Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	keep fish fresh invented special kind fish container.unconcerned disappearance weakening knight class due development artillery infantry maximilian worried greatly vulnerability ibexes described noble creatures front handguns criticized peasants particular moderation.emperor banned manufacturing possession wheellock designed especially effective hunting.another possible reason earliest attempt gun control might related worries spreading crimes.investigated classified protected game reserves also damaged farmers crops forbade erect fences.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	game population quickly increased though.one case became unintentional species conservationist tyrolean mountain lakes stocked trouts variety last trout originating danube kaiser max trout survived day gossenköllesee.since young germany especially low countries paid attention burghers art archery joined archery competitions gave patronage crossbow archery guilds military affairs though officially abolished crossbow despite continued use countries.although never gained complete popular support flanders patronage activities helped build relationship guild members participated campaigns notably guinegate rally urban support time low countries.name heads list lords huge saint george guildbook ghent.early sixteenth century built guildhouse st.sebastians archers hague.the landlibell military statue cornerstone tyrols democracy established foundation tyrols separate defence organization exempting population military service outside borders requiring serve defence region recognizing connection freedom rights bear arms remained largely effect fall monarchy led establishment armed militia formations called tiroler schützen.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	term schützen used refer men armed crossbows maximilian enthusiastically encouraged riflemen firearms.formations still exist although become nongovernmental since .organized great shooting event commemoration emperor.another art associated chivalry military activities dancing.landsknechtes fighting techniques developed longer preferred fighting along straight line exercised even swiss end fifteenth century leaned towards circlewise movement enhanced use space around combatant allowed attack opponents different angles.circlewise formation described jean molinet snail would become hallmark landsknechtes combat.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	new types combat also required maintenance stable bodily equilibrium.maximilian innovator types movements also saw value effects maintenance group discipline apart control centralized institutions.maximilian commanders sought popularize forms movements became daily practice end fifteen century gained dominance maximilians death promoted tournaments fencing dancing well – started focus steps movements feet movements head arms.courtly festivals became playground innovations foreshadowing developemts military practices.regarding dancing elements favoured maximilians court moriskentan moors dance morrisdance moresca masquerades mummerei use torchbearers.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	torchbearers part almost illustrated costumed circle dances weisskunig freydal maximilian usually one them.masquerades usually included dancing music fifes drums performed musicians served new infantry forces.famous humanist philosopher julius caesar scaliger grew page maximilians court reportedly performed pyrrhic war dance reconstructed ancient sources front emperor.annual tänzelfest oldest childrens festival bavaria reportedly founded maximilian event appeared written sources includes dancing processions reenactment city life maximilian.cultural patronage reforms image building maximilian keen supporter arts sciences surrounded scholars joachim vadian andreas stoberl stiborius promoting important court posts.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	many commissioned assist complete series projects different art forms intended glorify posterity life deeds habsburg ancestors.referred projects gedechtnus memorial included series stylised autobiographical works epic poems theuerdank freydal chivalric novel weisskunig published editions lavishly illustrated woodcuts.vein commissioned series three monumental woodblock prints triumphal arch – woodcut panels cm wide cm high – approximately ½ triumphal procession – woodcut panels long led large triumphal carriage woodcut panels ½ high long created artists including albrecht dürer albrecht altdorfer hans burgkmair.according last knight art armor ambition maximilian maximilian dictated large parts books secretary friend marx treitzsaurwein rewriting.authors book emperor maximilian age durer cast doubt role true patron arts though tended favor pragmatic elements high arts.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	hand perfectionist involved every stage creative processes.goals extended far beyond emperors glorification commemoration also included documentation details presence restoration source materials precious artifacts.notorious micromanaging notable case emperor allowed encouraged freeranging even wild improvisations book prayers.work shows lack constraint consistent iconographic program part artist dürer would realized highly praised goethe .in maximilian commissioned ambraser heldenbuch compendium german medieval narratives majority heroic epics written hans ried.work great importance german literature among twenty five narratives fifteen unique.would last time nibelungenlied enshrined german literature rediscovered years later.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian also patron ulrich von hutten crowned poet laureate humanist willibald pirckheimer one germanys important patrons arts right.as rex litteratus supported literary genres supported predecessors addition drama genre gaining popularity era.joseph grünpeck attracted attention comoediae duae presumably first german neolatin festival plays.impressed joseph grünpecks streit zwischen virtus und fallacicaptrix morality play maximilian asked choose virtue base pleasure.celtis wrote ludus dianae rhapsodia de laudibus et victoria maximiliani de boemannis.ludus dianae displays symbiotic relationship ruler humanist portrayed apollonian phoebeian saturn – counterpole phoebus – negative force bacchus well venus display dangerous aspects tempting humans towards depraving life.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	locher wrote first german neolatin tragedy also first german humanist tragedy historia de rege frantie.notable authors included benedictus chelidonius hieronymus vehus.plays often doubled encomium dramatized newe zeittung news reports support imperial princely politics.douglas a.russel remarks academic mode theater associated new interest humanism classics time mainly work konrad celtis joachim von watt poet laureate crowned maximilian age rector university vienna benedictus chelidonius.william cecil macdonald comments context german medieval literary patronage maximilians literary activities summarize literary patronage middle ages also represent point departure — beacon new age.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	moreover like charlemagne otto great henry ii frederick barbarossa maximilian fostering spirit i.e.commissioned literature policies force personality created climate conducive flowering arts.under rule university vienna reached apogee centre humanistic thought.established college poets mathematicians incorporated university.maximilian invited conrad celtis leading german scientist day university vienna.celtis found sodalitas litteraria danubiana also supported maximilian association scholars danube area support literature humanist thought.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian also promoted development young habsburg university freiburg host city consideration citys strategic position.gave city privileges helped turn corner financially utilizing universitys professors important diplomatic missions key positions court.chancellor konrad stürtzel twice universitys rector acted bridge maximilian freiburg.maximilian supported utilized humanists partly propaganda effect partly genealogical projects also employed several secretaries counsellors selection rejected class barriers believing intelligent minds deriving nobility god even caused conflicts even physical attacks nobles.relied humanists create nationalistic imperial myth order unify reich french italy pretext later crusade estates protested investing resources italy though.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian told electors establish university realm.thus together elector saxony elector brandenburg respectively cofound university wittenberg university frankfurt.university wittenberg first german university established without papal bull signifying secular imperial authority concerning universities.first center north old latin scholarly traditions overthrown would become home luther melanchthon.as distant patronage humanism humanistic books particular reach netherlands mary burgundy died young philip fair charles v educated burgundian tradition sovereign fostered humanistic latin culture netherlands although mode learning.exchanges arguments political ideas values two sides though.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian greatly admired fatherinlaw charles bold even adopted charless motto one namely dared je lay emprint promoted conception sovereigns power magnificence came directly god mediation church.concept part maximilians political program including elements recovery italy position emperor dominus mundi expansionism crusade...etc.supported netherlands paul middelburg considered extreme erasmus.concerning heroic models rulers follow especially concerning education archiduke charles would later influenced much grandfathers knightly image antoine haneron proposed ancient heroes alexander charles also adopted great role model life molinet presented alexander caesar semiramis erasmus protested alexander caesar xerxes models.maximilian strongly promoted first two though well st.george frederican burgundian forms.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	idea peace also became pronounced maximilians court last years though likely influenced flemish humanism especially erasmian maximilian unabashed warlike prince late life recognize wars served devil.responding intense burgundian humanistic discourse nobility birth nobility virtue emperor pushed modification office versus birth strong emphasis primacy office birth.noflatscher opines emperor probably important mediator burgundian model bianca maria also influence although could partially fulfill role.in philosophy besides humanism esotericism notable influence maximilians time.sent johannes trithemius eight questions concerning spiritual religious matters questions concerned witchcraft trithemius answered later published book liber octo questionum books eight questions.maximilian displayed skeptical aspect posing questions god permitted witches powers control evil spirits.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	authors usually identified heinrich kramer alone notorious work witchcraft time malleus maleficarum claimed letter approval supposedly issued november act inquisitors according behringer durrant bailey likely never supported although kramer apparently went brussels burgundian capital hoping influence young king – dare involve frederick iii kramer offended years earlier.trithemius dedicated de septem secundeis seven secondary intelligences argued cycle ages ruled seven planetary angels addition god first intelligence.historian martin holleger notes though maximilian share cyclical view history typical contemporaries believed age would last age.linear understanding time – progresses would make world better.kabbalistic elements court well trithemius influenced thinking famous polymath occultist heinrich cornelius agrippa maximilians time served mainly secretary soldier diplomatic spy.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	emperor interest occult intended write two books magic zauberpuech black magic schwartzcunnstpuech time them.the italian philosopher gianfrancesco pico della mirandola dedicated work de imaginatione treatise human mind synthesized aristotle neoplatonism girolamo savonarola maximilian.italian philosopher theologian tommaso radini tedeschi also dedicated work la calipsychia sive de pulchritudine animae emperor.the establishment new courts formal reception roman law led formation professional lawyer class well bureaucratic judiciary.legal scholars trained mos italicus either italian universities newly established german universities became demand.among prominent lawyers legal scholars served maximilian various capacities provided legal advices emperor mercurino gattinara sebastian brandt ulrich zasius.together aristocrats literati participated maximilians propaganda intellectual projects lawyers legal scholars became one three main groups maximilians court.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	konrad stürtzel chancellor belonged group.maximilians court – egalitarian previous german imperial court burghers peasants – groups treated equally promotions rewards.individuals also blending many respects usually marriage alliances.maximilian energetic patron library.previous habsburg rulers albert iii maximilians father frederick iii collected books core inventory later library also instrumental centralizing art treasures book collections.maximilian became bibliophile time low countries.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	husband mary burgundy would come possession huge burgundian library according sources brought austria returned native land.according official website austrian national library though habsburgs brought collection vienna .maximilian also inherited tyrol library uncle sigismund also great cultural patron received large contribution eleanor scotland sigismunds wife also great lover books.married bianca maria italian masterpieces incorporated collection.collection became organized maximilian commissioned ladislaus sunthaim jakob mennel johannes cuspinian acquire compose books.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	beginning sixteenth century library acquired significant bohemian french italian book art.conrad celtis spoke first time bibliotheca regia would evolve imperial library named today österreichische nationalbibliothek austrian national library organized library expanded purchases.maximilians collection dispersed innsbruck vienna wiener neustadt.wiener neustadt part conrad celtiss management.valuable part innbruck.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	already maximilians time idea function libraries changing became important scholars gained access books.maximilian casual attitude scholars marvelled french chronicler pierre frossart fairly easy scholar gain access emperor court thus library.despite intention rulers like maximilian ii chief imperial librarian blotius charles vi make library open general public process completed .during maximilians time several projects encyclopaedic nature among incomplete projects conrad celtis.however founder collegium poetarum et mathematicorum program thinker programmdenker term used jandirk müller hansjoachim ziegeler celtis established encyclopaedicscientific model increasingly integrated favoured mechanical arts relation combination natural sciences technology associated divina fabrica gods creation six days.consistence celtiss design universitys curriculum political scientific order maximilians time also influenced developments previous eras humanist gregor reisch also maximilians confessor produced margarita philosophica first modern encyclopaedia importance first published .
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	work covers rhetoric grammar logic music mathematical topics childbirth astronomy astrology chemical topics including alchemy hell.an area saw many new developments maximilian cartography important center germany nuremberg.dürer johannes stabius created first world map projected solid geometric sphere.bert de munck antonella romano make connection mapmaking activities dürer stabius efforts grasp manipulate represent time space also associated maximilians unprecedented dynastic mythmaking pioneering printed works like triumphal arch triumphal procession.maximilian assigned johannes cuspinianus stabius compile topography austrian lands set regional maps.stabius friend georg tannstetter worked together maps.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	work appeared without maps.lazarustannstetter map tabulae hungariae one first regional maps europe though seemed related project.cartographers martin waldseemüller matthias ringmann dedicated famous work universalis cosmographia maximilian although direct backer rene ii loraine.edition geography contained map also dedicated maximilian jacobus aeschler georgius ubelin considered armando cortes climax cartography revolution.emperor dabbled cartography.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	according buisseret maximilian could call upon variety cartographic talent unrivalled anywhere else europe time included celtis stabius cuspinianus jacob ziegler johannes aventinus tannstetter.development cartography tied emperors special interest sea route exploration activity concerning global monarchy concept responsibilities duke consort mary burgundy grandfather future ruler spain well ally close relation portuguese kings.sent men like martin behaim und hieronymus münzer portuguese court cooperate exploration efforts well act representatives.another involved network flemish josse van huerter joss de utra would become first settler island faial portuguese azores.maximilian also played essential role connecting financial houses augsburg nuremberg including companies höchstetter fugger welser etc.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	portuguese expeditions.exchange financial backing king manuel provided german investors generous privileges.humanist conrad peutinger important agent acted advisor financiers translator voyage records imperial councillor.harald kleinschmidt opines regarding matter world exploration well transformation european world picture general maximilian crucial though much underestimated figure time.the evolution cartography connected development ethnography new humanist science chorography promoted celtis university vienna.maximilian already promoted urgerman much archaeological textual excavation well embraced early german wildness peutinger correctly deduced would support german exploration another primitive people well.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	using welsers commercial ventures pretext peutinger goaded maximilian backing ethnographical interests indians supporting – voyage balthasar springer around africa india.besides endeavour added emperors image conqueror ruler also rival claims archrival suleiman magnificent regarding global empire.based instruction dictated maximilian regarding indians triumphal procession jörg kölderer executed series lost drawings served guideline altdorfers miniatures – turn became model woodcuts half based lost – drawings burgkmair showing people calicut.burgkmair produced people africa india series focusing depicting peoples springer encountered along coastal africa india.series brought basic set analytic categories ethnography would take methodological foundation.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	part dealings moscow jagiellons slavic east general maximilian surrounded people slovenian territories familiar slavic languages sigismund von herberstein prominent ethnographer petrus bonomo george slatkonia paulus oberstain.political necessities overcame prejudice living languages started find place along latin throughout central europe also scholarly areas.the emperors program restoring university vienna former preeminence also concerned astrology astronomy.realized potential print press combined branches learning employed georg tannstetter appointed maximilian professor astronomy university vienna also worked joint calendar reform attempt pope produce yearly practica wall calendars.stabius also acted court astronomer dürer astronomer konrad heinfogel produced first planispheres southern northerns hemispheres also first printed celestial maps.maps prompted revival interest field uranometry throughout europe.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	ensisheim meteorite fell earth reign maximilian november .one oldest meteorite impacts recorded history.king maximilian way campaign france ordered dug preserved local church.meteorite good omen utilized propaganda france use broadsheets dramatic pictures direction poet sebastian brandt maximilian defeated far larger french army senlis two months later news would spread even more.subject calendars calendar reform already famous flemish scientist paul middelburg dedicated praenostica ad viginti annos duratura maximilian.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	magnum opus paulina de recta paschae celebratione also dedicated maximilian together leo x.in addition maps astrological geometrical horological instruments also developed chiefly stiborius stabius understood need cooperate emperors make instruments useful tools propaganda also.extraordinarily luxurious planetarium took twelve men carry given diplomatic gift ferdinand suleiman magnificent originally belonged maximilian.loved introduce newly invented musical instruments.special regal likely apfelregal seen one hans weiditzs woodcuts built paul hofhaimer.emperors favourite musical instrument maker hans georg neuschel nuremberg created improved trombone neuschel talented trombonist himself.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	elaborated lathe drehbank created emperors personal carpentry hobby.earliest extant lathe earliest known surviving lapidary instrument well one earliest examples scientific technological furniture.earliest surviving screwdriver also found attached one suits armour.regiomontanus reportedly made eagle automaton moved greeted came nuremberg.augsburg also courted “their” emperor building legendary nachttor night gate famous many secret mechanisms intended make entrance safer returned city night .
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	gate destroyed plans descriptions remain recently ausburg created virtual version.liked end festivals fireworks.surface lake konstanz occasion gathering reichstag staged show firework first recorded german firework inspired example italian princes completed firework music provided singers court trumpeters.machiavelli judged extravagant fireworks done pleasure peaceful celebration religious purpose type often seen italy core ritual maximilians court demonstrated link pyrotechnics military technology.show caused stir news event distributed briefzeitung letter newspaper leading fireworks becoming fashionable.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	baroque era would common form selfstylization monarchs.a lot scientific artistic instruments technical marvels came nuremberg great mechanical metalworking precision industry centre german renaissance.stabius also took permanent residence travelling emperor years.the citys precision industry secondary manufacturing industries connected mining industry leading financiers neighbouring augsburg flourishing printing industry also important emperor politically heavily invested partnership princes like maximilian.the development astronomy astrology cosmography cartography well developing economy demand training bookkeeping tied change status professionalization mathematical studies stood behind medicine jurisprudence theology lowest art universities.leading figure george tanstetter also emperors astrologer physician provided students reasonably priced books collection publication works done joannes de muris peuerbach regiomontanus others well wrote viri mathematici lives mathematicians first historical study mathematics austria also work consolidate position astronomers astrologers maximilians court imitation maximilians genealogical projects reinforced imperial titles.foremost exponent one founders descriptive geometry albrecht dürer whose work melencolia prime representation inspired lot discussions including relation nonrelation maximilians status known melancholic time humanists fear influence planet saturn say engraving selfportrayal dürer others think talisman maximilian counter saturn triumphal arch hieroglyphics esoteric developments court respectively etc.maximilian continued strong tradition supporting physicians court started father frederick iii despite maximilian little personal use usually consulted everyones opinions opted selfcuring folk practices.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	kept payroll court physicians poached long travels courts relatives friends rivals urban hosts.innovative solution entrusting physicians healthcare important cities purpose allowance horses made available them.alessandro benedetti dedicated historia corporis humani sive anatomice account human body anatomy emperor.humanism established medical faculty university vienna increasingly abandoned scholasticism focused studying laws disease anatomy based actual experiences.early fifteenth century medical faculty university tried gain influence upon apothecaries city order enhance dispensed medicines quality enforce uniform preparation modes.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	finally maximilian granted privilege allowed faculty inspect viennese pharmacies check identity quality proper storage ingredients well formulated preparations.likely victim syphilis dubbed french disease used maximilian humanists like joseph grünpeck propaganda artistic works france maximilian interest disease led establish eight hospitals various hereditary lands.also retained interest healing properties berries herbs life invented recipe invigorating stone beer.maximilian introduced structured triage triage existed since ancient egypt.armies wounded first categorized treated according order priority – times war higher priority given military personnel civilians higherranked lowerranked.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	practice spread armies following centuries coined “triage” french.maximilian interest archaeology creative participatory rather objective distancing sometimes destructive according christopher s.wood.chief advisor archaeological matters konrad peutinger also founder classical germanic roman studies.peutinger commenced ambitious project vitae imperatorum augustorum series biographies emperors augustus maximilian biography would also include epigraphic numismatic evidences early sections completed.search medals ultimately led broad craze germany medals alternative portraiture.suggestion emperor scholar published collection roman inscriptions.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximilian distinguish secular sacred middle ages antiquity considered equal archaeological value various searches excavations holy tunic rediscovered trier maximilian demanded see exhibited reportedly attracting pilgrims roman german reliefs inscriptions etc.famous quest search remains hero siegfried.maximilians private collection activities carried secretary humanist johann fuchsmagen behalf.sometimes emperor came contact antiquities campaigns – example old german inscription found kufstein immediately sent peutinger.around – pirckheimer translated presented maximilian horapollos hieroglyphica.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	hieroglyphics would incorporated dürer triumphal arch rudolf wittkower considers greatest hieroglyphic monument.maximilians time era international development cryptography.premier expert cryptography abbot trithemius dedicated polygraphiae libri sex controversially disguised treatise occult either real target audience selected maximilian attract public attention tedious field emperor wrote another work steganography steganographia posthumously published.practitioner maximilian functioned empires first cipher expert himself.reign proven use encrypted messages german chancellery first recorded although elaborate mature italian spanish systems.maximilian experimented different encryption methods even private correspondence often based upper italian models.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	fields history historiography trithemius also notable forger inventive historian helped connect maximilian trojan heroes merovingians carolingians.project contributions maximilians court historiographers genealogists ladislaus suntheim johann stabius johannes cuspinian jakob mennel.colleagues like jakob mennel ladislaus suntheim often inserted invented ancient ancestors missing links trithemius invented entire sources hunibald supposedly scythian historian meginfrid wastald.historiographer josef grünpeck wrote work historia friderici iii et maximiliani would dedicated charles v. first history germany based original sources patronized maximilian cultivated peutinger aventin pirchkheimer stabius cuspianian celtis epitome rerum germanicarum written jakob wimpheling argued germans possessed flourishing culture.maximilians time age great world chronicles.famous influential nuremberg chronicle author hartmann schedel usually considered one important panegyrists propagandists hired independent emperor antiottoman propaganda agenda.according maria golubeva maximilian court preferred fictional settings reimagination history weisskunig unique mixture history heroic romance outstanding works historiography molinet chastelain burgundian court produced.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	authors oxford history historical writing volume point three major distinctives historical literature within imperial circle.first genealogical research maximilian elevated new heights represented prominently fürstliche chronik written jakob mennel.second encompassed projects associated printing revolution maximilians autobiographical projects dürers triumphal arch.third also sober strain historical scholarship constituted serious engagement imperial legacy scholar johannes cuspinianus notable representative.setonwatson remarks important works show connection maximilian commentarii de romanorum consulibus profound critical de caesaribus et imperatoribus romanorum also considered cesc esteve greatest work possessing practical interest especially regarding maximilians life austria giving complete history nation .he notable influence development musical tradition austria germany well.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	several historians credit maximilian playing decisive role making vienna music capital europe.reign habsburg musical culture reached first high point service best musicians europe.began habsburg tradition supporting largescale choirs staffed brilliant musicians days like paul hofhaimer heinrich isaac ludwig senfl.children inherited parents passion music even fathers lifetime supported excellent chapels brussels malines masters alexander agricola marbriano de orto worked philip pierre de la rue josquin desprez worked margaret.witnessing brilliant burgundian court culture looked burgundian court chapel create imperial chapel.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	always move brought chapel well whole peripatetic court him.though established imperial chapel vienna direction george slatkonia would later become bishop vienna.music benefitted greatly crossfertilization several centres burgundy italy austria tyrol maximilian inherited chapel uncle sigismund.in service maximilian isaac first continental composer provided music demand monarchemployer cultivated massproper genre intensity unrivalled anywhere else europe.created huge cycle polyphonic mass propers published posthumously collection choralis constantinus printed – david j. rothenberg comments like many artistic projects commissioned instilled maximilians bold artistic vision imperial ideology never completed.notable artistic monument seemingly great symbolic value emperor isaacs motet virgo prudentissima affiliated reigns two sovereign monarches – virgin mary heaven maximilian holy roman empire.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	motet describes assumption virgin mary described prudent virgin allusion parable ten virgins “beautiful moon” “excellent sun “glowing brightly dawn” crowned queen heaven united christ bridegroom son highest place heaven.rothenberg opines dürers festival rose garlands see direct visual counterpart.idea also reflected scene assumption seen berlin book hours mary burgundy maximilian commissioned mary burgundy still alive images added posthumously.among authors maximilian reputation media emperor.historian larry silver describes first ruler realized exploited propaganda potential print press images texts.reproduction triumphal arch mentioned printed form example art service propaganda made available public economical method printing maximilian money actually construct it.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	least copies created first edition hung ducal palaces town halls reich.historian joachim whaley comments comparison extraordinary range activities documented silver persistence intensity pursued even louis xiv appears rather relaxed amateur.whaley notes though maximilian immediate stimulus campaign selfaggrandizement public relation series conflicts involved maximilian forced seek means secure position.whaley suggests despite later religious divide patriotic motifs developed maximilians reign maximilian humanist writers responded formed core national political culture.historian manfred hollegger notes though emperors contemporaries certainly see maximilian media emperor achieved little political impact pamphlets leaflets printed speeches.nevertheless certainly true combined brilliantly media available time major literary artistic projects.tupu yläanttila notes daughter maximilian entrusted lot diplomacy often maintained sober tone kept competent staff advisors helped letters father demonstrate effort occasionally sent emotional erratic letters letters maximilian margaret often presented foreign diplomats prove trust other.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maria golubeva opines maximilian one use term propaganda sense suggested karl vocelka opinionmaking.also according golubeva unlike narrative usually presented austrian historians including wiesflecker maximilians propaganda associated militarism universal imperial claims court historiography tendency towards world domination simple result burgundian experience – model political competition shown semiautobiographical works equally secular ignored negotiable institutional aspects inherent burgundian model time emphasized topdown decision making military force.during maximilians reign encouragement emperor humanists iconic spiritual figures reintroduced became notable.humanists rediscovered work germania written tacitus.according peter h. wilson female figure germania reinvented emperor virtuous pacific mother holy roman empire german nation.inheriting work klosterneuburg canons father frederick iii promoted leopold iii margrave austria family ties emperor canonized became patron austria .
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	maximize effect consolidated rule emperor delayed translation leopolds bones years could personally there.he promoted association wife mary burgundy virgin mary already started lifetime members burgundian court arrival.activities included patronage maximilian philip fair charles v devotion seven sorrows well commission maximilian close associates various artworks dedicating topic famous paintings feast rosary death virgin one year emperors death albrecht dürer famous diptych maximilians extended family strigel manuscript vats composer pierre alamire.maximilians reign witnessed gradual emergence german common language.chancery played notable role developing new linguistic standards.martin luther credited maximilian wettin elector frederick wise unification german language.tennant johnson opine chanceries considered significant receded important research direction changes chanceries two rulers always considered important beginning.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	part influential literary propaganda projects maximilian autobiographical works embellished reworked sometimes ghostwritten chancery itself.also credited major reform imperial chancery office maximilian said caused standardization streamlining language ofhis chancery set pace chanceries printers throughout empire.form written german language introduced chancery called maximilians chancery speech maximilianische kanzleisprache considered form early new high german.replaced older forms written language close middle high german.new form used imperial chanceries end th century therefore also referred imperial speech.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	architecture always short money maximilian could afford large scale building projects.however left notable constructions among remarkable cenotaph designed maximilian began hofkirche innsbruck completed long death praised important monument renaissance austria considered culmination burgundian tomb tradition especially groups statues family members displayed late gothic features combined renaissance traditions like reliefs busts roman emperors.monument vastly expanded grandson ferdinand added tumba portal advice vice chancellor georg sigmund seld commissioned marble reliefs based images triumphal arch.work finished archduke ferdinand ii .reliefs carved flemish sculptor alexander colyn statues cast bronzefounder stefan godl following designs gilg sesshelschreiber jörg kölderer.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	bronze busts roman emperors created jörg muskat.after taking tyrol order symbolize new wealth power built golden roof roof balcony overlooking town center innsbruck watch festivities celebrating assumption rule tyrol.roof made goldplated copper tiles.structure symbol presence ruler even physically absent.began vogue using reliefs decorate oriel windows.golden roof also considered one notable habsburg monuments.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	like maximilians cenotaph essentially gothic idiom.structure built niclas türing nikolaus turing paintings done jörg kölderer.the innsbruck hofburg redesigned expanded chiefly niclas türing.time maximilian died palace one beautiful renowned secular structures era would rebuilt later baroque style maria theresa.the famous sculpture schutzmantelmadonna virgin mercy donated maximilian frauenstein pilgrimage church molln work gregor erhart.from onwards maximilian caused many castles palaces vienna graz wiener neustadt innsbruck linz renovated modernized.facade redesigned glazed bricks integrated maximilian also paid special attention sanitation aspect issuing precise instructions concerning secret chamber deflection waste cesspit pipes purification smells use herbal essences.many towns caused streets alleys cobbled added gutters rain water.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	issued regulations ordered open drains waste water bricked forbade keeping animals towns.also ordained rubbish allowed streets overnight.directions related fire prevention also issued leading fire walls constructed houses tiled roofs many towns.hereditary lands southern germany financial blessings wooden cities transformed stone ones.modern postal system printing together franz von taxis maximilian developed first modern postal service world.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	system originally built improve communication scattered territories connecting burgundy austria spain france later developing europewide feebased system.fixed postal routes first europe developed together regular reliable service.beginning sixteenth century system became open private mail.initiative immediately emulated france england although rulers restricted spread private mails private postal networks.systematic improvement allowed communication reach maximilian wherever twice fast normal point wolfgang behringer remarks perception temporal spatial dimensions changed.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	new development usually described communcation revolution could largely traced back maximilians initiative contributions frederick iii charles bold developing messenger networks italian courier model possibly influence french model.the establishment postal network also signaled beginning commercial market news together emergence commercial newsagents news agencies emperor actively encouraged.according michael kunczik first utilize onesided battle reports targeting mass including use early predecessors modern newspapers neue zeitungen.the capital resources poured postage system well support related printing press archduke opened school sophisticated engraving techniques level unprecedented european monarches earned stern rebuke father.his patronage drew augsburg printmakers netherlands especially antwerp like jost de negker brothers cornelis died willem liefrinck came teens.death teams dispersed negker remained augsburg liefrincks returned homeland established printmaking dynasty introduced germanstyled workshops.according printing colour history techniques functions receptions dramatic drop quantity quality print projects augsburg whole charles v took over.the development printing press led search national font.maximilian possibly dürers advice commissioned calligrapher leonhard wagner create new font.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	wagner dedicated calligraphy work proba centum scripturatum including one hundred fonts maximilian chose schwabacherbased font fraktur deemed beautiful one.originally envisioned font latin works became predominant font german writings german printers would use antiqua works written foreign languages.font would spread germaninfluenced countries remain popular germany banned nazi government jewish font.burgkmair chief designer printing projects.augsburg great center printing industry emperor patronized printing types craft agency conrad peutinger giving impetus formation imperial style.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	burgkmair erhard ratdolt created new printing techniques.works wanted produce appearance luxury manuscripts mixed handcrafted elements printing book prayers theuerdank weisskunig freydal unfinished emperors death printed type resembled calligraphy imperial fraktur created johannes schönperger.prestigious recipients used parchment rather paper.least one copy book hours decorated hand burgkmair dürer hans baldung jörg breu cranach.political legacy maximilian appointed daughter margaret regent netherlands fulfilled task well.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	tupu yläanttila opines margaret acted de facto queen consort political sense first father charles v absent rulers needed representative dynastic presence also complemented characteristics.queenly virtues helped play role diplomat peacemaker well guardian educator future rulers maximilian called children common children letters margaret.model developed part solution emerging habsburg composite monarchy would continue serve later generations.through wars marriages extended habsburg influence every direction netherlands spain bohemia hungary poland italy.influence lasted centuries shaped much european history.habsburg empire survived austrohungarian empire dissolved november – years months days passing maximilian.geoffrey parker summarizes maximilians political legacy followsby time charles received presentation copy der weisskunig maximilian could point four major successes.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	protected reorganized burgundian netherlands whose political future seemed bleak became ruler forty years earlier.likewise overcome obstacles posed individual institutions traditions languages forge subalpine lands inherited father single state ‘austria’ ruled taxed single administration created innsbruck.also reformed chaotic central government holy roman empire ways though imperfect would last almost demise three centuries later.finally arranging strategic marriages grandchildren established house habsburg premier dynasty central eastern europe creating polity successors would expand next four centuries.the britannica encyclopaedia comments maximilians achievementsmaximilian ... made family habsburgs dominant thcentury europe.added vast lands traditional austrian holdings securing netherlands marriage hungary bohemia treaty military pressure spain spanish empire marriage son philip ... great maximilians achievements match ambitions hoped unite western europe reviving empire charlemagne ... military talents considerable led use war attain ends.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	carried meaningful administrative reforms military innovations would transform europes battlefields century ignorant economics financially unreliable.holleger notes maximilian could persuade imperial estates support plans cultivated system alliances germ modern european powers could seen – like game chess piece could moved without thinking ahead others.hugh trevorroper opines although maximilians politics wars accomplished little harnessing arts surrounded dynasty lustrous aura previously lacked.illusion successors looked inspiration.simply second founder dynasty creator legend one transcended politics nationality even religion.paula sutter fichtner opines maximilian author basic imperfect script organization habsburg government charged administering territorial complex extended far beyond dynastys medieval patrimony central europe.– used revenues profligately wars.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	although aware dangers overextended credit order protect borders imperial prerogatives advance habsburg interests considered seriously could internalize fiscal discipline.role emperor government personalized – maximilians health failed badly set hofrat including jurists nobles empire austrian lands assist responsibilities incapable handling anymore.maximilians life still commemorated central europe centuries later.order st. george sponsored still exists.example monument erected cortina d’ampezzo.also cormons piazza liberta statue maximilian first world war put again.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	occasion th anniversary death numerous commemorative events karl von habsburg current head house habsburg represented imperial dynasty.barracks wiener neustadt maximiliankaserne formerly artilleriekaserne military base jagdkommando austrian armed forces named maximilian.amsterdam still retains close ties emperor.pilgrimage amsterdam boosted popularity heilige stede citys miracle industry new heights.city supported financially military expeditions granted citizens right use image crown remains symbol city part coatofarms.practice survived later revolt habsburg spain.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	central canal amsterdam named keizersgracht emperors canal maximilian.city beer brugse zot fools bruges bruges suffered four century long decline partially inflicted maximilians orders required foreign merchants transfer operations antwerp – later would withdraw orders proved late.associated emperor according legend told city conciliatory celebration need build asylum city full fools.swans city considered perpetual remembrance allegedly ordered maximilian lanchals whose name meant long necks whose emblem swan loyalist minister got beheaded maximilian forced watch.mechelen burgundian capital margaret austria every years ommegang commemorates maximilians arrival well major events organized.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	ancestry official style maximilian grace god elected roman emperor always augmenter empire king hungary dalmatia croatia etc.archduke austria duke burgundy britany lorrain brabant stiria carinthia carniola limbourg luxembourg guldres count flanders habsburg tyrol pfiert kybourg artois burgundy count palatine haynault holland zeland namur zutphen marquess roman empire burgau landgrave alsatia lord friesland wendish mark portenau salins malines etc.etc.chivalric orders april maximilian knighted adolf cleves senior member order golden fleece day became sovereign exalted order.head everything power restore glory well associate order habsburg lineage.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	expelled members defected france rewarded loyal also invited foreign rulers join ranks.maximilian member order garter nominated king henry vii england .garter stall plate survives st georges chapel windsor castle.maximilian patron order saint george founded father also founder secular confraternity.appearance personality maximilian strongly built upright posture six feet tall blue eyes neck length blond reddish hair large hooked nose jutting jaw like father always shaved beard jutting jaw considered noble feature.although conventionally handsome wellproportioned considered physically attractive abiding youthfulness affable pleasing manner.womanizer since teenager days increasingly sought distraction tragedy first marriage frustration second marriage company sleeping women corners empire.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	sigridmaria grössing describes charming heartbreaker life.maximilian late developer.according teacher johannes cuspinian speak nineyearold developed slowly.frederick iii recalled son twelve still thought boy either mute stupid.adulthood spoke six languages learned french wife mary genuinely talented author.languages mathematics religion painted played various instruments also trained farming carpentry blacksmithing although focus education naturally kingship.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	according fichtner learn much formal training though even boy never sat still tutors could much that.gerhard benecke opines nature man action vigorously charming extrovert conventionally superficial interest knowledge science art combined excellent health youth remained virile late thirties stopped jousting accident damaged leg.brave point recklessness show battles.entered lions enclosure munich alone tease lion another point climbed top cathedral ulm stood one foot turned round gain full view trepidation attendants.nineteenth century austrian officer lost life trying repeat emperors feat another succeeded.historian ernst bock benecke shares sentiment writes following himhis rosy optimism utilitarianism totally naive amorality matters political unscrupulous machiavellian sensuous earthy naturalness exceptional receptiveness towards anything beautiful especially visual arts also towards various fashions time whether nationalism politics humanism literature philosophy matters economics capitalism surprising yearning personal fame combined striving popularity clear consciousness developed individuality properties maximilian displayed again.historian paula fichtner describes maximilian leader ambitious imaginative fault selfpublicizing tendencies well territorial administrative ambitions betrayed nature soaring recognizably modern dismissing beneckes presentation maximilian insensitive agent exploitation influenced authors personal political leaning.berenger simpson consider maximilian greedy renaissance prince also prodigious man action whose chief fault many irons fire.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	hand steven beller criticizes much medieval knight hectic schedule warring always crisscrossing whole continent battles example august commanded henry viiis english army second guinegate weeks later joined spanish forces defeating venetians little resources support ambitions.according beller maximilian spent time home persuading estates adopt efficient governmental fiscal system.thomas a. brady jr. praises emperors sense honour criticizes financial immorality — according geoffrey parker points together maximilians martial qualities hardworking nature would inherited grandfather charles v...though punctilious fault honor lacked morals money.every florin spent mortgaged promised ten times ever came set courtiers model infamous venality sometimes leave queen behind pledge debts borrowed continuously servitors—large sums top officials tiny ones servants — never repaid them.liked tried make excuses.certain english sources describe ruler habitually failed keep words.according wiesflecker people could often depend promises princes days although stranger clausola francese“ also tended use wide variety statements cover true intentions unjustly earned reputation fickle.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	holleger concurs maximilians court officials except eitelfriedrich von zollern wolfgang von fürstenberg expect gifts money tips help emperor usually defended counselors servants even acted blatant displays material greed.maximilian though man could controlled influenced easily officials.holleger also opines many political artistic schemes leaned towards megalomania sober realist believed progression relied modern modes management underneath.personally frequently described humane gentle friendly reacted anger violence vengefulness felt rights injured honor threatened valued greatly.price warlike ruling style ambition globalized monarchy ultimately achieved considerable successes continuous succession war earned sobriquet “heart steel” coeur d’acier.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	marriages offspring maximilian married three times first marriage produced offspringmaximilians first wife mary burgundy –.married ghent august marriage ended marys death riding accident .mary love life.even old age mere mention name moved tears although sexual life contrary chivalric ideals unchaste.grand literary projects commissioned composed large part maximilian many years death part tributes love especially theuerdank hero saved damsel distress like saved inheritance real life.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	heart buried inside sarcophagus bruges according wish.beyond beauty inheritance glory brought mary corresponded maximilians ideal woman spirited grand dame could stand next sovereigns.daughter margaret described mary eyes shone power kraft surpassed woman.the marriage produced three childrenphilip castile – inherited mothers domains following death predeceased father.married joanna castile becoming kingconsort castile upon accession father holy roman emperors charles v ferdinand i.margaret austria – first engaged age french dauphin became charles viii france year later confirm peace france burgundy.sent back father charles repudiated betrothal marry anne brittany.married crown prince castile aragon john prince asturias death philibert ii savoy undertook guardianship deceased brother philips children governed burgundy heir charles.francis austria died shortly birth .maximilians second wife anne brittany – – married proxy rennes december contract dissolved pope early time anne already forced french king charles viii fiancé maximilians daughter margaret austria repudiate contract marry instead.maximilians third wife bianca maria sforza – – married marriage bringing maximilian rich dowry allowing assert rights imperial overlord milan.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	marriage unhappy children.in maximilians view bianca might surpass first wife mary physical beauty child mediocre mind could neither make decisions presented respectable lady society.benecke opines seems unfair bianca always concerned trivial private matters recent research though indicates bianca educated woman politically active never given chance develop politically unlike women maximilians family including margaret austria catherine saxony.despite unsuitability empress maximilian tends criticized treating coldness neglect became worse.bianca hand loved emperor deeply always tried win heart heartfelt letters expensive jewels allusions sickness even get back letter developed eating disorders mental illness died childless woman.in addition several illegitimate children number identities matter great debate.johann jakob fugger writes ehrenspiegel mirror honour emperor began fathering illegitimate children becoming widower eight children total four boys four girls.by widow den bosch maximilian met campaignbarbara disquis – birth mary burgundys death seemed connect maximilians near fatal illness later pilgrimage amsterdam .
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	teenage years rebelled father entered st gertrudes convent.philip fair introduced maximilian went den bosch preparing war guelders.philip tried persuade leave convent get married fathers behalf refused.place buried square named her.recently built city walk named mijn lieven dochter dear daughter also close maximilians statue.by unknown mistressmartha von helfenstein margaretha mathilde margareta née von edelsheim wife johann von hille died remarried ludwig helferich von helfenstein married ludwig killed peasants april massacre weinsberg german peasants war.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	surviving son named maximilian sources reported born mother margareta von edelsheim née rappach.by margareta von edelsheim née rappach dingel reports born around others report still minor married von rottalbarbara von rottal – wife siegmund von dietrichstein.report daughter margareta von edelsheim née rappach benecke lists mother unidentified.george austria – princebishop liège.by anna von helfensteincornelius –c..maximilian friedrich von amberg – lord feldkirch.leopold c. – bishop córdoba spain – illegitimate succession.dorothea – heiress falkenburg durbuy halem lady waiting queen maria hungary wife johan east frisia.anna margareta – lady waiting queen maria hungary wife françois de melun – nd count epinoy.anne –.married louis dhirlemont.elisabeth d. – wife ludwig iii von der marck count rochefort.barbara wife wolfgang plaiss.christoph ferdinand d. c. .by unknown mistress parentage uncertainguielma wife rudiger rieger von westernach.triumphal woodcuts set woodcuts called triumph emperor maximilian i. see also categorytriumphal procession maximilian – wikimedia commons notes see also family tree german monarchs.
Luz	related every king germany.first congress vienna first congress vienna held attended holy roman emperor maximilian jagiellonian brothers vladislaus ii king hungary king bohemia sigismund king poland grand duke lithuanialandsknecht german landsknechts sometimes also rendered landsknechte colorful mercenary soldiers formidable reputation became important military force late th thcentury europe references works bibliography reading external links austria family treeaeiou encyclopedia maximilian iwiesflecker h. july .maximilian holy roman emperor.britannica.com.supervillains themed criminals villains comics media number villains comic books made appearance appearances aquaman related liveaction media.related lists list aquaman supporting characterslist batman family enemieslist superman enemieslist wonder woman enemieslist green lantern enemies references external links aquaman whosmentioned genesis luz ancient name royal canaanite city connected bethel genesis .debated among scholars whether luz bethel represent town former canaanite name latter hebrew name whether distinct places close proximity other.according king james version kjv luz renamed jacob called name place bethel name city called luz first.” genesis mentioned book judges second city called luz founded man came original luz mentioned judges house joseph also went bethel lord them.house joseph sent spy bethel—now name city beforetime luz.watchers saw man come forth city said unto show us pray thee entrance city deal kindly thee.
Debt deflation	showed entrance city smote city edge sword let man go family.man went land hittites built city called name thereof luz name thereof unto day.this second luz identified wazzani louaize four miles northwest banias golan heights.referencesbank assets fall defaults value collateral falls leading surge bank insolvencies reduction lending extension reduction spending.the theory developed irving fisher following wall street crash ensuing great depression.debt deflation theory familiar john maynard keynes prior fishers discussion found lacking comparison would become theory liquidity preference.theory however enjoyed resurgence interest since mainstream economics heterodox school postkeynesian economics subsequently developed postkeynesian economists hyman minsky neoclassical mainstream economist ben bernanke.fishers formulation fishers formulation debt deflation debt bubble bursts following sequence events occursassuming accordingly point time state overindebtedness exists tend lead liquidation alarm either debtors creditors both.may deduce following chain consequences nine linksdebt liquidation leads distress selling tocontraction money supply bank loans paid slowing velocity circulation.
Debt deflation	contraction money supply velocity precipitated distress selling causesa fall level prices words swelling dollar.assuming stated fall prices interfered reflation otherwise must bea still greater fall net worths business precipitating bankruptcies anda like fall profits capitalistic privateprofit society leads concerns running loss makea reduction output trade employment labor.losses bankruptcies unemployment lead topessimism loss confidence turn lead tohoarding slowing still velocity circulation.the eight changes causecomplicated disturbances rates interest particular fall nominal money rates rise real commodity rates interest.rejection previous assumptions prior theory debt deflation fisher subscribed thenprevailing still mainstream theory general equilibrium.order apply financial markets involve transactions across time form debt – receiving money exchange something future – made two assumptionsa market must cleared—and cleared respect every interval time.b debts must paid.
Debt deflation	fisher p.in view depression rejected equilibrium noted fact debts might paid instead defaulted onit absurd assume long period time variables economic organization part stay put perfect equilibrium assume atlantic ocean ever without wave.he rejected notion overconfidence alone rather resulting debt significant factor depressioni fancy overconfidence seldom great harm except beguiles victims debt.context quote development theory central role places debt note fisher personally ruined due assumed debt due overconfidence prior crash buying stocks margin.other debt deflation theories assume debts must paid noting role default bankruptcy foreclosure play modern economies.initial mainstream interest initially fishers work largely ignored favor work keynes.the following decades saw occasional mention deflationary spirals due debt mainstream notably great crash john kenneth galbraith credit cycle occasionally cited leading cause economic cycles postwwii era eckstein sinai private debt remained absent mainstream macroeconomic models.james tobin cited fisher instrumental theory economic instability.debtdeflation theory studied since largely ignored neoclassical economists recently begun gain popular interest although remains somewhat fringe u.s. media.ben bernanke lack influence fishers debtdeflation academic economics thus described ben bernanke bernanke p. fishers idea less influential academic circles though counterargument debtdeflation represented redistribution one group debtors another creditors.absent implausibly large differences marginal spending propensities among groups suggested pure redistributions significant macroeconomic effects.building monetary hypothesis milton friedman anna schwartz well debt deflation hypothesis irving fisher bernanke developed alternative way financial crisis affected output.
Debt deflation	builds fishers argument dramatic declines price level nominal incomes lead increasing real debt burdens turn leads debtor insolvency thus leading lowered aggregate demand decline price level develops debt deflation spiral.according bernanke small decline price level simply reallocates wealth debtors creditors without damage economy.deflation severe falling asset prices along debtor bankruptcies lead decline nominal value assets bank balance sheets.banks react tightening credit conditions.turn leads credit crunch serious harm economy.
Debt deflation	credit crunch lowers investment consumption leads declining aggregate demand additionally contributes deflationary spiral.postkeynesian interpretation debt deflation studied developed largely postkeynesian school.the financial instability hypothesis hyman minsky developed complements fishers theory providing explanation credit bubbles form financial instability hypothesis explains bubbles form debt deflation explains burst resulting economic effects.mathematical models debt deflation recently developed postkeynesian economist steve keen.solutions fisher viewed solution debt deflation reflation – returning price level level prior deflation – followed price stability would break vicious spiral debt deflation.absence reflation predicted end needless cruel bankruptcy unemployment starvation followed new boomdepression sequenceunless counteracting cause comes along prevent fall price level depression namely debtors pay owe tends continue going deeper vicious spiral many years.
Debt deflation	tendency boat stop tipping capsized.ultimately course almost universal bankruptcy indebtedness must cease grow greater begin grow less.comes recovery tendency new boomdepression sequence.socalled natural way depression via needless cruel bankruptcy unemployment starvation.on hand foregoing analysis correct always economically possible stop prevent depression simply reflating price level average level outstanding debts contracted existing debtors assumed existing creditors maintaining level unchanged.later commentators general believe reflation sufficient primarily propose two solutions debt relief – particularly via inflation – fiscal stimulus.following hyman minsky argue debts assumed height bubble simply cannot repaid – based assumption rising asset prices rather stable asset prices socalled ponzi units.debts cannot repaid stable price environment much less deflationary environment instead must either defaulted forgiven restructured.widespread debt relief either requires government action individual negotiations every debtor creditor thus politically contentious requires much labor.
Debt deflation	categorical method debt relief inflation reduces real debt burden debts generally nominally denominated wages prices double debts remain debt level drops half.effect inflation pronounced higher debt gdp ratio ratio one year inflation reduces ratio approximately × displaystyle times ratio one year inflation reduces ratio approximately × displaystyle times .terms foreign exchange particularly sovereign debt inflation corresponds currency devaluation.inflation results wealth transfer creditors debtors since creditors repaid much real terms expected basis solution criticized politically contentious.in keynesian tradition suggest fall aggregate demand caused falling private debt compensated least temporarily growth public debt – swap private debt government debt evocatively government credit bubble replacing private credit bubble.indeed argue mechanism keynesian economics actually works depression – fiscal stimulus simply meaning growth government debt hence boosting aggregate demand.
Debt deflation	given level government debt growth required proponents debt deflation steve keen pessimistic keynesian suggestions.given perceived political difficulties debt relief suggested inefficacy alternative courses action proponents debt deflation either pessimistic solutions expecting extended possibly decadeslong depressions believe private debt relief related public debt relief – de facto sovereign debt repudiation result extended period inflation.empirical support modern mainstream interest several studies prove empirical support validity debt deflation hypothesis laid fisher bernanke substantial especially background great depression.empirical support bernanke transmission mechanism post–world war ii economic activity weaker.there renewal interest debt deflation academia renewal interest debt deflation due financial crisis – ensuing great recession.in deepak lal wrote bernanke made sure second leg fisherian debt deflation occur.past present u.s. authorities failed adequately restore balance sheets overleveraged banks firms households.financial crisis janet yellen speech acknowledged minskys contribution understanding credit bubbles emerge burst lead deflationary asset sales.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	described process balance sheet deleveraging ensued consumers cut back spending able service debt.similarly invoking minsky charles j. whalen wrote global economy recently experienced classic minsky crisis one intertwined cyclical institutional structural dimensions.kenneth rogoff carmen reinharts works published since addressed causes financial collapses recent modern times throughout history particular focus idea debt overhangs.see also causes great depression debt deflation references external links debtdeflation steve keenartwork appeared two dozen covers colliers parents s. martin designed worlds largest ever electrical display .towered times square .reshaped famed fisk tire boy .poster girl scouts widely display troop meetings –.played tennis tournaments around greater new york area – including u.s. national championship – age .
Paul Martin (illustrator)	paul martin singles tournament held years.background golden age illustration began s. major advancements printing techniques taking place.included breakthroughs halftone process.made printing images commercial usage economical feasible realistic.reproduction art wood engravings time consuming strenuous largely replaced photomechanical engravings higher accuracy level.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	methods utilized artist writer teacher innovator—howard pyle—who generally regarded father american illustration.others gained fame field included howard chandler christy harrison fisher james montgomery flagg charles dana gibson john held jr. j. c. leyendecker maxfield parrish coles phillips frederic remington norman rockwell jessie willcox smith n. c. wyeth.however vast majority book magazine illustrators received little recognition compared fine artists.due artwork viewed commercially creativity inspired.nonetheless unheralded illustrators played important role communicating documenting peoples aspirations concerns customs humor labor morals social interests.one paul martin whose work appeared covers colliers everybodys farm fireside farmers wife liberty parents peoples home journal –.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	seven magazines ranked among widely circulated.went business long ago except parents.eventual downfall caused changing times taste emergence radio television attractive mediums advertisers economics increased cost decreased revenue.specialized ones targeted specific audiences tended fare better.another point major advancements photographic equipment technology took place s. brought gradual changeover plus year process illustrated photographic covers.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	former lingered innovative enchanting qualities finally succumbing photoshop graphic software programs.colliers generalinterest magazines mixture entertainment pictures politics serials short stories sports popular appealed diverse audiences.one historically significant colliers revival new editor william l. chenery .martin drew many covers midroaring twenties including seven twenty –.two christmas issues .
Paul Martin (illustrator)	artists created niche stuck drawing comical situations domestic follies political satire pretty women simple pleasures.recurring theme youthful boy engaged various lighthearted activities situations.included following catching baseball loading desserts pictured playing flute decked straw hat shooting marbles shoveling snow carrying books head riding sled winding spinning top eating turkey bobbing apples playing football pictured happily swimming getting shaved haircut saying grace working messenger daydreaming fishing going water slide.seldom veered subject matter.striking departure selfportrait cover.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	portrayed welldressed vocal spectator horse races.his drawing style simple yet bold.captured brightness carefreeness innocence youth.nostalgic element them.resonated populace lived catastrophic world war influenza pandemic.martin excluded nonessential details extra people scenery structures trees etc.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	allowed viewers make instant connection.paintings often easy recognize since theme style remained fairly consistent.sometimes gave illusion threedimensional depth.use various techniques color intensity variation linear perspective overlapping.cover art practically always holidayseasonal theme portrayed magazines overall image.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	common practice back then.corresponded inside article.martins first step coming ideas turning conceptual sketches.rough drafts submitted art editors review consideration publication.continued working ones approved came back without modification request.rejects sometimes submitted elsewhere.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	hired boys photo sessions lived locally.film processed developed.drawings made photos real life required long sittings.gave options flexibility.preliminaries final version based multiple images captured shoot along improvising.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	also practical process due activeimpatient children involved.would interact behind camera getting desired natural candid expression.wife assisted preparing models scene.colliers couldnt keep rapidly changing times following world war ii ceased publication december .main culprit television dramatically affected advertising circulation revenue.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	colliers top competitors life look post adapted somewhat better changing times helped hold longer.graphic artist martin designed wrigley gums light bulb spectacular showcased six acrobatic spearmen broadway billboard .worlds largest ever electrical display feet.covered entire city block times square rd th sts.panoramic light show major tourist attraction seven years.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	wrigley name synonymous bigtime advertising.drew poster titled serve country war camp community service .showed fashionable young woman serving tennis play words.women encouraged entertain offduty soldiers participating various social events dancing dining etc.. silkscreen version poster pictured periodically display international tennis hall fame museum newport rhode island.he sketched five different scenes snow activities passengerfreight carrier new york ontario western railway –.described sullivan county catskill section lively refreshing vacation spot.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	designed greeting cards printing house william edwin rudge inc. .martin drew cheerful boy eating baked beans heinz .also two posters american junior red cross.first titled flag service world around .showed children international costumes behind globe one holding large red cross flag.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	second titled juniors helping everywhere .showed twenty miniature scenes children worldwide various supportive roles.martin designed three billboards hecker ho hornbys oatmeal company buffalo new york .one showed confident young football player patched oats breakfast pictured.two emphasized healthiness goodness.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	large advertisements feet appeared poster panels attract passing motorists pedestrians.also short runs food markets walls store windows hanging overhead wires.martin painted three color advertisements general electrics allsteel monitor top refrigerator .first elaborate featured two boys running lemonade stand.mother looks approval open kitchen window.appeared fullpage ad many different magazines around time.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	excerpt printers ink electric lemonaide cents per glass reads sign youthful shopkeepers.... soliciting trade strenuous manner friendly dog enters spirit event challenging barks.... picture filled action storytelling strength.advertised product worked adroitly illustration seems doubly effective relevant.monitor top credits girl doll playing building blocks two dressedup girls listening enthusiastic sales boy.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	proclaimed first reliable affordable model residential use though hefty price.he painted contestwinning poster girl scouts .titled usefulness • beauty • health • truth • knowledge.contest conducted art alliance america organization brought together craft workers manufacturers.two hundred plus submissions.sixjudge panel consisted w. t. benda replaced charles dana gibson ray greenleaf rockwell kent john la gatta neysa mcmein edward a. wilson.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	martins model poster barbara smith yearold darien connecticut previously lived yonkers n.y.. parents martin lifelong friends.even served best man wedding back .winning entry earned first place check girl scouts national director josephine schain pictured far below.exchange took place national headquarters lexington avenue manhattan.also occurred right schain presented second third place winners cash prize.
Paul Martin (illustrator)	top three finishers posed together next entries pictured far below.national president birdsall otis edey one three consultants along executives anne hyde choate genevieve garvan brady.poster faithfully strikingly captured spirit characterbuilding movement.commonly displayed bulletin boards stands windows meeting rooms troops bedroom walls members –.later appeared three raised fingers instead salute catalog cover girl scout equipment fall spring .
Paul Martin (illustrator)	martin said award ceremony barbara seems personification girl scouting means.spirit radiant happy wholesome young girlhood mind naturally turned immediately learned competition.his drawings also ended gerlach barklow calendars ink blotter cards prints business advertising one titled singin rain .showed boy sheltering several pups rain umbrella squatting pictured.another showed boy reading scientific theories difficulty.martins paintings often included cute friendly pup more.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.