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Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features
flaw patched users encouraged update whatsapp.in june whatsapp announced would take legal action users send disproportionately high number messages using communication platform.company reiterated platform meant private messaging businesses interact customers business app.notification website company stated beginning de...
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features
whatsapp released statement saying feature working properly images stored camera roll cannot deleted due apples security layers.in december whatsapp confirmed security flaw would allow hackers use malicious gif image file gain access recipients data.recipient opened gallery within whatsapp even sending malicious image ...
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features
bug discovered check point august reported whatsapp.fixed version .. onwards.april whatsapp sued nso group allegedly using spyware produces hack least whatsapp users.company responded claiming responsible control clients use software.according research citizen lab countries may used software hack whatsapp include saudi...
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features
complaint heavily redacted due part ongoing case therefore cannot determined claim alleges tampering apps endtoend encryption google accessing user backups.january whatsapp announced update privacy policy states whatsapp would collect metadata users share facebook family companies starting february .previously users co...
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features
propublica investigation september propublica published extensive investigation whatsapps use outside contractors artificial intelligence systems examine user communication collaboration law enforcement.investigation includes information complaint filed whistleblower u.s. securities exchange commission.internal whatsap...
Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features
reviewer less minute decide whether nothing place user watch list ban them.due pranks ambiguous content language nuances translation errors process prone misunderstandings.whatsapp also uses artificial intelligence systems scan unencrypted data collected users profile image status phone number imei os names images user...
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
referencesusually use port numbers match services corresponding tcp udp implementation exist.the internet assigned numbers authority iana responsible maintaining official assignments port numbers specific uses.however many unofficial uses wellknown registered port numbers occur practice.similarly many official assignme...
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
used system processes provide widely used types network services.unixlike operating systems process must execute superuser privileges able bind network socket ip address using one wellknown ports.registered ports range port numbers − registered ports.assigned iana specific service upon application requesting entity.sys...
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
dynamic private ephemeral ports range – − contains dynamic private ports cannot registered iana.range used private customized services temporary purposes automatic allocation ephemeral ports.note see also port computer networkinginternet protocol suitelist ip numberslists network protocolscomparison file transfer proto...
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
doi.rfc.rfc .external links service name transport protocol port number registry.iana.org.internet assigned numbers authority.
Pretty Good Privacy
pgp used signing encrypting decrypting texts emails files directories whole disk partitions increase security email communications.phil zimmermann developed pgp .pgp similar software follow openpgp open standard pgp encryption software standard rfc encrypting decrypting data.design pgp encryption uses serial combinatio...
Pretty Good Privacy
current versions pgp encryption include options automated key management server.pgp fingerprint public key fingerprint shorter version public key.fingerprint someone validate correct corresponding public key.fingerprint like ca e b df cc bca b ff printed business card.compatibility pgp evolves versions support newer fe...
Pretty Good Privacy
therefore essential partners pgp communication understand others capabilities least agree pgp settings.confidentiality pgp used send messages confidentially.pgp uses hybrid cryptosystem combining symmetrickey encryption publickey encryption.message encrypted using symmetric encryption algorithm requires symmetric key g...
Pretty Good Privacy
message session key sent receiver.session key must sent receiver know decrypt message protect transmission encrypted receivers public key.private key belonging receiver decrypt session key use symmetrically decrypt message.digital signatures pgp supports message authentication integrity checking.latter used detect whet...
Pretty Good Privacy
content encrypted changes message fail decryption appropriate key.sender uses pgp create digital signature message either rsa dsa algorithms.pgp computes hash also called message digest plaintext creates digital signature hash using senders private key.web trust encrypting messages verifying signatures critical public ...
Pretty Good Privacy
first version pgp always included provisions distributing users public keys identity certification also constructed cryptographically tampering accidental garble readily detectable.however merely making certificate impossible modify without detected insufficient prevent corruption certificate created before.users must ...
Pretty Good Privacy
although many programs read write information include level certification calculating whether trust key.the web trust protocol first described phil zimmermann manual pgp version .as time goes accumulate keys people may want designate trusted introducers.everyone else choose trusted introducers.everyone gradually accumu...
Pretty Good Privacy
satisfactory solution found underlying problem.certificates recent openpgp specification trust signatures used support creation certificate authorities.trust signature indicates key belongs claimed owner owner key trustworthy sign keys one level own.level signature comparable web trust signature since validity key cert...
Pretty Good Privacy
level signature highly analogous trust assumption users must rely whenever use default certificate authority list like included web browsers allows owner key make keys certificate authorities.pgp versions always included way cancel revoke public key certificates.lost compromised private key require communication securi...
Pretty Good Privacy
pgps original scheme least leaves decision whether use endorsementvetting system user pki schemes requiring instead every certificate attested central certificate authority accepted correct.security quality best publicly available information known method allow person group break pgp encryption cryptographic computatio...
Pretty Good Privacy
longterm storage options also known data rest i.e.data stored transit.the cryptographic security pgp encryption depends assumption algorithms used unbreakable direct cryptanalysis current equipment techniques.in original version rsa algorithm used encrypt session keys.rsas security depends upon oneway function nature m...
Pretty Good Privacy
current versions pgp added additional encryption algorithms cryptographic vulnerability varies algorithm used.however none algorithms current use publicly known cryptanalytic weaknesses.new versions pgp released periodically vulnerabilities fixed developers come light.agency wanting read pgp messages would probably use...
Pretty Good Privacy
fbi already used attack pgp investigations.however vulnerabilities apply pgp conventional encryption software.in incident involving seized psion pdas belonging members red brigade indicated neither italian police fbi able decrypt pgpencrypted files stored them.a second incident december see boucher involving us customs...
Pretty Good Privacy
november british citizen convicted ripa legislation jailed nine months refusing provide police investigators encryption keys pgpencrypted files.pgp cryptosystem criticized complexity standard implementation low usability user interface including recognized figures cryptography research.uses ineffective serialization fo...
Pretty Good Privacy
history early history phil zimmermann created first version pgp encryption .name pretty good privacy inspired name grocery store ralphs pretty good grocery featured radio host garrison keillors fictional town lake wobegon.first version included symmetrickey algorithm zimmermann designed named bassomatic saturday night ...
Pretty Good Privacy
first sent allan hoeltje posted peacenet isp specialized grassroots political organizations mainly peace movement.peacenet accessible political activists world.uploaded kelly goen proceeded upload usenet newsgroup specialized distributing source code.request marked usenet posting us only.kelly also uploaded many bbs sy...
Pretty Good Privacy
dont recall postings internet began june th th.it may surprising back yet know enough usenet newsgroups realize us tag merely advisory tag little real effect usenet propagated newsgroup postings.thought actually controlled usenet routed posting.back clue post anything newsgroup didnt even clear idea newsgroup was.pgp f...
Pretty Good Privacy
time cryptosystems using keys larger bits considered munitions within definition us export regulations pgp never used keys smaller bits qualified time.penalties violation found guilty substantial.several years investigation zimmermann closed without filing criminal charges anyone else.zimmermann challenged regulations ...
Pretty Good Privacy
one could build application using freely available gnu compiler collection.pgp would thus available anywhere world.claimed principle simple export munitions—guns bombs planes software—was remains restricted export books protected first amendment.question never tested court respect pgp.cases addressing encryption softwa...
Pretty Good Privacy
pgp encryption longer meets definition nonexportable weapon exported internationally except seven specific countries list named groups individuals substantially us trade prohibited various us export controls.pgp founding pgp inc. turmoil zimmermanns team worked new version pgp encryption called pgp .new version conside...
Pretty Good Privacy
cast symmetric key algorithm dsa elgamal asymmetric key algorithms unencumbered patents.after federal criminal investigation ended zimmermann team started company produce new versions pgp encryption.merged viacrypt zimmermann sold commercial rights licensed rsa directly rsadsi changed name pgp incorporated.newly combin...
Pretty Good Privacy
viacrypt thus created new version based pgp called pgp .remove confusion could pgp successor pgp pgp renamed released pgp may .network associates acquisition december pgp inc. acquired network associates inc. nai.zimmermann pgp team became nai employees.nai first company legal export strategy publishing source code.
Pretty Good Privacy
nai pgp team added disk encryption desktop firewalls intrusion detection ipsec vpns pgp family.export regulation liberalizations longer required publishing source nai stopped releasing source code.in early zimmermann left nai.served chief cryptographer hush communications provide openpgpbased email service hushmail.als...
Pretty Good Privacy
remaining asset kept pgp ebusiness server original pgp commandline version.february nai canceled support pgp products exception renamed commandline product.nai formerly mcafee intel security mcafee continued sell support product name mcafee ebusiness server .pgp corporation symantec august several expgp team members fo...
Pretty Good Privacy
pgp corporation supported existing pgp users honored nais support contracts.zimmermann served special advisor consultant pgp corporation continuing run consulting company.pgp corporation created new serverbased product called pgp universal.mid pgp corporation shipped command line version called pgp command line integra...
Pretty Good Privacy
pgp corporation acquired hamburgbased certificate authority tc trustcenter parent company chosensecurity form pgp trustcenter division.after purchase nais pgp assets pgp corporation offered worldwide pgp technical support offices draper utah offenbach germany tokyo japan.on april symantec corp. announced would acquire ...
Pretty Good Privacy
townsend security ported pgp time ibm z mainframe.version pgp relies free zos encryption facility utilizes hardware acceleration.software diversified services also offers commercial version pgp sds ebusiness server ibm z mainframe.in may bug named efail discovered certain implementations pgp could reveal plaintext cont...
Pretty Good Privacy
information programs compatible openpgp specification see external links below.while originally used primarily encrypting contents email messages attachments desktop client pgp products diversified since set encryption applications managed optional central policy server.pgp encryption applications include emails attach...
Pretty Good Privacy
capabilities licensed different ways depending features required.the pgp universal server .x management console handles centralized deployment security policy policy enforcement key management reporting.used automated email encryption gateway manages pgp desktop .x clients.addition local keyserver pgp universal server ...
Pretty Good Privacy
desktop server operations based security policies operate automated fashion.pgp universal server automates creation management expiration keys sharing keys among pgp encryption applications.the symantec pgp platform undergone rename.pgp desktop known symantec encryption desktop sed pgp universal server known symantec e...
Pretty Good Privacy
rsadsi challenging continuation viacrypt rsa license newly merged firm.company adopted informal internal standard called unencumbered pgp would use algorithm licensing difficulties.pgp encryptions importance worldwide many wanted write software would interoperate pgp .zimmermann became convinced open standard pgp encry...
Pretty Good Privacy
gave ietf permission use name openpgp describe new standard well program supported standard.ietf accepted proposal started openpgp working group.openpgp internet standards track active development.many email clients provide openpgpcompliant email security described rfc .current specification rfc november successor rfc ...
Pretty Good Privacy
addition algorithms standard recommends rsa described pkcs v. encryption signing well aes cast idea.beyond many algorithms supported.standard extended support camellia cipher rfc signing key exchange based elliptic curve cryptography ecc i.e.ecdsa ecdh rfc .support ecc encryption added proposed rfc bis .the free softwa...
Pretty Good Privacy
several vendors also developed openpgpcompliant software.the development open source openpgpcompliant library openpgp.js written javascript supported horizon framework programme european union allowed webbased applications use pgp encryption web browser.pgprfc pgp message exchange formats obsoleteopenpgprfc openpgp mes...
Pretty Good Privacy
many published pgp keys found susceptible.yubico offers free replacement affected tokens.see also references reading garfinkel simson .pgp pretty good privacy.oreilly associates.
Pretty Good Privacy
isbn .levy steven january .crypto code rebels beat government—saving privacy digital age.penguin books.isbn .lucas michael w. april .pgp gpg email practical paranoid.
Pretty Good Privacy
starch press.isbn .zimmermann phil june .wrote pgp.retrieved march .external links openpgpsdkmit public key directory registration searchlist public keyserversietf openpgp working groupopenpgp alliance
Genome
consists nucleotide sequences dna rna rna viruses.genome includes genes coding regions noncoding dna well mitochondrial dna chloroplast dna.study genome called genomics.genomes several organisms sequenced genes analyzed.human genome project sequenced entire genome homo sapiens successfully completed april .
Genome
origin term term genome created hans winkler professor botany university hamburg germany.oxford dictionary suggests name blend words gene chromosome.however see omics thorough discussion.related ome words already existed biome rhizome forming vocabulary genome fits systematically.sequencing mapping genome sequence comp...
Genome
within species vast majority nucleotides identical individuals sequencing multiple individuals necessary understand genetic diversity.walter fiers university ghent belgium first establish complete nucleotide sequence viral rnagenome bacteriophage ms. next year fred sanger completed first dnagenome sequence phage φx bas...
Genome
us national institutes health maintains one several comprehensive databases genomic information.among thousands completed genome sequencing projects include rice mouse plant arabidopsis thaliana puffer fish bacteria e. coli.december scientists first sequenced entire genome neanderthal extinct species humans.genome extr...
Genome
genome map less detailed genome sequence aids navigating around genome.human genome project organized map sequence human genome.fundamental step project release detailed genomic map jean weissenbach team genoscope paris.reference genome sequences maps continue updated removing errors clarifying regions high allelic com...
Genome
genomes rna viruses either singlestranded rna doublestranded rna may contain one separate rna molecules segments monopartit multipartit genome.dna viruses either singlestranded doublestranded genomes.dna virus genomes composed single linear molecule dna made circular dna molecule.also viral rna called single stranded r...
Genome
prokaryotic genomes prokaryotes eukaryotes dna genomes.archaea bacteria single circular chromosome however bacterial species linear multiple chromosomes.dna replicated faster bacterial cells divide multiple copies chromosome present single cell cells divide faster dna replicated multiple replication chromosome initiate...
Genome
serratia symbiotica reduced genomes high fraction pseudogenes dna encodes proteins.some bacteria auxiliary genetic material also part genome carried plasmids.word genome used synonym chromosome.eukaryotic genomes eukaryotic genomes composed one linear dna chromosomes.number chromosomes varies widely jack jumper ants as...
Genome
amount even necessary dna proteincoding noncoding genes due fact eukaryotic genomes show much fold variation sizes.however special characteristic caused presence repetitive dna transposable elements tes.a typical human cell two copies autosomes one inherited parent plus two sex chromosomes making diploid.gametes ova sp...
Genome
dna found within chloroplast may referred plastome.like bacteria originated mitochondria chloroplasts circular chromosome.unlike prokaryotes eukaryotes exonintron organization protein coding genes variable amounts repetitive dna.mammals plants majority genome composed repetitive dna.genes eukaryotic genomes annotated u...
Genome
proportion genome occupied coding sequences varies widely.larger genome necessarily contain genes proportion nonrepetitive dna decreases along increasing genome size complex eukaryotes.noncoding sequences noncoding sequences include introns sequences noncoding rnas regulatory regions repetitive dna.noncoding sequences ...
Genome
tandem repeats short noncoding sequences repeated headtotail called tandem repeats.microsatellites consisting basepair repeats minisatellite repeats bp.tandem repeats make human genome fruit fly genome.tandem repeats functional.example telomeres composed tandem repeat ttaggg mammals play important role protecting ends ...
Genome
example human gene huntingtin htt typically contains – tandem repeats nucleotides cag encoding polyglutamine tract.expansion repeats results huntingtons disease neurodegenerative disease.twenty human disorders known result similar tandem repeat expansions various genes.mechanism proteins expanded polygulatamine tracts ...
Genome
transposable elements transposable elements tes sequences dna defined structure able change location genome.tes categorized either mechanism replicates copyandpaste mechanism excised genome inserted new location.human genome three important classes tes make human dna classes long interspersed nuclear elements lines int...
Genome
retrotransposon transposable element transpose rna intermediate.retrotransposons composed dna transcribed rna transposition rna transcript copied back dna formation help specific enzyme called reverse transcriptase.retrotransposons carry reverse transcriptase gene trigger transposition genes lack reverse transcriptase ...
Genome
genes flanked long repeats ends.reported ltrs consist largest fraction plant genome might account huge variation genome size.nonlong terminal repeats nonltrs classified long interspersed nuclear elements lines short interspersed nuclear elements sines penelopelike elements ples.dictyostelium discoideum another dirslike...
Genome
alu element common sine found primates.base pairs occupies human genome around copies.dna transposons dna transposons encode transposase enzyme inverted terminal repeats.expressed transposase recognizes terminal inverted repeats flank transposon catalyzes excision reinsertion new site.cutandpaste mechanism typically re...
Genome
dna transposons found bacteria make human genome genome roundworm c. elegans.genome size genome size total number dna base pairs one copy haploid genome.genome size varies widely across species.invertebrates small genomes also correlated small number transposable elements.fish amphibians intermediatesize genomes birds ...
Genome
loss dna methylation allows adequate expansion genome.in humans nuclear genome comprises approximately .billion nucleotides dna divided linear molecules shortest nucleotides length longest nucleotides contained different chromosome.clear consistent correlation morphological complexity genome size either prokaryotes low...
Genome
work vivo silico.genome size due transposable elements many enormous differences size genomes specially mentioned multicellular eukaryotic genomes.main reason big variety sizes due presence transposable elements.tes known contribute significant change cells mass dna.process correlated longterm accommodation host genome...
Genome
see see also lists sequenced genomes.genomic alterations cells organism originate single cell expected identical genomes however cases differences arise.process copying dna cell division exposure environmental mutagens result mutations somatic cells.cases mutations lead cancer cause cells divide quickly invade surround...
Genome
process recombination results reshuffling genetic material homologous chromosomes gamete unique genome.genomewide reprogramming genomewide reprogramming mouse primordial germ cells involves epigenetic imprint erasure leading totipotency.reprogramming facilitated active dna demethylation process entails dna base excisio...
Genome
genome evolution genomes sum organisms genes traits may measured studied without reference details particular genes products.researchers compare traits karyotype chromosome number genome size gene order codon usage bias gccontent determine mechanisms could produced great variety genomes exist today recent overviews see...
Genome
also eukaryotic cells seem experienced transfer genetic material chloroplast mitochondrial genomes nuclear chromosomes.recent empirical data suggest important role viruses subviral rnanetworks represent main driving role generate genetic novelty natural genome editing.fiction works science fiction illustrate concerns a...
Genome
warnings perils using genomic information major theme book.the film gattaca set futurist society genomes children engineered contain ideal combination parents traits metrics risk heart disease predicted life expectancy documented person based genome.people conceived outside eugenics program known invalids suffer discri...
Genome
essentials genomics.prentice hall.brown ta .genomes .oxford bios scientific publishers.isbn .gibson g muse sv .
Genome
primer genome science second ed.. sunderland mass sinauer assoc.isbn .gregory tr .evolution genome.elsevier.isbn .reece rj .
Genome
analysis genes genomes.chichester john wiley sons.isbn .saccone c pesole g .handbook comparative genomics.chichester john wiley sons.
Genome
isbn .werner e december .silico multicellular systems biology minimal genomes.drug discovery today.–.doi.s.
Arkeia Software
pmid .external links ucsc genome browser – view genome annotations organisms.genomecenter.howard.edubuild dna moleculesome comparative genome sizesdna interactive history dna sciencedna beginningall human genome project—from genome.govanimal genome size databaseplant genome size databasegoldgenomes online databasethe g...
Arkeia Software
products backup software firms backup software released several successive products.earlier product smart backup available — reviewed linux user developer current backup product arkeia network backup software reviewed various releases linux magazine linux format.in company released product system image vmware virtual m...
Arkeia Software
automatically adjusts block sizes based file type order maximize dedupe ratios.licenses companys products generally fee licenses beginning made available limitedcapability free version.first version arkeia light available .current free version called arkeia network backup free use edition available download company’s w...
Symbolic link
allows backup administrators remotely manage backup operations remote sites without sending data back headquarters wan.reviewed storage magazine review edgefort appliance.referencestoday supported posix operating system standard unixlike operating systems freebsd linux macos.limited support also exists windows operatin...
Symbolic link
symbolic link deleted target remains unaffected.symbolic link points target sometime later target moved renamed deleted symbolic link automatically updated deleted continues exist still points old target nonexisting location file.symbolic links pointing moved nonexisting targets sometimes called broken orphaned dead da...
Symbolic link
even unix standard navigating directorys parent directory longer works reliably face symlinks.shells heuristically try uphold illusion treeshaped hierarchy causes produce different results programs manipulate pathnames without heuristic relying operating system instead.programs need handle symbolic links specially e.g....
Symbolic link
posix unixlike operating systems posixcompliant operating systems symbolic links created symlink system call.ln shell command normally uses link system call creates hard link.ln flag specified symlink system call used instead creating symbolic link.symlinks introduced .bsd unix u.c.berkeley.the following command create...
Symbolic link
usually target exist although symbolic links may created nonexistent targets.linkpath path symbolic link.after creating symbolic link may generally treated alias target.file system management commands e.g.cp rm may used symbolic link.commands read write file contents access contents target file.
Symbolic link
rm delete file command however removes link target file.likewise mv command moves renames link target.the posix directory listing application ls denotes symbolic links arrow name pointing name target file see following example long directory list requested l option.directory listing symbolic link points directory reque...
Symbolic link
file contained textual reference links target file mode bits indicated type file symbolic link.this method slow inefficient use diskspace small systems.improvement called fast symlinks allowed storage target path within data structures used storing file information disk inodes.space normally stores list disk block addr...
Symbolic link
original style retroactively termed slow symlink.also used disk compatibility older versions operating systems.although storing link value inside inode saves disk block disk read operating system still needs parse path name link always requires reading additional inodes generally requires reading potentially many direc...
Symbolic link
operating systems freebsd offer ability modify file permissions filesystem attributes symbolic link lchmod lchflags system calls respectively.the reported size symlink number characters path points to.mac os aliases mac os applications users also employ aliases added feature following target even moved another location...
Symbolic link
included windows xp enabled default kernel mode programs windows vista later versions windows enabled support symbolic links user mode applications well supplied command line utility mklink creating them.thirdparty drivers required enable support ntfs symbolic links windows xp.unlike junction points symbolic link also ...
Symbolic link
microsoft aimed windows vistas symbolic links function like unix links.however implementation differs unix symbolic links several ways.example windows vista users must manually indicate creating symbolic link whether file directory.windows vista support maximum reparse points therefore symbolic links given path i.e.giv...
Symbolic link
users new create symbolic link privilege administrators default create symbolic links.desired behavior must changed local security policy management console.additionally ntfs symbolic links files distinct ntfs symbolic links directories therefore cannot used interchangeably unlike posix symbolic link refer either files...
Symbolic link
pwd often used scripts determine actual current working directory.path used system call use .. use actual filesystem parent directory containing .. pseudodirectory entry.cd .. cat something cat ..something may return completely different results.examples ps mklink envlocalappdataplex media server gplex media serverps n...
Symbolic link
windows xp resource kits include program called linkd create junction points powerful one named junction distributed sysinternals mark russinovich.not standard applications support reparse points.noticeably backup suffers problem issue error message x folders backed contain reparse point.shortcuts shortcuts supported g...
Symbolic link
software programs understand shortcuts windows shell file browsers treat references files.another difference capabilities mechanismmicrosoft windows shortcuts normally refer destination absolute path starting root directory whereas posix symbolic links refer destinations via either absolute relative path.latter useful ...
Symbolic link
additionally windows x later windows shell tries find target broken shortcut proposing delete it.folder shortcuts almost like shortcuts transparent windows shell.implemented ordinary folders need read andor system attribute containing shortcut named target.lnk refers target hidden desktop.ini least following contentsfo...
Symbolic link
cygwin symbolic links cygwin simulates posixcompliant symbolic links microsoft windows file system.uses identical programming user utility interfaces unix see creates windows shortcuts .lnk files additional information used cygwin time symlink resolution.cygwin symlinks compliant posix standard terms resolved windows s...
Symbolic link
create standard microsoft .lnk files cygwin provides mkshortcut readshortcut utilities.the cygwin users guide information topic.msys based cygwin similar set winsymlinks settings defaults copying files.summary legacy systems amiga command creating symbolic links makelink also used hard links.internally dos.library retu...
Symbolic link
os os operating system symbolic links somewhat resemble shadows graphical workplace shell.however shadows due fully objectoriented system object model considerably powerful robust simple link.example shadows lose capabilities renamed either object subject link relocated.variable symbolic links symbolic links may implem...
Symbolic link
variables embedded symbolic link may include user environment specific information.operating systems make use variant symbolic links include netbsd dragonfly bsd domainos.tru uses context dependent symbolic link context cluster member number.pyramid technologys osx operating system implemented conditional symbolic link...
Apache Hadoop
see also symlink race — securityvulnerability caused symbolic linksfreedup — generates links identical data automatically references external links q difference hard soft links applied linuxjunction maintain ntfs junction points windows abovefsutil hardlink microsoft technet page using commandline tool fsutil create ha...