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Load balancing (computing)	tasks give informs workers stop asking tasks.the advantage system distributes burden fairly.fact one take account time needed assignment execution time would comparable prefix sum seen above.the problem algorithm difficulty adapt large number processors high amount necessary communications.lack scalability makes quickly inoperable large servers large parallel computers.master acts bottleneck.however quality algorithm greatly improved replacing master task list used different processors.although algorithm little difficult implement promises much better scalability although still insufficient large computing centers.
Load balancing (computing)	nonhierarchical architecture without knowledge system work stealing another technique overcome scalability problems time needed task completion unknown work stealing.the approach consists assigning processor certain number tasks random predefined manner allowing inactive processors steal work active overloaded processors.several implementations concept exist defined task division model rules determining exchange processors.technique particularly effective difficult implement necessary ensure communication become primary occupation processors instead solving problem.in case atomic tasks two main strategies distinguished processors low load offer computing capacity highest load loaded units wish lighten workload assigned them.shown network heavily loaded efficient least loaded units offer availability network lightly loaded overloaded processors require support inactive ones.rule thumb limits number exchanged messages.in case one starts single large task cannot divided beyond atomic level efficient algorithm treeshaped computation parent task distributed work tree.
Load balancing (computing)	principle initially many processors empty task except one works sequentially it.idle processors issue requests randomly processors necessarily active.latter able subdivide task working sending part work node making request.otherwise returns empty task.induces tree structure.
Load balancing (computing)	necessary send termination signal parent processor subtask completed turn sends message parent reaches root tree.first processor i.e.root finished global termination message broadcast.end necessary assemble results going back tree.efficiency efficiency algorithm close prefix sum job cutting communication time high compared work done.
Load balancing (computing)	avoid high communication costs possible imagine list jobs shared memory.therefore request simply reading certain position shared memory request master processor.use cases addition efficient problem solving parallel computations load balancing algorithms widely used http request management site large audience must able handle large number requests per second.internetbased services one commonly used applications load balancing provide single internet service multiple servers sometimes known server farm.commonly loadbalanced systems include popular web sites large internet relay chat networks highbandwidth file transfer protocol ftp sites network news transfer protocol nntp servers domain name system dns servers databases.
Load balancing (computing)	roundrobin dns roundrobin dns alternate method load balancing require dedicated software hardware node.technique multiple ip addresses associated single domain name clients given ip roundrobin fashion.ip assigned clients short expiration client likely use different ip next time access internet service requested.dns delegation another effective technique loadbalancing using dns delegate subdomain whose zone served servers serving website.technique works particularly well individual servers spread geographically internet.
Load balancing (computing)	exampleone.example.org ...two.example.org ... ns one.example.org ns two.example.orghowever zone file server different server resolves ip address arecord.server one zone file reports ...on server two zone file contains ...this way server dns respond web service receive traffic.line one server congested unreliability dns ensures less http traffic reaches server.furthermore quickest dns response resolver nearly always one networks closest server ensuring geosensitive loadbalancing.short ttl arecord helps ensure traffic quickly diverted server goes down.
Load balancing (computing)	consideration must given possibility technique may cause individual clients switch individual servers midsession.clientside random load balancing another approach load balancing deliver list server ips client client randomly select ip list connection.essentially relies clients generating similar loads law large numbers achieve reasonably flat load distribution across servers.claimed clientside random load balancing tends provide better load distribution roundrobin dns attributed caching issues roundrobin dns case large dns caching servers tend skew distribution roundrobin dns clientside random selection remains unaffected regardless dns caching.with approach method delivery list ips client vary may implemented dns list delivered clients without roundrobin via hardcoding list.smart client used detecting randomly selected server connecting randomly also provides fault tolerance.
Load balancing (computing)	serverside load balancers internet services serverside load balancer usually software program listening port external clients connect access services.load balancer forwards requests one backend servers usually replies load balancer.allows load balancer reply client without client ever knowing internal separation functions.also prevents clients contacting backend servers directly may security benefits hiding structure internal network preventing attacks kernels network stack unrelated services running ports.some load balancers provide mechanism something special event backend servers unavailable.might include forwarding backup load balancer displaying message regarding outage.it also important load balancer become single point failure.
Load balancing (computing)	usually load balancers implemented highavailability pairs may also replicate session persistence data required specific application.certain applications programmed immunity problem offsetting load balancing point differential sharing platforms beyond defined network.sequential algorithms paired functions defined flexible parameters unique specific database.scheduling algorithms numerous scheduling algorithms also called loadbalancing methods used load balancers determine backend server send request to.simple algorithms include random choice round robin least connections.sophisticated load balancers may take additional factors account servers reported load least response times updown status determined monitoring poll kind number active connections geographic location capabilities much traffic recently assigned.
Load balancing (computing)	persistence important issue operating loadbalanced service handle information must kept across multiple requests users session.information stored locally one backend server subsequent requests going different backend servers would able find it.might cached information recomputed case loadbalancing request different backend server introduces performance issue.ideally cluster servers behind load balancer sessionaware client connects backend server time user experience unaffected.usually achieved shared database inmemory session database like memcached.one basic solution session data issue send requests user session consistently backend server.known persistence stickiness.
Load balancing (computing)	significant downside technique lack automatic failover backend server goes persession information becomes inaccessible sessions depending lost.problem usually relevant central database servers even web servers stateless sticky central database see below.assignment particular server might based username client ip address random.changes clients perceived address resulting dhcp network address translation web proxies method may unreliable.random assignments must remembered load balancer creates burden storage.load balancer replaced fails information may lost assignments may need deleted timeout period periods high load avoid exceeding space available assignment table.
Load balancing (computing)	random assignment method also requires clients maintain state problem example web browser disabled storage cookies.sophisticated load balancers use multiple persistence techniques avoid shortcomings one method.another solution keep persession data database.generally bad performance increases load database database best used store information less transient persession data.prevent database becoming single point failure improve scalability database often replicated across multiple machines load balancing used spread query load across replicas.microsofts asp.net state server technology example session database.
Load balancing (computing)	servers web farm store session data state server server farm retrieve data.in common case client web browser simple efficient approach store persession data browser itself.one way achieve use browser cookie suitably timestamped encrypted.another url rewriting.storing session data client generally preferred solution load balancer free pick backend server handle request.however method statedata handling poorly suited complex business logic scenarios session state payload big recomputing every request server feasible.
Load balancing (computing)	url rewriting major security issues enduser easily alter submitted url thus change session streams.yet another solution storing persistent data associate name block data use distributed hash table pseudorandomly assign name one available servers store block data assigned server.load balancer features hardware software load balancers may variety special features.fundamental feature load balancer able distribute incoming requests number backend servers cluster according scheduling algorithm.following features vendor specificasymmetric loada ratio manually assigned cause backend servers get greater share workload others.sometimes used crude way account servers capacity others may always work desired.priority activationwhen number available servers drops certain number load gets high standby servers brought online.tls offload accelerationtls predecessor ssl acceleration technique offloading cryptographic protocol calculations onto specialized hardware.
Load balancing (computing)	depending workload processing encryption authentication requirements tls request become major part demand web servers cpu demand increases users see slower response times tls overhead distributed among web servers.remove demand web servers balancer terminate tls connections passing https requests http requests web servers.balancer overloaded noticeably degrade performance perceived end users.downside approach tls processing concentrated single device balancer become new bottleneck.load balancer appliances include specialized hardware process tls.
Load balancing (computing)	instead upgrading load balancer quite expensive dedicated hardware may cheaper forgo tls offload add web servers.also server vendors oraclesun incorporate cryptographic acceleration hardware cpus t. f networks incorporates dedicated tls acceleration hardware card local traffic manager ltm used encrypting decrypting tls traffic.one clear benefit tls offloading balancer enables balancing content switching based data https request.distributed denial service ddos attack protectionload balancers provide features syn cookies delayedbinding backend servers dont see client finishes tcp handshake mitigate syn flood attacks generally offload work servers efficient platform.http compressionhttp compression reduces amount data transferred http objects utilising gzip compression available modern web browsers.larger response away client feature improve response times.tradeoff feature puts additional cpu demand load balancer could done web servers instead.tcp offloaddifferent vendors use different terms idea normally http request client different tcp connection.
Load balancing (computing)	feature utilises http.consolidate multiple http requests multiple clients single tcp socket backend servers.tcp bufferingthe load balancer buffer responses server spoonfeed data slow clients allowing web server free thread tasks faster would send entire request client directly.direct server returnan option asymmetrical load distribution request reply different network paths.health checkingthe balancer polls servers application layer health removes failed servers pool.http cachingthe balancer stores static content requests handled without contacting servers.content filteringsome balancers arbitrarily modify traffic way through.http securitysome balancers hide http error pages remove server identification headers http responses encrypt cookies end users cannot manipulate them.priority queuingalso known rate shaping ability give different priority different traffic.contentaware switchingmost load balancers send requests different servers based url requested assuming request encrypted http encrypted via https https request terminated decrypted load balancer.client authenticationauthenticate users variety authentication sources allowing access website.programmatic traffic manipulationat least one balancer allows use scripting language allow custom balancing methods arbitrary traffic manipulations more.firewallfirewalls prevent direct connections backend servers network security reasons.intrusion prevention systemintrusion prevention systems offer application layer security addition networktransport layer offered firewall security.telecommunications load balancing useful applications redundant communications links.example company may multiple internet connections ensuring network access one connections fails.failover arrangement would mean one link designated normal use second link used primary link fails.using load balancing links use time.
Load balancing (computing)	device program monitors availability links selects path sending packets.use multiple links simultaneously increases available bandwidth.shortest path bridging trill transparent interconnection lots links facilitates ethernet arbitrary topology enables per flow pairwise load splitting way dijkstras algorithm without configuration user intervention.catalyst trill event beth israel deaconess medical center began november .concept rbridges sic first proposed institute electrical electronics engineers year rejected came known trill years devised incompatible variation known shortest path bridging.the ieee approved ieee .aq standard may also known shortest path bridging spb.
Load balancing (computing)	spb allows links active multiple equal cost paths provides faster convergence times reduce time simplifies use load balancing mesh network topologies partially connected andor fully connected allowing traffic load share across paths network.spb designed virtually eliminate human error configuration preserves plugandplay nature established ethernet de facto protocol layer .routing many telecommunications companies multiple routes networks external networks.use sophisticated load balancing shift traffic one path another avoid network congestion particular link sometimes minimize cost transit across external networks improve network reliability.another way using load balancing network monitoring activities.load balancers used split huge data flows several subflows use several network analyzers reading part original data.
Load balancing (computing)	useful monitoring fast networks like gbe stm complex processing data may possible wire speed.data center networks load balancing widely used data center networks distribute traffic across many existing paths two servers.allows efficient use network bandwidth reduces provisioning costs.general load balancing datacenter networks classified either static dynamic.static load balancing distributes traffic computing hash source destination addresses port numbers traffic flows using determine flows assigned one existing paths.dynamic load balancing assigns traffic flows paths monitoring bandwidth use different paths.
Load balancing (computing)	dynamic assignment also proactive reactive.former case assignment fixed made latter network logic keeps monitoring available paths shifts flows across network utilization changes arrival new flows completion existing ones.comprehensive overview load balancing datacenter networks made available.failovers load balancing often used implement failover—the continuation service failure one components.components monitored continually e.g.
Load balancing (computing)	web servers may monitored fetching known pages one becomes unresponsive load balancer informed longer sends traffic it.component comes back online load balancer starts rerouting traffic it.work must least one component excess services capacity n redundancy.much less expensive flexible failover approaches single live component paired single backup component takes event failure dual modular redundancy.raid systems also utilize hot spare similar effect.
Windows 3.1x	see also references external links server routing load balancing full auto failure recoveryseries bit operating environments produced microsoft use personal computers released april .series began windows .first sold april successor windows .. subsequent versions released notably windows .series superseded windows x series starting windows .lifespan windows .
Windows 3.1x	introduced several enhancements still msdosbased platform including improved system stability expanded support multimedia truetype fonts workgroup networking.on december microsoft declared windows .obsolete stopped providing support updates system.however oem licensing windows workgroups .embedded systems continued available november .editions windows .
Windows 3.1x	windows .released april introduced truetype font system set highly legible fonts effectively made windows viable desktop publishing platform first time.similar functionality available windows .adobe type manager atm font system adobe.windows .designed backward compatibility older windows platforms.
Windows 3.1x	windows .version .file manager program manager unlike previous versions windows .cannot run real mode.included minesweeper replacement reversi though reversi still included copies.
Windows 3.1x	improvements windows .windows .dropped real mode support required minimum pc mb ram run.effect increase system stability crashprone windows .. older features removed like cga graphics support although windows .s cga driver still worked .compatibility realmode windows .x applications.
Windows 3.1x	windows .run standard mode installed vga display driver.installed high resolutionhigh color driver operates enhanced mode.truetype font support added providing scalable fonts windows applications without resort using thirdparty font technology adobe type manager.windows .included following fonts arial courier new times new roman regular bold italic bolditalic versions well symbol collection scalable symbols.
Windows 3.1x	truetype fonts could scaled size rotated depending calling application.in enhanced mode windowed dos applications gained ability users manipulate menus objects program using windows mouse pointer provided dos application supported mice.dos applications late releases microsoft word could access windows clipboard.windows drivers could work directly dos applications hardware mice required dos driver loaded starting windows.icons could dragged dropped first time addition detailed appearance.file could dragged onto print manager icon file would printed current printer assuming associated application capable printing word processor.alternatively file could dragged file manager dropped onto application icon window processing.while windows .
Windows 3.1x	limited mb maximum memory windows .access theoretical gb enhanced mode.actual practical ceiling mb.however single process use mb.file manager significantly improved windows .. multimedia support enhanced available windows .
Windows 3.1x	multimedia extensions available windows .users.windows .available via kb .mb .mb floppy distributions.
Windows 3.1x	also first version windows distributed cdrom – although common windows workgroups .. installed size hard disk mb mb.bit disk access enhanced mode brought improved performance using bit protected mode driver instead bit bios functions necessitate windows temporarily dropping protected mode.windows .s calendar uses .cal filename extension.windows .also introduced windows registry centralized database store configuration information settings various operating systems components applications.windows .first version could also launch windows programs via command.com.windows .central eastern europe special version named windows .
Windows 3.1x	central eastern europe released allowed use cyrillic fonts diacritic marks characteristic central eastern european languages.microsoft introduced code page windows supported use violation many countries iso standards e.g.official polish codepage iso ignored microsoft supported contemporary internet explorer versions.similarly microsoft also released windows .j support japanese shipped .million copies first year market japan.
Windows 3.1x	modular windows modular windows special version windows .designed run tandy video information system.windows .windows .released november .
Windows 3.1x	add many feature improvements windows .primarily contained bug fixes considered significant improvement fixes contributing operating systems popularity.microsoft replaced retail versions windows .windows .provided free upgrade anyone currently owned windows .. windows .
Windows 3.1x	november microsoft released simplified chinese version windows chinese market.update released identified windows .. thus windows .updated version simplified chinese version windows .. update limited language version fixed issues related complex input system simplified chinese language.windows .generally sold computer manufacturers tendisk version msdos also simplified chinese characters basic output translated utilities.windows workgroups windows workgroups extension allowed users share resources request others without centralized authentication server.
Windows 3.1x	used smb protocol netbios.windows workgroups .windows workgroups .originally codenamed winball later sparta released october extended version windows .features native networking support.
Windows 3.1x	comes smb file sharing support via netbiosbased nbf ipx network transport protocols introduces hearts card game vshare.vxd version share.exe terminateandstayresident program.windows workgroups .windows workgroups .originally codenamed snowball released august shipped november microsoft.
Windows 3.1x	supported bit file access full bit network redirectors vcache.file cache shared them.wfw .dropped standard mode support requires machine run.a winsock package required support tcpip networking windows .x.usually thirdparty packages used august microsoft released addon package codenamed wolverine provided tcpip support windows workgroups .. wolverine bit stack accessible bit windows applications via winsock thunk gave superior performance thirdparty tcpip windows stacks available.
Windows 3.1x	however compatible windows workgroups .lacked support dialup.wolverine stack early version tcpip stack would later ship windows provided early testbed tobit compatibility layer crucial windows success.following release msdos .wfw .largely replaced windows .
Windows 3.1x	oem installations new pcs due improved capabilities greater stability.windows immediate successor windows .windows released manufacturing august generally retail august .windows merged microsofts formerly separate msdos microsoft windows products longer necessary windows .manually start windows msdos command line boot cycle.windows featured significant improvements predecessor notably graphical user interface gui simplified plugandplay features.
Windows 3.1x	also major changes made core components operating system moving mainly cooperatively multitasked bit architecture bit preemptive multitasking architecture least running bit protected mode applications.addons video windows video windows first introduced november reaction apple computers quicktime technology added digital video macintosh.costing around software included editing encoding programs use video input boards.runtime version viewing videos also made available.originally released free addon windows .
Windows 3.1x	windows .became integral component windows later.like quicktime three components video windows.technology introduced file format designed store digital video audio video interleave avi.technology provided application programming interface allowed windows software developers add ability play manipulate digital video applications.
Windows 3.1x	lastly included suite software playing manipulating digital video.windows pen computing windows pen computing series microsoftproduced addons microsoft windows versions mids additional tools tablet pcs.windows pen computing also known pen windows wpc developed microsofts pen computing response penpoint os go corporation.windows pen computing rendered obsolete tablet pc support windows xp tablet pc edition .wins windows .x given limited compatibility thennew bit windows api used windows nt another addon package wins.
Windows 3.1x	rumor microsoft want increase mainstream windows .x version something like windows .could confused win api otherwise distract consumers upgrading real bit os though windows nt ..bit operating systems looked similar appearance.game called freecell included testing new wins functions.
Windows 3.1x	wing entice game developers move dos windows microsoft provided first attempt highspeed graphics animation capabilities windows .x introduced september .windows gdi capabilities originally designed static images mind allowing writeonly graphics calls.wing provided deviceindependent interface graphics printer hardware allowed programs read write capabilities wingdc wing device context.applications windows .x introduced new possibilities applications especially multimedia applications.era microsoft developed new range software implemented operating environment called microsoft home microsoft bob one programs.as first versions windows enjoy major commercial success software support windows .
Windows 3.1x	wfw .quickly replaced dos platform application software pc compatibles.multimedia software especially games proliferated although many games continued run dos windows .program manager program manager included versions windows version .windows xp service pack .
Windows 3.1x	nonoperable icon library named progman.exe included windows xp service pack file removed entirely windows vista.internet explorer internet explorer internet explorer released windows .. promotion reception microsoft began television advertising campaign first time march .advertisements developed ogilvy mather designed introduce broader audience windows.windows .shipped worldwide april reached three million sales two months later.
Windows 3.1x	year windows .s release successful microsoft named innovative company operating u.s. fortune magazine windows became widely used guibased operating environment.drdos compatibility installer beta release used code checked whether running microsoftlicensed dos another dos operating system drdos.code ran several functional tests succeeded msdos ibm pc dos resulted technical support message competing operating systems.system msdos installer would fail.digital research owned drdos released patch within weeks allow installer continue.
Windows 3.1x	microsoft disabled remove warning message final release windows .. caldera bought drdos novell brought lawsuit microsoft aard code later settled microsoft paying million.legacy windows .x superseded release windows august .microsoft officially dropped support bit versions windows november .windows .found niche market embedded operating system becoming obsolete pc world.november virgin atlantic qantas employed onboard entertainment systems longdistance jets.
Windows 3.1x	also sees continued use embedded os retail cash tills.on july announced windows workgroups .embedded devices channel would longer made available oem distribution november .on july linux kernel version .officially named linux workgroups tongueincheek reference windows workgroups ..on november failure windows .system orly airport paris responsible communicating visual range information foggy weather pilots caused temporarily cease operations.whether failure hardware softwarebased specified though highlighting operating system suggests software failure.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	see also bit file accessifshlp.sys referencesenergy density lfp battery lower common lithium ion battery types nickel manganese cobalt nmc nickel cobalt aluminum nca also lower operating voltage.lower cost low toxicity long cycle life factors lfp batteries finding number roles vehicle use utility scale stationary applications backup power.lfp batteries cobaltfree.history lifepo natural mineral olivine family triphylite.arumugam manthiram john b. goodenough first identified polyanion class cathode materials lithium ion batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	lifepo identified cathode material belonging polyanion class use batteries padhi et al.reversible extraction lithium lifepo insertion lithium fepo demonstrated.low cost nontoxicity natural abundance iron excellent thermal stability safety characteristics electrochemical performance specific capacity ma·hg cg gained considerable market acceptance.the chief barrier commercialization intrinsically low electrical conductivity.problem overcome reducing particle size coating lifepo particles conductive materials carbon nanotubes both.approach developed michel armand coworkers.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	another approach yet ming chiangs group consisted doping lfp cations materials aluminium niobium zirconium.negative electrodes anode discharge made petroleum coke used early lithiumion batteries later types used natural synthetic graphite.specifications cell voltageminimum discharge voltage .vworking voltage ..
Lithium iron phosphate battery	vmaximum charge voltage .vvolumetric energy density whl kjlgravimetric energy density whkg jg.whkg jg.cycle life cycles depending conditions.advantages disadvantages lfp battery uses lithiumionderived chemistry shares many advantages disadvantages lithiumion battery chemistries.however significant differences.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	abundant constituents lower human environmental impact lfp contain neither nickel cobalt supplyconstrained expensive.lithium human rights environmental concerns raised concerning use cobalt.environmental concerns also raised regarding extraction nickel.price lowest reported lfp cell prices kwh .wh .a report published department energy compared costs large scale energy storage systems built lfp vs nmc.found cost per kwh lfp batteries less nmc projected lfp cells would last longer cycles.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	differences cells characteristics cost components storage system would somewhat higher lfp balance still remains less costly per kwh nmc.better ageing cyclelife characteristics lfp chemistry offers considerably longer cycle life lithiumion chemistries.conditions supports cycles optimal conditions supports cycles.nmc batteries support cycles depending conditions.lfp cells experience slower rate capacity loss aka greater calendarlife lithiumion battery chemistries cobalt licoo manganese spinel limno lithiumion polymer batteries lipo battery lithiumion batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	viable alternative leadacid batteries nominal .v output four cells placed series nominal voltage .v. comes close nominal voltage sixcell leadacid batteries.along good safety characteristics lfp batteries makes lfp good potential replacement leadacid batteries applications automotive solar applications provided charging systems adapted damage lfp cells excessive charging voltages beyond .volts dc per cell charge temperaturebased voltage compensation equalisation attempts continuous trickle charging.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	lfp cells must least balanced initially pack assembled protection system also needs implemented ensure cell discharged voltage .v severe damage occur instances due irreversible deintercalation lifepo fepo.safety one important advantage lithiumion chemistries thermal chemical stability improves battery safety.lifepo intrinsically safer cathode material licoo manganese dioxide spinels omission cobalt negative temperature coefficient resistance encourage thermal runaway.p–o bond po− ion stronger co–o bond coo− ion abused shortcircuited overheated etc.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	oxygen atoms released slowly.stabilization redox energies also promotes faster ion migration.as lithium migrates cathode licoo cell coo undergoes nonlinear expansion affects structural integrity cell.fully lithiated unlithiated states lifepo structurally similar means lifepo cells structurally stable licoo cells.no lithium remains cathode fully charged lfp cell.licoo cell approximately remains.lifepo highly resilient oxygen loss typically results exothermic reaction lithium cells.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	result lifepo cells harder ignite event mishandling especially charge.lifepo battery decompose high temperatures.lower energy density energy density energyvolume new lfp battery lower new licoo battery.also many brands lfps well cells within given brand lfp batteries lower discharge rate leadacid licoo.since discharge rate percentage battery capacity higher rate achieved using larger battery ampere hours lowcurrent batteries must used.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	better yet highcurrent lfp cell higher discharge rate lead acid licoo battery capacity used.uses home energy storage enphase pioneered lfp home storage batteries reasons cost fire safety although market remains split among competing chemistries.lower energy density compared lithium chemistries adds mass volume may tolerable static application.several suppliers home end user market including sonnenbatterie enphase.tesla motors continues use nmc batteries home energy storage products switched lfp utilityscale battery product.
Lithium iron phosphate battery	quoted home energy storage battery u.s. enphase surpassed tesla motors lg.transportation higher discharge rates needed acceleration lower weight longer life makes battery type ideal forklifts bicycles electric cars.v lifepo batteries also gaining popularity second house battery caravan motorhome boat.tesla motors currently uses lfp batteries certain vehicles including chinesemade standard range models model units united states beginning around august .october tesla announced standardrange models begin using lfp battery chemistry.in late next energy demonstrated long range test model retrofitted lfp battery traveling miles single charge.solarpowered lighting systems single aa battery–sized lfp cells used solarpowered landscape lighting instead .
Lithium iron phosphate battery	v nicdnimh.lfps higher .v working voltage lets single cell drive led without circuitry step voltage.increased tolerance modest overcharging compared li cell types means lifepo connected photovoltaic cells without circuitry halt recharge cycle.ability drive led single lfp cell also obviates battery holders thus corrosion condensation dirt issues associated products using multiple removable rechargeable batteries.by better solarcharged passive infrared security lamps emerged.aasized lfp cells capacity mah lamps bright led may draw units shine hours.
KakaoTalk	however triggering occasional units may satisfactory even charging low sunlight lamp electronics ensure afterdark idle currents ma.uses electronic cigarettes use types batteries.applications include flashlights radiocontrolled models portable motordriven equipment amateur radio equipment industrial sensor systems emergency lighting.see also referenceslaunched march available mobile desktop platforms.as may kakaotalk million registered million monthly active users.available languages.app also used smartphone owners south korea widely used messaging app smart phones personal computers.service addition free calls messages users share photos videos voice messages location url links well contact information.oneonone group chats available wifi g lte limits number people group chat.
KakaoTalk	many features well.the app automatically synchronizes user’s contact list smartphones contact list app find friends service.users also search friends kakaotalk id without know phone numbers.kakaotalk service also allows users export messages save them.kakaotalk began messenger service become platform distribution various thirdparty content apps including hundreds games users download play friends messaging platform.plus friend feature users follow brands media celebrities receive exclusive messages coupons realtime information kakaotalk chatrooms.users also purchase reallife goods messengers gifting platform.on january kakaotalk released emoticon monthly fixedrate service.
KakaoTalk	emoticon plus service allows unlimited use kakaos selected collection emoticons ₩ per month.subscribing kakaotalk wallet users purchase ticket payment.company business model kakaotalk free mobile messenger application smartphones revealed first profits million million revenue .south koreas population using kakaotalk smartphones kakao corp. provided users large range services including games retail commerce.government surveillance following criticism south korean governments response sewol ferry disaster korean authorities announced zerotolerance policy involved investigation detention individuals deemed spreading libel internet media.
KakaoTalk	kakaotalk users received notices messaging accounts searched south korean authorities.kakaotalk api kakaotalk made platform api available developers.development stack currently supports ios android rest javascript.user administrationbased api pushbased api currently available analytic api planned release.influence korean solitary chat room kind open chat room many anonymous people gather talk specific topics communicating images without using text emoticons.
KakaoTalk	words making story images only.similar chat rooms sprung open chat room exchanges food pictures without word became popular.popularity celebrity themed solitary chat rooms grew celebrities went chat room themselves.international kakaotalk available languages used countries.on july kakao corp. established japanese corp. kakao japan appointed chajin park representative.according company officials app appears actively used japan.massive earthquake hit japan march kakaotalks messaging traffic japan surged millions people sought confirm safety friends family.
KakaoTalk	kakaotalk played important role data networkbased communication method successfully replaced disabled wired wireless networks helped connect disasterstricken.kakaotalk targeted countries southeast asia dominant mobile messenger service stands.kakaotalk forming strategic partnerships malaysia indonesia philippines well.kakaotalk began airing tv commercials indonesia philippines vietnam featuring big bang.ads local celebrities big bang appear together promote kakaotalk.late indonesia became country secondmost users kakaotalk south korea million users potential become kakaotalks largest market worldwide.
KakaoTalk	former coceo kakaotalk sirgoo lee stated grew user base times one year hopefully continue rate.kakaotalk tailored service local environment collaborating local designers companies generate indonesianspecific content.in february kakaotalk launched nokia asha devices expanding reach users wider audience.problems users used able perform adb backup .db file back applications data feature blocked kakao app version ... still possible downgrade application earlier version perform adb back even feature blocked android .nougat.this means currently method android users completely back transfer applications data without rooting device.see also comparison crossplatform instant messaging clientscomparison instant messaging protocolscomparison internet relay chat clientscomparison lan messengerscomparison voip softwarelist sip softwarelist video telecommunication services product brands references external links official websitekakaotalk case study
Information assurance	information assurance includes protection integrity availability authenticity nonrepudiation confidentiality user data.ia encompasses digital protections also physical techniques.protections apply data transit physical electronic forms well data rest .ia best thought superset information security i.e.umbrella term business outcome information risk management.
Information assurance	overview information assurance ia process processing storing transmitting right information right people right time.ia relates business level strategic risk management information related systems rather creation application security controls.ia used benefit business use information risk management trust management resilience appropriate architecture system safety security increases utility information authorized users reduces .therefore addition defending malicious hackers code e.g.viruses ia practitioners consider corporate governance issues privacy regulatory standards compliance auditing business continuity disaster recovery relate information systems.
Information assurance	ia interdisciplinary field requiring expertise business accounting user experience fraud examination forensic science management science systems engineering security engineering criminology addition computer science.evolution growth telecommunication networks also comes dependency networks makes communities increasing vulnerable cyber attacks could interrupt degrade destroy vital services.starting role use information assurance grown evolved.beginning information assurance involved backing data.however volume information increased act information assurance began become automated reducing use operator intervention allowing creation instant backups.
Information assurance	last main development information assurance implementation distributed systems processing storage data techniques like sans nas well use cloud computing.three main developments information fall line three generations information technologies first used prevent intrusions nd detect intrusion rd survivability.information assurance collaborative effort sectors life allow free equal exchange ideas.pillars information assurance built five pillars availability integrity authentication confidentiality nonrepudiation.pillars taken account protect systems still allowing efficiently provide services however pillars act independently one another rather interfere goal pillars.
Information assurance	pillars information assurance slowly changed become referred pillars cyber security.administrator important emphasize pillars want order achieve desired result information system balancing aspects service privacy.authentication authentication refers verification validity transmission originator process within information system.authentication provides recipient confidence data senders validity well validity message.exists many ways bolster authentication mainly breaking three main ways personally identifiable information persons name address telephone number access key token known information like passwords.
Information assurance	integrity integrity refers protection information unauthorized alteration.goal information integrity ensure data accurate throughout entire lifespan.user authentication critical enabler information integrity.information integrity function number degreesoftrust existing ends information exchange .one way information integrity risk mitigated use redundant chip software designs.
Information assurance	failure authentication could pose risk information integrity would allow unauthorized party alter content.example hospital inadequate password policies unauthorized user could gain access information systems governing delivery medication patients risk altering treatment course detriment particular patient.availability pillar availability refers preservation data retrieved modified authorized individuals.higher availability preserved increase storage system channel reliability.breaches information availability result power outages hardware failures ddos etc.
Information assurance	goal high availability preserve access information.availability information bolstered use backup power spare data channels site capabilities continuous signal.confidentiality confidentiality essence opposite integrity.confidentiality security measure protects able access data done shielding access information.different integrity integrity shielding change information.
Information assurance	confidentiality often ensured use cryptography steganography data.confidentiality seen within classification information superiority international operations nato information assurance confidentiality united states need follow hipaa healthcare provider security policy information labeling needtoknow regulations ensure nondisclosure information.nonrepudiation nonrepudiation integrity data true origin prevents possible denial action occurred.increasing nonrepudiation makes difficult deny information comes certain source.words making dispute source authenticity data.
Information assurance	nonrepudiation involves reduction data integrity data transit usually use maninthemiddle attack phishing.interactions pillars stated earlier pillars interact independently one another pillars impeding functioning pillars opposite case boost pillars.example increasing availability information works directly goals three pillars integrity authentication confidentiality.process information assurance process typically begins enumeration classification information assets protected.next ia practitioner perform risk assessment assets.
Information assurance	vulnerabilities information assets determined order enumerate threats capable exploiting assets.assessment considers probability impact threat exploiting vulnerability asset impact usually measured terms cost assets stakeholders.sum products threats impact probability occurring total risk information asset.with risk assessment complete ia practitioner develops risk management plan.plan proposes countermeasures involve mitigating eliminating accepting transferring risks considers prevention detection response threats.framework published standards organization nist rmf risk cobit pci dss isoiec may guide development.
Information assurance	countermeasures may include technical tools firewalls antivirus software policies procedures requiring controls regular backups configuration hardening employee training security awareness organizing personnel dedicated computer emergency response team cert computer security incident response team csirt.cost benefit countermeasure carefully considered.thus ia practitioner seek eliminate risks possible manage costeffective way.after risk management plan implemented tested evaluated often means formal audits.ia process iterative one risk assessment risk management plan meant periodically revised improved based data gathered completeness effectiveness.there exist two metatechniques information assurance audit risk assessment.business risk management business risk management breaks three main processes risk assessment risk mitigation evaluation assessment.
Information assurance	information assurance one methodologies organizations use implement business risk management.use information assurance policies like brick frame work.additionally business risk management also occurs comply federal international laws regarding release security information hipaa information assurance aligned corporates strategies training awareness senior management involvement support intraorganizational communication allowing greater internal control business risk management.many security executives firms moving reliance information assurance protect intellectual property protect potential data leakage protect users themselves.use information assurance good ensuring certain pillars like confidentiality nonrepudiation etc.
Information assurance	conflicting nature increase security often comes expense speed.said use information assurance business model improves reliable management decision making customer trust business continuity good governance public private sector.standards organizations standards number international national bodies issue standards information assurance practices policies procedures.uk include information assurance advisory council information assurance collaboration group.see also references notesbibliography
Interlock (engineering)	may used prevent undesired states finitestate machine may consist electrical electronic mechanical devices systems.applications interlock used help prevent machine harming operator damaging preventing one element changing state due state another element vice versa.elevators equipped interlock prevents moving elevator opening doors prevents stationary elevator open doors moving.interlocks may include sophisticated elements curtains infrared beams photodetectors computer containing interlocking computer program digital analogue electronics simple switches locks.trappedkey interlocking trappedkey interlocking method ensuring safety industrial environments forcing operator predetermined sequence using defined selection keys locks switches.it called trapped key works releasing trapping keys predetermined sequence.
Interlock (engineering)	control power isolated key released used grant access individual multiple doors.for example prevent access inside electric kiln trapped key system may used interlock disconnecting switch kiln door.switch turned key held interlock attached disconnecting switch.open kiln door switch first opened releases key.key used unlock kiln door.key removed switch interlock plunger interlock mechanically prevents switch closing.
Interlock (engineering)	power cannot reapplied kiln kiln door locked releasing key key returned disconnecting switch interlock.similar twopart interlock system used anywhere necessary ensure energy supply machine interrupted machine entered adjustment maintenance.microprocessors microprocessor architecture interlock hardware stalls pipeline inserts bubbles hazard detected hazard cleared.one example hazard software program loads data system bus calls use data following cycle system loads take multiple cycles loadtouse hazard.mechanical interlocks may strictly mechanical one form internal firearm safety blocks motion trigger sear andor firing pin unless breech properly closed locked.in operation device press cutter hand fed workpiece hand removed use two buttons actuate device one hand greatly reduces possibility operation endangering operator.
Interlock (engineering)	system foolproof systems often augmented use cable–pulled gloves worn operator retracted away danger area stroke machine.major problem engineering operator safety tendency operators ignore safety precautions even outright disabling forced interlocks due work pressure factors.therefore safeties require perhaps must facilitate operator cooperation.electrical many people use generators supplement power home business event main municipal power gone offline.order safely transfer power source generator back main safety interlock often employed.
Interlock (engineering)	interlock consists one switches prevent main power generator power powering dwelling simultaneously.without safeguard power sources running could cause overload condition generator power backfeed onto main could cause dangerous voltage reach lineman repairing main feed far outside building.interlock device designed allow generator provide backup power way prevents main generator power connected time b allows circuit breakers operate normally without interference event overload condition.interlock devices electrical systems employ mechanical device manage movement circuit breakers.also allow use padlocks prevent someone accidentally activating main power system without authorization.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	security highsecurity buildings access control systems sometimes set ability open one door requires another one closed first.setups called mantrap access control.see also failsaferailway interlockingbreath alcohol ignition interlock devicesafety instrumented systemlockouttagout referencesvalue acquisition listed usd ibm based united states.value acquisition listed undisclosed.many companies listed article subsidiaries subsidiaries ... examples see pughs book building ibm page .precursors – herman hollerith initially business name hollerith electric tabulating system specialising punched card data processing equipment.incorporated tabulating machine company.bundy manufacturing company incorporated.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	computing scale company incorporated.dey patents company soon renamed dey time register company incorporated.willard frick manufacturing company rochester new york incorporated.detroit automatic scale company incorporated.hollerith incorporates tabulating machine company.reincorporated .standard time stamp company acquired bundy manufacturing company.international time recording company incorporated acquiring timerecording business bundy manufacturing company willard frick manufacturing company rochester.chicago timeregister company acquired international time recording company.dayton moneyweight scale company acquired computing scale company.detroit automatic scale company acquired computing scale company.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	hollerith reincorporates tabulating machine company.dey time register company acquired international time recording company.syracuse time recorder company acquired international time recording company.computingtabulatingrecording company since earlier ibm described formation merger three companies tabulating machine company origin washington dc international time recording company itr endicott computing scale company america dayton ohio.however merger amalgamation amalgamation four three companies.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	ctr stock prospectus states bundy manufacturing company also included.while itr acquired time recording business bundy remained separate entity producing adding machine wares.tabulating machine companycomputing scale corporationinternational time recording companybundy manufacturing companyctr owned stock four companies ctr neither produced sold product four companies continued operate names.acquisitions – acquisitions since number acquisitions per year according table belowin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companies spinoffs – dayton scale division sold hobart manufacturing company.– ticketograph division sold national postal meter company.– time equipment division sold simplex time recorder company.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– service bureau corporation sold control data corporation – prodigy formerly joint venture sears roebuck company.– satellite business systems sold mci communications – copierduplicator business including service support contracts sold eastman kodak.– ardis mobile packet network joint venture motorola.motorola buys ibms interest .motient.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– lexmark keyboards typewriters printers.ibm retained interest.lexmark sold keyboard typewriter businesses.– kaleida joint multimedia software venture apple computer.– taligent joint software venture apple computer.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– ibm commercial multimedia technologies group spun form private company fairway technologies.– ibm sells remaining percent stake rolm company siemens a.g. germany.– xyratex enterprise data storage subsystems network technology formed management buyout ibm.– advantis advanced valueadded networking technology ibm sears voice data network company.joint venture ibm holding sears holding .
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	ibm buys sears interest .att acquires infrastructure portion advantis becoming att global network.ibm retained business strategic outsourcing portions joint venture.– federal systems division sold loral becoming loral federal systems.federal systems division performed work nasa.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	loral later acquired lockheed martin.– celestica electronic manufacturing services ems.– ibm global network sold att form att business internet.– dominion semiconductor dsc ibm sells share jv partner toshiba.dsc becomes wholly owned subsidiary toshiba.

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