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Google Drive
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significant downtimes googles app status dashboard gets updated current status service google offers along details restoration progress.notable downtimes occurred march october january september january december .when january outage resolved google spokesperson told next webat google recognize failures statistically inevitable strive insulate users effects failures.happen instance apologize everyone inconvenienced event.engineers conducting postmortem investigation determine make services resilient unplanned network failures utmost continue make google service outages notable rarity.in outage affected googles services five minutes august cnet reported global internet traffic dropped .spam issues google drive allows users share drive contents google users without requiring authorization recipient sharing invitation.
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Windows Server 2008
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resulted users receiving spam unsolicited shared drives.google reported working fix.see also comparison file hosting servicescomparison file synchronization softwarecomparison online backup services references external links official websiteofficial blogreleased manufacturing february generally retail february .derived windows vista windows server successor windows server derived windows xp codebase released nearly five years earlier.on january microsoft ended support internet explorer versions older internet explorer released windows .extended support windows server ended january supported windows versions scattered across unsupported windows versions.extended security updates esu updates last january january azure customers.windows server final version supports iabased processors also known bit processors.successor windows server r requires bit processor supported architecture x x itanium.history originally known windows server codename longhorn microsoft chairman bill gates announced official title windows server keynote address winhec may .beta released july beta announced released may winhec beta released publicly april .
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Windows Server 2008
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release candidate released general public september release candidate released general public december .windows server released manufacturing february officially launched th month.features windows server built codebase windows vista thus shares much architecture functionality.since codebase common windows server inherits technical security management administrative features new windows vista rewritten networking stack native ipv native wireless speed security improvements improved imagebased installation deployment recovery improved diagnostics monitoring event logging reporting tools new security features bitlocker address space layout randomization aslr improved windows firewall secure default configuration .net framework .technologies specifically windows communication foundation microsoft message queuing windows workflow foundation core kernel memory file system improvements.
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Windows Server 2008
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processors memory devices modeled plug play devices allow hotplugging devices.allows system resources partitioned dynamically using dynamic hardware partitioning partition memory processor io host bridge devices independent partitions.server core windows server includes variation installation called server core.server core significantly scaledback installation windows explorer shell installed.also lacks internet explorer many nonessential features.
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Windows Server 2008
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configuration maintenance done entirely commandline interface windows connecting machine remotely using microsoft management console mmc.notepad control panel applets regional settings available.a server core installation configured several basic roles including domain controller active directory domain services active directory lightweight directory services formerly known active directory application mode dns server dhcp server file server print server windows media server internet information services web server hyperv virtual server roles.server core also used create cluster high availability using failover clustering network load balancing.andrew mason program manager windows server team noted primary motivation producing server core variant windows server reduce attack surface operating system security vulnerabilities microsoft windows prior five years would affected server core.active directory active directory domain functionality retained windows server renamed active directory domain services adds.active directory federation services adfs enables enterprises share credentials trusted partners customers allowing consultant use company user name password log clients network.active directory lightweight directory services ad lds formerly active directory application mode adamactive directory certificate services adcs allow administrators manage user accounts digital certificates allow access certain services systems.identity integration feature pack included active directory metadirectory services.active directory rights management services adrmsreadonly domain controllers rodcs intended use branch office scenarios domain controller may reside low physical security environment.
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Windows Server 2008
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rodc holds nonwriteable copy active directory redirects write attempts full domain controller.replicates accounts except sensitive ones.rodc mode credentials cached default.also local administrators designated log machine perform maintenance tasks without requiring administrative rights entire domain.restartable active directory allows adds stopped restarted management console commandline without rebooting domain controller.reduces downtime offline operations reduces overall dc servicing requirements server core.
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Windows Server 2008
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adds implemented domain controller service windows server .all group policy improvements windows vista included.group policy management console gpmc builtin.group policy objects indexed search commented on.policybased networking network access protection improved branch management enhanced end user collaboration.policies created ensure greater quality service certain applications services require prioritization network bandwidth client server.granular password settings within single domain ability implement different password policies administrative accounts group user basis instead single set password settings whole domain.failover clustering windows server offers high availability services applications failover clustering.
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Windows Server 2008
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server features roles kept running little downtime.in windows server way clusters qualified changed significantly introduction cluster validation wizard.cluster validation wizard feature integrated failover clustering windows server .cluster validation wizard administrator run set focused tests collection servers intended use nodes cluster.cluster validation process tests underlying hardware software directly individually obtain accurate assessment well failover clustering supported given configuration.this feature available enterprise datacenter editions windows server.disk management file storage ability resize hard disk partitions without stopping server even system partition.
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Windows Server 2008
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applies simple spanned volumes striped volumes.shadow copy based blocklevel backup supports optical media network shares windows recovery environment.dfs enhancements sysvol dfsr readonly folder replication member.also support domainbased dfs namespaces exceed previous size recommendation folders targets namespace.several improvements failover clustering highavailability clusters.internet storage naming server isns enables central registration deregistration queries iscsi hard drives.selfhealing ntfs windows versions prior windows vista operating system detected corruption file system ntfs volume marked volume dirty correct errors volume taken offline.selfhealing ntfs ntfs worker thread spawned background performs localized fixup damaged data structures corrupted filesfolders remaining unavailable without locking entire volume needing server taken down.s.m.a.r.t.detection techniques added help determine hard disk may fail.
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Windows Server 2008
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hyperv hyperv hypervisorbased virtualization software forming core part microsofts virtualization strategy.virtualizes servers operating systems kernel layer.thought partitioning single physical server multiple small computational partitions.hyperv includes ability act xen virtualization hypervisor host allowing xenenabled guest operating systems run virtualized.beta version hyperv shipped certain x editions windows server prior microsofts release final version hyperv june free download.
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Windows Server 2008
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also standalone variant hyperv exists variant supports x architecture.ia editions windows server cannot run install hyperv run mmc snapin managing hyperv.windows system resource manager windows system resource manager wsrm integrated windows server .provides resource management used control amount resources process user use based business priorities.process matching criteria defined name type owner process enforces restrictions resource usage process matches criteria.
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Windows Server 2008
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cpu time bandwidth use number processors run allocated process restricted.restrictions set imposed certain dates well.server manager server manager new rolesbased management tool windows server .combination manage server security configuration wizard windows server .server manager improvement configure server dialog launches default windows server machines.
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Windows Server 2008
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however rather serve starting point configuring new roles server manager gathers together operations users would want conduct server getting remote deployment method set adding server roles etc.provides consolidated portallike view status role.protocol cryptography support bit aes encryption kerberos authentication protocol.new cryptography cng api supports elliptic curve cryptography improved certificate management.secure socket tunneling protocol new microsoft proprietary vpn protocol.authip microsoft proprietary extension ike cryptographic protocol used ipsec vpn networks.server message block .protocol new tcpip stack provides number communication enhancements including greater performance connecting file shares highlatency links better security use mutual authentication message signing.miscellaneous fully componentized operating system.improved hot patching feature allows nonkernel patches occur without need reboot.support booted extensible firmware interface eficompliant firmware x systems.dynamic hardware partitioning supports hotaddition replacement processors memory capable hardware.windows deployment services wds replacing automated deployment services windows server home entertainment remote installation services.
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Windows Server 2008
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windows deployment services supports enhanced multicast feature deploying operating system images.internet information services increased security robocopy deployment improved diagnostic tools delegated administration.windows internal database variant sql server express serves common storage backend several components windows system resource manager windows sharepoint services windows server update services.intended used thirdparty applications.an optional desktop experience component provides windows aero user interface windows vista local users well remote users connecting remote desktop.removed features open shortest path first ospf routing protocol component routing remote access service removed.services macintosh provided file print sharing via deprecated appletalk protocol removed.services macintosh initially removed windows xp available windows server .ntbackup replaced windows server backup longer supports backing tape drives.result ntbackup removal exchange server volume snapshot backup functionality however exchange server sp adds back exchange backup plugin windows server backup restores partial functionality.
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Windows Server 2008
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windows small business server windows essential business server include exchange backup component.the pop service removed internet information services .. smtp simple mail transfer protocol service available server role iis .server feature managed iis ..nntp network news transfer protocol longer part internet information services ..readyboost available windows vista supported windows server .support lifecycle support rtm version windows server ended july users able receive security updates operating system.component windows vista windows server continue supported security updates lasting january respective endoflife dates windows .microsoft planned end support windows server january .however order give customers time migrate newer windows versions particularly developing emerging markets microsoft decided extend support january .
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Windows Server 2008
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microsoft announced extended security updates esu service expire january january azure customers.windows server upgraded windows server r bit systems only.editions editions windows server available x ia variants.editions come two dvds one installing ia variant x. windows server itaniumbased systems supports ia processors.ia variant optimized highworkload scenarios like database servers line business lob applications.optimized use file server media server.
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Windows Server 2008
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windows server last bit windows server operating system.editions windows server includewindows server foundation codenamed lima x oems onlywindows server standard ia xwindows server enterprise ia xwindows server datacenter ia xwindows server itaniumbased systems iawindows web server ia xwindows hpc server codenamed socrates replacing windows compute cluster serverwindows storage server codenamed magni ia xwindows small business server codenamed cougar x small businesseswindows essential business server codenamed centro x mediumsized businesses edition discontinued .the microsoft imagine program known dreamspark time used provide verified students bit variant windows server standard edition version since removed.however still provide r release.the server core feature available web standard enterprise datacenter editions.windows server foundation released may .updates windows server shares updates windows vista due based operating systems codebase.workaround found allowed installation updates windows server windows vista adding three years security updates operating system support windows vista ended april support windows server ended january .service pack due operating system based codebase windows vista released day initial release windows vista service pack rtm release windows server already includes updates fixes service pack .service pack initially announced october released may .
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Windows Server 2008
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service pack added new features windows search .support bluetooth .ability write bluray discs simpler wifi configuration.windows server specifically received final release hyperv .improved backwards compatibility terminal server license keys approximate reduction power usage service pack.windows vista windows server share service pack update binary codebases two operating systems unified windows vista windows server first microsoft client server operating systems share codebase since release windows .
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Windows Server 2008
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predecessors windows vista windows server windows xp windows server unique codebases used updates service packs.platform update october microsoft released platform update windows server windows vista.backports several apis libraries introduced windows server r windows windows server windows vista including ribbon api directx xps library windows automation api portable device platform.supplemental update released provide improvements bug fixes.internet explorer windows server shipped internet explorer version shipped windows vista.
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Windows Server 2008
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last supported version internet explorer windows server internet explorer released .internet explorer continually updated cumulative monthly update rollups support internet explorer windows server ended january ..net framework latest supported version .net framework officially version .released october .tls .
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Windows Server 2008
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.support july microsoft released update add tls ..support windows server however disabled default installing update.sha signing support starting march microsoft began transitioning exclusively signing windows updates sha algorithm.
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Windows Server 2008
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result microsoft released several updates throughout add sha signing support windows server .monthly update rollups june microsoft announced would moving windows server monthly update model beginning updates released september two years microsoft switched rest supported operating systems model.with new update model instead updates released became available two update packages released second tuesday every month windows server reached end life one package containing security quality updates smaller package contained security updates.users could choose package wanted install month.later month another package would released preview next months security quality update rollup.installing preview rollup package released windows server march later released rollup package update operating system kernels build number version .. ... change made microsoft could continue service operating system avoiding “versionrelated issues”.the last free security update rollup packages released january .extended security updates windows server eligible extended security updates program.
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Windows Server 2008
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program allows volume license customers purchase yearly installments security updates operating system january .licenses paid permachine basis.user purchases extended security updates license later year program must pay previous years extended security updates well.extended security updates released become available.windows server r second release windows server called windows based windows server r released manufacturing july became generally available october .
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SpiderOak
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new features added windows server r include new virtualization features new active directory features internet information services .support logical processors.first server operating system microsoft exclusively support bit processors.a service pack windows windows server r formally designed service pack released february .system requirements system requirements windows server follows scalability windows server supports following maximum hardware specifications see also bluekeep security vulnerabilitycomparison microsoft windows versionscomparison operating systemshistory microsoft windowslist operating systemsmicrosoft servers notes references reading external links windows server performance team blogfirst offering online backup service later branded spideroak one launched december .spideroak accessible app windows mac linux computer platforms android n maemo ios mobile platforms.according spideroak software uses encrypted cloud storage clientside encryption key creation spideroak employees cannot access users information.spideroak differentiates competition kind encryption provision syncing files folders across multiple devices automatic deduplication data.some components spideroak opensource company announced intent spideroak one clients code fully opensource future.spideroak one clients source code available opensource mobile platforms current plans make desktop clients code opensource.spideroak used provide opensource password manager named encryptr discontinued march .
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SpiderOak
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source code spideroaks group messaging application semaphor published allow auditing.history spideroak founded ethan oberman alan fairless encrypted private backup program.spideroak began developing crypton framework javascript framework building applications server doesnt know contents storing behalf users.crypton opensource project allowing developers easily add encryption security mobile applications.mid according oberman spideroak near million users.as spideroak headquartered chicago employed staff headed ceo alan fairless.
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SpiderOak
|
around time company offices chicago kansas city hiring remote employees inside outside us.spideroak raised .million series funding bringing total funding around million.in february spideroak discontinued using phrase zero knowledge describe service following public criticism phrase conflicted mechanism behind cryptographic zeroknowledge proofs.spideroak adopted phrase knowledge marketing.in november founder alan fairless replaced ceo christopher skinner announced company would expanding enterprise software partially funded million series b round.on august warrant canary spideroaks website briefly vanished followed system downtime.replaced transparency report.
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SpiderOak
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five days later canary resigned using gpg encryption.august spideroak also updated transparency report making statement concerning canary.impossible tell change internally driven canary tripped company compelled court order hide fact.main features data accessible one deduplicated locationconfigurable multiplatform synchronizationpreserve historical versions deleted filesshare folders web sharerooms rss notificationsretrieve files internetconnected deviceclaimed knowledge data encryption use desktop client sharing webaccess mobile access.claim however cannot confirmed due client closed sourceunlimited devicesa combination bit rsa bit aes see also comparison file hosting servicescomparison file synchronization softwarecomparison online backup servicesfile synchronization references external links official website review notebookreviewmaclife editors choice articlereview linux magazinereview onlinebackupdealsspideroak review cloud storage
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Comodo Mobile Security
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also features sms call blocking software process manager data apps backup data traffic monitor.antitheft feature allows users recover lost stolen devices.this first security app comodo specialists internet security android platform.comodo mobile security requires android .up.major releases cms .cms .released april .cms .cms .
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Comodo Mobile Security
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released january .major enhancements cms .includecloud antivirus scans.cms scans malware using local cloudbased detection engines.support android kitkat® ..added language support arabic bulgarian greek english spanish farsi french italian polish russian swedish turkish ukrainian chinese.new layout gui design offers easier navigation new icons new backgrounds.cms .cms .released june .new featurestablet version tablets secure cms now.cms supports devices x chipsets.enhancementsimproved notification behavior one select notified every app scan malware foundvarious bug fixes performed.cms .cms .
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Comodo Mobile Security
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released december .changes comodo mobile security .improved virus detectionoptional password protection application removalfalse positive feedback optionbug fixes independent test labs june avtest labs released test results android mobile security products conducted may using android ... comodo mobile security .scored .protection perfect usability avtests two testing categories.in january avtest labs released test results android mobile security products conducted january using android .. comodo mobile security .scored .protection perfect usability avtests two testing categories.
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Comodo Mobile Security
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reviews softonic.com reviewed comodo mobile security .january gave stars rating excellent.rosemary hattersley pc advisor gave comodo mobile security .½ stars.wrote “this smartphone app good allrounder offering initial health check plus ‘antitheft’ tools guise remote lock wipe device location plus alert someone changes sim phone free.see also comodo dragoncomodo icedragoncomodo internet securitycomodo system utilitiescomodo ssl references external links comodo mobile antiviruscomodo antivirus android source
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Application delivery network
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adn components provide supporting functionality enables website content delivered visitors users website fast secure reliable way.gartner defines application delivery networking combination wan optimization controllers wocs application delivery controllers adcs.data center end adn adc advanced traffic management device often also referred web switch content switch multilayer switch purpose distribute traffic among number servers geographically dislocated sites based application specific criteria.branch office portion adn wan optimization controller works reduce number bits flow network using caching compression shapes tcp traffic using prioritization optimization techniques.woc components installed pcs mobile clients typically portion woc installed data center.application delivery networks also offered cdn vendors.the adc one component adn evolved layer switches late became apparent traditional load balancing techniques robust enough handle increasingly complex mix application traffic delivered wider variety network connectivity options.
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Application delivery network
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application delivery techniques internet designed according endtoend principle.principle keeps core network relatively simple moves intelligence much possible network endpoints hosts clients.application delivery network adn enhances delivery applications across internet employing number optimization techniques.many techniques based established bestpractices employed efficiently route traffic network layer including redundancy load balancing theory application delivery network adn closely related content delivery network.difference two delivery networks lies intelligence adn understand optimize applications usually referred application fluency.
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Application delivery network
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application fluent network afn based concept application fluency refer wan optimization techniques applied layer four layer seven osi model networks.application fluency implies network fluent intelligent understanding able optimize delivery application.application fluent network addition sdn capabilities.acronym afn used alcatellucent enterprise refer application fluent network.application delivery uses one layer – switches also known web switch content switch multilayer switch intelligently distribute traffic pool also known cluster farm servers.application delivery controller adc assigned single virtual ip address vip represents pool servers.
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Application delivery network
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traffic arriving adc directed one servers pool cluster farm based number factors including application specific data values application transport protocol availability servers current performance metrics clientspecific parameters.adn provides advantages load distribution increase capacity servers improved scalability security increased reliability application specific health checks.increasingly adn comprises redundant pair adc integrated number different feature sets designed provide security availability reliability acceleration functions.cases devices still separate entities deployed together network devices application traffic delivered providing specific functionality enhances delivery application.adn optimization techniques tcp multiplexing tcp multiplexing loosely based established connection pooling techniques utilized application server platforms optimize execution database queries within applications.adc establishes number connections servers pool keeps connections open.
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Application delivery network
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request received adc client request evaluated directed server existing connection.effect reducing overhead imposed establishing tearing tcp connection server improving responsiveness application.some adn implementations take technique one step also multiplex http application requests.benefit executing requests parallel enhances performance application.tcp optimization number request comments rfcs describe mechanisms improving performance tcp.many adn implement rfcs order provide enhanced delivery applications efficient use tcp.the rfcs commonly implemented aredelayed acknowledgements nagle algorithmselective acknowledgementsexplicit congestion notification ecnlimited fast retransmitsadaptive initial congestion windows data compression caching adns also provide optimization application data caching compression techniques.
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Application delivery network
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two types compression used adns today industry standard http compression proprietary data reduction algorithms.important note cost cpu cycles compress data traversing lan result negative performance impact therefore best practices utilize compression delivering applications via wan particularly congested highspeed data link.http compression asymmetric transparent client.support http compression built web servers web browsers.commercial adn products currently support http compression.a second compression technique achieved data reduction algorithms.algorithms proprietary modify application traffic symmetric require device reassemble application traffic client receive it.
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Application delivery network
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separate class devices known wan optimization controllers woc provide functionality technology slowly added adn portfolio past years class device continues become application aware providing additional features specific applications cifs smb.adn reliability availability techniques advanced health checking advanced health checking ability adn determine state server application hosted status application delivering.advanced health checking techniques allow adc intelligently determine whether content returned server correct delivered client.this feature enables reliability features adn resending request different server content returned original server found erroneous.load balancing algorithms load balancing algorithms found todays adn far advanced simplistic roundrobin least connections algorithms used early s. algorithms originally loosely based operating systems scheduling algorithms since evolved factor conditions peculiar networking application environments.accurate describe todays load balancing algorithms application routing algorithms adn employ application awareness determine whether application available respond request.
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Application delivery network
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includes ability adn determine whether application available whether application respond request within specified parameters often referred service level agreement.typical industry standard load balancing algorithms available today includeround robinleast connectionsfastest response timeweighted round robinweighted least connectionscustom values assigned individual servers pool based snmp communication mechanism fault tolerance adn provides fault tolerance server level within pools farms.accomplished designating specific servers backup activated automatically adn event primary servers pool fail.the adn also ensures application availability reliability ability seamlessly failover secondary device event hardware software failure.ensures traffic continues flow event failure one device thereby providing fault tolerance applications.fault tolerance implemented adns either network serial based connection.network based failover virtual ip address vip shared two devices.
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Application delivery network
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heartbeat daemon secondary device verifies primary device active.event heartbeat lost secondary device assumes shared vip begins servicing requests.process immediate though adn replicate sessions primary secondary way guarantee sessions initiated time takes secondary assume vip begin managing traffic maintained.serial based failover serial connection based failover configuration two adn devices communicate via standard rs connection instead network sharing session information status exchanged connection.failover nearly instantaneous though suffers constraints regarding sessions initiated primary device failing network based failover.
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Application delivery network
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adn security transport layer security although often erroneously assigned application layer ssl common method securing application traffic adn today.ssl uses pki establish secure connection client adn making difficult attackers decrypt data transit hijack session.application layer security resource cloaking use virtual ip address vip position adn network provides means certain resources cloaked hidden client.adn designed understand applications application protocols http manipulate certain aspects protocol cloak servers pool prevent potentially useful information regarding software hardware infrastructure exposed.a typical use functionality hide operating system server software used host application.usually accomplished rewriting server field http response.a second typical use functionality exploitation adns ability rewrite uri portion http request.
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Application delivery network
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client presented uri vip known adn upon receiving request adn may either rewrite uri send redirect b transparently translates uri responds client uri right one first place.application firewall recent years commercial adns begun include application firewall functionality secure applications delivery process.hotly debated subject many security professionals arguing functionality included application firewall unnecessary handled application others consider employing much security possible regardless position delivery network best practice.many commercial adn companies acquired integrated functions present features part defense depth strategy often cited security professionals.network layer security adn often deployed dmz edge network.
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Application delivery network
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results exposure potential network layer attacks including denial service dos icmp syn floods.result adn must necessarily protect applications delivering succumbing attacks.adn generally employs number protections typical network layer attacks though implement full security offered ips.network layer security technologies may employed adn devices include delayed binding delayed binding also called tcp splicing postponement connection client server order obtain sufficient information make routing decision.application switches routers delay binding client session server proper handshakes complete prevent denial service attacks.
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Application delivery network
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ip filtering adns often ability filter traffic based access control lists acls bogus ip ranges bogon filtering deep packet inspection pattern matching.cases thresholds rate limiting ip addresses ranges ip addresses may employed.traffic management adns increasingly adding advanced traffic management functionality.deep packet inspection capabilities products identify traffic application type used analyze block shape prioritize traffic.see also application delivery controller notes external links optimizing network performance content switching server firewall cache load balancing
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Snapshot (computer storage)
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term coined analogy photography.refer actual copy state system capability provided certain systems.rationale full backup large data set may take long time complete.multitasking multiuser systems may writes data backed up.prevents backup atomic introduces version skew may result data corruption.
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Snapshot (computer storage)
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example user moves file directory already backed file would completely missing backup media since backup operation already taken place addition file.version skew may also cause corruption files change size contents underfoot read.one approach safely backing live data temporarily disable write access data backup either stopping accessing applications using locking api provided operating system enforce exclusive read access.tolerable lowavailability systems desktop computers small workgroup servers regular downtime acceptable.highavailability systems however cannot bear service stoppages.to avoid downtime highavailability systems may instead perform backup snapshot—a readonly copy data set frozen point time—and allow applications continue writing data.snapshot implementations efficient create snapshots o. words time io needed create snapshot increase size data set contrast time io required direct backup proportional size data set.
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Snapshot (computer storage)
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systems initial snapshot taken data set subsequent snapshots copy changed data use system pointers reference initial snapshot.method pointerbased snapshots consumes less disk capacity data set repeatedly cloned.implementations volume managers unix systems snapshotcapable logical volume managers.implement copyonwrite entire block devices copying changed blocks—just overwritten within parent volumes—to storage thus preserving selfconsistent past image block device.filesystems snapshot images later mounted readonly media.some volume managers also allow creation writable snapshots extending copyonwrite approach disassociating blocks modified within snapshot parent blocks original volume.
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Snapshot (computer storage)
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scheme could also described performing additional copyonwrite operations triggered writes snapshots.on linux logical volume manager lvm allows creation readonly readwrite snapshots.writable snapshots introduced lvm version lvm.file systems file systems wafl fossil plan bell labs ods internally track old versions files make snapshots available special namespace.others like ufs provide operating system api accessing file histories.ntfs access snapshots provided volume shadowcopying service vss windows xp windows server shadow copy windows vista.
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Snapshot (computer storage)
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melio fs provides snapshots via vss interface shared storage.snapshots also available nss novell storage services file system netware since version .recently linux platforms open enterprise server product.emcs isilon onefs clustered storage platform implements single scalable file system supports readonly snapshots file directory level.file directory within file system snapshotted system implement copyonwrite pointintime snapshot dynamically based method determined optimal system.on linux btrfs ocfs file systems support creating snapshots cloning individual files.additionally btrfs also supports creation snapshots subvolumes.
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Snapshot (computer storage)
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aix jfs also support snapshots.sun microsystems zfs hybrid implementation tracks readwrite snapshots block level makes branched file sets nameable user applications clones.time machine included apples mac os x v. operating system snapshotting scheme systemlevel incremental backup service merely watches mounted volumes changes copies changed files periodically speciallydesignated volume using hard links.hfs plus file system snapshotting feature apples new apfs file system introduces feature.see also application checkpointinglogical volume manager linuxpersistence computer sciencesandbox computer securityshadow copystorage hypervisorsystem imagevirtual machine notes references external links garimella neeta .understanding exploiting snapshot technology data protection part snapshot technology overview.harwood mike .storage basics backup strategies.
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4690 Operating System
|
ibm sold retail business including product toshiba supports it.widely used ibm toshiba retail customers drive retail systems running applications ibms application client server environment ace supermarket application sa general sales application gsa chain drug sales application cdsa.it followon product ibm os use ibms customers since .original ibm os based digital researchs concurrent dos system soon thereafter renamed flexos .in july ibm adopted flexos version .basis ibm os version .flexos .
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4690 Operating System
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supported intel intel modes limit applications running concurrently.in ibm licensed ims real .derivative digital researchs multiuser dos thereby successor concurrent dos bundle pos terminals.according article year store ihl consulting groupris news ibm os still market share pos register client market june ibm starting phase favor ibm retail environment suse ires.ibm continued maintain os april recent version released ibm may ibm os version release supported special contracts bigname companies.meanwhile toshiba released toshiba os version release vr january version release vr january .linuxbased successor os named tcx sky codeveloped wind river systems launched.soon toshiba discontinued os new customers however still supported service contracts signed toshiba global commerce solutions stores still using os pos terminals.latest security update csd level released december os version release .retailers using operating system operations many retailspecific reliability features.
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4690 Operating System
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addition running ibm hardware thirdparty vendors taken advantage features competitive hardware.supported hardware supports number point sale pos terminal devices store controller servers combination controllerterminals.documentation contains list supported pos devices including devices use years.family ibm usb pos devices supports includes keyboards displays cash drawers.also supports inputoutput io devices designed conform ibms usb pos device interface specifications.
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4690 Operating System
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ibm makes interface specifications available thirdparty vendors enable connect devices pos terminals using rs rs usb connections.ibm provides controller matrix document list compatible ibm servers use os store controllers controllerterminals.servers represent current formerly available devices continue supported .notable features perhaps notable feature os ability provide redundancy infrastructure.ibm designed os work either one server one servers.servers commonly called store controllers.
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4690 Operating System
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connected local area network lan store controllers provide redundant backup using mirrored data files.using system master controller alternate master file server alternate file server designations controllers preserve data integrity allow file backup case store controller fails needs replaced.a copy os maintained store controller.pos terminals registers load copy store controller memory initial program load ipl.controllers provide terminal support form terminal loading price lookup transaction logging.nonvolatile memory used ensure data lost transit terminals store controller.
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4690 Operating System
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terminals assigned primary store controller controller typically backed another controller.primary controller fails terminals automatically access backup controller providing uninterrupted sales pos terminal.primary backup controllers unavailable terminal go standalone state applications able support terminal offline tof state wherein terminals run offline using terminalbased item file logging stored within memory.to maintain software store level os provides software maintenance facility manage updates.facility provides checking ensure updates transferred store ability apply maintenance store level commands central control.updated software applied test preserves prior software case maintenance needs backed reason.
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4690 Operating System
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supports communications store controller several forms.including tcpip x. systems network architecture sna asynchronous communications.commands following list commands supported operating system.technology software os updated annually address needs user community anticipation upcoming requirements.version incorporated new security enhancements ssh ipsec enhanced operator security allowing alphanumeric operator ids password complexity requirements password expiration etc.. helped users address new security requirements credit card companies.another recent addition ability forward store hardware softwarelevel events remote management system facilitate central control monitoring.
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4690 Operating System
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file integrity monitoring lockdown becoming increasingly important due recent breaches caused pointofsalemalware based threats.supports applications written ibm basic variant cbasic metaware highc java .java languagebased ability server client along extension tcpip ability client enables java applications server client run concurrently existing cbasic c applications.users make functional enhancements existing applications developing new java application communicates existing application.versions ibm operating system versions july release release release release release release release release release release release release release release may toshiba operating system versions release january release classic – enhanced january see also digital researchtoshiba tcx skyflexosibm osibm ibm ibm ibm ims realibm retail environment suse iresdistributed data management architecture ddm reading ibm os v. programming guide pdf.
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4690 Operating System
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ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. configuration guide english pdf.ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. users guide english pdf.ibm.
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4690 Operating System
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retrieved .ibm os v. communications programming guide pdf.ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. messages guide pdf.ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. programming guide pdf.
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4690 Operating System
|
ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. configuration guide english pdf.ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. users guide english pdf.ibm.
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4690 Operating System
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retrieved .ibm os v. communications programming guide pdf.ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. messages guide pdf.ibm.retrieved .ibm os v. ibm basic language reference pdf.
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GoTo (US Company)
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ibm.retrieved .these many documents could obtained ibm retail publications download center.in toshiba global commerce solutions current owner os removed public access related manuals publications servers.in may os renamed tcx sky.base operating system runs os changed wind river linux revision.references external links official websitedata format description language dfdl schemas ibm ace parse write ibm ace transaction logscompany founded based boston massachusetts rebranded logmein goto february .rebrand goto comes simplified product portfolio single application two flagship products management support product goto resolve new experience unifiedcommunicationsasaservice ucaas product goto connect.products unified single application administrative system converging user experience.rebrand goto announced launch single application two flagship products goto resolve management goto connect collaboration application.on october logmein acquired lastpass million.december company announced lastpass would spin cloudbased security company.in february logmein completed merger getgo corporate spinoff goto product line citrix systems.on december logmein announced agreement sold .
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GoTo (US Company)
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billion francisco partners evergreen coast capital corp. private equity affiliate elliott management corporation.deal closed august .history logmein founded budapest labs changed name .am labs acquired hamachi vpn product.logmein inc. completed initial public offering .trading logmein inc. shares nasdaq global market commenced july .in company began move cloud services internet things acquiring pachube would later become xively service.may added initiative acquiring ionia corp. specializes integrating connected objects.logmein inc. acquired bold software llc .the company abruptly discontinued logmein free january giving users sevenday grace period migrate logmein pro.logmein acquired meldium million september retired meldium product offering july .in july logmein announced merger citrixs goto products using reverse morris trust.in february company announced sale xively google million.
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Windows Registry
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also february company announced acquisition jive communications million.on august elliott management corporation affiliate francisco partners completed acquisition logmein logmeins stock delisted nasdaq.on february logmein rebranded goto restoring original brand expertcity created citrix systems acquired logmein .products companys products focused three business areas including unified communications collaboration services identity access management services customer engagement support services.products includegoto ucc productsgoto connectgoto meetinggoto webinargoto traininggoto contactgoto roomgrasshopperjoin.meremote supportrescue – remote support help desk web application used large contact centers help desks diagnosing troubleshooting computers smartphones tablets.rescue live lensrescue live guidegotoassistgotomypcpro – subscriptionbased remote access administration softwarecentral – web application focused management remotely managing pcs servers running windows mac os x operating systemshamachi – network virtualization vpn servicelogmein backup – remote backup softwareremotelyanywhere – remote access administration software see also comparison remote desktop software references external linkskernel device drivers services security accounts manager user interfaces use registry.registry also allows access counters profiling system performance.in words registry windows registry contains information settings options values programs hardware installed versions microsoft windows operating systems.example program installed new subkey containing settings programs location version start program added windows registry.when introduced windows .windows registry primarily stored configuration information combased components.windows windows nt extended use rationalize centralize information profusion ini files held configurations individual programs stored various locations.
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Windows Registry
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requirement windows applications use windows registry.example .net framework applications use xml files configuration portable applications usually keep configuration files executables.rationale prior windows registry .ini files stored programs settings text file binary file often located shared location provide userspecific settings multiuser scenario.contrast windows registry stores application settings one logical repository number discrete files standardized form.according microsoft offers several advantages .ini files.
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Windows Registry
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since file parsing done much efficiently binary format may read written quickly text ini file.furthermore strongly typed data stored registry opposed text information stored .ini files.benefit editing keys manually using regedit.exe builtin windows registry editor.userbased registry settings loaded userspecific path rather readonly system location registry allows multiple users share machine also allows programs work less privileged users.backup restoration also simplified registry accessed network connection remote managementsupport including scripts using standard set apis long remote registry service running firewall rules permit this.because registry database offers improved system integrity features atomic updates.
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Windows Registry
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two processes attempt update registry value time one processs change precede others overall consistency data maintained.changes made .ini files race conditions result inconsistent data match either attempted update.windows vista later operating systems provide transactional updates registry means kernel transaction manager extending atomicity guarantees across multiple key andor value changes traditional commit–abort semantics.note however ntfs provides support file system well guarantees could theory obtained traditional configuration files.structure keys values registry contains two basic elements keys values.
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Windows Registry
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registry keys container objects similar folders.registry values noncontainer objects similar files.keys may contain values subkeys.keys referenced syntax similar windows path names using backslashes indicate levels hierarchy.keys must case insensitive name without backslashes.the hierarchy registry keys accessed known root key handle anonymous whose effective value constant numeric handle mapped content registry key preloaded kernel stored hive content subkey within another root key mapped registered service dll provides access contained subkeys values.e.g.
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Windows Registry
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hkeylocalmachinesoftwaremicrosoftwindows refers subkey windows subkey microsoft subkey software hkeylocalmachine root key.there seven predefined root keys traditionally named according constant handles defined win api synonymous abbreviations depending applicationshkeylocalmachine hklmhkeycurrentconfig hkcchkeyclassesroot hkcrhkeycurrentuser hkcuhkeyusers hkuhkeyperformancedata windows nt invisible windows registry editorhkeydyndata windows x visible windows registry editorlike files services windows registry keys may restricted access control lists acls depending user privileges security tokens acquired applications system security policies enforced system restrictions may predefined system configured local system administrators domain administrators.different users programs services remote systems may see parts hierarchy distinct hierarchies root keys.registry values namedata pairs stored within keys.registry values referenced separately registry keys.registry value stored registry key unique name whose letter case significant.windows api functions query manipulate registry values take value names separately key path andor handle identifies parent key.
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Windows Registry
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registry values may contain backslashes names makes difficult distinguish key paths using legacy windows registry api functions whose usage deprecated win.the terminology somewhat misleading registry key similar associative array standard terminology would refer name part registry value key.terms holdout bit registry windows registry keys could contain arbitrary namedata pairs rather contained one unnamed value string.sense windows registry like single associative array keys sense registry key associative array key formed hierarchy registry values strings.bit registry created additional capability creating multiple named values per key meanings names somewhat distorted.compatibility previous behavior registry key may default value whose name empty string.each value store arbitrary data variable length encoding associated symbolic type defined numeric constant defining parse data.
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Windows Registry
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standard types root keys keys root level hierarchical database generally named windows api definitions begin hkey.frequently abbreviated three fourletter short name starting hk e.g.hkcu hklm.technically predefined handles known constant values specific keys either maintained memory stored hive files stored local filesystem loaded system kernel boot time shared various access rights processes running local system loaded mapped processes started user session user logs system.the hkeylocalmachine local machinespecific configuration data hkeycurrentuser userspecific configuration data nodes similar structure user applications typically look settings first checking hkeycurrentusersoftwarevendors nameapplications nameversionsetting name setting found look instead location hkeylocalmachine key.however converse may apply administratorenforced policy settings hklm may take precedence hkcu.
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Windows Registry
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windows logo program specific requirements different types user data may stored concept least privilege followed administratorlevel access required use application.hkeylocalmachine hklm abbreviated hklm hkeylocalmachine stores settings specific local computer.the key located hklm actually stored disk maintained memory system kernel order map subkeys.applications cannot create additional subkeys.windows nt key contains four subkeys sam security system software loaded boot time within respective files located systemrootsystemconfig folder.fifth subkey hardware volatile created dynamically stored file exposes view currently detected plugandplay devices.
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Windows Registry
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windows vista sixth seventh subkey components bcd mapped memory kernel ondemand loaded systemrootsystemconfigcomponents boot configuration data bootbcd system partition.the hklmsam key usually appears empty users unless granted access administrators local system administrators domains managing local system.used reference security accounts manager sam databases domains local system administratively authorized configured including local domain running system whose sam database stored subkey also named sam subkeys created needed one supplementary domain.sam database contains builtin accounts mostly group aliases configured accounts users groups aliases including guest accounts administrator accounts created configured respective domain account domain notably contains user name used log domain internal unique user identifier domain cryptographic hash users password enabled authentication protocol location storage user registry hive various status flags example account enumerated visible logon prompt screen list domains including local domain account configured.the hklmsecurity key usually appears empty users unless granted access users administrative privileges linked security database domain current user logged user logged local system domain key linked registry hive stored local machine managed local system administrators builtin system account windows installers.kernel access read enforce security policy applicable current user applications operations executed user.also contains sam subkey dynamically linked sam database domain onto current user logged on.the hklmsystem key normally writable users administrative privileges local system.
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Windows Registry
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contains information windows system setup data secure random number generator rng list currently mounted devices containing filesystem several numbered hklmsystemcontrol sets containing alternative configurations system hardware drivers services running local system including currently used one backup hklmsystemselect subkey containing status control sets hklmsystemcurrentcontrolset dynamically linked boot time control set currently used local system.configured control set containsan enum subkey enumerating known plugandplay devices associating installed system drivers storing devicespecific configurations driversa services subkey listing installed system drivers non devicespecific configuration enumeration devices instantiated programs running services automatically starteda control subkey organizing various hardware drivers programs running services systemwide configurationa hardware profiles subkey enumerating various profiles tuned one system software settings used modify default profile either system drivers services applications well hardware profilescurrent subkey dynamically linked one profiles.the hklmsoftware subkey contains software windows settings default hardware profile.mostly modified application system installers.organized software vendor subkey also contains windows subkey settings windows user interface classes subkey containing registered associations file extensions mime types object classes ids interfaces ids ole comdcom activex installed applications dlls may handling types local machine however associations configurable user see policies subkey also organized vendor enforcing general usage policies applications system services including central certificates store used authenticating authorizing disallowing remote systems services running outside local network domain.the hklmsoftwarewownode key used bit applications bit windows os equivalent separate hklmsoftware.key path transparently presented bit applications wow hklmsoftware similar way bit applications see systemrootsyswow systemrootsystem hkeyclassesroot hkcr abbreviated hkcr hkeyclassesroot contains information registered applications file associations ole object class ids tying applications used handle items.
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Windows Registry
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windows hkcr compilation userbased hkcusoftwareclasses machinebased hklmsoftwareclasses.given value exists subkeys one hkcusoftwareclasses takes precedence.design allows either machine userspecific registration com objects.hkeyusers hku abbreviated hku hkeyusers contains subkeys corresponding hkeycurrentuser keys user profile actively loaded machine though user hives usually loaded currently loggedin users.hkeycurrentuser hkcu abbreviated hkcu hkeycurrentuser stores settings specific currently loggedin user.
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Windows Registry
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hkeycurrentuser key link subkey hkeyusers corresponds user information accessible locations.specific subkey referenced hkusid... sid corresponds windows sid hkcu key following suffix hkcusoftwareclasses... corresponds hkusidclasses... i.e.suffix string classes appended sid.on windows nt systems users settings stored files called ntuser.dat usrclass.dat inside documents settings subfolder users sub folder windows vista above.settings hive follow users roaming profile machine machine.hkeyperformancedata key provides runtime information performance data provided either nt kernel running system drivers programs services provide performance data.
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Windows Registry
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key stored hive displayed registry editor visible registry functions windows api simplified view via performance tab task manager performance data local system via advanced control panels performances monitor performances analyzer allows collecting logging data including remote systems.hkeydyndata key used windows windows windows me.contains information hardware devices including plug play network performance statistics.information hive also stored hard drive.plug play information gathered configured startup stored memory.
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Windows Registry
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hives even though registry presents integrated hierarchical database branches registry actually stored number disk files called hives.word hive constitutes injoke.some hives volatile stored disk all.example hive branch starting hklmhardware.hive records information system hardware created time system boots performs hardware detection.individual settings users system stored hive disk file per user.user login system loads user hive hkeyusers key sets hkcu hkeycurrentuser symbolic reference point current user.
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Windows Registry
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allows applications storeretrieve settings current user implicitly hkcu key.not hives loaded one time.boot time minimal set hives loaded hives loaded operating system initializes users log whenever hive explicitly loaded application.file locations registry physically stored several files generally obfuscated usermode apis used manipulate data inside registry.depending upon version windows different files different locations files local machine.location system registry files windows nt systemrootsystemconfig userspecific hkeycurrentuser user registry hive stored ntuser.dat inside user profile.
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Windows Registry
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one per user user roaming profile file copied server logout login respectively.second userspecific registry file named usrclass.dat contains com registry entries roam default.windows nt windows nt systems store registry binary file format exported loaded unloaded registry editor operating systems.following system registry files stored systemrootsystemconfigsam – hkeylocalmachinesamsecurity – hkeylocalmachinesecuritysoftware – hkeylocalmachinesoftwaresystem – hkeylocalmachinesystemdefault – hkeyusers.defaultuserdiff – associated hive.used upgrading operating systems.the following file stored users profile folderuserprofilentuser.dat – hkeyusersuser sid linked hkeycurrentuserfor windows server windows xp following additional userspecific file used file associations com informationuserprofilelocal settingsapplication datamicrosoftwindowsusrclass.dat path localized – hkeyusersuser sidclasses hkeycurrentusersoftwareclassesfor windows vista later path changed touserprofileappdatalocalmicrosoftwindowsusrclass.dat path localized alias localappdatamicrosoftwindowsusrclass.dat – hkeyusersuser sidclasses hkeycurrentusersoftwareclasseswindows keeps alternate copy registry hives .alt attempts switch corruption detected.
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Windows Registry
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windows xp windows server maintain system.alt hive ntldr versions windows process system.log file bring date system hive become inconsistent shutdown crash.addition systemrootrepair folder contains copy systems registry hives created installation first successful startup windows.each registry data file associated file .log extension acts transaction log used ensure interrupted updates completed upon next startup.internally registry files split kb bins contain collections cells.windows x registry files stored windir directory names user.dat system.dat addition classes.dat windows me.also user profile profiles enabled user.dat file located users profile directory windirprofilesusername.
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Windows Registry
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windows .registry file called reg.dat stored windir directory.windows mobile note access registry files phone needs set special mode using either wpinternals put mobile device flash mode.interop tools mount mainos partition mtp.methods worked device registry files found following location phoneefiespwindowssystemconfignote interop tools also includes registry editor.
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Windows Registry
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editing registry editors registry contains important configuration information operating system installed applications well individual settings user application.careless change operating system configuration registry could cause irreversible damage usually installer programs perform changes registry database installationconfiguration removal.user wants edit registry manually microsoft recommends backup registry performed change.program removed control panel may completely removed case errors glitches caused references missing programs user might manually check inside directories program files.user might need manually remove reference uninstalled program registry.
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Windows Registry
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usually done using regedit.exe.editing registry sometimes necessary working around windowsspecific issues e.g.problems logging onto domain resolved editing registry.windows registry edited manually using programs regedit.exe although tools expose registrys metadata last modified date.the registry editor .series operating systems regedit.exe windows nt regedt.exe functionalities merged windows xp.optional andor thirdparty tools similar regedit.exe available many windows ce versions.registry editor allows users perform following functionscreating manipulating renaming deleting registry keys subkeys values value dataimporting exporting .reg files exporting data binary hive formatloading manipulating unloading registry hive format files windows nt systems onlysetting permissions based acls windows nt systems onlybookmarking userselected registry keys favoritesfinding particular strings key names value names value dataremotely editing registry another networked computer .reg files .reg files also known registration entries textbased humanreadable files exporting importing portions registry using inibased syntax.
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Windows Registry
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windows later contain string windows registry editor version .beginning unicodebased.windows x nt .systems contain string regedit ansibased.windows x format .reg files compatible windows later.
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Windows Registry
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registry editor windows systems also supports exporting .reg files windows xnt format.data stored .reg files using following syntaxthe default value key edited using instead value namestring values require value type see example backslashes need written doublebackslash quotes backslashquote .for example add values value value b value c value value e value f value g value h value value j value k value l value hklmsoftwarefoobar keydata .reg files addedmerged registry doubleclicking files using switch command line.reg files also used remove registry data.to remove key subkeys values data key name must preceded minus sign .for example remove hklmsoftwarefoobar key subkeys values datato remove value data values removed must minus sign equal sign .for example remove value value b values data hklmsoftwarefoobar keyto remove default value key hklmsoftwarefoobar datalines beginning semicolon considered comments group policies windows group policies change registry keys number machines individual users based policies.policy first takes effect machine individual user machine registry settings specified part policy applied machine user settings.windows also look updated policies apply periodically typically every minutes.through scope policy defines machines andor users policy applied to.whether machine user within scope policy defined set rules filter location machine user account organizational directory specific users machine accounts security groups.
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Windows Registry
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advanced rules set using windows management instrumentation expressions.rules filter properties computer vendor name cpu architecture installed software networks connected to.for instance administrator create policy one set registry settings machines accounting department policy another lockdown set registry settings kiosk terminals visitors area.machine moved one scope another e.g.changing name moving another organizational unit correct policy automatically applied.policy changed automatically reapplied machines currently scope.the policy edited number administrative templates provides user interface picking changing settings.
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Windows Registry
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set administrative templates extensible software packages support remote administration register templates.command line editing registry manipulated number ways command line.reg.exe regini.exe utility tools included windows xp later versions windows.alternative locations legacy versions windows include resource kit cds original installation cd windows.also .reg file imported command line following commandregedit.exe filethe means file silent merged registry.parameter omitted user asked confirm operation.
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Windows Registry
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windows windows least configurations windows xp switch also causes regedit.exe ignore setting registry allows administrators disable it.using switch regedit.exe return appropriate return code operation fails unlike reg.exe does.regedit.exe e fileexports whole registry v format unicode .reg file ofregedit.exe e file hkeyclassesrootkeyregedit.exe e file hkeycurrentconfigkeyregedit.exe e file hkeycurrentuserkeyregedit.exe e file hkeylocalmachinekeyregedit.exe e file hkeyuserskeyexport specified subkey enclosed quotes contains spaces only.regedit.exe fileexports whole registry v format ansi .reg file.regedit.exe file keyexports specified subkey enclosed quotes contains spaces only.it also possible use reg.exe.sample display value registry value versionother command line options include vbscript jscript together cscript wmi wmic.exe windows powershell.registry permissions manipulated command line using regini.exe subinacl.exe tool.example permissions hkeylocalmachinesoftware key displayed using powershell commands scripts windows powershell comes registry provider presents registry location type similar file system.commands used manipulate files directories file system used manipulate keys values registry.also like file system powershell uses concept current location defines context commands default operate.
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Windows Registry
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getchilditem also available aliases ls dir gci retrieves child keys current location.using setlocation alias cd command user change current location another key registry.commands rename items remove items create new items set content items properties used rename keys remove keys entire subtrees change values.through powershell scripts files administrator prepare scripts executed make changes registry.scripts distributed administrators execute individual machines.powershell registry provider supports transactions i.e.
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Windows Registry
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multiple changes registry bundled single atomic transaction.atomic transaction ensures either changes committed database script fails none changes committed database.programs scripts registry edited apis advanced windows base api library advapi.dll.many programming languages offer builtin runtime library functions classes wrap underlying windows apis thereby enable programs store settings registry e.g.microsoft.win.registry vb.net c tregistry delphi free pascal.comenabled applications like visual basic use wsh wscript.shell object.
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Windows Registry
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another way use windows resource kit tool reg.exe executing code although considered poor programming practice.similarly scripting languages perl wintieregistry python winreg tcl comes bundled registry package windows powershell windows scripting host also enable registry editing scripts.offline editing offreg.dll available windows driver kit offers set apis creation manipulation currently loaded registry hives similar provided advapi.dll.it also possible edit registry hives offline system windows pe linux latter case using open source tools.com selfregistration prior introduction registrationfree com developers encouraged add initialization code inprocess outofprocess binaries perform registry configuration required object work.inprocess binaries .dll .ocx files modules typically exported function called dllinstall could called installation programs invoked manually utilities like regsvr.exe outofprocess binaries typically support commandline arguments regserver unregserver created deleted required registry settings.com applications break dll hell issues commonly repaired regsvr.exe regserver switch without reinvoke installation programs.
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Windows Registry
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advanced functionality windows exposes apis allows usermode applications register receive notification event particular registry key changed.apis also available allow kernelmode applications filter modify registry calls made applications.windows also supports remote access registry another computer via regconnectregistry function remote registry service running correctly configured network traffic firewalled.security key registry windows nt versions associated security descriptor.security descriptor contains access control list acl describes user groups individual users granted denied access permissions.set registry permissions include rightspermissions explicitly allowed denied user group users.as securable objects operating system individual access control entries ace security descriptor explicit inherited parent object.windows resource protection feature windows vista later versions windows uses security deny administrators system write access sensitive keys protect integrity system malware accidental modification.special aces security descriptor also implement mandatory integrity control registry key subkeys.
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Windows Registry
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process running lower integrity level cannot write change delete registry keyvalue even account process otherwise granted access acl.instance internet explorer running protected mode read medium low integrity registry keysvalues currently logged user modify low integrity keys.outside security registry keys cannot deleted edited due causes.registry keys containing nul characters cannot deleted standard registry editors require special utility deletion regdelnull.backups recovery different editions windows supported number different methods back restore registry years deprecatedsystem restore back registry restore long windows bootable windows recovery environment starting windows vista.ntbackup back registry part system state restore it.automated system recovery windows xp also restore registry.on windows nt last known good configuration option startup menu relinks hklmsystemcurrentcontrolset key stores hardware device driver information.windows windows include command line scanreg.exe gui scanregw.exe registry checker tools check fix integrity registry create five automatic regular backups default restore manually whenever corruption detected.
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Windows Registry
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registry checker tool backs registry default windirsysbckup scanreg.exe also run msdos.the windows cdrom included emergency recovery utility eru.exe configuration backup tool cfgback.exe back restore registry.additionally windows backs registry files system.da user.da every successful boot.windows nt .included rdisk.exe utility back restore entire registry.windows resource kit contained unsupported pair utilities called regback.exe regrest.exe backup recovery registry.periodic automatic backups registry disabled default windows may update version .microsoft recommends system restore used instead.policy group policy windows later versions windows use group policy enforce registry settings registryspecific client extension group policy processing engine.
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Windows Registry
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policy may applied locally single computer using gpedit.msc multiple users andor computers domain using gpmc.msc.legacy systems windows windows windows windows nt .administrators use special file merged registry called policy file policy.pol.policy file allows administrators prevent nonadministrator users changing registry settings like instance security level internet explorer desktop background wallpaper.policy file primarily used business large number computers business needs protected rogue careless users.the default extension policy file .pol.the policy file filters settings enforces user group group defined set users.
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Windows Registry
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policy file merges registry preventing users circumventing simply changing back settings.the policy file usually distributed lan placed local computer.the policy file created free tool microsoft goes filename poledit.exe windows windows computer management module windows nt.editor requires administrative permissions run systems uses permissions.the editor also directly change current registry settings local computer remote registry service installed started another computer also change registry computer.the policy editor loads settings change .adm files one included contains settings windows shell provides..adm file plain text supports easy localisation allowing strings stored one place.virtualization ini file virtualization windows nt kernels support redirection ini filerelated apis virtual file registry location hkeycurrentuser using feature called inifilemapping.functionality introduced allow legacy applications written bit versions windows able run windows nt platforms system folder longer considered appropriate location userspecific data configuration.
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Windows Registry
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noncompliant bit applications also redirected manner even though feature originally intended bit applications.registry virtualization windows vista introduced limited registry virtualization whereby poorly written applications respect principle least privilege instead try write user data readonly system location hkeylocalmachine hive silently redirected appropriate location without changing application itself.similarly application virtualization redirects applications invalid registry operations location file.used together file virtualization allows applications run machine without installed it.low integrity processes may also use registry virtualization.example internet explorer running protected mode windows vista automatically redirect registry writes activex controls sandboxed location order frustrate classes security exploits.the application compatibility toolkit provides shims transparently redirect hkeylocalmachine hkeyclassesroot registry operations hkeycurrentuser address lua bugs cause applications work users insufficient rights.disadvantages critics labeled registry windows single point failure reinstallation operating system required registry became corrupt.
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Windows Registry
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however windows nt uses transaction logs protect corruption updates.current versions windows use two levels log files ensure integrity even case power failure similar catastrophic events database updates.even case nonrecoverable error windows repair reinitialize damaged registry entries system boot.equivalents alternatives windows use registry storing program data matter developers discretion.microsoft provides programming interfaces storing data xml files via msxml database files via sql server compact developers use instead.
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