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Fuel cell	taking full system consideration fuel cells shown provide whkg compared whkg lithium ion batteries.however weight fuel cell systems offer distinct advantage current costs favor.battery system generally cost around .per wh fuel cell systems cost around per wh putting significant disadvantage.as power demands cell phones increase fuel cells could become much attractive options larger power generation.demand longer time phones computers something often demanded consumers fuel cells could start make strides laptop cell phone markets.
Fuel cell	price continue go developments fuel cells continues accelerate.current strategies improving micro fuel cells use carbon nanotubes.shown girishkumar et al.depositing nanotubes electrode surfaces allows substantially greater surface area increasing oxygen reduction rate.fuel cells use larger scale operations also show much promise.portable power systems use fuel cells used leisure sector i.e.
Fuel cell	rvs cabins marine industrial sector i.e.power remote locations including gasoil wellsites communication towers security weather stations military sector.sfc energy german manufacturer direct methanol fuel cells variety portable power systems.ensol systems inc. integrator portable power systems using sfc energy dmfc.key advantage fuel cells market great power generation per weight.
Fuel cell	fuel cells expensive remote locations require dependable energy fuel cells hold great power.h excursion comparison weight substantial fuel cell weighing pounds compared pounds batteries needed energy.applications providing power base stations cell sitesdistributed generationemergency power systems type fuel cell system may include lighting generators apparatus provide backup resources crisis regular systems fail.find uses wide variety settings residential homes hospitals scientific laboratories data centerstelecommunication equipment modern naval ships.an uninterrupted power supply ups provides emergency power depending topology provide line regulation well connected equipment supplying power separate source utility power available.unlike standby generator provide instant protection momentary power interruption.base load power plantshybrid vehicles pairing fuel cell either ice battery.notebook computers applications ac charging may readily available.portable charging docks small electronics e.g.
Fuel cell	belt clip charges cell phone pda.smartphones laptops tablets.small heating appliancesfood preservation achieved exhausting oxygen automatically maintaining oxygen exhaustion shipping container containing example fresh fish.breathalyzers amount voltage generated fuel cell used determine concentration fuel alcohol sample.carbon monoxide detector electrochemical sensor.fueling stations according fuelcellsworks industry group end hydrogen refueling stations open public worldwide.june publicly available hydrogen stations operation asia.japan.least stations europe half germany.
Fuel cell	publicly accessible stations us located california.a hydrogen fueling station costs million million build.markets economics fuel cell industry revenues exceeded billion market value worldwide asian pacific countries shipping fuel cell systems worldwide.however january public company industry yet become profitable.fuel cell stacks shipped globally shipments worldwide fuel cell shipments annual growth rate .tanaka kikinzoku expanded manufacturing facilities .
Fuel cell	approximately fuel cell shipments stationary fuel cells third four dominant producers fuel cell industry united states germany japan south korea.department energy solid state energy conversion alliance found january stationary fuel cells generated power approximately per kilowatt installed.bloom energy major fuel cell supplier said fuel cells generated power – cents per kilowatthour including price fuel maintenance hardware.industry groups predict sufficient platinum resources future demand research brookhaven national laboratory suggested platinum could replaced goldpalladium coating may less susceptible poisoning thereby improve fuel cell lifetime.another method would use iron sulphur instead platinum.would lower cost fuel cell platinum regular fuel cell costs around us amount iron costs around us.. concept developed coalition john innes centre university milanbicocca.
Fuel cell	pedot cathodes immune monoxide poisoning.in samsung decided drop fuel cellrelated business projects outlook market isnt good.research development georgia institute technology researchers used triazole raise operating temperature pem fuel cells °c °c claiming require less carbonmonoxide purification hydrogen fuel.monash university melbourne used pedot cathode.researchers university dayton ohio showed arrays vertically grown carbon nanotubes could used catalyst fuel cells.year nickel bisdiphosphinebased catalyst fuel cells demonstrated.
Fuel cell	british firm acal energy developed fuel cell said run hours simulated driving conditions.asserted cost fuel cell construction reduced kw roughly hp.researchers imperial college london developed new method regeneration hydrogen sulfide contaminated pefcs.recovered – original performance hydrogen sulfide contaminated pefc.successful rejuvenating contaminated pefc too.
Fuel cell	regeneration method applicable multiple cell stacks.see also references reading vielstich w. et al.eds..handbook fuel cells advances electrocatalysis materials diagnostics durability.
Fuel cell	hoboken john wiley sons.gregor hoogers .fuel cell technology – handbook.crc press.james larminie andrew dicks .fuel cell systems explained second ed.. hoboken john wiley sons.subash c. singhal kevin kendall .high temperature solid oxide fuel cellsfundamentals design applications.
Fuel cell	elsevier academic press.frano barbir .pem fuel cellstheory practice.elsevier academic press.egg technical services inc. .fuel cell technologyhandbook th edition.u.s. department energy.matthew m. mench .
Wayback Machine	fuel cell engines.hoboken john wiley sons inc.noriko hikosaka behling .fuel cells current technology challenges future research needs first ed.. elsevier academic press.external links animation – fuel cell worksfuel cell origins –eere hydrogen fuel cells infrastructure technologies programthermodynamics electrolysis water hydrogen fuel cellsdoitpoms teaching learning package fuel cellscreated launched public allows user go back time see websites looked past.founders brewster kahle bruce gilliat developed wayback machine provide universal access knowledge preserving archived copies defunct web pages.launched may wayback machine .million records end .one million web pages added daily.in brewster kahle founder internet archive bruce gilliat graduate student massachusetts institute technology mit developed wayback machine tool creating universally accessible digital library supporting internet archives mission universal access knowledge.history wayback machine began archiving cached web pages may goal making service public five years later.internet archive founders brewster kahle bruce gilliat launched wayback machine san francisco california october primarily address problem website content vanishing whenever gets changed website shut down.
Wayback Machine	service enables users see archived versions web pages across time archive calls threedimensional index.kahle gilliat created machine hoping archive entire internet provide universal access knowledge.name wayback machine reference fictional timetraveling translation device wayback machine used characters mister peabody sherman animated cartoon adventures rocky bullwinkle friends.one cartoons segments peabodys improbable history characters used machine witness participate often alter famous events history.from information kept digital tape kahle occasionally allowing researchers scientists tap clunky database.archive reached fifth anniversary unveiled opened public ceremony university california berkeley.
Wayback Machine	time wayback machine launched already contained billion archived pages.data stored internet archives large cluster linux nodes.revisits archives new versions websites occasion see technical details below.sites also captured manually entering websites url search box provided website allows wayback machine crawl save data.on october wayback machine began factchecking content.january domains ad servers disabled capturing.for internet archives th anniversary wayback machine introduced wayforward machine allowed users travel internet knowledge seige.
Wayback Machine	technical details software developed crawl web download publicly accessible information data files webpages gopher hierarchy netnews usenet bulletin board system downloadable software.information collected crawlers include information available internet since much data restricted publisher stored databases accessible.overcome inconsistencies partially cached websites archiveit.org developed internet archive means allowing institutions content creators voluntarily harvest preserve collections digital content create digital archives.crawls contributed various sources imported third parties others generated internally archive.example crawls contributed sloan foundation alexa crawls run ia behalf nara internet memory foundation mirrors common crawl.worldwide web crawls running since capture global web.documents resources stored time stamp urls .the frequency snapshot captures varies per website.
Wayback Machine	websites worldwide web crawls included crawl list site archived per crawl.crawl take months even years complete depending size.example wide crawl number started january completed july .however may multiple crawls ongoing one time site might included one crawl list often site crawled varies widely.as october users limited archival requests retrievals per minute.storage capacity growth technology developed years storage capacity wayback machine grown.
Wayback Machine	two years public access wayback machine growing rate terabytesmonth.data stored petabox rack systems custom designed internet archive staff.first tb rack became fully operational june although soon became clear would need much storage that.the internet archive migrated customized storage architecture sun open storage hosts new data centre sun modular datacenter sun microsystems california campus.wayback machine contained approximately three petabytes data growing rate terabytes month.a new improved version wayback machine updated interface fresher index archived content made available public testing captures appear calendar layout circles whose width visualizes number crawls day marking duplicates asterisks advanced search page.top toolbar added facilitate navigating captures.
Wayback Machine	bar chart visualizes frequency captures per month years.features like changes summary graphical site map added subsequently.in march year said wayback machine forum beta new wayback machine complete uptodate index crawled materials continue updated regularly.index driving classic wayback machine little bit material past index updates planned phased year.also internet archive installed sixth pair petabox racks increased wayback machines storage capacity terabytes.in january company announced groundbreaking milestone billion urls.in october company introduced save page feature allows internet user archive contents url quickly generates permanent link unlike preceding liveweb feature.in december wayback machine contained billion web pages—almost nine petabytes data growing terabytes week.in march published security researchers became aware threat posed services unintentional hosting malicious binaries archived sites.in july wayback machine reportedly contained around petabytes data.in september wayback machine contained petabytes data.as december wayback machine contained petabytes data.between october march websites global alexa rank changed .march rank .
Wayback Machine	website exclusion policy historically wayback machine respected robots exclusion standard robots.txt determining website would crawled – already crawled archives would publicly viewable.website owners option optout wayback machine use robots.txt.applied robots.txt rules retroactively site blocked internet archive previously archived pages domain immediately rendered unavailable well.addition internet archive stated sometimes website owner contact us directly ask us stop crawling archiving site.comply requests.
Wayback Machine	addition website says internet archive interested preserving offering access web sites internet documents persons want materials collection.on april reports surfaced sites gone defunct became parked domains using robots.txt exclude search engines resulting inadvertently excluded wayback machine.internet archive changed policy require explicit exclusion request remove wayback machine.oakland archive policy waybacks retroactive exclusion policy based part upon recommendations managing removal requests preserving archival integrity published school information management systems university california berkeley gives website owner right block access sites archives.wayback complied policy help avoid expensive litigation.the wayback retroactive exclusion policy began relax stopped honoring robots.txt u.s. government military web sites crawling displaying web pages.april wayback ignoring robots.txt broadly u.s. government websites.
Wayback Machine	uses public launch wayback machine studied scholars ways stores collects data well actual pages contained archive.scholars written articles wayback machine mostly information technology library science social science fields.social science scholars used wayback machine analyze development websites mids present affected companys growth.when wayback machine archives page usually includes hyperlinks keeping links active easily could broken internets instability.researchers india studied effectiveness wayback machines ability save hyperlinks online scholarly publications found saved slightly half them.journalists use wayback machine view dead websites dated news reports changes website contents.content used hold politicians accountable expose battlefield lies.
Wayback Machine	archived social media page igor girkin separatist rebel leader ukraine showed boasting troops shot suspected ukrainian military airplane became known plane actually civilian malaysian airlines jet malaysia airlines flight deleted post blamed ukraines military downing plane.march science originated discussion reddit indicated someone visited archive.org discovered references climate change deleted white house website.response user commented needs scientists march washington.furthermore site used heavily verification providing access references content creation wikipedia editors.in september partnership announced cloudflare automatically archive websites served via always online service also allow direct users copy site cannot reach original host.limitations sixmonth lag time website crawled became available viewing wayback machine.currently lag time hours.
Wayback Machine	wayback machine offers limited search facilities.site search feature allows users find site based words describing site rather words found web pages themselves.the wayback machine include every web page ever made due limitations web crawler.wayback machine cannot completely archive web pages contain interactive features flash platforms forms written javascript progressive web applications functions require interaction host website.means since june wayback machine unable display youtube comments saving youtube pages according archive team comments longer loaded within page itself.wayback machines web crawler difficulty extracting anything coded html one variants often result broken hyperlinks missing images.
Wayback Machine	due web crawler cannot archive orphan pages linked pages.wayback machines crawler follows predetermined number hyperlinks based preset depth limit cannot archive every hyperlink every page.starting april administrative staff members wayback machines archive team enforced quarter month rule occasionally deleting time intervals days days month respectively reduce queue size.legal evidence civil litigation netbula llc v. chordiant software inc. case netbula llc v. chordiant software inc. defendant chordiant filed motion compel netbula disable robots.txt file website causing wayback machine retroactively remove access previous versions pages archived netbulas site pages chordiant believed would support case.netbula objected motion ground defendants asking alter netbulas website subpoenaed internet archive pages directly.employee internet archive filed sworn statement supporting chordiants motion however stating could produce web pages means without considerable burden expense disruption operations.magistrate judge howard lloyd northern district california san jose division rejected netbulas arguments ordered disable robots.txt blockage temporarily order allow chordiant retrieve archived pages sought.telewizja polska usa inc. v. echostar satellite october case telewizja polska usa inc. v. echostar satellite no.
Wayback Machine	c fed.r. evid.serv.n.d. ill. october litigant attempted use wayback machine archives source admissible evidence perhaps first time.telewizja polska provider tvp polonia echostar operates dish network.
Wayback Machine	prior trial proceedings echostar indicated intended offer wayback machine snapshots proof past content telewizja polskas website.telewizja polska brought motion limine suppress snapshots grounds hearsay unauthenticated source magistrate judge arlander keys rejected telewizja polskas assertion hearsay denied tvps motion limine exclude evidence trial.trial however district court judge ronald guzman trial judge overruled magistrate keys findings held neither affidavit internet archive employee underlying pages i.e.telewizja polska website admissible evidence.judge guzman reasoned employees affidavit contained hearsay inconclusive supporting statements purported web page printouts selfauthenticating.
Wayback Machine	patent law provided additional requirements met e.g.providing authoritative statement archivist united states patent office european patent office accept date stamps internet archive evidence given web page accessible public.dates used determine web page available prior art instance examining patent application.limitations utility technical limitations archiving website consequence opposing parties litigation misuse results provided website archives.problem exacerbated practice submitting screenshots web pages complaints answers expert witness reports underlying links exposed therefore contain errors.
Wayback Machine	example archives wayback machine fill forms therefore include contents nonrestful ecommerce databases archives.legal status europe wayback machine could interpreted violating copyright laws.content creator decide content published duplicated archive would delete pages system upon request creator.exclusion policies wayback machine may found faq section site.some cases brought internet archive specifically wayback machine archiving efforts.archived content legal issues scientology late internet archive removed various sites critical scientology wayback machine.
Wayback Machine	error message stated response request site owner.later clarified lawyers church scientology demanded removal site owners want material removed.healthcare advocates inc. harding earley follmer frailey defended client trademark dispute using archives wayback machine.attorneys able demonstrate claims made plaintiff invalid based content website several years prior.plaintiff healthcare advocates amended complaint include internet archive accusing organization copyright infringement well violations dmca computer fraud abuse act.
Wayback Machine	healthcare advocates claimed since installed robots.txt file website even initial lawsuit filed archive removed previous copies plaintiff website wayback machine however material continued publicly visible wayback.lawsuit settled court wayback fixed problem.suzanne shell activist suzanne shell filed suit december demanding internet archive pay us archiving website profanejustice.org .internet archive filed declaratory judgment action united states district court northern district california january seeking judicial determination internet archive violate shells copyright.shell responded brought countersuit internet archive archiving site alleges violation terms service.
Wayback Machine	february judge united states district court district colorado dismissed counterclaims except breach contract.internet archive move dismiss copyright infringement claims shell asserted arising copying activities would also go forward.on april internet archive suzanne shell jointly announced settlement lawsuit.internet archive said ...has interest including materials wayback machine persons wish web content archived.recognize ms. shell valid enforceable copyright web site regret inclusion web site wayback machine resulted litigation.shell said respect historical value internet archives goal.
Wayback Machine	never intended interfere goal cause harm.daniel davydiuk pornographic actor named daniel davydiuk tried remove archived images wayback machines archive first sending multiple dmca requests archive appealing federal court canada.flexispy archives stalkerware application flexispys website removed wayback machine.company claimed contacted internet archive presumably remove archives website.censorship threats archive.org currently blocked china.
Wayback Machine	islamic state terrorist organization banned internet archive blocked entirety russia host outreach video organization short time –.since website back available entirety although local commercial lobbyists suing internet archive local court ban copyright grounds.alison macrina director library freedom project notes librarians deeply value individual privacy also strongly oppose censorship.there least one case article removed archive shortly removed original website.daily beast reporter written article outed several gay olympian athletes made fake profile posing gay man dating app.daily beast removed article met widespread furor long internet archive soon well emphatically stated reason protect safety outed athletes.other threats include natural disasters destruction remote physical manipulation archives contents see also cyberattack backup problematic copyright laws surveillance sites users.alexander rose executive director long foundation suspects long term multiple generations next nothing survive useful way stating continuity technological civilization suspect lot bare data remain findable searchable.suspect almost nothing format delivered recognizable sites deep backends contentmanagement systems like drupal ruby django harder archive.in article reflecting preservation human knowledge atlantic commented internet archive describes built longterm working furiously capture data disappears without longterm infrastructure speak of.
Wayback Machine	see also list web archiving initiativesheritrixlibrary genesisweb archivingtime capsuletime travel references external links official website internet history fragile.archive making sure doesn’t disappear.san francisco pbs newshour.archived original january .retrieved september .
Stored Communications Act	chapter §§ – law addresses voluntary compelled disclosure stored wire electronic communications transactional records held thirdparty internet service providers isps.enacted title ii electronic communications privacy act ecpa.the fourth amendment u.s. constitution protects peoples right secure persons houses papers effects unreasonable searches seizures.however applied information stored online fourth amendments protections potentially far weaker.part fourth amendment defines right secure spatial terms directly apply reasonable expectation privacy online context.fourth amendment stressed right protects people places leaves interpretation amendments language broad scope.
Stored Communications Act	addition society reached clear consensus expectations privacy terms modern developing future forms recorded andor transmitted information.furthermore users generally entrust security online information third party isp.many cases fourth amendment doctrine held users relinquish expectation privacy.thirdparty doctrine holds knowingly revealing information third party relinquishes fourth amendment protection information.search warrant probable cause required search ones home third party doctrine subpoena prior notice much lower hurdle probable cause needed subject isp disclose contents email files stored server.as per request house committee judiciary subcommittee courts civil liberties administration justice well senate committee governmental affairs asking office technology assessment ota create report protections surrounding electronic communications found individuals risk.risk identified current protections electronic mail weak ambiguous nonexistent.
Stored Communications Act	report concluded existing statutory framework judicial interpretations thereof adequately cover new emerging electronic surveillance technologies.congress acknowledged fact traditional fourth amendment protections lacking.result electronic communications privacy act enacted update federal wiretap act addressed protections telephone land line privacies.provisions distributed titles title ii stored communications act.the sca creates fourth amendmentlike privacy protection email digital communications stored internet.limits ability government compel isp turn content information noncontent information logs envelope information email.
Stored Communications Act	addition limits ability commercial isps reveal content information nongovernment entities.overview section u.s.c.§ sca provides criminal penalties anyone intentionally accesses without authorization facility electronic communication service provided … intentionally exceeds authorization access facility thereby obtains alters prevents authorized access wire electronic communication electronic storage system shall punished ... .section u.s.c.§ sca targets two types online service electronic communication services remote computing services.statute defines electronic communication service service provides users thereof ability send receive wire electronic communications.
Stored Communications Act	remote computing service defined provision public computer storage processing services means electronic communications system.section also describes conditions public isp voluntarily disclose customer communications records.general isps forbidden divulge person entity contents communication carried maintained service.however isps allowed share noncontent information log data name email address recipient anyone governmental entity.addition isps offer services public businesses universities freely disclose content noncontent information.
Stored Communications Act	isp disclose contents subscribers communications authorized subscriber.section u.s.c.§ sca describes conditions government able compel isp disclose customer subscriber content noncontent information types serviceelectronic communication service.wire electronic communication electronic storage days less government must obtain search warrant.debate status opened emails storage days less may fall category remote computing service category.remote computing service.wire electronic communication electronic storage days held solely purpose providing storage computer processing services government use search warrant alternatively subpoena specific articulable facts court order called §d order combined prior notice compel disclosure.
Stored Communications Act	prior notice delayed days would jeopardize investigation.historically opened downloaded email held days less fallen category grounds held solely purpose storage.this section also addresses requirements court order disclosure.also addresses cause action shall lie court provider chapter.section u.s.c.§ sca describes backup preservation entity operating b may ask backup copy electronic communications order preserve communications.backup may included subpoena court order requirement requested isp.section b u.s.c.
Stored Communications Act	§ b also provides gag orders direct recipient order refrain disclosing existence order investigation.court able delay notification ninety days determines reason court order could adverse results.section u.s.c.§ sca addresses cost reimbursement government entity obtaining communications records title pay party providing information incurred costs.amount mutually agreed upon.requirement exempt section apply records held communications carrier.section u.s.c.
Stored Communications Act	§ sca describes cause civil action title reliefs civil action damages assessed civil action administrative discipline defence limitation improper disclosure.section u.s.c.§ sca states remedies sanctions judicial remedies sanctions violations chapter constitutional violations.section u.s.c.§ regards counterintelligence access telephone toll transactional records.subsection says wire electronic communication service comply request information records electronic communications made federal bureau investigation director required certification b.section u.s.c.§ sca describes wrongful disclosure videotape sale records resulting civil action district court event violation section.section u.s.c.
Stored Communications Act	§ sca provides definitions chapter.terms defined section title remote computing service court competent jurisdiction government entity.section u.s.c.§ sca discusses civil actions united states.party claims violation chapter chapter title may take action u.s. district court recover money damages.constitutionality compelled government disclosure respect governments ability compel disclosure significant distinction made sca communications held electronic communications services require search warrant probable cause remote computing services require subpoena court order prior notice.
Stored Communications Act	lower level protection essentially would provided fourth amendment—or potentially less since notice delayed indefinitely day increments.orin kerr argues sca passed bolster weak fourth amendment privacy protections applied internet.incorporating weak fourth amendment principles statutory law makes little sense.warshak v u.s. point view found fleeting support panel sixth circuit ruled reasonable expectation privacy extends emails would otherwise fall scas lower level protection third party expected access emails normal course business however party maintains reasonable expectation privacy subpoenaing entity mere custody documents insufficient trump fourth amendment warrant requirement.subsequently sixth circuit en banc vacated panels ruling remanded dismissal constitutional claim reasoning court idea whether government conduct ex parte search warshaks email account future plenty reason doubt matter ripe adjudication.
Stored Communications Act	zwillinger sommer observed decision erected barrier prospective challenges individuals reason believe targets surveillance.warshaks civil case ended without resolution issue criminal case provided another opportunity.united states v. warshak sixth circuit found email users fourth amendmentprotected reasonable expectation privacy contents email accounts extent sca purports permit government obtain emails warrantlessly sca unconstitutional.in application united states historical cell site data f.d th cir.fifth circuit held court orders stored communications act compelling cell phone providers disclose historical cell site information per se unconstitutional.however carpenter v. united states supreme court ruled government violates fourth amendment accessing information without search warrant exception warrant requirement exigent circumstances.
Stored Communications Act	extraterritoriality many isps server farms data centers users electronic data stored locations chosen globally bolster server performance.result data could potentially outside u.s. jurisdictional reach.application sca extraterritorial jurisdiction became point contention statute debatably applicable conducting searches outside united states even parties physically united states.support bank nova scotia doctrine bns allows grand jury subpoena ... used compel company subject u.s. jurisdiction produce evidence stored outside united states evidence within companys possession custody control.applications come arguments use appropriate mutual legal assistance treaty mlat.
Stored Communications Act	ultimately interpretation courts dictates warrant carried out.in light earlier ruling upholding extraterritorial application sca warrant certain email account controlled maintained microsoft corporation new bill called leads act introduced.bill preclude use u.s. warrants obtain communications content stored outside united states unless content account american.means disclosure private communications servers abroad judicial warrant occur user emails u.s. citizen.microsoft corporation v. united states america december government authorities obtained sca warrant magistrate judge francis southern district new yorks case warrant search certain email account controlled maintained microsoft corp. microsoft identified requested account served server ireland.microsoft filed motion quash warrant based extraterritorial application warrant.
Stored Communications Act	motion denied court sca warrant explained hybrid order executed like subpoena served isp possession information involve government agents entering premises isp search servers seize email account question.court also confirmed call utilize mlat would necessary case.case resulted microsoft voluntarily held contempt noncompliance sca warrant.meant appeal u.s. court appeals second circuit soon could.microsoft claimed would comply unless appellate review conducted minimum.on july threejudge panel united states court appeals second circuit decided favor microsoft sca warrant cannot seen hybrid order scas warrant provisions apply extraterritorially.
Stored Communications Act	split decision en banc rehearing full second circuit left panels decision case.u.s. department justice appealed supreme court united states heard case.congress passed cloud act supreme court decided matter become moot vacated second circuits decision.case considered highlight issues related antiquated nature sca compared modern internet technologies.social media time scas creation social media platforms present context legislation addressed.
Stored Communications Act	scas limits electronic communications supposed available public.despite courts decisions like crispin v. christian audigier inc evidence sca granted protections allocated certain social media communication channels.ecs rcs identification necessary decision regarding scas social media application.courts crispin c. christian audigier inc. stated messages yet opened ... operate ecs providers messages electronic storage fall within definition temporary intermediate storage § ... messages opened retained ... social networking websites operate rcs providers providing storage services § a.wall postings comments considered protectable forms temporary intermediate storage.wall posts comments stored backup protection purposes means covered sca subsections b. wall posts comments courtclassified electronic bulletin board service bbs.
Stored Communications Act	bbs terminology used history sca defines bbs communication networks computer users transfer information among computers may noncommercial systems operated users shared interests.bbs available public covered sca due public access granted facilitator.however user restrictive access communications account communications subject sca coverage.it unknown level specific bbss privacy sufficient sca protection.numerical upper limit number users friends profile connected would arbitrary line drawing leading anomalous results.in massachusetts supreme judicial court found sca prevent personal representatives deceased person accessing emails.crispin v. christian audigier inc. may federal district court applied sca first time data social networking sites.
Stored Communications Act	case intended determine defendants could subpoena plaintiffs electronic communications social media platforms facebook media temple myspace.buckley crispin plaintiff filed action christian audigier christian audigier inc. sublicensees.crispin claimed defendants used art violation defendants served subpoenas three aforementioned social media platforms.crispin argued subpoenas sought electronic communications isps authority disclose sca.judge claimed social media platforms subject sca crispin filed motion reconsider central district california.following determination ecs rcs made facebook media temple myspace.
Stored Communications Act	courts case held facebook myspace rcs providers regard comments wall posts open messages.though communications temporary intermediate storage subjection courts found comments wall posts stored purposes backup protection.means covered subsection b title.robbins v. lower merion school district act invoked robbins v. lower merion school district case plaintiffs charged two suburban philadelphia high schools secretly spying students surreptitiously remotely activating webcams embedded schoolissued laptops students using home violating right privacy.schools admitted secretly snapping webshots screenshots including webcam shots students bedrooms.
Stored Communications Act	criticisms language provisions set year sca comprehensively apply modern day technology advancements.sca led ambiguity compliance isps legislation outdated.causes technology companies take risks alter businesses appease domestic international users wish access servers.courts become unsure way sca apply modern service providers given flexibility interpretation.result could little protection actually offered.flexibility dictates court decision may come rhetoric like server storage site communications center could happen case gmail.
Stored Communications Act	makes broad principles interpretations meant keep pace technology.a societal criticism sca courts looking intents parties rather access communications.brings question role service providers neutral repositories content.modern space service providers unclear whether applying sca would violation user privacy rights not.result non compliance subpoena could legal economic impact service providers.the sca driven case law court interpretation.criticized unstable grounds established standard.
Live2D	sca becomes less applicable interpretations stretched meet new technology.individual case law interpretations potential leave undesirable political social economic impacts u.s. globally.absence congressional legislative sca reform since enactment biggest criticism due historical projected technological growth.referencesenables characters move maintaining original illustration lowcost.considered balance cost effect animation.lived also name eponymous animation software series employing technique created japanese programmer tetsuya nakajo.lived characters consist layered parts.parts separately moved show whole animation expression character tilting head.parts simple face hair body detailed eyebrows eyelashes even different parts hair wish different movements.number layers depends wish lived character present movements.
Live2D	layers rigged skeleton form whole animated character.lived used motion capture track movements perform lip syncing realtime applications vtubing.downside technology currently official setting ° rotation.also difficult large angle turns complex images characters.lived used wide variety video games visual novels virtual youtuber channels media.wellknown examples lived media software include facerig nekopara azur lane virtual youtubers popularized nijisanji hololive.
Live2D	history lived first introduced need interactive media.since technology also changed games enhance user experience lively characters expressions.in cubism lived released first lived application lived vector.application transforms vector graphic make flat character image achieve threedimensional head turning moving effects.although character perform limited activities performs much better static pictures slideshows.user also customize moving character adjusting parameters software collecting materials images different angles character.
Live2D	course vector graphics still many limitations.although occupied capacity resources reduced rendering complex images consumes lot cpu.another disadvantage cannot present certain styles paintings oil painting gouache styles.first application lived technique hibikidokei released sandwichproject 株式会社レジストプランニング alarm app released .alarm app girl character named hibiki talks moves.in lived adopted psp game ore imōto ga konna ni kawaii wake ga nai portable released namco bandai games inc became first game o.i.u system derived lived technology applied game character moves changes positions expression talking player.
Live2D	characters moved expressively screen seamlessly like anime surprised players triggered popularity lived.software lived ltd. software developer tetsuya nakashiro independently developing lived software founded company cyber noise cybernoids japaneseてサイバーノイズ support exploratory human resources project japanese information technology promotion agency ipa.novelty lack uptake cyber noise unsuccessful.in lived software received attention use psp game ore imōto ga konna ni kawaii wake ga nai portable.subsequently received interest library android ios.following success cyber noise subsequently renamed lived ltd unifying product name.
Live2D	sales lived significant growth since then.lived cubism pro users vtuber followed games apps videos animation video works.lived ltd. provides software sdks commercial licenses freeware.lived ltd. software lived cubismlived euclid released april longer available october official marketplace nizima secondary lived official market lived ltd. market serves platform users buy sell illustrations lived data maketo order transactions.illustrators lived creators able work together character share sales platform.platform also provide lived preview users see move model purchasing.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	thirdparty avatar software software programs able create animated avatars combining lived system realtime motion capture computergenerated imagery including works using lived visual novels mobile games console games pc games see also avatar computingcomputer animationcomputergenerated imageryuncanny valleyvirtual actorvirtual idolvirtual influencervirtual youtuber references external links lived homepageseventh major release macos apples desktop server operating system macintosh computers.snow leopard publicly unveiled june apple’s worldwide developers conference.august released worldwide made available purchase apples website retail stores price us singleuser license.result low price initial sales snow leopard significantly higher predecessors whose price started us.release snow leopard came nearly two years launch mac os x leopard second longest time span successive mac os x releases time span tiger leopard longest.unlike previous versions mac os x goals snow leopard improved performance greater efficiency reduction overall memory footprint.apple famously marketed snow leopard zero new features.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	name signified goal refinement previous os x version leopard.much software mac os x extensively rewritten release order take full advantage modern macintosh hardware software technologies bit cocoa etc.. new programming frameworks opencl created allowing software developers use graphics cards applications.also first mac os release since system .. support macs using powerpc processors apple dropped support focused intelbased products.support rosetta dropped mac os x lion snow leopard last version mac os x able run powerpconly applications.though final release supports intel processors two development builds supported powerpc processors known exist builds a.snow leopard succeeded os x lion version .july .
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	several years apple continued sell snow leopard online store benefit users required snow leopard order upgrade later versions os x. snow leopard last version mac os x distributed primarily optical disc releases mainly distributed mac app store introduced snow leopard .. update.snow leopard last release mac os x support bit intel core solo intel core duo cpus.snow leopard still remained somewhat popular alongside os x lion despite lack continued support mostly ability run powerpcbased applications.snow leopard also last release mac os x ship welcome video first boot installation.reception snow leopard positive.system requirements apple states following basic snow leopard system requirements aremac computer intel processor ia.yonah processors core solo core duo run bit applications later x architecture processors core duo core also able run bit applications.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	gb ram gb free disk spacedvd drive also accessible via remote disc external usb firewire dvd drive installationadditional requirements use certain featuresquicktime h. hardware acceleration support requires nvidia geforce gt graphics cardopencl requires supported nvidia ati graphics cardsnow leopard releases support powerpcbased macs e.g.power macs powerbooks ibooks imacs gg emacs plus prefebruary mac minis power mac g cube although powerpc applications supported via rosetta optional install.two developer previews snow leopard universal appeared internet booted select g g power macs modification patching.license snow leopard available upgrade intelbased macintosh computers.singleuser licenses family pack licenses five computers available.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	qualifying mac computers bought june apple offered discounted price uptodate program provided customers orders faxed postmarked december .standalone retail version snow leopard marketed restricted users mac os x leopard recommended upgrade path apple mac os x tiger mac box set includes mac os x snow leopard current versions ilife iwork.there three licenses available.licenses differ requirements preinstalled versions mac os xleopard upgrade requires mac os x leopard already installed.if purchased upgrade mac os x leopard license subject terms conditions license granted limited nonexclusive license install use run one copy apple software single applebranded computer long computer properly licensed copy mac os x leopard already installed it.a family pack upgrade mac os x leopard license also mentioned subset leopard upgrade.single use places restriction version mac os x already installed.used nonupgrade mac box set versions snow leopard.subject terms conditions license ... granted limited nonexclusive license install use run one copy apple software single applebranded computer time.family pack identical single use license respect.it entirely clear license offered retail version snow leopard.noted apples website advertised version upgrade mac os x leopard suggest others upgrade using mac box set implying standalone retail version leopard upgrade license.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	hand apple press materials appear indicate version fact single use licensethe snow leopard single user license available suggested retail price us emphasis addedhowever even retail edition snow leopard fact leopard upgrade company acknowledged technical barrier edition preventing direct upgrade mac os x tiger.the leopard upgrade license explicitly applies uptodate program us.macs bought june december installation discs provided program clearly marked upgrades unlike either retail editions.new changed features mac os x snow leopard intended release aimed refine existing feature set expand technological capabilities operating system improve application efficiency.many changes involve system works background intended seen user.example finder application completely rewritten cocoa application programming interface.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	despite significant changes software users experience almost changes user interface.snow leopard includes following changesmac app store – app marketplace built image ios app store.released version ...boot camp allows windows partitions read copy files hfs partitions.new version also adds support advanced features cinema displays new commandline version startup disk control panel.the finder completely rewritten cocoa take advantage new technologies introduced snow leopard.a much smaller os footprint taking gb less space mac os x leopard.recovered disk space mb printer drivers downloaded installed needed rather preinstalled.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	default install contains drivers needed existing printers small subset popular printers.ichat enhancements include greater resolution video chats ichat theater lowered upload bandwidth requirements.microsoft exchange support integrated mail address book ical applications.however microsoft exchange supported customers using prior versions exchange must either upgrade use microsoft entourage.full multitouch trackpad support added notebooks prior introduced october .original macbook air early multitouch trackpad enabled notebooks support gestures unable use fourfinger gestures.limitation removed snow leopard.preview infer structure paragraph pdf document.quicktime x version next release quicktime player multimedia framework completely rewritten full bit cocoa application builds media technologies mac os x core audio core video core animation deliver playback.apple redesigned quicktime user interface resemble fullscreen quicktime view prior versions entire window displays video.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	titlebar playback controls fade needed.quicktime x also supports http live streaming takes advantage colorsync provide highquality color reproduction.snow leopard installed mac nvidia geforce gt graphics card quicktime x able use videodecoding capabilities reduce cpu load.safari features top sites cover flow voiceover expanded standards support builtin crash resistance prevents browser crashes caused plugins running separate processes.safari bundled snow leopard require available free mac os x tiger leopard well windows.time machine connection establishment backups much faster.voiceover also greatly enhanced snow leopard.reading web pages improved auto web spots — areas page automatically designated quick access.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	newer apple portables trackpad gestures used control voiceover functions including rotor gesture first seen voiceover iphone gs allowing changing certain voiceover navigation options rotating fingers trackpad.braille display support also improved bluetooth displays supported first time.refinements user interface finder completely rewritten cocoa receive major user interface overhaul.instead interface modified several areas promote ease use.changes includethe traffic light titlebar controls slightly lighter appearance less depth mac os x ..exposé display windows single program left clicking holding icon dock.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	windows arranged new grid pattern.contextual menus come dock icons options new look semitransparent charcoal background white text.an option added finder preferences allows user modify search behavior.default setting selected search entire computer search current folder search initiated perform search based previously used scope.dock stacks viewed grid allow viewing subfolder new stack rather launching finder window manner similar tunnelling.viewed grids lists scrollbars provided navigate folders items current screen resolution accommodate program scale icons show many possible way os x ..the default gamma changed ..better serve color needs digital content producers consumers.windows minimized directly onto applications icon dock.faster pdf jpeg icon refreshes.when searching network airport menubar icon animates finds network shows network strength available networks drop menu.prefixes bytes used strictly decimal meaning opposed binary meaning describing disk space indicated file size mb corresponds million bytes commonly used hard disk manufacturers.snow leopard shuts goes sleep faster.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	new wallpapers upgrades mac os x new wallpapers available.new wallpapers nature two snow leopards plants black white subfolders apple folder.furthermore new apple wallpaper subfolders multiple wallpapersart dancer stage nighthawks poppies blooming sunday afternoon suprematism great wave water lilies.patterns pinstripe saree.new solid colors used wallpapers well.new blue gray well solid kelp serves green wallpaper.default space nebula wallpaper updated well.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	dropped features appletalk longer supported.it longer possible change applications language using finders get info dialogue.workarounds applications others adobe effects cs able run different language one selected system without using terminal commands thirdparty software.option change language individual apps added back macos catalina .creator codes perfile metadata attributes define file creator code application open file regardless extension priority application selection process reduced.creating updating hierarchical file system hfs plus predecessor volumes longer supported.developer technologies bit architecture mac os x tiger added limited support bit applications machines bit processors leopard extended support bit applications include applications using mac os xs libraries frameworks.in snow leopard builtin applications rebuilt use bit x architecture excluding itunes front row grapher dvd player applications.run bit mode machines bit processors bit mode machines bit processors.in addition mac os x kernel rebuilt run bit mode machines.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	machines snow leopard supports terabytes ram.newer xserve mac pro machines run bit kernel default newer imac macbook pro machines run bit kernel default.users wishing use bit kernel machines must hold numbers keyboard booting get bit kernel load.change com.apple.boot.plist also enable users compatible computers permanently boot bit wishing so.stuart harris software product marketing manager apple australia said part everything experience mac bit point view applications operating system going bit stage things device drivers required bit mode kernel level.with mac os x snow leopard following apple computers run capable running bit kernel amit singh reported early mac mini macbook may capable running bit kernel however apple set models boot bit kernel.tweaking unibody macbook set boot bit kernel.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	grand central dispatch grand central dispatch gcd uses multiple processor cores every new macintosh efficient performance.due complexity multithreaded programming technical difficulties traditionally involved making applications optimized multicore cpus majority computer applications effectively use multiple processor cores.result additional processing power compared singlecore machines often goes unused.grand central dispatch includes apis help programmers efficiently use cores parallel programming.grand central dispatch abstracts notion threads away instead provides developers concept queues—lists jobs blocks code need executed.gcd takes responsibility distributing jobs among actual threads cores clearing unused memory created inactive old threads achieve maximum performance.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	apple also releasing apis grand central dispatch developers use applications also analyze specific blocks code running grand central dispatch.a new c objectivec language feature named blocks facilitates creation code easily optimize take advantage grand central dispatch.opencl opencl open computing language addresses power graphics processing units gpus leverage application graphicsintensive applications like games.opencl automatically optimizes kind graphics processor mac adjusting available processing power.opencl provides consistent numeric precision accuracy fixing problem hampered gpubased programming past.opencl includes cbased programming language structure already familiar mac os x programmers use xcode developer tools adapt programs work opencl.process intensive parts application need written opencl c without affecting rest code.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	opencl open standard supported amd intel nvidia maintained khronos group.it serves similar purpose nvidias c cuda microsofts directd compute shaders.it works following mac gpus nvidia geforce gt gt gt gt gt gtx gt gs quadro fx fx ati radeon hd hd hd hd hd hd hd hd hd hd hd m. system possess one compatible gpus opencl code instead execute systems cpu.cups cups printing system used many unixlike operating systems updated version .provides improved driver networking kerberos support along performance improvements.cups .also first implementation internet printing protocol version .. power management power management improved implementation new wake demand feature supported recent macintosh hardware.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	wake demand takes advantage sleep proxy service implemented airport time capsule routers computer sleep router responds mdns queries.request require host computer wake router sends necessary special wakeuppacket sleeping computer.security apple strengthened mac os x implementing stack protection sandboxing mac os x components h. decoder quicktime browser plugins separate process safari.secure virtual memory option earlier releases snow leopard checkbox disable removed later.antimalware feature also added system alerts user malware detected.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	mac os x .. added regular malware definition updates.computer security researcher charlie miller claims os x snow leopard vulnerable attack microsoft windows lacking full address space layout randomization aslr since mac os x leopard technology microsoft started implementing windows vista.the safari web browser received updates version .lion mountain lion snow leopard.compatibility snow leopard breaks compatibility several older versions applications parallels desktop .versions aperture .. versions keynote .. among software.apple also published list applications known compatibility issues snow leopard.printer scanner drivers used previous versions mac os x compatible snow leopard replaced snow leopard installation.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	since initial release snow leopard many manufacturers provided compatible drivers available via software update.native driver available snow leopard also includes cups gutenprint open source drivers may provide limited functionality... introduced bug frequently prevented dns queries returning ipv addresses.resolved ... reception wwdc apple stated snow leopard features new major visual changes.instead release focuses refining operating system enable better performance.osnews reported mac os x snow leopard well received critics.engadget reviewed snow leopard pointed price snow leopard dropped apple charged previous versions mac os x .engadgets opinion could largely users would see noticeable change look feel system.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	however reviews commented large improvement speed native mac os x applications finder ical mail etc.cnet editors gave stars stating intel mac users like snow leopards smartly designed interface enhancements exchange support musthave especially outlook mac way.ton technological improvements snow leopard worth upgrade fee.on october sfgate blogger yobie benjamin wrote macbook pro came preloaded snow leopard kicks butt screaming fast machine tried upgrade one older macbooks fricking disaster hell.apart upgrading benjamin also tried clean install.complained slowness even clean install.wrote ended downgrading back osx .. concluded writing might try wont till apple releases least major fix updates.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	want roll dice try go ahead... upgrade might work however random installs working good me.lesson learned ill wait.the singleuser upgrade family pack units snow leopard ranked respectively amazon.coms software bestseller charts apple announced would release within week.testmac.com highlighted unexpected improvements including release new version boot camp version .cleaner popup software update process screen video recording new quicktime player.the bbc reported bug mac os x versions .. .. rare cases caused loss user account data use previously existing guest account users upgraded previous version mac os x received wide publicity.bug fixed version ... release history former apple ceo steve jobs announced snow leopard wwdc june privately demonstrated developers senior vice president software engineering bertrand serlet.monday may build apple issued code freeze snow leopards apis.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard	first public demonstration given wwdc serlet vice president mac os engineering craig federighi.mac os x server includes features serverrelated features.apple initially stated server would include zfs support mention feature later disappeared apples website included final release due licensing issues.on january apple released update mac app store mac os x .. update titled mac app store update os x snow leopard.download .mb.see also list macintosh software references external links mac os x snow leopard apple.commac os x server snow leopard apple.commac os x snow leopard application compatibility list useredited list mac applications tested snow leopardmac os x snow leopard review ars technica
InterPlanetary File System	fujitsu also offers customized products go beyond offthe shelf products listed below.products services referencesipfs uses contentaddressing uniquely identify file global namespace connecting computing devices.design ipfs allows users host receive content manner similar bittorrent.opposed centrally located server ipfs built around decentralized system useroperators hold portion overall data creating resilient system file storage sharing.user network serve file content address peers network find request content node using distributed hash table dht.in contrast bittorrent ipfs aims create single global network.means alice bob publish block data hash peers downloading content alice exchange data ones downloading bob.
InterPlanetary File System	ipfs aims replace protocols used static webpage delivery using gateways accessible http.users may choose install ipfs client device instead use public gateway.list gateways maintained ipfs github page.creators juan benet founded protocol labs may .according website world economic forum protocol labs opensource research development deployment laboratory blockchain technology creates software systems tackle significant challenges whose goal make human existence orders magnitude better technology.protocol labs projects include ipfs filecoin libpp multiformats ipld sourcecred.protocol labs headquartered usa incorporated delaware team works remotely.
InterPlanetary File System	members funding including filecoin ico located palo alto california.history ipfs created juan benet later founded protocol labs may .implementations uses ipfs launched alpha version february october year described techcrunch quickly spreading word mouth.the catalan independence referendum taking place september–october deemed illegal constitutional court spain many related websites blocked.subsequently catalan pirate party mirrored website ipfs bypass high court justice catalonia order blocking.phishing attacks also distributed cloudflares ipfs gateway since july .phishing scam html stored ipfs displayed via cloudflares gateway.
InterPlanetary File System	connection shows secure via cloudflare ssl certificate.the ipstorm botnet first detected june uses ipfs hide commandandcontrol amongst flow legitimate data ipfs network.security researchers worked previously theoretical possibility using ipfs botnet commandandcontrol system.notable uses block wikipedia turkey ipfs used create mirror wikipedia allows access content wikipedia despite ban.archived version wikipedia limited immutable copy.filecoin also interrelated ipfs developed juan benet protocol labs ipfsbased cooperative storage cloud.cloudflare runs distributed web gateway simplify speed secure access ipfs without needing local node.microsofts selfsovereign identity system microsoft ion builds bitcoin blockchain ipfs sidetreebased network.brave uses origin protocol ipfs host decentralized merchandise store added support browser.opera android default support ipfs allowing mobile users browse ipfs links access data ipfs network.it possible host serve decentralized websites using interplanetary file system ethereum name service offers domain names ethereum blockchain.see also content addressable storagedat softwaredistributed file systemfreenetgnunetmnetpeertopeernetwork aka mojonationzeronet references external links official website
Dead man's switch	originally applied switches vehicle machine since come used describe intangible uses computer software.these switches usually used form failsafe stop machine operator potentially dangerous action incapacitate device result accident malfunction misuse.common applications locomotives aircraft refuelling freight elevators lawn mowers tractors personal watercraft outboard motors chainsaws snowblowers tread machines snowmobiles amusement rides many medical imaging devices.machines switches merely bring machines back safe state reducing throttle idle applying brakes leaving machines still running ready resume normal operation control reestablished.dead mans switches always used stop machines prevent harm switches also used faildeadly since springoperated switch used complete circuit break it.allows dead mans switch used activate harmful device bomb ied.switch arms device kept position continued pressure users hand.
Dead man's switch	device activate switch released user knocked killed holding switch bomb detonate.special weapons emergency separation system application concept field nuclear weapons.extreme version russias dead hand program allows automatic launch nuclear missiles number conditions met even russian leadership killed.a similar concept handwritten letters last resort prime minister united kingdom commanding officers four british ballistic missile submarines.contain orders action take british government destroyed nuclear attack.prime minister leaves office letters destroyed unopened.this concept employed computer data sensitive information previously encrypted released public switch release decryption key wikileaks insurance files.
Dead man's switch	background interest dead mans controls increased introduction electric trams streetcars north america especially electrified rapid transit trains.first widespread use came introduction massproduced birney oneman safety tram car though deadman equipment fairly rare us streetcars successful pcc streetcar leftfootoperated dead mans pedal conjunction rightfootoperated brake power pedals.layout continued used modern trams around world.conventional steam railroad trains always second person engineer fireman could almost always bring train stop necessary.many decades two people assigned electric diesel locomotives well even though single person could theoretically operate them.with modern urban suburban railway systems driver typically alone enclosed cab.
Dead man's switch	automatic devices already beginning deployed newer installations new york city subway system early th century.malbone street wreck brooklyn rapid transit system though caused driver incapacitation spur need universal deployment devices halt trains event operators disability.according manhattan borough historian least three instances dead mans switch used successfully – .the status operation vigilance dead mans switch may recorded trains event recorder commonly known black box.types handle many dead mans switches mounted control handle vehicle machine engage operator ever loses grip.vehicles handle switches still used modern trams trains.
Dead man's switch	pneumatically electrically linked dead mans controls involve relatively simple modifications controller handle device regulates traction power.pressure maintained controller trains emergency brakes applied.typically controller handle horizontal bar rotated apply required power train.attached bottom handle rod pushed contacts solenoid switch inside control housing.handle springs pressure removed releasing rods contact internal switch instantly cutting power applying brakes.though ways type dead mans control could conceivably fail practice proven highly reliable.
Dead man's switch	earlier equipment pressure maintained entire controller large button protruding controller handle.button also pressed continuously typically palm hand button flush top handle.another method used particularly levertype controllers rotated rather pushed pulled requires handle lever turned degrees held position train operation.dead mans controls work mid position full pressure see pilot valve.in modern new york city subway trains example dead mans switch incorporated trains speed control.ra car train operator must continually hold lever place order train move.an example passenger vehicle using dead mans switch tesla electric vehicles.
Dead man's switch	driver engaged semiautonomous driving system autopilot must keep hands steering wheel.driver takes hands steering wheel seconds loud alarm sound inside car wake sleeping drivers driver leaves hands minute car engage hazard warning lights bring car stop.done autopilot system capable fullself driving requires driver able take operation vehicle without warning car encounter problem doesnt know solve.system uses torque sensor steering wheel vehicle driver simply holding wheel still applying small amount torque wheel confirming car driver attentive driver turns wheel force vehicle controls handed back driver immediately.machinery handlemounted dead mans switches also used many handheld tools lawn equipment typically rotate blades saws drills lawn mowers.
Dead man's switch	saws example incorporate squeeze throttle trigger handle.user loses grip saw springs throttle trigger push back idle setting stopping blade spinning.tools go trigger guard built handle similar firearm safeties.user presses trigger guard first release lock trigger allow trigger pressed in.typically trigger guards pressed user firm grip handle.every walkbehind mower sold us since dead mans switch called operatorpresence control law must stop blades within three seconds user lets go controls.
Dead man's switch	attached across handle mechanical lever connected flexible cable kill switch engine.mowing operator must always squeeze lever handle.operator ever loses grip handle engine die stopping blades spinning equipped drive wheels turning.switch configuration also acts main kill switch engine.operator wants stop engine intentionally release dead mans switch.
Dead man's switch	touch sensor vehicles including dieselelectric railway locomotives canada nottingham express transit vehicles trams speed controller fitted capacitive touch sensor detect drivers hand.hand removed short period time track brakes activated.gloves worn fingerless touch sensor operate.backup deadmans switch button provided side controller use case failed touch sensor cold remove gloves.pedal pedal used instead handle.

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