents received foreign envoys right end though.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian died wels upper austria three oclock morning january .succeeded emperor grandson charles v son philip handsome died .penitential reasons maximilian gave specific instructions treatment body death.wanted hair cut teeth knocked body whipped covered lime ash wrapped linen publicly displayed show perishableness earthly glory.gregor reisch emperors friend confessor closed eyes obey instruction though.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	placed rosary maximilians hand sacred objects near corpse.buried borrowed money.although buried castle chapel wiener neustadt extremely elaborate cenotaph tomb maximilian hofkirche innsbruck tomb surrounded statues heroes past.much work done lifetime completed decades later.legacy despite reputation last knight penchant personally commanding battles leading peripatetic court politician maximilian also carried herculean tasks bureaucracy every day adult life emperor boasted could dictate simultaneously half dozen secretaries.time james m. bradburne remarks naturally every ruler wanted seen victor maximilian aspired role apollo musagetes.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	circle humanists gathered around contemporary admirers also tended depict such.maximilian universal patron whose intellect imagination according historian sydney anglo made courtier castiliogne look like scaleddown version.anglo points though emperor treated artists scholars like mere tools also tended fail pay adequately timely serve purposes never autonomous forces.maximilian play roles sponsor commissioner organizer stimulator planner joined creative processes drew programmes suggested improvements checked decided details invented devices almost regardless time material resources required.creativity limited practical issues politics economy war extended areas arts sciences hunting fishing especially technical innovations inclụding creation kinds military equipments fortifications precious metal processing mining industry.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	activities though timeconsuming effort emperor poured activities sometimes criticized excessive distracted main tasks ruler.nineteenth century early twentieth century even criticized possessing qualities befitted genius ruler intellect saw far made unwisely try force march time.military innovation chivalry equipments maximilian capable commander although lost many wars usually due lack financial resources.notable commentators time including machiavelli piero vettori guicciardini rated great general words machivelli second none pointed extravagance terrible management financial resources character defects tended lead failures grand schemes.. military innovator contributed modernization warfare.condottiero george von frundsberg organized first formations landsknechte based inspiration swiss pikement increased ratio pikemen favoured handgunners crossbowmen new tactics developed leading improvement performance.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	discipline drilling highly developed staff standard era also instilled.war apparatus created later played essential role austrias rank great power.maximilian founder organiser arms industry habsburgs.started standardization artillery according weight cannonballs made mobile.sponsored new types cannons initiated many innovations improved range damage cannons worked better thick walls concerned metallurgy cannons often exploded ignited caused damage among troops.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	according contemporary accounts could field artillery cannons including iron bronze guns various sizes.artillery force considered developed day.arsenal innsbruck created maximilian one notable artillery arsenal europe.typical tactic artillery attack first cavalry would act shock troops attack flanks infantry fought tightly knitted formation middle.maximilian described nineteenth century politician anton alexander graf von auersperg last knight der letzte ritter epithet stuck most.historians note epithet rings true yet ironic father landsknechte paternity shared george von frundsberg first cannoneer nation ended combat supremacy cavalry death heralded military revolution next two centuries.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	moreover multifaceted reforms broke back knight class military politically.threw weight behind promotion infantry soldier leading battles foot pike shoulder giving commanders honours titles.maximilian rise new martial ethic – including even violent aspect – associated rise landsknechte also unextractable part masculine identity.believed fighting alongside footsoldiers legitimized right rule noble trapping title.time though social tensions brewing nobles resisted belief.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	siege padua commanding frenchgerman allied army maximilian ordered noble knights dismount help landsknechte storm breach chevalier bayard criticized putting noblemen risk alongside cobblers blacksmiths bakers laborers hold honor like esteem gentlemen.– even merely mixing two battlefield considered insulting.french refused obey.siege broke german knights refused continue assaults foot demanded fight horseback also basis status.furious maximilian left camp order army retreat.with maximilians establishment use landsknechte military organisation germany altered major way.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	began rise military enterprisers raised mercenaries system subcontractors make war credit acted commanding generals armies.maximilian became expert military enterpriser leading father consider spendthrift military adventurer wandered new wars debts still recovering previous campaigns.the emperor would live see fruits military reforms also widely adopted territories empire nations europe.moreover landsknechtes mode fighting boosted strength territorial polities centralized nations able utilize ways german rulers could not.kleinschmidt concludes end maximilian good service competitors grandson.while favouring modern methods actual military undertakings maximilian genuine interest promoting chivalric traditions like tournament exceptional jouster himself.tournaments helped enhance personal image solidify network princes nobles kept close watch fostering fidelity fraternity among competitors.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	taking inspiration burgundy tournament developed german tournament distinctive entity.addition least two occasions campaigns challenged killed french knights duellike preludes battles.knights reacted decreased condition loss privileges different ways.asserted traditional rights violent ways became robber knights like götz von berlichingen.knights social group became obstacle maximilians law order relationship last knight became antagonistic.probably also felt slighted way imperial propaganda presented maximilian sole defender knightly values.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	diet worms emperor archbishops great princes free cities joined force initiate perpetual land peace ewige landfriede forbidding private feuding order protect rising tide commerce.tournament sponsored emperor thus tool appease knights although became recreational yet still deadly extreme sport.spending years creating supporting policies knights though maximilian changed ways began trying engage integrate frame rulership.lifted ban franz von sickingen leading figure among knights took service.year summoned rhenish knights introduced ritterrecht knights rights would provide free knight special law court exchange oaths obedient emperor abstaining evil deeds.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	succeed collecting taxes creating knights association ideology frame emerged allowed knights retain freedom fostering relationship crown sword.maximilian great passion armour equipment battle tournaments art form.prided armor designing expertise knowledge metallurgy.patronage art armorer blossomed like never before.master armorers across europe like lorenz helmschmid konrad seusenhofer franck scroo daniel hopfer first etch iron part artistic process using acid wash created custommade armors often served extravagant gifts display maximilians generosity devices would produce special effects often initiated emperor tournaments.style armour became popular second half reign featured elaborate fluting metalworking became known maximilian armour.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	emphasized details shaping metal rather etched gilded designs popular milanese style.maximilian also gave bizarre jousting helmet gift king henry viii – helmets visor features human face eyes nose grinning mouth modelled appearance maximilian himself.also sports pair curled rams horns brass spectacles even etched beard stubble.knowing extinct treizsaurbeyn likely treitzsauerwein family method make extra tough armours could shot crossbow sought servant caspar riederer helped konrad seusenhofer recreate armour type.knowledge gained riederer maximilian invented method workshops front back plates could made order help soldiers especially landsknechte.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	details process described currently known likely utilizing matrices armour parts could stamped sheet metal.maximilian associated practical art hunting well fishing falconry status prince knight.introduced parforce park hunting germany.also published essays topics.followed frederick ii hohenstaufen equally attentive naturalist details less scientific.tyrol fishery book tiroler fischereibuch composed help fish master martin fritz wolfgang hohenleiter.

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