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Privilege escalation	two methods might mixed—an asic print server might allow optional hard drive job queueing linuxbased device may encode linux firmware hard drive needed load operating system.see also automotive navigation systemgreen computinghardware accelerationinformation appliancelinux devicespersonal digital assistant pdaplug computersmartphonesoftware appliancemiddlebox references external links arc advisory group comments enterprise appliance transaction modulescomputing appliances monash report decresult application privileges intended application developer system administrator perform unauthorized actions.background computer systems designed use multiple user accounts abilities known privileges.common privileges include viewing editing files modifying system files.privilege escalation means users receive privileges entitled to.privileges used delete files view private information install unwanted programs viruses.usually occurs system bug allows security bypassed alternatively flawed design assumptions used.
Privilege escalation	privilege escalation occurs two formsvertical privilege escalation also known privilege elevation lower privilege user application accesses functions content reserved higher privilege users applications e.g.internet banking users access site administrative functions password smartphone bypassed.horizontal privilege escalation normal user accesses functions content reserved normal users e.g.internet banking user accesses internet bank account user b vertical type privilege escalation occurs user process able obtain higher level access administrator system developer intended possibly performing kernellevel operations.examples cases highprivilege application assumes would provided input matching interface specification thus doesnt validate input.attacker may able exploit assumption order run unauthorized code applications privilegessome windows services configured run local system user account.
Privilege escalation	vulnerability buffer overflow may used execute arbitrary code privilege elevated local system.alternatively system service impersonating lesser user elevate users privileges errors handled correctly user impersonated e.g.user introduced malicious error handlerunder legacy versions microsoft windows operating system users screensaver runs local system account – account replace current screensaver binary file system registry therefore elevate privileges.in certain versions linux kernel possible write program would set current directory etccron.d request core dump performed case crashes killed another process.core dump file would placed programs current directory etccron.d cron would treated text file instructing run programs schedule.contents file would attackers control attacker would able execute program root privileges.cross zone scripting type privilege escalation attack website subverts security model web browsers thus allowing run malicious code client computers.there also situations application use high privilege services incorrect assumptions client could manipulate use services.
Privilege escalation	application execute command line shell commands could shell injection vulnerability uses unvalidated input part executed command.attacker would able run system commands using applications privileges.texas instruments calculators particularly ti ti originally designed use interpreted programs written dialects tibasic however users discovered bugs could exploited allow native z code run calculator hardware ti released programming data support thirdparty development.carry armbased tinspire jailbreaks using ndless found still actively fought texas instruments.some versions iphone allow unauthorised user access phone locked.jailbreaking jailbreak act tool used perform act breaking chroot jail unixlike operating systems bypassing digital rights management drm.former case allows user see files outside filesystem administrator intends make available application user question.
Privilege escalation	context drm allows user run arbitrarily defined code devices drm well break chrootlike restrictions.term originated iphoneios jailbreaking community also used term playstation portable hacking devices repeatedly subject jailbreaks allowing execution arbitrary code sometimes jailbreaks disabled vendor updates.ios systems including iphone ipad ipod touch subject ios jailbreaking efforts since released continuing firmware update.ios jailbreaking tools include option install cydia sileo installer.app thirdparty alternatives app store way find install system tweaks binaries.prevent ios jailbreaking apple made device boot rom execute checks shsh blobs order disallow uploads custom kernels prevent software downgrades earlier jailbreakable firmware.untethered jailbreak iboot environment changed execute boot rom exploit allow submission patched low level bootloader hack kernel submit jailbroken kernel shsh check.a similar method jailbreaking exists platform smartphones utilities helloox allow execution unsigned code full access system files.
Privilege escalation	edited firmware similar hacked firmware used playstation portable circumvent restrictions unsigned code.nokia since issued updates curb unauthorized jailbreaking manner similar apple.in case gaming consoles jailbreaking often used execute homebrew games.sony assistance law firm kilpatrick stockton sued yearold george hotz associates group failverflow jailbreaking playstation see sony computer entertainment america v. george hotz playstation jailbreak.android android phones officially rooted either going manufacturers controlled process using exploit gain root flashing custom recovery.manufacturers allow rooting process control allow phone rooted simply pressing specific key combinations boot time selfadministered methods.
Privilege escalation	using manufacturers method almost always voids warranty permanently even device derooted reflashed.software exploits commonly either target rootlevel process accessible user using exploit specific phones kernel using known android exploit patched newer versions upgrading phone intentionally downgrading version.mitigation strategies operating systems users use following strategies reduce risk privilege escalationdata execution preventionaddress space layout randomization make harder buffer overruns execute privileged instructions known addresses memoryrunning applications least privilege example running internet explorer administrator sid disabled process token order reduce ability buffer overrun exploits abuse privileges elevated user.requiring kernel mode code digitally signed.patchinguse compilers trap buffer overrunsencryption software andor firmware components.use operating system mandatory access controls mac selinux horizontal horizontal privilege escalation occurs application allows attacker gain access resources normally would protected application user.result application performs actions user different security context intended application developer system administrator effectively limited form privilege escalation specifically unauthorized assumption capability impersonating users.examples problem often occurs web applications.
Privilege escalation	consider following exampleuser access bank account internet banking application.user b access bank account internet banking application.the vulnerability occurs user able access user bs bank account performing sort malicious activity.this malicious activity may possible due common web application weaknesses vulnerabilities.potential web application vulnerabilities situations may lead condition includepredictable session ids users http cookiesession fixationcrosssite scriptingeasily guessable passwordstheft hijacking session cookieskeystroke logging see also defensive programminghacking consumer electronicsillegal numberprinciple least privilegeprivilege revocation computingprivilege separationrooting android osrow hammer referencesresult application privileges intended application developer system administrator perform unauthorized actions.background computer systems designed use multiple user accounts abilities known privileges.common privileges include viewing editing files modifying system files.privilege escalation means users receive privileges entitled to.privileges used delete files view private information install unwanted programs viruses.usually occurs system bug allows security bypassed alternatively flawed design assumptions used.
Privilege escalation	privilege escalation occurs two formsvertical privilege escalation also known privilege elevation lower privilege user application accesses functions content reserved higher privilege users applications e.g.internet banking users access site administrative functions password smartphone bypassed.horizontal privilege escalation normal user accesses functions content reserved normal users e.g.internet banking user accesses internet bank account user b vertical type privilege escalation occurs user process able obtain higher level access administrator system developer intended possibly performing kernellevel operations.examples cases highprivilege application assumes would provided input matching interface specification thus doesnt validate input.attacker may able exploit assumption order run unauthorized code applications privilegessome windows services configured run local system user account.
Privilege escalation	vulnerability buffer overflow may used execute arbitrary code privilege elevated local system.alternatively system service impersonating lesser user elevate users privileges errors handled correctly user impersonated e.g.user introduced malicious error handlerunder legacy versions microsoft windows operating system users screensaver runs local system account – account replace current screensaver binary file system registry therefore elevate privileges.in certain versions linux kernel possible write program would set current directory etccron.d request core dump performed case crashes killed another process.core dump file would placed programs current directory etccron.d cron would treated text file instructing run programs schedule.contents file would attackers control attacker would able execute program root privileges.cross zone scripting type privilege escalation attack website subverts security model web browsers thus allowing run malicious code client computers.there also situations application use high privilege services incorrect assumptions client could manipulate use services.
Privilege escalation	application execute command line shell commands could shell injection vulnerability uses unvalidated input part executed command.attacker would able run system commands using applications privileges.texas instruments calculators particularly ti ti originally designed use interpreted programs written dialects tibasic however users discovered bugs could exploited allow native z code run calculator hardware ti released programming data support thirdparty development.carry armbased tinspire jailbreaks using ndless found still actively fought texas instruments.some versions iphone allow unauthorised user access phone locked.jailbreaking jailbreak act tool used perform act breaking chroot jail unixlike operating systems bypassing digital rights management drm.former case allows user see files outside filesystem administrator intends make available application user question.
Privilege escalation	context drm allows user run arbitrarily defined code devices drm well break chrootlike restrictions.term originated iphoneios jailbreaking community also used term playstation portable hacking devices repeatedly subject jailbreaks allowing execution arbitrary code sometimes jailbreaks disabled vendor updates.ios systems including iphone ipad ipod touch subject ios jailbreaking efforts since released continuing firmware update.ios jailbreaking tools include option install cydia sileo installer.app thirdparty alternatives app store way find install system tweaks binaries.prevent ios jailbreaking apple made device boot rom execute checks shsh blobs order disallow uploads custom kernels prevent software downgrades earlier jailbreakable firmware.untethered jailbreak iboot environment changed execute boot rom exploit allow submission patched low level bootloader hack kernel submit jailbroken kernel shsh check.a similar method jailbreaking exists platform smartphones utilities helloox allow execution unsigned code full access system files.
Privilege escalation	edited firmware similar hacked firmware used playstation portable circumvent restrictions unsigned code.nokia since issued updates curb unauthorized jailbreaking manner similar apple.in case gaming consoles jailbreaking often used execute homebrew games.sony assistance law firm kilpatrick stockton sued yearold george hotz associates group failverflow jailbreaking playstation see sony computer entertainment america v. george hotz playstation jailbreak.android android phones officially rooted either going manufacturers controlled process using exploit gain root flashing custom recovery.manufacturers allow rooting process control allow phone rooted simply pressing specific key combinations boot time selfadministered methods.
Privilege escalation	using manufacturers method almost always voids warranty permanently even device derooted reflashed.software exploits commonly either target rootlevel process accessible user using exploit specific phones kernel using known android exploit patched newer versions upgrading phone intentionally downgrading version.mitigation strategies operating systems users use following strategies reduce risk privilege escalationdata execution preventionaddress space layout randomization make harder buffer overruns execute privileged instructions known addresses memoryrunning applications least privilege example running internet explorer administrator sid disabled process token order reduce ability buffer overrun exploits abuse privileges elevated user.requiring kernel mode code digitally signed.patchinguse compilers trap buffer overrunsencryption software andor firmware components.use operating system mandatory access controls mac selinux horizontal horizontal privilege escalation occurs application allows attacker gain access resources normally would protected application user.result application performs actions user different security context intended application developer system administrator effectively limited form privilege escalation specifically unauthorized assumption capability impersonating users.examples problem often occurs web applications.
Online office suite	consider following exampleuser access bank account internet banking application.user b access bank account internet banking application.the vulnerability occurs user able access user bs bank account performing sort malicious activity.this malicious activity may possible due common web application weaknesses vulnerabilities.potential web application vulnerabilities situations may lead condition includepredictable session ids users http cookiesession fixationcrosssite scriptingeasily guessable passwordstheft hijacking session cookieskeystroke logging see also defensive programminghacking consumer electronicsillegal numberprinciple least privilegeprivilege revocation computingprivilege separationrooting android osrow hammer referencesaccessed online using web browser.allows people work together worldwide time thereby leading webbased collaboration virtual teamwork.online office suites installed onpremises offered software service.latter basic versions offered free advanced versions often made available subscription fee.latest offerings created run pure html web pages known progressive web applications longer requiring cloud online connection function.
Online office suite	online office suites exist proprietary opensource software.components online office suite may include broad set applications followingdocument creation editing applicationsword processorspreadsheetpresentation programnotetakingdiagramming toolraster graphics editorpublishing applicationscontent management systemweb portalwikiblogforumscollaborative applicationswebmailinstant messaging voice ipcalendarmanagement applicationsdata managementproject managementcustomer relationship managemententerprise resource planningaccounting advantages cost low.cases specific charge using service users already access computer web browser connection internet.there need download install software outside office suite’s web page including ongoing upgrade chores adding new features eliminating bugs office suite.online office suites run thin clients minimal hardware requirements.online office suites provide ability group people share document without need run server.there need purchase upgrade software license.instead online office suite available form software service.online office suites portable.users access documents almost device connection internet regardless operating system use.if user’s computer fails documents still safely stored remote server.
Online office suite	online service providers backup processes overall stability generally superior home systems.disadvantages access requires connectivity—if remote server network unavailable content also unavailable.however many cases online suite allow user regularly backup data even provide synchronization documents server local computer.there speed accessibility issues.available online office suites require high speed broadband internet connection.problem users limited slower connection internet.the number features available issue.
Cloud computing	online office suites tend lack advanced features available offline counterparts.in long term subscription charge use service ongoing subscription cost may expensive purchasing offline software upfront.the user control version software used.software changed user forced use changed version even changed version less suited user.the user reliant service provider security privacy documents.referenceslarge clouds often functions distributed multiple locations location data center.cloud computing relies sharing resources achieve coherence economies scale typically using payasyougo model help reducing capital expenses may also lead unexpected operating expenses unaware users.value proposition advocates public hybrid clouds note cloud computing allows companies avoid minimize upfront infrastructure costs.proponents also claim cloud computing allows enterprises get applications running faster improved manageability less maintenance enables teams rapidly adjust resources meet fluctuating unpredictable demand providing burst computing capability high computing power certain periods peak demand.history references phrase cloud computing appeared early first known mention compaq internal document.the cloud symbol used represent networks computing equipment original arpanet early csnet —both predecessors internet itself.
Cloud computing	word cloud used metaphor internet standardized cloudlike shape used denote network telephony schematics.simplification implication specifics endpoints network connected relevant understanding diagram.the term cloud used refer platforms distributed computing early apple spinoff general magic att used describing paired telescript personalink technologies.wireds april feature bill andys excellent adventure ii andy hertzfeld commented telescript general magics distributed programming languagethe beauty telescript ... instead device program entire cloud single program go travel many different sources information create sort virtual service.one conceived before.example jim white designer telescript x. asn.
Cloud computing	uses datearranging service software agent goes flower store orders flowers goes ticket shop gets tickets show everything communicated parties.early history initial concepts timesharing became popularized via rje remote job entry terminology mostly associated large vendors ibm dec. fulltimesharing solutions available early platforms multics ge hardware cambridge ctss earliest unix ports dec hardware.yet data center model users submitted jobs operators run ibms mainframes overwhelmingly predominant.in telecommunications companies previously offered primarily dedicated pointtopoint data circuits began offering virtual private network vpn services comparable quality service lower cost.switching traffic saw fit balance server use could use overall network bandwidth effectively.began use cloud symbol denote demarcation point provider responsible users responsible for.
Cloud computing	cloud computing extended boundary cover servers well network infrastructure.computers became diffused scientists technologists explored ways make largescale computing power available users timesharing.experimented algorithms optimize infrastructure platform applications prioritize cpus increase efficiency end users.the use cloud metaphor virtualized services dates least general magic used describe universe places mobile agents telescript environment could go.described andy hertzfeldthe beauty telescript says andy instead device program entire cloud single program go travel many different sources information create sort virtual service.the use cloud metaphor credited general magic communications employee david hoffman based longstanding use networking telecom.addition use general magic also used promoting atts associated personalink services.
Cloud computing	july amazon created subsidiary amazon web services goal enable developers build innovative entrepreneurial applications own.march amazon introduced simple storage service followed elastic compute cloud ec august year.products pioneered usage server virtualization deliver iaas cheaper ondemand pricing basis.in april google released beta version google app engine.app engine paas one first kind provided fully maintained infrastructure deployment platform users create web applications using common languagestechnologies python node.js php.goal eliminate need administrative tasks typical iaas model creating platform users could easily deploy applications scale demand.in early nasas nebula enhanced reservoir european commissionfunded project became first opensource software deploying private hybrid clouds federation clouds.by mid gartner saw opportunity cloud computing shape relationship among consumers services use services sell observed organizations switching companyowned hardware software assets peruse servicebased models projected shift computing ... result dramatic growth products areas significant reductions areas.in u.s. national science foundation began cluster exploratory program fund academic research using googleibm cluster technology analyze massive amounts data.in government france announced project andromède create sovereign cloud national cloud computing government spend € million.
Cloud computing	initiative failed badly cloudwatt shut february .february microsoft released microsoft azure announced october .in july rackspace hosting nasa jointly launched opensource cloudsoftware initiative known openstack.openstack project intended help organizations offering cloudcomputing services running standard hardware.early code came nasas nebula platform well rackspaces cloud files platform.opensource offering along opensource solutions cloudstack ganeti opennebula attracted attention several key communities.
Cloud computing	several studies aim comparing open source offerings based set criteria.on march ibm announced ibm smartcloud framework support smarter planet.among various components smarter computing foundation cloud computing critical part.june oracle announced oracle cloud.cloud offering poised first provide users access integrated set solutions including applications saas platform paas infrastructure iaas layers.in may google compute engine released preview rolled general availability december .in linux common os used microsoft azure.december amazon announced aws outposts fully managed service extends aws infrastructure aws services apis tools virtually customer datacenter colocation space onpremises facility truly consistent hybrid experience similar concepts goal cloud computing allow users take benefit technologies without need deep knowledge expertise one them.
Cloud computing	cloud aims cut costs helps users focus core business instead impeded obstacles.main enabling technology cloud computing virtualization.virtualization software separates physical computing device one virtual devices easily used managed perform computing tasks.operating system–level virtualization essentially creating scalable system multiple independent computing devices idle computing resources allocated used efficiently.virtualization provides agility required speed operations reduces cost increasing infrastructure utilization.
Cloud computing	autonomic computing automates process user provision resources ondemand.minimizing user involvement automation speeds process reduces labor costs reduces possibility human errors.cloud computing uses concepts utility computing provide metrics services used.cloud computing attempts address qos quality service reliability problems grid computing models.cloud computing shares characteristics withclient–server model—client–server computing refers broadly distributed application distinguishes service providers servers service requestors clients.computer bureau—a service bureau providing computer services particularly s.grid computing—a form distributed parallel computing whereby super virtual computer composed cluster networked loosely coupled computers acting concert perform large tasks.fog computing—distributed computing paradigm provides data compute storage application services closer client nearuser edge devices network routers.furthermore fog computing handles data network level smart devices enduser clientside e.g.mobile devices instead sending data remote location processing.mainframe computer—powerful computers used mainly large organizations critical applications typically bulk data processing census industry consumer statistics police secret intelligence services enterprise resource planning financial transaction processing.utility computing—the packaging computing resources computation storage metered service similar traditional public utility electricity.peertopeer—a distributed architecture without need central coordination.
Cloud computing	participants suppliers consumers resources contrast traditional clientserver model.green computing—study practice environmentally sustainable computing it.cloud sandbox—a live isolated computer environment program code file run without affecting application runs.characteristics cloud computing exhibits following key characteristicsagility organizations may improved cloud computing may increase users flexibility reprovisioning adding expanding technological infrastructure resources.cost reductions claimed cloud providers.publiccloud delivery model converts capital expenditures e.g.buying servers operational expenditure.purportedly lowers barriers entry infrastructure typically provided third party need purchased onetime infrequent intensive computing tasks.
Cloud computing	pricing utility computing basis finegrained usagebased billing options.well less inhouse skills required implementation projects use cloud computing.efiscal projects stateoftheart repository contains several articles looking cost aspects detail concluding costs savings depend type activities supported type infrastructure available inhouse.device location independence enable users access systems using web browser regardless location device use e.g.pc mobile phone.infrastructure offsite typically provided thirdparty accessed via internet users connect anywhere.maintenance cloud environment easier data hosted outside server maintained provider without need invest data center hardware.
Cloud computing	maintenance cloud computing managed updated cloud providers maintenance team reduces cloud computing costs compared onpremises data centers.multitenancy enables sharing resources costs across large pool users thus allowing forcentralization infrastructure locations lower costs real estate electricity etc.peakload capacity increases users need engineer pay resources equipment meet highest possible loadlevelsutilisation efficiency improvements systems often – utilised.performance monitored experts service provider consistent loosely coupled architectures constructed using web services system interface.productivity may increased multiple users work data simultaneously rather waiting saved emailed.time may saved information need reentered fields matched users need install application software upgrades computer.availability improves use multiple redundant sites makes welldesigned cloud computing suitable business continuity disaster recovery.scalability elasticity via dynamic ondemand provisioning resources finegrained selfservice basis near realtime note vm startup time varies vm type location os cloud providers without users engineer peak loads.gives ability scale usage need increases resources used.timeefficient benefit cloud scalability also means faster time market business flexibility adaptability adding new resources doesn’t take much time used to.emerging approaches managing elasticity include use machine learning techniques propose efficient elasticity models.security improve due centralization data increased securityfocused resources etc.
Cloud computing	concerns persist loss control certain sensitive data lack security stored kernels.security often good better traditional systems part service providers able devote resources solving security issues many customers cannot afford tackle lack technical skills address.however complexity security greatly increased data distributed wider area greater number devices well multitenant systems shared unrelated users.addition user access security audit logs may difficult impossible.private cloud installations part motivated users desire retain control infrastructure avoid losing control information security.the national institute standards technologys definition cloud computing identifies five essential characteristicsondemand selfservice.
Cloud computing	consumer unilaterally provision computing capabilities server time network storage needed automatically without requiring human interaction service provider.broad network access.capabilities available network accessed standard mechanisms promote use heterogeneous thin thick client platforms e.g.mobile phones tablets laptops workstations.resource pooling.providers computing resources pooled serve multiple consumers using multitenant model different physical virtual resources dynamically assigned reassigned according consumer demand.rapid elasticity.
Cloud computing	capabilities elastically provisioned released cases automatically scale rapidly outward inward commensurate demand.consumer capabilities available provisioning often appear unlimited appropriated quantity time.measured service.cloud systems automatically control optimize resource use leveraging metering capability level abstraction appropriate type service e.g.storage processing bandwidth active user accounts.resource usage monitored controlled reported providing transparency provider consumer utilized service.
Cloud computing	service models though serviceoriented architecture advocates everything service acronyms eaas xaas simply aas cloudcomputing providers offer services according different models three standard models per nist infrastructure service iaas platform service paas software service saas.models offer increasing abstraction thus often portrayed layers stack infrastructure platform softwareasaservice need related.example one provide saas implemented physical machines bare metal without using underlying paas iaas layers conversely one run program iaas access directly without wrapping saas.infrastructure service iaas infrastructure service iaas refers online services provide highlevel apis used abstract various lowlevel details underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources location data partitioning scaling security backup etc.hypervisor runs virtual machines guests.
Cloud computing	pools hypervisors within cloud operational system support large numbers virtual machines ability scale services according customers varying requirements.linux containers run isolated partitions single linux kernel running directly physical hardware.linux cgroups namespaces underlying linux kernel technologies used isolate secure manage containers.containerisation offers higher performance virtualization hypervisor overhead.iaas clouds often offer additional resources virtualmachine diskimage library raw block storage file object storage firewalls load balancers ip addresses virtual local area networks vlans software bundles.the nists definition cloud computing describes iaas consumer able deploy run arbitrary software include operating systems applications.
Cloud computing	consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure control operating systems storage deployed applications possibly limited control select networking components e.g.host firewalls.iaascloud providers supply resources ondemand large pools equipment installed data centers.widearea connectivity customers use either internet carrier clouds dedicated virtual private networks.deploy applications cloud users install operatingsystem images application software cloud infrastructure.model cloud user patches maintains operating systems application software.
Cloud computing	cloud providers typically bill iaas services utility computing basis cost reflects amount resources allocated consumed.platform service paas nists definition cloud computing defines platform service asthe capability provided consumer deploy onto cloud infrastructure consumercreated acquired applications created using programming languages libraries services tools supported provider.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure including network servers operating systems storage control deployed applications possibly configuration settings applicationhosting environment.paas vendors offer development environment application developers.provider typically develops toolkit standards development channels distribution payment.paas models cloud providers deliver computing platform typically including operating system programminglanguage execution environment database web server.
Cloud computing	application developers develop run software cloud platform instead directly buying managing underlying hardware software layers.paas underlying computer storage resources scale automatically match application demand cloud user allocate resources manually.some integration data management providers also use specialized applications paas delivery models data.examples include ipaas integration platform service dpaas data platform service.ipaas enables customers develop execute govern integration flows.ipaas integration model customers drive development deployment integrations without installing managing hardware middleware.
Cloud computing	dpaas delivers integration—and datamanagement—products fully managed service.dpaas model paas provider customer manages development execution programs building data applications customer.dpaas users access data datavisualization tools.software service saas nists definition cloud computing defines software service asthe capability provided consumer use providers applications running cloud infrastructure.applications accessible various client devices either thin client interface web browser e.g.
Cloud computing	webbased email program interface.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure including network servers operating systems storage even individual application capabilities possible exception limited userspecific application configuration settings.in software service saas model users gain access application software databases.cloud providers manage infrastructure platforms run applications.saas sometimes referred ondemand software usually priced payperuse basis using subscription fee.saas model cloud providers install operate application software cloud cloud users access software cloud clients.
Cloud computing	cloud users manage cloud infrastructure platform application runs.eliminates need install run application cloud users computers simplifies maintenance support.cloud applications differ applications scalability—which achieved cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines runtime meet changing work demand.load balancers distribute work set virtual machines.process transparent cloud user sees single accesspoint.
Cloud computing	accommodate large number cloud users cloud applications multitenant meaning machine may serve one clouduser organization.the pricing model saas applications typically monthly yearly flat fee per user prices become scalable adjustable users added removed point.may also free.proponents claim saas gives business potential reduce operational costs outsourcing hardware software maintenance support cloud provider.enables business reallocate operations costs away hardwaresoftware spending personnel expenses towards meeting goals.addition applications hosted centrally updates released without need users install new software.
Cloud computing	one drawback saas comes storing users data cloud providers server.result could unauthorized access data.examples applications offered saas games productivity software like google docs word online.saas applications may integrated cloud storage file hosting services case google docs integrated google drive word online integrated onedrive.mobile backend service mbaas mobile backend service model also known backend service baas web app mobile app developers provided way link applications cloud storage cloud computing services application programming interfaces apis exposed applications custom software development kits sdks.
Cloud computing	services include user management push notifications integration social networking services more.relatively recent model cloud computing baas startups dating later trends indicate services gaining significant mainstream traction enterprise consumers.serverless computing functionasaservice faas serverless computing cloud computing code execution model cloud provider fully manages starting stopping virtual machines necessary serve requests requests billed abstract measure resources required satisfy request rather per virtual machine per hour.despite name actually involve running code without servers.serverless computing named business person owns system purchase rent provide servers virtual machines backend code run on.function service faas servicehosted remote procedure call leverages serverless computing enable deployment individual functions cloud run response events.
Cloud computing	faas considered come umbrella serverless computing others use terms interchangeably.deployment models private cloud private cloud cloud infrastructure operated solely single organization whether managed internally third party hosted either internally externally.undertaking private cloud project requires significant engagement virtualize business environment requires organization reevaluate decisions existing resources.improve business every step project raises security issues must addressed prevent serious vulnerabilities.selfrun data centers generally capital intensive.
Cloud computing	significant physical footprint requiring allocations space hardware environmental controls.assets refreshed periodically resulting additional capital expenditures.attracted criticism users still buy build manage thus benefit less handson management essentially lacking economic model makes cloud computing intriguing concept.public cloud cloud services considered public delivered public internet may offered paid subscription free charge.architecturally differences public privatecloud services security concerns increase substantially services applications storage resources shared multiple customers.
Cloud computing	publiccloud providers offer directconnection services allow customers securely link legacy data centers cloudresident applications.several factors like functionality solutions cost integrational organizational aspects well safety security influencing decision enterprises organizations choose public cloud onpremises solution.hybrid cloud hybrid cloud composition public cloud private environment private cloud onpremises resources remain distinct entities bound together offering benefits multiple deployment models.hybrid cloud also mean ability connect collocation managed andor dedicated services cloud resources.gartner defines hybrid cloud service cloud computing service composed combination private public community cloud services different service providers.hybrid cloud service crosses isolation provider boundaries cant simply put one category private public community cloud service.
Cloud computing	allows one extend either capacity capability cloud service aggregation integration customization another cloud service.varied use cases hybrid cloud composition exist.example organization may store sensitive client data house private cloud application interconnect application business intelligence application provided public cloud software service.example hybrid cloud extends capabilities enterprise deliver specific business service addition externally available public cloud services.hybrid cloud adoption depends number factors data security compliance requirements level control needed data applications organization uses.another example hybrid cloud one organizations use public cloud computing resources meet temporary capacity needs met private cloud.capability enables hybrid clouds employ cloud bursting scaling across clouds.
Cloud computing	cloud bursting application deployment model application runs private cloud data center bursts public cloud demand computing capacity increases.primary advantage cloud bursting hybrid cloud model organization pays extra compute resources needed.cloud bursting enables data centers create inhouse infrastructure supports average workloads use cloud resources public private clouds spikes processing demands.specialized model hybrid cloud built atop heterogeneous hardware called crossplatform hybrid cloud.crossplatform hybrid cloud usually powered different cpu architectures example x arm underneath.
Cloud computing	users transparently deploy scale applications without knowledge clouds hardware diversity.kind cloud emerges rise armbased systemonchip serverclass computing.hybrid cloud infrastructure essentially serves eliminate limitations inherent multiaccess relay characteristics private cloud networking.advantages include enhanced runtime flexibility adaptive memory processing unique virtualized interface models.others community cloud community cloud shares infrastructure several organizations specific community common concerns security compliance jurisdiction etc.whether managed internally thirdparty either hosted internally externally.
Cloud computing	costs spread fewer users public cloud private cloud cost savings potential cloud computing realized.distributed cloud cloud computing platform assembled distributed set machines different locations connected single network hub service.possible distinguish two types distributed clouds publicresource computing volunteer cloud.publicresource computing—this type distributed cloud results expansive definition cloud computing akin distributed computing cloud computing.nonetheless considered subclass cloud computing.volunteer cloud—volunteer cloud computing characterized intersection publicresource computing cloud computing cloud computing infrastructure built using volunteered resources.many challenges arise type infrastructure volatility resources used build dynamic environment operates in.
Cloud computing	also called peertopeer clouds adhoc clouds.interesting effort direction cloudhome aims implement cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing businessmodel incentivize contributions financial restitution.multi cloud multi cloud use multiple cloud computing services single heterogeneous architecture reduce reliance single vendors increase flexibility choice mitigate disasters etc.differs hybrid cloud refers multiple cloud services rather multiple deployment modes public private legacy.poly cloud poly cloud refers use multiple public clouds purpose leveraging specific services provider offers.
Cloud computing	differs multi cloud designed increase flexibility mitigate failures rather used allow organization achieve could done single provider.big data cloud issues transferring large amounts data cloud well data security data cloud initially hampered adoption cloud big data much data originates cloud advent baremetal servers cloud become solution use cases including business analytics geospatial analysis.hpc cloud hpc cloud refers use cloud computing services infrastructure execute highperformance computing hpc applications.applications consume considerable amount computing power memory traditionally executed clusters computers.handful companies including rhpc amazon web services univa silicon graphics international sabalcore gomput penguin computing offered high performance computing cloud.
Cloud computing	penguin demand pod cloud one first nonvirtualized remote hpc services offered payasyougo basis.penguin computing launched hpc cloud alternative amazons ec elastic compute cloud uses virtualized computing nodes.architecture cloud architecture systems architecture software systems involved delivery cloud computing typically involves multiple cloud components communicating loose coupling mechanism messaging queue.elastic provision implies intelligence use tight loose coupling applied mechanisms others.cloud engineering cloud engineering application engineering disciplines cloud computing.
Cloud computing	brings systematic approach highlevel concerns commercialization standardization governance conceiving developing operating maintaining cloud computing systems.multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions diverse areas systems software web performance information technology engineering security platform risk quality engineering.security privacy cloud computing poses privacy concerns service provider access data cloud time.could accidentally deliberately alter delete information.many cloud providers share information third parties necessary purposes law order without warrant.
Cloud computing	permitted privacy policies users must agree start using cloud services.solutions privacy include policy legislation well endusers choices data stored.users encrypt data processed stored within cloud prevent unauthorized access.identity management systems also provide practical solutions privacy concerns cloud computing.systems distinguish authorized unauthorized users determine amount data accessible entity.
Cloud computing	systems work creating describing identities recording activities getting rid unused identities.according cloud security alliance top three threats cloud insecure interfaces apis data loss leakage hardware failure—which accounted cloud security outages respectively.together form shared technology vulnerabilities.cloud provider platform shared different users may possibility information belonging different customers resides data server.additionally eugene schultz chief technology officer emagined security said hackers spending substantial time effort looking ways penetrate cloud.real achilles heels cloud infrastructure making big holes bad guys get into.
Cloud computing	data hundreds thousands companies stored large cloud servers hackers theoretically gain control huge stores information single attack—a process called hyperjacking.examples include dropbox security breach icloud leak.dropbox breached october million users passwords stolen hackers effort get monetary value bitcoins btc.passwords able read private data well data indexed search engines making information public.there problem legal ownership data user stores data cloud cloud provider profit it.many terms service agreements silent question ownership.
Cloud computing	physical control computer equipment private cloud secure equipment offsite someone elses control public cloud.delivers great incentive public cloud computing service providers prioritize building maintaining strong management secure services.small businesses dont expertise security could find secure use public cloud.risk end users understand issues involved signing cloud service persons sometimes dont read many pages terms service agreement click accept without reading.important cloud computing becoming popular required services work example intelligent personal assistant apples siri google now.
Cloud computing	fundamentally private cloud seen secure higher levels control owner however public cloud seen flexible requires less time money investment user.limitations disadvantages according bruce schneier downside limited customization options.cloud computing cheaper economics scale and—like outsourced task—you tend get want.restaurant limited menu cheaper personal chef cook anything want.fewer options much cheaper price feature bug.
Cloud computing	also suggests cloud provider might meet legal needs businesses need weigh benefits cloud computing risks.in cloud computing control back end infrastructure limited cloud vendor only.cloud providers often decide management policies moderates cloud users able deployment.cloud users also limited control management applications data services.includes data caps placed cloud users cloud vendor allocating certain amount bandwidth customer often shared among cloud users.privacy confidentiality big concerns activities.instance sworn translators working stipulations nda might face problems regarding sensitive data encrypted.
Cloud computing	due use internet confidential information employee data user data easily available thirdparty organisations people cloud computing.cloud computing beneficial many enterprises lowers costs allows focus competence instead matters infrastructure.nevertheless cloud computing proven limitations disadvantages especially smaller business operations particularly regarding security downtime.technical outages inevitable occur sometimes cloud service providers csps become overwhelmed process serving clients.may result temporary business suspension.since technologys systems rely internet individual cannot access applications server data cloud outage.
Cloud computing	emerging trends cloud computing still subject research.driving factor evolution cloud computing chief technology officers seeking minimize risk internal outages mitigate complexity housing network computing hardware inhouse.also looking share information workers located diverse areas near realtime enable teams work seamlessly matter located.since global pandemic said cloud technology jumped ahead popularity due level security data flexibility working options employees notably remote workers.example zoom grew alone.
Cloud computing	digital forensics cloud issue carrying investigations cloud storage devices cannot physically accessed generated number changes way digital evidence located collected.new process models developed formalize collection.in scenarios existing digital forensics tools employed access cloud storage networked drives although slow process generating large amount internet traffic.an alternative approach deploy tool processes cloud itself.for organizations using office e subscription option use microsofts builtin ediscovery resources although provide functionality typically required forensic process.see also references reading millard christopher .cloud computing law.oxford university press.
Cloud computing	isbn .weisser alexander .international taxation cloud computing.editions juridiques libres isbn .singh jatinder powles julia pasquier thomas bacon jean july .data flow management compliance cloud computing.ieee cloud computing.
Cloud computing	–.doi.mcc... scid .armbrust michael stoica ion zaharia matei fox armando griffith rean joseph anthony d. katz randy konwinski andy lee gunho patterson david rabkin ariel april .view cloud computing.communications acm..
Cloud computing	doi... scid .hu tunghui .prehistory cloud.mit press.isbn .mell p. september .nist definition cloud computing.
Google Drive	retrieved november national institute standards technology website external links media related cloud computing wikimedia commonslaunched april google drive allows users store files cloud googles servers synchronize files across devices share files.addition web interface google drive offers apps offline capabilities windows macos computers android ios smartphones tablets.google drive encompasses google docs google sheets google slides part google docs editors office suite permits collaborative editing documents spreadsheets presentations drawings forms more.files created edited google docs suite saved google drive.google drive offers users gb free storage google one.google one also offers gb gb tb offered optional paid plans.
Google Drive	files uploaded gb size.users change privacy settings individual files folders including enabling sharing users making content public.website users search image describing visuals use natural language find specific files find budget spreadsheet last december.the website android app offer backups section see android devices data backed service completely overhauled computer app released july allows backing specific folders users computer.quick access feature intelligently predict files users need.google drive key component google workspace googles monthly subscription offering businesses organizations operated g suite october .part select google workspace plans drive offers unlimited storage advanced file audit reporting enhanced administration controls greater collaboration tools teams.following launch service google drives privacy policy heavily criticized members media.
Google Drive	google one set terms service privacy policy agreements cover services meaning language agreements grants company broad rights reproduce use create derivative works content stored google drive.policies also confirm users retain intellectual property rights privacy advocates raised concerns licenses grant google right use information data customize advertising services google provides.contrast members media noted agreements worse competing cloud storage services competition uses artful language agreements also stated google needs rights order move files around servers cache data make image thumbnails.as july google drive one billion active users september one million organizational paying users.may two trillion files stored service.platforms google drive introduced april apps available windows macos android well website interface.
Google Drive	ios app released later june .computer apps google drive available pcs running windows later macs running os x lion later.google indicated april work linux software underway news november .april googles thensenior vice president sundar pichai said google drive would tightly integrated chrome os version .october google announced going forward would drop support versions computer software older year.
Google Drive	june google announced new app called backup sync would replace existing separate google drive google photos desktop apps creating one unified app desktop platforms.originally intended release june release delayed july .september google announced would discontinue google drive desktop app march end support december .in july google released new app windows mac meant replace backup sync drive file stream.backup sync july google announced new downloadable software backup sync.made mainly replace google drive desktop app discontinued.
Google Drive	main function user able set certain folders constantly sync onto google accounts drive.synced folders files count shared quota allocated gmail google photos google drive.early google announced would combining drive file stream backup sync products one product google drive desktop support features previously exclusive respective client.mobile apps google drive available android smartphones tablets running android .jelly bean later iphones ipads running ios later.in august google drive ended support android devices running android .
Google Drive	ice cream sandwich older versions citing googles mobile app update policy states android devices provide updates current previous android versions.according policy app continue work devices running older android versions app updates provided bestefforts basis.policy also states notice given planned end service.on may google rolled new feature update google drive app version .. ios ipados known privacy screen requires face id touch id authentication whenever app open.website interface google drive website allows users see files internetconnected computer without need download app.the website received visual overhaul gave completely new look improved performance.also simplified common tasks clicking file see recent activity share file added draganddrop functionality users simply drag selected files folders improved organization.a new update august changed several visual elements website logo updated search box design refreshed primary color changed red blue.
Google Drive	also improved functionality download files locally website users compress download large drive items multiple gb .zip files improved naming structure better google forms handling empty folders included .zip thereby preserving users folder hierarchy.storage individual user account storage google gives every user gb gb billion bytes free storage google one.google docs google sheets google slides files count towards storage limit.cloud storage also shared gmail google photos.photos maximum megapixels videos maximum p resolutions stored using high quality setting google photos.
Google Drive	using high quality original quality setting uses google drive quota.users purchase additional space either monthly yearly payment.option yearly payments introduced december limited gb gb tb tb billion bytes storage plans.furthermore yearly payments offer discount.may google announced storage plans including free gigabyte plan would moved google one.as storage plans offered google chromebook promotions chromebook users obtain gb google drive storage free years long promotion activated within days chromebook devices initial purchase.available countries google drive available.
Google Drive	offer redeemed per device.used openbox refurbished devices eligible offer.google workspace storage google offers gb drive storage google workspace starter customers unlimited storage using google workspace business.since july g suite workspace education – valid educational institutions universities particular – provides tb storage.universities .
Google Drive	workspace users students staff related entities offered optionally increased storage limit .storage scheme revisions introduction google drive google docs initially provided gb storage free charge.on april google drive introduced free storage gb.storage plans revised gb costing .month gb costing .month tb costing .month.originally gmail google docs picasa separate allowances free storage shared allowance purchased storage.april may google drive google photos shared allowance free purchased storage whereas gmail separate gb storage limit increased gb purchase storage plan.in september google announced paid plan would cover total storage rather paid allocation added free e.g.gb plan allowed total gb rather gb previously.in may google announced overall merge storage across gmail google drive google photos giving users gb unified free storage services.in march storage plans revised prices reduced .month gb .month tb .month tb.
Google Drive	much cheaper competitors dropbox onedrive offered time.in paid plans rebranded google one emphasize application beyond google drive along addition .month plan gb increasing .plan tb additional charge.in cases changes users could continue existing plans long kept accounts active make adjustments plan.however account lapsed reason users choose current plans.on november google announced charging google photos storage users exceed limit gb account.update announced come effect june .june photos documents uploaded google’s online storage counted gb cap.in september google added tb storage plan priced .month.
Google Drive	features sharing google drive incorporates system file sharing creator file folder default owner.owner regulate public visibility file folder.ownership transferable.files folders shared privately particular users google account using email address usually necessarily ending gmail.com associated account.sharing files users google account requires making accessible anybody link.
Google Drive	generates secret url file may shared via email private messages.files folders also made public web means indexed search engines thus found accessed anyone.owner may also set access level regulating permissions.three access levels offered edit comment view.users editing access invite others edit.on september url portion existing files changed ostensibly security reasons.
Google Drive	thirdparty apps number external web applications work google drive available chrome web store.add app users required sign chrome web store apps compatible supported web browsers.apps firstparty google docs sheets slides.drive apps operate online files used view edit create files various formats edit images videos fax sign documents manage projects create flowcharts etc.drive apps also made default handling file formats supported them.
Google Drive	apps also work offline google chrome chrome os.all thirdparty apps free install.however fees associated continued usage access additional features.saving data thirdparty app google drive requires authorization first time.the google drive software development kit sdk works together google drive user interface chrome web store create ecosystem apps installed google drive.february create menu google drive revamped include thirdparty apps thus effectively granting status googles apps.in march google released api google drive enables thirdparty developers build collaborative apps support realtime editing.file viewing google drive viewer web allows following file formats viewednative formats docs sheets slides forms drawingsimage files .jpeg .png .gif .tiff .bmp .webpvideo files .webm .mpeg .gpp .mov .avi .mpeg .mpegps .wmv .flv .oggaudio formats .mp .ma .wav .oggtext files .txtexecutable program files .exemarkupcode .css .html .php .c .cpp .h .hpp .jsmicrosoft word .doc .docxmicrosoft excel .xls .xlsxmicrosoft powerpoint .ppt .pptxadobe portable document format .pdfapple pages .pagesadobe illustrator .aiadobe photoshop .psdautodesk autocad .dxfscalable vector graphics .svgpostscript .eps .pspython .pyfonts .ttfxml paper specification .xpsarchive file types .zip .rar tar gzip.mts filesraw image formatsfiles formats also handled thirdparty apps work google drive available chrome web store.
Google Drive	file limits files uploaded converted google docs sheets slides formats may tb size.also limits specific file type listed belowdocuments google docsup .million characters regardless number pages font size.document files converted .gdoc docs format cannot larger mb mb million bytes.images inserted cannot larger mb must either .jpg .png nonanimated .gif formats.spreadsheets google sheetsup million cells.presentations google slidespresentation files converted .gslides slides format cannot larger mb.
Google Drive	images inserted cannot larger mb must either .jpg .png nonanimated .gif formats.quick access introduced android app september quick access uses machine learning intelligently predict files need youve even typed anything.feature announced expanded ios web march though website interface received feature may.search search results narrowed file type ownership visibility openwith app.users search images describing naming them.
Google Drive	example search mountain returns photos mountains well text documents mountains.text images pdfs extracted using optical character recognition.september google added natural language processing searching google drive website enabling specific user search queries like find budget spreadsheet last december.february google integrated drive google search app android letting users search keywords switch apps tab see relevant drive files.backups december google updated android app website backups section listing android device app backups saved drive.
Google Drive	section lets users see backups stored backups sizes details delete backups.in june google announced new app backup sync would able synchronize folder users computer google.app released july .metadata description field available files folders users use add relevant metadata.content within description field also indexed google drive searchable.accessibility visually impaired june google announced number updates google drive included making service accessible visually impaired users.
Google Drive	included improved keyboard accessibility support zooming high contrast mode better compatibility screen readers.save google drive browser extension google offers extension google chrome save google drive allows users save web content google drive browser action context menu.documents images saved directly webpages saved form screenshot image visible part page entire page raw html mhtml google docs file.users need signed chrome use extension.mobile apps main google drive mobile app supported editing documents spreadsheets april capability moved separate standalone apps google docs google sheets google slides.
Google Drive	google drive app android allows users take photo document sign text use optical character recognition convert text edited.october android app updated material design user interface improved search ability add custom message sharing file new pdf viewer.encryption google encrypt data stored servers.following information united states national security agency direct access servers owned multiple technology companies including google company began testing encrypting data july enabled encryption data transit data centers november.however google drive provide clientside encryption.
Google Drive	professional editions google drive enterprise google drive enterprise formerly google drive work business version part google workspace formerly google apps work g suite announced google io conference june made available immediately.service features unlimited storage advanced file audit reporting ediscovery services along enhanced administration control new apis specifically useful businesses.users upload files large tb.press release posted googles official enterprise blog assured businesses google would encrypt data stored servers well information transmitted them.google delivers phone support business users guaranteed .
Google Drive	uptime servers.in september google announced google drive work would compliant new isoiec security privacy standard confirmed google would use data drive work accounts advertising enabled additional tools handling exporting data transparency data storage protection thirdparty data requests.in july google announced new edition called drive enterprise businesses dont want buy full google workspace.drive enterprise includes google docs sheets slides permits collaborative editing documents spreadsheets presentations drawings forms file types.drive enterprise also allows users access collaborate microsoft office files file types.pricing drive enterprise based usage per active user per month plus .per gb per month.
Google Drive	google drive education google drive education announced september .made available free google apps education users.includes unlimited storage support individual files tb size addition full encryption.shared drives september google announced team drives later renamed shared drives new way google workspace teams collaborate documents store files.shared drives filefolder sharing ownership assigned team rather individual user.
Google Drive	since shared drives ability assign different access levels files folders different users teams ability share folder publicly.unlike individual google drive shared drives offer unlimited storage.drive file stream soon google drive desktop march google introduced drive file stream desktop application g suite google workspace customers using windows macos computers maps google drive drive letter operating system thus allows easy access google drive files folders without using web browser.also features ondemand file access file downloaded google drive accessed.additionally drive file stream supports shared drives functionality google workspace.in early google announced combining drive file stream backup sync products one product google drive desktop support features previously exclusive respective client.
Google Drive	signing client using google workspace enable account expected enable enterprise features google migrating new product.docs sheets slides google docs google sheets google slides constitute free webbased office suite offered google integrated google drive.allows users create edit documents spreadsheets presentations online collaborating realtime users.three apps available web applications chrome apps work offline mobile apps android ios.apps also compatible microsoft office file formats.
Google Drive	suite also consists google drawings google forms google sites google keep.forms sites available web applications drawings also available chrome app mobile app keep also available.suite tightly integrated google drive files created apps default saved google drive.updates updates docs sheets slides introduced features using machine learning including explore offering search results based contents document answers based natural language questions spreadsheet dynamic design suggestions based contents slideshow action items allowing users assign tasks users.google docs criticized lacking functionality microsoft office received praise simplicity ease collaboration frequent product updates.in order view edit docs sheets slides documents offline users need using google chrome web browser.
Google Drive	chrome extension google docs offline allows users enable offline support docs sheets slides files google drive website.google also offers extension google chrome web browser called office editing docs sheets slides enables users view edit microsoft office documents google chrome via docs sheets slides apps.extension used opening office files stored computer using chrome well opening office files encountered web form email attachments web search results etc.without download them.extension installed chrome os default.reception features review google drive launch april dan grabham techradar wrote integration google docs google drive bit confusing mainly due differences user interfaces two drive offers drive section specific shared view shared documents.
Google Drive	stated think user interface needs lot work.like retread google docs moment google surely needs work here.considered uploading files fairly easy noted folder upload supported google chrome web browser.lack native editing microsoft office documents annoying.regarding google drives computer apps stated option settings synchronize specific folders powerful.
Google Drive	wrote drive great addition google armory apps everything work seamlessly criticizing interface confusing file view quite intuitive enough without file icons.grabham also reviewed mobile android app writing pretty simple app enables access files move save offline access wish praised google docs creation photo uploading easy.also praised everything easily searchable.a review michael muchmore pc magazine february praised service truly impressive creating editing files describing features leading officesuite collaboration.added compatibility rarely issue importing exporting options free storage gigabytes generous.however also criticized user interface confusing navigate wrote offline editing isnt simple.the android version google drive criticized requiring users individually toggle file use offline instead allowing entire folders stored offline.
Google Drive	ownership licensing immediately announcement april google faced criticism google drive privacy.particular privacy advocates noted google one unified set terms service privacy policy agreements products services.cnet report zack whittaker noted terms service come heavy fire wider community handles users copyright intellectual property rights.comparison terms service agreements google drive competing cloud storage services dropbox onedrive cited paragraph stating google broad rights reproduce use create derivative works content stored google drive via license users.although user retains intellectual property rights user licenses google extract parse uploaded content customize advertising services google provides user promote service.
Google Drive	summarized wrote according terms google useruploaded files google drive company whatever likes them.highly critical editorial service ed bott zdnet wrote language agreements contained exact words dropbox used july privacy policy update sparked criticism forced dropbox update policy clarifying language adding perfect example googles inability pay even slightest bit attention anything happens outside googleplex.matt peckham time criticized lack unique service agreements drive writing google service warrants privacy firewalling it’s google drive.isn’t youtube calendar even gmail——the potential someone’s sensitive data snooped whether glean info marketing otherwise high.... google ought create privacy exception “narrows scope” service terms google drive one minimally states company never circulate information generated searching within sic gdrive data way.in contrast report nilay patel verge stated web services subject harsh scrutiny privacy policies—but close careful reading reveals googles terms pretty much anyone elses slightly better cases pointing fact google couldnt move files around servers cache data make image thumbnails without proper rights.
Google Drive	comparing policies competing services patel wrote clear need exact permissions—they use slightly artful language communicate them.growth november google announced google drive million active users figure company releasing first time.on june google io developer conference sundar pichai announced google drive million monthly active users used fortune companies well top universities.on october atmosphere live event announced google drive million monthly active users.next web noted meant increase million users one quarter.on september announced google drive one million organizational paying users.in march google announced google drive million active users.in may google executive stated company event two trillion files stored google drive.downtime issues although google .uptime guarantee google drive google workspace customers google drive suffered downtimes consumers business users.

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