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Paul Martin (illustrator) | drew covers trade publications advertising selling good hardware progressive grocer voice industry food retailers silent hostess recipes tips homemakers .coincidentally helmetwearing kid ho oats pictured later served progressive grocers associate editor –.martins third fourth covers foodoriented magazine.work appeared many different types print media.another credit mentioned publication veterans foreign wars .follows cover design issue foreign service pictured twocolor reproduction official buddy poppy poster. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | named former soldiers would use word describing comrades perished wwi.original painted oil late paul martin noted new york poster artist died suddenly march th following serious operation.poster pronounced one striking appropriate designs ever used depict symbolism buddy poppy.bright red artificial flower worn honor fallen allied soldiers.completed shortly artists death believed last important assignment vague. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | familiar paul martins career artist declare buddy poppy poster one best creations.fisk tire boy fisk rubber company producing automobile bicycle carriage tires .factory located along riverfront chicopee falls mass.plant pumped tires august .fisk struggled financially s. bought u.s. rubber—a.k.a. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | u.s. royal .worldwide divisions variously named given unifying name uniroyal .merged goodrich became uniroyal goodrich .tire division sold michelin .fisk tires sold exclusively kmart – discount tire –.martin completely reshaped famous character american advertising. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | fisk rubber companys bedtime boy shouldered oversized tire dangling lighted candle.came motoring message time retire debut .catchphrase simple double meaning.boys yawn became smile early initial change.martin commissioned come slightly aged modernday figure late . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | objective update heavily publicized trademark still maintaining charm familiarity.little lads onepiece sleeper became twopiece pajama set transition process.also added style slippers.fouryearold nephew used model neck only.still pose allimportant props remained basically intact though latest tire design fashionable—less tilted—candle holder. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | many newspapers ran story highly praised new look may–june .described youngster boyish energetic fit modern keeping times.initial review made publicity manager fisk march .followsa happy smiling percent american boy little twopiece pajama radiating good cheer ruddycheeked tousleheaded snappy wide awake standing oldtime pose.the updated version first used fisk tires showcase newly introduced airflights advertisements.included twelve times saturday evening post feb aug latter pictured. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | offered public suitable framing x colorful art print.cheerful mascot appeared many different products.either without facial touchup three variants pictured.instance front cover endpapers childrens books .subjects candy land jack bean stalk little black sambo peter rabbit pied piper three bears three little kittens three little pigs. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | subtitled time retire bedtime story.also appeared ashtrays bridge score pads cigarette cases electrical clocks jigsaw puzzles no.pictured matchbooks posters rubber heel replacements shoes.complimentary items customers potential customers.martins figure used fisk retailers data books display windows letterheads mailing envelopes pictured. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | scaleddown form showed boys life magazines along hundreds newspapers –.fisk tires went back original sleepy boy .allimportant public preferred one even though companies successfully modernized mascot multiple times.incidentally norman rockwell drew many paintings featuring trade character published – –.timetable.three stages pajamaclad boy based appearance print advertising material a. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | – –onward created burr giffin agency art director.b.– yawn changed smile—anonymous.c. – modern makeover paul martin.credits include version twopiece pajamas. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | debut saturday evening post issue february .note also minor touch ups made various years.he received important commission paragraph due built repertoire drawing boys.common practice among artists create niche.subjects boys dogs pretty women popular themes era.life tennis born hannah a. née morrow robert c. martin brick merchant new york city june . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | second youngest nine children.three reach adulthood.family home th th aves.st st. manhattan throughout s. martin clan moved way central harlem edgecombe ave. .young paul lost two sisters . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | family relocated within central harlem th th .belonged twentyfourth street m. e. church till calvary m. e. church till .father superintendent sunday schools.martin immensely enjoyed drawing boy future vocation.first regular job brokerage clerk age . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | studied commercial art national academy design –.first career job newyork tribune art manager –.succeeded innovative stephen h. horgan.martin continued live home years.family moved upper manhattan maplewood new jersey . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | new church located two blocks away.lived near train station allowed commute manhattan.joined local tennis club started competing sanctioned tournaments .first two tourneys courts nyack shortly thereafter morristown.broke ralph older brother years.martin married lauretta willey hoboken new jersey . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | originally met many years earlier calvary methodist.laurettas sister emma schoolteacher brother walter accountant later owned willey book co.. first home together university heights section bronx .relocated one block east another rental .worked o. j. gude company –.innovative industry leader outdoor advertising. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | gude office first located broadway – ... secondly west nd candler bldg.times square –.worked another advertising firm gotham studios –.headquarters moved broadway st. james bldg.east th st. near th park ave. january . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | martin joined artists guild went freelance january .allowed work independently flexible hours creative control opposingly income uncertainties.paul lauretta moved bronx rural forest area millwood new york august .first owned home doubled working studio upper floor –.centerpiece long flattop table held canvases drawing pads paint brushes tubes.also nearby art books easels photo shoot props adjacent darkroom. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | natural northern light came large window.artistically inspired secluded wooded surroundings.occasionally used family members models.uncle pauls niece edna shown writing license number boys wagon knocking doll carriage liberty cover september .shes also highlighted american junior red cross poster. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | motherinlaw shown basting turkey thanksgiving peoples home journal cover november .he ranked among top thirty tennis players new york metropolitan area – top twenty –.strength making accurate shots.martin numerous trophies awards singles doubles mixed doubles lauretta .included one capturing inaugural singles championship sunningdale country club .others lake george lake mohonk championships . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | martins opponents included future hall famers fred alexander jean borotra francis hunter gerald patterson vincent richards bill tilden john van ryn marie wagner watson washburn.standouts craig biddle herbert bowman wylie grant walter merrill hall robert kinsey percy kynaston nathaniel niles dr. william rosenbaum howard voshell charles wood.doubles partner longtime clubmate newspaper columnist franklin p. adams wrote baseballs sad lexicon.teammate reigning national boy champion yearold vincent richards.martin competed bill tilden dozen tournaments along u.s. national championship .latter played newly built forest hills stadium outlying courts aug –sep . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | opening round opponent gerald patterson australia captured two wimbledon titles.yearold martin set though lost match .twoday rain delay third set.also competed four straight national veterans championships ages forest hills –.martin standout singles doubles player university heights bronx n.y. county scarsdale n.y. tennis clubs. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | caught fallout uslta ruling .prohibited players writing profit certain date.distinction amateurism professionalism hotly contesteddebated feb–dec compacted summary.often acted womens referee.organized tournaments youngsters committee member briarcliff lodge sports club. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | westchester county tennis league oldest continuously running kind united states est..held annual paul martin singles tournament eighty years.started veteran player fenimore cady mount pleasant n.y. winners names engraved along base one martins prized cups pictured.memory also honored shortlived club tourney.he died ulcers age . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | one week operation ossining hospital march .funeral service held highland ossining united methodist church.survivors included three brothers one sister.wife lauretta lolly – outlived forty years.played singles draw us open mixed doubles regulars. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | donated tournament trophy named husband.wartime painting serve country prominently displayed main room international tennis hall fame museum.gift shop periodically offered coffee mug postcard version pictured.known athletic ability active participation friendliness sportsmanship.excerpt bronxville press august presence always felt topnotchers well could play average game. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | paul martin synonym clean wholesome game.total finals list includes open invitational tournaments sanctioned united states lawn tennis association.results largely determined player rankings qualified nationals.semimajors categorized events host.total finals . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | documented breakdown follows.wins .singles –sunningdale cc scarsdale n.y.. –lake george lake mohonk tennis clubs warren ulster counties.consolation singles –merriewold tc sullivan co.. doubles –new york athletic club.–lake george lake mohonk. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | –lake george tc west side tc veterans.–lake george.mixed doubles –new york tc married couples.runnersup .singles –woodmere club l.i. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | n.y.. –essex county n.j. cc powelton club newburgh n.y.. –amackassin club yonkers harlem manhattan tc.–oritani field club hackensack n.j. stamford conn. yacht club.–lake george lake mohonk.–lake george.doubles –greenwich conn. cc milford pa. field club. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | –lake mohonk.–south yonkers tc finalists pictured below.–lake george.–lake mohonk.mixed doubles –milford pa.. –lake george lauretta. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | –lake george lauretta.note.ones known.instance results mixed doubles always recorded.hence one stated milford could easily lost history. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | also many tournaments open members county tennis club hartsdale.martins sometimes played circuit vacation.grand slams majors.list based solely appearances.lasted stated rounds.national singles r. r. r. lauretta r. national veterans singles—for ages r. r. r. r. renamed us open .university heights tc. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | longtime committee playing member lived immediate area.competed annual north side tournaments – except .open events typically drew large entry.martin reached semifinals sf .singles r. r. r. r. r. r. r. r. sf. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | r. r. sf.r. doubles sf.r. r. r. r. r. discontinued.mixed doubles r.memberships.spans compiled newspaper periodical accounts. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | maplewood n.j. fc –.university heights bronx tc –.county hartsdale tc –.played circuit straight years –.twelveyearolder brother ralph midlower manhattan east orange n.j. joined circuit .featured match. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | eastern new york state championship .firsthand account new york times sportswriter allison danzig.excerpts afternoon bill tilden strachan advanced semifinals doubles putting alfred d. hammett paul martin .... required best tennis tilden played week philadelphians able overcome new york pair.hammett martin always contenders except third set slumped badly order hold tilden constantly found necessary invade partners territory play opposing pair singlehanded. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | ... nothing choose two teams first second sets.third set hammett martin went pieces tilden became rampant raked court placement drives volleys.philadelphians gained commanding lead one new york pair allowed set go without making much effort preferring save strength next chapter.rest period tilden returned courts play perhaps best tennis match.martin hammett fought everything team work splendidly coordinated counted nought individual brilliance tilden ranked world no. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | .magazine cover illustrator artist signed.rest imprinted words cover paul martin.signature remained fairly consistent curvature p upward slanted tbar underline mark.also placement given name surname.his artwork featured foreign service initially sold parents . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | went unused dealt american lithographic.sold veterans foreign wars publication early .martins artwork featured die hausfrau published wisconsin boy five pups initially used gerlach barklow calendar company pictured above.farm firesides name changed country home issue feb .parents th anniversary issue came october .unique cover featured twentyfive former covers reproduced miniature form one year –. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | three martins made onto silver jubilee edition.issued dates oct aug oct .therefore way coveted cover year award .the following list contains thirtyseven known credits including three september .consumer trade magazines.latter recorded graphic artist paragraph .● american girl – oct .● colliers –jan pictured right pictured .● everybodys – sep .● farm fireside country home – nov aug .● farmers wife – jan .● foreign service –to date may .● die hausfrau –to date apr .● liberty – sep .● parents oct –to date oct feb may aug oct feb oct .● peoples home journal – may pictured nov . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | book illustrator artistic aim clarify complement accurately interpret written text.contributions short stories include following ● saturday evening post.short turns encores dorothy parker others july p. .● colliers.blanket floyd dell october p. . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | ● colliers.unfairway burford lorimer son george horace lorimer december pp.–.● scribners magazine.tragedy eve bernstein april p. . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | ● scribners magazine.dark trail franklin holt pen name july p. .the first six listed fictional semifictional books children.includes collaboration howard r. garis.genre often required animated imaginative whimsical drawing style yet still sync story.● philus stable boy bethlehem childrens storysermons christmas .... edmund j. cleveland foreword rt.rev. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | charles l. slattery sep .credits dust jacket frontispiece facing pp..contains eleven short stories covering church year.opener stable boy present nativity. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | pseudonarratives moral message.● puck chasers incorporated.charles g. muller sep .credits dust jacket frontispiece inside pages.students establish popularize new team sport overcoming obstacles.one earliest books ice hockey theme. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | predecessors tended combination winter sports instead solely ice hockey.● araminta.helen cady forbes nov .credits dust jacket frontispiece facing pp..araminta turns eleven years old finds baby kidnapped.● prince pigs gate sermons story. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | robert hugh morris may .credits dust jacket frontispiece facing pp..intro unsophisticated tales children ages–up .● baseball detective.charles g. muller aug . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | credits dust jacket frontispiece facing pp.pictured.story baseball competition friendship mystery fisk school boys.● chad knob hill tale lone scout.howard r. garis sep .republished . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | credits dust jacket frontispiece pp..book boy scouting theme.marching troop crosses path overworked farmhand promptly decides take oath.garis created stories uncle wiggily rheumatism afflicted gentlemanly rabbit.● stories today yesterday .... frederick houk law editor feb . |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | frontispiece only.instructional guide older students read write appreciate short stories.includes questions topics classroom discussion.● bookshelf boys girls.clara whitehill hunt lead editor editions.dust jackets only. |
Paul Martin (illustrator) | best books children carefully selected.authoritative guide parents catalog format descriptive notes.photos paul references notes continuity guidelines notes follow sources.directly related give additional details.pattern confusing source cited once. |
Fragile state | keywords sometimes placed parentheses right corresponding page no.external linksworld bank example deems country ‘fragile’ eligible assistance i.e.grant international development association ida b un peacekeeping mission last three years c received ‘governance’ score less .per country policy institutional assessment cpia index world bank.cohesive definition fragile state might also note states growing inability maintain monopoly force declared territory.fragile state might still occasionally exercise military authority sovereignty declared territory claim grows weaker logistical mechanisms exercises power grow weaker.while many countries making progress toward achieving sustainable development goals group countries depending measure used falling behind. |
Fragile state | estimated worlds seven billion people live fragile states onethird people surviving less us.per day live half worlds children die age five onethird maternal deaths occur.not falling behind gap developing countries widening since s. per capita gdp grew fragile states whereas reached lowincome countries.fragile states projected example world bank constitute even larger share lowincome countries future given many better performing lowincome countries graduate middleincome status.major challenge development efforts argued overseas development institute fragile states require fundamentally different approaches development models exercised resilient countries differences risk contexts.one common measure state fragility world banks country policy institutional assessment index complex indexes example ones include security dimensions increasingly used.fragile state brink collapse may result failed state. |
Fragile state | definition fragile states also known weak states.fragile states fail fully meet key needs citizens.shortcomings termed gaps three core gaps security gap capacity gap legitimacy gap.security gap means state provide adequate protection citizens capacity gap means state fully provide adequate services legitimacy gap means authority state fully accepted.differs failed state whose governments totally lack legitimacy.weak states may difficult define states fail collect thorough statistics crime education.in terms dynamics fragile states includeconflictpostconflictcrisiswar political transition situations.deteriorating governance environments.situations gradual improvement.situations prolonged political economic crisis impasse.a fragile state significantly susceptible crisis one subsystems. |
Fragile state | state particularly vulnerable internal external shocks domestic international conflicts.fragile states evaluated degree fragility also types state fragility threat pose help policymakers appropriate responses.fragile state institutional arrangements embody perhaps preserve conditions crisis economic terms could institutions importantly property rights reinforce stagnation low growth rates embody extreme inequality wealth access property land ownership access means make living social terms institutions may embody extreme inequality lack access altogether health education political terms institutions may entrench exclusionary coalitions power ethnic religious perhaps regional terms extreme factionalism significantly fragmented security organisations.fragile states statutory institutional arrangements vulnerable challenges rival institutional systems derived traditional authorities devised communities conditions stress see little state terms security development welfare derived warlords nonstate power brokers.fragile states might also offer citizens multiple overlapping institutions highly variant power sources competing legitimacy. |
Fragile state | opposed weak state different institutions might direct conflict offer strong competing narratives hamper progress good governance.opposite fragile state stable state – one dominant statutory institutional arrangements appear able withstand internal external shocks contestation remains within boundaries reigning institutional arrangements.right conditions countries – mozambique burundi – far demonstrated remarkable turnaround.address challenge countries falling behind international spotlight must kept countries millennium development goals hardest achieve using common principles action making international aid architecture rational improving organisational response wide range actors involved including ds diplomacy defense development measuring results.while universal criteria determine state fragility world bank licus programme low income countries stress country policy institutional assessment cpia index able establish preeminent frame reference donor countries institutional partners.based four clusters including economic management structural policies policies social inclusionequity public sector management institutions well indicators cpia index rates state performance countries scoring . |
Fragile state | total qualifying fragile.low performing countries may turn suitable allocation financial assistance variety international actors international development association similar bodies.origins term discussion fragile state analytical category gained prominence mid onwards gained traction terrorist attacks.background belief held many policymakers academics alike potential contemporary conflict harboured within states.low capacity lowincome states global south thought pose direct threats populations extension also neighboring western countries. |
Fragile state | following logic fragile states need development order able provide security basic services citizens decreasing vulnerability increasing resilience internal external shocks.way fragile states exhibit series similar threats failed states markedly lower magnitude.failures effective omen come administrative course remains unaltered.followed many donor countries international organisations institutions approach led debate within academia beyond.scholars deem categorisation states fragile useful highlighting potential predict state collapse assess many possibilities prevent it. |
Fragile state | two main criticisms notion exist potential abuse category state fragility legitimising external intervention expense local agency ii analytical utility categorization effort disputed statecentric grouping together wide range diverse countries leading highly standardised development responses cannot take account often highly divergent political economic social conditions.indicators following factors used fund peace ascertain status country.social mounting demographic pressures tribal ethnic andor religious conflicts.massive internal external displacement refugees creating severe humanitarian emergencies.widespread vengeanceseeking group grievances.chronic sustained human flight.economic widespread corruptionhigh economic inequalityuneven economic development along group lines.severe economic decline.political delegitimization state.deterioration public services.suspension arbitrary application law widespread human rights abuses.security forces operating state within state often impunity.rise factionalized elites.intervention external political agents foreign states. |
Fragile state | intergovernmental organisations fragile states postconflict countries participated many intergovernmental groups associations since second world war including group regional groups asean african union.however recently countries affected conflict dedicated international platform.g founded group postconflict countries better represent interests international stage.g intergovernmental organisation bringing together countries recent experience conflict.group aims draw attention special challenges faced fragile states provides platform conflictaffected countries come together discuss shared development challenges advocates better international policies address needs conflictaffected countries. |
Fragile state | g created index measuring state fragility identifying five clusters political legitimacy justice security economic foundation revenue services located fragility spectrum consisting five stages.main differences indices constituted privileged role individual statespecific characteristics self rather external assessment.important remember however concepts state fragility index affirmatively placed philosophical tradition places strong emphasis inherent goodness state formation.therefore viewed strictly valueneutral metric simply administrative one.origins american international studies professor joel migdal looked relationship state society disparity officially announced policies actual distribution state resources. |
Fragile state | list countries included india mexico egypt sierra leone etc.traced disparity lack social control government “the actual ability make operative rules game people society.includes existence government agencies territory extraction resources also ability appropriate resources regulate peoples behavior.migdal stated expansion european economy world trade th century led drastic changes peoples strategies survival countries asia africa latin america.state policies enforced europeans including land tenure laws taxation new modes transportation changed peoples life situation needs countries rapidly deeply.old rewards sanctions symbols became irrelevant new situation previous social control institutions eroded.however unlike western europe earlier centuries countries establish new concentration social control base strong capable state. |
Fragile state | although countries necessary condition creating strong state old social control weakened world trade world war sufficient conditions world historical timing encourages concentrated social control military threat either outside within country basis independent bureaucracy skillful top leadership would take advantage conditions.basic services provision relationship state fragility service delivery seen interrelated mutually reinforcing yet also suggest provision basic services reduce state fragility.fragile states service delivery may impacted financial constraints limited expertise lack information long protracted violence leads neglect subsequent decay infrastructure required provision.governance breakdown social order also heighten social exclusion specific groups along ethnic religious political gender lines.violence political including conflict terrorism also social criminal leading broad combination securitybased obstacles effective service provision.education health access water adequate sanitation important survival also recognised human rights whose provision demonstrated necessary transition away conflict. |
Fragile state | states develop trust legitimacy long term provision basic services known peace dividend.education instance protect children noncombatants conflict facilitate intergenerational change lead socialisation children youth catalyst broader transformation well provide sense normalcy continuity.furthermore delivery services seen neutral immunisation lead conflicting groups uniting specific issues result increased legitimacy.however support given fragile states provide services simple.aid agencies act independently state provide parallel services risk undermining state legitimacy capacity.hand supporting states provision problematic state may cause social divisions source conflict.limited evidence varying quality basic services social protection conflicted affected situations found. |
Fragile state | research gaps provision delivery access basic services queried whether social protection interventions contributed statebuilding processes.highlighted assumption already significantly begun shaping policy programmes statebuilding outcomes policy may outweigh outcomes like better water healthcare education.state building peacebuilding whether provide services parallel often framed debate state building peacebuilding.state building argued lead peace involves seeking develop inclusive state legitimacy built result state responding demands society providing public goods services.however supporting state direction simple task especially following reasonsstatebuilding may automatically lead peace inherently political process automatically inclusive democratic.political settlements seek appease threaten peace strengthen rule repressive rulers.political settlements create power sharing agreements weaken state lead entrenching divides.focussing state institutions may lead overlooking domestic nonstate actors including traditional local leaders prevent long term civil society.equally peacebuilding efforts include state undermine ability function. |
Fragile state | researchers overseas development institute emphasise need ngos development actors deepen knowledge context maintain constant awareness relationship state peacebuilding.ngos international organizations refuse place additional authority local state institutions risk creating environment perceived role state less ought populations refuse give newly constructed institutions necessary adherence.case study sierra leone correct balance statebuilding peacebuilding argued highly elusive even peacebuilding security achieved development states capacity.uk government supported reforms sierra leone along principle security first last decade believed improved security increased access quality justice decreased corruption positively reformed public service.since end civil war major violence peaceful elections held enough stability help build sustainable institutions. |
Fragile state | yet sierra leone suffers severe underdevelopment ranked third last un human development index .turn created frustration disappointment amongst younger generation poses significant risk return violence.international intervention autonomous recovery debates among scholars postconflict reconstruction intervention best strategy statebuilding fragile states.widely believed multilateral intervention interrupt conflict trap fragile states set countries path toward postwar economic political development.responding failure governance fragile states scholars proposed new models intervention including neotrusteeship shared sovereignty. |
Fragile state | supporters international intervention encourage interventions led major powers regional actors greatest national security economic interest restoring stability democracy fragile state.support developing agreements authorize international intervention whereby costs thirdparty peacekeeping statebuilding would increasingly borne state reconstructed.another kind opinion autonomous recovery fragile states recover conflict absence intervention may able develop effective institutions government warfare.supporters autonomous recovery argue international assistance external support undermines selfsustaining nature compact rulers constituents.examples uganda eritrea somalia support theory autonomous recovery weak states successfully achieved lasting peace systematic reduction violence postwar political economic development absence international intervention.promoting democracy according samuel huntington “the important political distinction among countries concerns form government degree government.” purpose democratization institutional development fragile states help improve state capacity development inclusive institutions. |
Fragile state | knutsen nygard emphasize semidemocracies fragile states discussion less stable autocracies democracies.words process democratization begins dangerous stop midway.the purpose democratization though concern thinking means achieve it.ake says democracy mostly analyzed context propensity foster economic development.context feasibility africa utility democracy measured “values concerns priorities african peoples” determine considerable extent far accept democracy.general process democratization strongly mediated normative values population concern.in order design interventions aimed promoting inclusive institutions status quo witnesses prevalently weak state structures tractability theoretically analyzing regime transitions critical. |
Fragile state | according geddes different kinds authoritarianism differ much differ democracy.facilitate analysis differences classifies authoritarian regimes personalist military singleparty amalgams pure types.important note conceptualized perspective “limited access order” societies north .according larry diamond many fragile states promoting democracy difficult simply lack classic facilitating conditions democracy—more developed levels per capita income civil society independent mass media political parties mass democratic attitudes values on—but lack well basic conditions viable political order.states challenge cases even pressure authoritarian state leaders surrender power rather figure regenerate legitimate power first place.imperative empower citizens independent organizations endow state institutions well resources training organization sense common mission.one point caution progress democratization fragile states vulnerable. |
Fragile state | according samuels history witnessed regime changes democracy autocracy periods e.g.germany e.g.brazil chile .identifies domestic causes regime change also factors mitigated institutional design.factors civic culture class conflicts arising unequal distribution economic gains military identity. |
Fragile state | international causes foreign policy superpowers degree participation multilateral institutions extent globalization supranational impact religious institutions domestic political institutions.nonstate actors individuals fragile states often rely nonstate actors chiefs tribal elders secret societies gangs militias insurgents community religious leaders meet justice security needs.lisa denney overseas development institute therefore stresses need development donors engage nonstate actors attempting reform justice security services fragile states.suggests four rules engagementaccept nonstate actors risky many state partnersbe fit purpose – nonstate support needs different skills proceduresunderstand contextonly engage adds valuenonstate actors fragile state often compete authority legitimacy established federal institutions ambitious nonstate actors.private sector development researchers found little evidence literature impact private sector development state society relations whether psd state relations meet public expectations. |
Fragile state | thought one reason could lack empirical data gathered interviews public surveys ground.interlinkage psd state society relations therefore definitely remain area exploration receive greater attention academic circles among practitioners respective publications.key findings includelegal reform requirements fragile states legal frameworks boost private sector development underestimated deserve greater attention development assistance.however lawmaking longterm process shouldnt violate tenets representation legitimacy.although connections economic growth infrastructure well established literature infrastructure project impact assessments look beyond first years project rare.apart success cambodia importance instituting solid labour rights regime fragile states needs explored.balancing act create labour rights protect workers maintaining flexibility bring efficient levels employment foster psd business.microfinance isnt onestop solution poverty reduction depends fragile state question.csr interventions potentially harm good substitute government services forms development assistance.lack access capital launch business dearth local financial institutions like reliable central banks remain major constraints psd especially subsaharan african fragile states.the literature reveals mixed picture effects fdi conflict stability success relies context environment. |
Fragile state | relationships factors economic performance study epspeaks investigated relationship state fragility conflict economic performance.describes large degree variation among countries experiences conflict foreign direct investment fdi conflict accompanied high levels fdi countries low levels fdi others.study suggests majority fdi fragile states driven motives resourceseeking multinationals.investment lead economic growth potential often realised receiving investment solely resource extraction lead conflict phenomenon known resource curse.if state cannot tax reasonably spend responsibly key element statehood missing claim researchers overseas development institute world bank.explain substantial progress made public financial management fragile states progress made budget execution though critical gaps remain knowledge relationship pfm statehood development progress.an important economic component failed states reintegrating exfighters society economy. |
Fragile state | blattman annan conducted study employment reduced risk returning violence highrisk men second liberian civil war.study program provided agricultural training capital inputs exfighters still rubber plantations participated illicit mining precious minerals logging.found men responded well agricultural training reduced illicit extraction materials roughly quarter less likely willing fight election crisis côte divoire.however illicit activity stop completely.also found promise future returns crucial deterring men fighting. |
Fragile state | climate change study commissioned g member states identifies seven climatefragility risks pose threats stability states societies decades ahead.report finds fragile regions inequality persists government unable respond stresses impacts climate change water food land multiply existing pressures.suggests dynamics state fragility social political fragility may exacerbated climate change impacts consequence reduced adaptation capacity.downward spiral fragility vicious climatefragility cycle begins.report also describes one measure capacity states societies meet challenges environmental change along spectrum fragility fragile resilient. |
Fragile state | fragile situations government lacks ability carry basic functions state vulnerable less able cope climate change pressures natural resource scarcity land use change extreme weather events volatile food prices hence risk instability.impacts weak states hypothesized contribute terrorist activity.english philosopher thomas hobbes first make connection strength state violence.opined strong state monopoly force way avoid war all.september attacks us president george w. bush said taught us weak states like afghanistan pose great danger national interests strong states. |
Fragile state | poverty make poor people terrorists murderers.yet poverty weak institutions corruption make weak states vulnerable terrorist networks drug cartels within borders.link weak states terrorism disputed.historian walter laqueur noted majority poor weak states almost terrorist activity.weak states may also vulnerable public health crises infectious disease spillover effects countries.see also crisis states research centrefailed statefragile states indexgochlocracyrogue statestabilization fragile states references organisation economic cooperation development policy commitment principles good international engagement fragile states situations department international development dfid paper fragile states external links information policy coordination research fragile states organisation economic cooperation development oecdfor information world banks engagement fragile conflictaffected statesfor information asian development banks engagement fragile conflictaffected situationsfor information european unions engagement situations fragilityfor information fragile states crisis states research centres websitefor links recent donor practitioner academic literature fragile states see governance social development resource centres topic guide fragile statesfor information unique problems countries see book fixing fragile states new paradigm developmentfor information aid public finances fragile states odis budget strengthening initiatives websitewar conflict fragile states asia pacific |
History of United States prison systems | colonial times courts magistrates would impose punishments including fines forced labor public restraint flogging maiming death sheriffs detaining defendants awaiting trial.use confinement punishment originally seen humane alternative capital corporal punishment especially among quakers pennsylvania.prison building efforts united states came three major waves.first began jacksonian era led widespread use imprisonment rehabilitative labor primary penalty crimes nearly states time american civil war.second began civil war gained momentum progressive era bringing number new mechanisms—such parole probation indeterminate sentencing—into mainstream american penal practice. |
History of United States prison systems | finally since early united states engaged historically unprecedented expansion imprisonment systems federal state level.since number incarcerated persons united states increased fivefold given year people supervision control correctional services united states.periods prison construction reform produced major changes structure prison systems missions responsibilities federal state agencies administering supervising well legal political status prisoners themselves.intellectual origins united states prisons incarceration form criminal punishment comparatively recent episode angloamerican jurisprudence according historian adam j. hirsch.nineteenth century sentences penal confinement rare criminal courts british north america. |
History of United States prison systems | penal incarceration utilized england early reign tudors before.postrevolutionary prisons emerged united states hirschs words fundamental departure former american colonies intellectual past.early american prisons systems like massachusetts castle island penitentiary built essentially imitated model english workhouse.prisons america although early colonization prisons influenced england law sovereignty reactions criminal offenses also mix religious aptitude toward punishment crime.low population eastern states hard follow criminal codes place led law changes america. |
History of United States prison systems | population boom eastern states led reformation prison system u.s. according oxford history prison order function prisons keep prisoners custody maintain order control discipline safe environment provide decent conditions prisoners meet needs including health care provide positive regimes help prisoners address offending behavior allow full responsible life possible help prisoners prepare return communityincarcerating prisoners long idea history man.u.s prisons adopted ideas history came confining criminals.according bruce johnston course notion forcibly confining people ancient extensive evidence romans well developed system imprisoning different types offenders wasnt reform started taking place america.david j. rothman suggests freedom independence helped along reformation law.laws changed new york barbarous monarchial principles according rothman. |
History of United States prison systems | pennsylvania laws changed excluding act robbery burglary crimes punishable death leaving first degree murder.new york new jersey virginia updated reduced capital crime lists.reduction capital crimes created need forms punishment led incarceration longer periods time.oldest prison built york maine .first jail turned state prison walnut street jail. |
History of United States prison systems | led uprisings state prisons across eastern border states america.newgate state prison greenwich village built new jersey added prison facility virginia kentucky vermont new hampshire maryland followed soon after.americans favour reform early s. ideas rehabilitating prisoners become lawabiding citizens next step.needed change prison systems functions.jacksonian american reformers hoped changing way developed institutions would give inmates tools needed change.auburn state prison became first prison implement rehabilitative idea. |
History of United States prison systems | function prison isolate teach obedience use labor means production inmates.according rothman reform deterrence aim incarceration.soon rivalry plan stepped place pennsylvania model functioned almost auburn model except eliminating human contact.meant inmates incarcerated cells alone ate alone could see approved visitors.the development prisons changed modern day era.people held state prison county jails. |
History of United States prison systems | prisons hadnt designed house high number incarcerated individuals.development new material ideas prisons changed physically accommodate rising population.although prison maintained high wall method added new modern technology surveillance electronically monitored perimeters changed way prisons operated.change prison operating system led branching prisons multiple factors meet needs incarcerated population.norval morris contemporary prison writes open prisons... weekend prisons day prisons. |
History of United States prison systems | say change punishment completely changed redevelopment early prison system.still maintains social order moved politics ever changing matters.english workhouse english workhouse intellectual forerunner early united states penitentiaries first developed cure idleness poor.time english officials reformers came see workhouse general system rehabilitating criminals kinds.common wisdom england attributed property crime idleness.idleness status crime since parliament enacted statute laborers midfourteenth century. |
History of United States prison systems | english subjects convicted leading rogishe vagabonds trade lyfe subject whipping mutilation recidivists could face death penalty.in many england perceived vagrancy rise.year city london reopened bridewell warehouse vagrants arrested within city limits.order two bridewells governors person could committed prison term custody ranging several weeks several years.decades followed houses correction workhouses like bridewell became fixture towns across england—a change made permanent parliament began requiring every county realm build workhouse .the workhouse custodial institution.least proponents hoped experience incarceration would rehabilitate workhouse residents hard labor. |
History of United States prison systems | supporters expressed belief forced abstinence idleness would make vagrants productive citizens.supporters argued threat workhouse would deter vagrancy inmate labor could provide means support workhouse itself.governance institutions controlled written regulations promulgated local authorities local justices peace monitored compliance.although vagrants first inhabitants workhouse—not felons criminals—expansion use criminals discussed.sir thomas described utopia ideal government punish citizens slavery death expressly recommended use penal enslavement england.thomas starkey chaplain henry viii suggested convicted felons put commyn work . |
History of United States prison systems | ..theyr life yet commyn welth schold take profit.edward hext justice peace somersetshire recommended criminals put labor workhouse receiving traditional punishments day.during seventeenth eighteenth centuries several programs experimented sentencing various petty criminals workhouse.many petty criminals sentenced workhouse way vagrancy laws even efforts. |
History of United States prison systems | commission appointed king james reprieve felons condemned death banishment american colonies also given authority sentence offenders toyle heavie painful manuall workes labors home kept chains house correction places king ministers decided otherwise.within three years growing body laws authorized incarceration workhouse specifically enumerated petty crimes.throughout even englands bloody code took shape incarceration hard labor held acceptable punishment criminals various kinds—e.g.received suspended death sentence via benefit clergy pardon transported colonies convicted petty larceny.—at time american revolution made convict transportation north america impracticable—the english parliament passed penitentiary act mandating construction two london prisons internal regulations modeled dutch workhouse—i.e.prisoners would labor less constantly day diet clothing communication strictly controlled. |
History of United States prison systems | although penitentiary act promised make penal incarceration focal point english criminal law series penitentiaries prescribed never constructed.despite ultimate failure penitentiary act however legislation marked culmination series legislative efforts disclose ...antiquity continuity durability rehabilitative incarceration ideology angloamerican criminal law according historian adam j. hirsch.first united states penitentiaries involved elements early english workhouses—hard labor day strict supervision inmates. |
History of United States prison systems | english philanthropist penology second group supported penal incarceration england included clergymen lay pietists various religious denominations made efforts reduce severity english criminal justice system.initially reformers like john howard focused harsh conditions pretrial detention english jails.many philanthropists limit efforts jail administration inmate hygiene also interested spiritual health inmates curbing common practice mixing prisoners together random.ideas inmate classification solitary confinement match another undercurrent penal innovation united states persisted progressive era.beginning samuel dennes letter lord ladbroke jonas hanways solitude imprisonment philanthropic literature english penal reform began concentrate postconviction rehabilitation criminals prison setting.although speak single voice philanthropist penologists tended view crime outbreak criminals estrangement god. |
History of United States prison systems | hanway example believed challenge rehabilitating criminal law lay restoring faith fear christian god order qualify happiness worlds.many eighteenthcentury english philanthropists proposed solitary confinement way rehabilitate inmates morally.since least philanthropic thinkers touted use penal solitude two primary purposes isolate prison inmates moral contagion prisoners jumpstart spiritual recovery.philanthropists found solitude far superior hard labor reached convicts worldly self failing get underlying spiritual causes crime.conception prison penitentiary place repentance sin english philanthropists departed continental models gave birth largely novel idea—according social historians michael meranze michael ignatieff—which turn found way penal practice united states.a major political obstacle implementing philanthropists solitary program england financial building individual cells prisoner cost congregate housing arrangements typical eighteenthcentury english jails.local solitary confinement facilities convicted criminals appeared gloucestershire several english counties.the philanthropists focus isolation moral contamination became foundation early penitentiaries united states. |
History of United States prison systems | philadelphians period eagerly followed reports philanthropist reformer john howard archetypical penitentiaries emerged united states—e.g.auburn eastern state penitentiaries—both implemented solitary regime aimed morally rehabilitating prisoners.concept inmate classification—or dividing prisoners according behavior age etc.—remains use united states prisons day.rationalist penology third group involved english penal reform rationalists utlitarians.according historian adam j. hirsch eighteenthcentury rationalist criminology rejected scripture favor human logic reason valid guide constructing social institutions.eighteenthcentury rational philosophers like cesare beccaria jeremy bentham developed novel theory crime—specifically made action subject criminal punishment harm caused members society. |
History of United States prison systems | rationalists sins result social harm outside purview civil courts.john lockes sensational psychology guide maintained environment alone defined human behavior many rationalists sought roots criminals behavior past environment.rationalists differed environmental factors gave rise criminality.rationalists including cesare beccaria blamed criminality uncertainty criminal punishment whereas earlier criminologists linked criminal deterrence severity punishment.essence beccaria believed arrest conviction sentencing crime rapid infallible punishments crime could remain moderate.beccaria take issue substance contemporary penal codes—e.g. |
History of United States prison systems | whipping pillory rather took issue form implementation.other rationalists like jeremy bentham believed deterrence alone could end criminality looked instead social environment ultimate source crime.benthams conception criminality led concur philanthropist reformers need rehabilitation offenders.unlike philanthropists bentham likeminded rationalists believed true goal rehabilitation show convicts logical inexpedience crime estrangement religion.rationalists society source solution crime.ultimately hard labor became preferred rationalist therapy.bentham eventually adopted approach wellknown design panopticon prison called inmates labor solitary cells course imprisonment. |
History of United States prison systems | another rationalist william eden collaborated john howard justice william blackstone drafting penitentiary act called penal regime hard labor.according social legal historian adam j. hirsch rationalists secondary impact united states penal practices.ideas—whether consciously adopted united states prison reformers not—resonate various united states penal initiatives present day.historical development united states prison systems although convicts played significant role british settlement north america according legal historian adam j. hirsch wholesale incarceration criminals truth comparatively recent episode history angloamerican jurisprudence.imprisonment facilities present earliest english settlement north america fundamental purpose facilities changed early years united states legal history result geographically widespread penitentiary movement.form function prison systems united states continued change result political scientific developments well notable reform movements jacksonian era reconstruction era progressive era s. status penal incarceration primary mechanism criminal punishment remained since first emergence wake american revolution. |
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