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Windows Registry
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developers also free use nonmicrosoft alternatives develop proprietary data stores.in contrast windows registrys binarybased database model operating systems use separate plaintext files daemon application configuration group configurations together ease management.in unixlike operating systems including linux follow filesystem hierarchy standard systemwide configuration files information similar would appear hkeylocalmachine windows traditionally stored files etc subdirectories sometimes usrlocaletc.peruser information information would roughly equivalent hkeycurrentuser stored hidden directories files start periodfull stop within users home directory.however xdgcompliant applications refer environment variables defined base directory specification.in macos systemwide configuration files typically stored library folder whereas peruser configuration files stored corresponding library folder users home directory configuration files set system systemlibrary.within respective directories application typically stores property list file preferences subdirectory.risc os confused mips riscos uses directories configuration data allows applications copied application directories opposed separate installation process typifies windows applications approach also used rox desktop linux.directorybased configuration also makes possible use different versions application since configuration done fly.
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Windows Registry
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one wishes remove application possible simply delete folder belonging application.often remove configuration settings stored independently application usually within computers boot structure boot.choices potentially anywhere network fileserver.possible copy installed programs computers running risc os copying application directories belonging programs however programs may require reinstalling e.g.shared files placed outside application directory.ibm aix unix variant uses registry component called object data manager odm.odm used store information system device configuration.
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TestDisk
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extensive set tools utilities provides users means extending checking correcting odm database.odm stores information several files default location etcobjrepos.the gnome desktop environment uses registrylike interface called dconf storing configuration settings desktop applications.the elektra initiative provides alternative backends various different text configuration files.while operating system wine compatibility layer allows windows software run unixlike system also employs windowslike registry text files wineprefix folder system.reg hkeylocalmachine user.reg hkeycurrentuser userdef.reg.see also registry cleanerapplication virtualizationlogparser – sqllike querying various types log fileslist shell icon overlay identifiersransomware attack uses registry notes footnotes references external links windows registry info reference msdn librarytestdisk collect detailed information corrupted drive sent technician analysis.testdisk supports dos microsoft windows i.e.nt .xp server server vista windows windows .windows linux freebsd netbsd openbsd sunos macos.
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TestDisk
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testdisk handles nonpartitioned partitioned media.particular recognizes guid partition table gpt apple partition map pcintel bios partition tables sun solaris slice xbox fixed partitioning scheme.testdisk uses command line user interface.testdisk recover deleted files accuracy.features testdisk recover deleted partitions rebuild partition tables rewrite master boot record mbr.
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TestDisk
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partition recovery testdisk retrieves lba size chs geometry attached data storage devices i.e.hard disks memory cards usb flash drives virtual disk images bios operating system.geometry information required successful recovery.testdisk reads sectors storage device determine partition table filesystem requires repair.testdisk perform deeper checks locate partitions deleted storage device disk image.
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TestDisk
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however user look list possible partitions found testdisk select wish recover.filesystem repair testdisk deal specific logical filesystem corruption.file recovery file deleted list disk clusters occupied file erased marking sectors available use files created modified thereafter.testdisk recover deleted files especially file fragmented clusters reused.digital forensics testdisk used digital forensics retrieve partitions deleted long ago.
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TestDisk
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mount various types disk images including expert witness format used encase.binary disk images created ddrescue read testdisk though storage device.testdisk versions prior version feature could exploited inject malicious code running testdisk application windows.file system support file system support testdisk shown table see also photoreclist data recovery softwarelist free opensource software packages references external links testdisk wikilist news articles testdisk photorecfalko timme data recovery testdisk howtodigital forensics using linux open source toolstest disk teammain contributorchristophe grenierlocation paris franceurl cgsecurity.orghe started project still main developer.also responsible packaging testdisk photorec dos windowstm linux generic version macos x fedora distribution.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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addition basic function storing keys cryptocurrency wallet often also offers functionality encrypting andor signing information.signing example result executing smart contract cryptocurrency transaction see bitcoin transaction image identification legally signing document see application form image.technology private public key generation crypto currency wallet works theoretical random number generated used length depends algorithm size cryptocurrencys technology requirements.number converted private key using specific requirements cryptocurrency cryptography algorithm requirement.public key generated private key using whichever cryptographic algorithm requirements required.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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private key utilised owner access send cryptocurrency private owner whereas public key shared third party receive cryptocurrency.up stage computer electronic device required key pairs mathematically derived written hand.private key public key pair known address known blockchain anyone else.blockchain record transaction public address cryptocurrency sent thus recording blockchain ledger transaction public address.duplicate private keys collision two wallets private key theoretically possible since keys generated without used transactions therefore offline recorded blockchain ledger.however possibility negated theoretical probability two private keys extremely low.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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number possible wallets cryptocurrency cryptography slightly less number atoms universe number high duplicating hacking certain key would inconceivable.seed phrases modern convention seed phrase utilised random even greater list dictionary words unencrypted form private key.words easier memorize numerals.online exchange hardware wallets generated using random numbers seed phrase asked recorded user hence access wallet becomes misplaced damaged compromised seed phrase used reaccess wallet associated keys cryptocurrency en toto.wallets number technologies known wallets exist store key value pair private public key known wallets.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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wallet hosts details key pair making transacting cryptocurrency possible.multiple methods exist storing keys seeds wallet.crypto wallets visàvis dapp browsers dapp browsers specialized software sustains new generation decentralized applications.dapp browsers considered browsers web gateway access decentralized applications working based blockchain technology.means dapp browsers must unique code system unify different codes dapps.while crypto wallets focused exchange purchase sale digital assets support narrowly targeted applications browsers support different kinds applications various formats including exchange games nfts marketplaces etc.technical specifications different browsers may may include features asfull support modern web.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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technologiesbuiltin ethereum mainnettestnet rpc fully compatible web.builtin ethereum wallet using smart contractsdapp naming support characteristics addition basic function storing keys cryptocurrency wallet may also one following characteristics.simple cryptocurrency wallet simple cryptocurrency wallet contains pairs public private cryptographic keys.keys used track ownership receive spend cryptocurrencies.public key allows others make payments address derived whereas private key enables spending cryptocurrency address.the cryptocurrency wallet.case bitcoin cryptocurrencies derived cryptocurrency decentrally stored maintained publicly available distributed ledger called blockchain.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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eid wallet wallets specifically designed compatible framework.european union creating eidas compatible european selfsovereign identity framework essif runs european blockchain services infrastructure ebsi.ebsi wallet designed securely provide information eid sign transactions.multisignature wallet contrast simple cryptocurrency wallets requiring one party sign transaction multisignature wallets require multiple parties sign transaction.multisignature wallets designed increased security.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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smart contract cryptocurrency space smart contracts digitally signed way cryptocurrency transaction signed.signing keys held cryptocurrency wallet.key derivation sequential deterministic wallet sequential deterministic wallet utilizes simple method generating addresses known starting string seed.would utilize cryptographic hash function e.g.sha seed n n asciicoded number starts increments additional keys needed.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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hierarchical deterministic wallet hierarchical deterministic hd wallet publicly described bip.deterministic wallet also derives keys single master root seed instead single chain keypairs hd wallet supports multiple key pair chains.allows single key string used generate entire tree key pairs stratified structure.single master string serves root tree hierarchy scheme allows private keys generated master private key master private keys turn treated deterministic wallets right.bip proposed use set humanreadable words derive master private key wallet.mnemonic phrase allows easier wallet backup recovery due keys wallet derivable single plaintext string.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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armory deterministic wallet bitcoin armory open source pythonbased walletmanagement application bitcoin network utilized implementation hierarchical deterministic scheme served inspiration bip standard.nondeterministic wallet nondeterministic wallet key randomly generated accord seeded common key.therefore backups wallet must store every single private key used address well buffer future keys may already given addresses received payments yet.concerns wallet access permissions choosing wallet owner must keep mind supposed access copy private keys thus potentially signing capabilities.case cryptocurrency user needs trust provider keep cryptocurrency safe like bank.
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Cryptocurrency wallet
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trust misplaced case mt.gox exchange lost clients bitcoins.downloading cryptocurrency wallet wallet provider computer phone automatically mean owner one copy private keys.example coinbase possible install wallet phone also access wallet website.vulnerabilities wallet also known unknown vulnerabilities.
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Idera, Inc.
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supply chain attack sidechannel attack ways vulnerability introduction.extreme cases even computer connected network hacked.when using software wallet receiving cryptocurrency access receiving wallet needed—the sending party need know destination address thus anyone send cryptocurrency address.one private key corresponding public key address otherwise access.see also cryptocurrencycryptocurrency securityprivate public key cryptographymobile payment referencesheadquartered houston texas offices australia austria united kingdom.owned private equity firms hggc partners group ta associates.history idera founded rick pleczko “bbs technologies” .company produced line server backup software products name idera competing business imceda later red gate software.bbs acquired web hosting backup provider rsoft late november .existed separate division continuous data protection product rolled idera product line idera server backup .. restructuring accompanied new “payasyougo” pricing model.the company formally changed name idera inc. january .idera acquired ta associates september .on may hggc bought controlling stake.on may partners group made investment idera.
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Idera, Inc.
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subsidiaries precise software july idera inc. announced acquisition precise software wholly owned subsidiary provider endtoend application performance management software.uptime software server infrastructure monitoring tool company acquired november .embarcadero technologies inc. october idera inc. announced agreement acquire embarcadero technologies inc. embarcadero mark retained developer tools division.october embarcadero listed acquired.gurock provider test case management software acquired june .aquafold database tools company acquired july .sencha inc. developers pure javascript application development framework desktop mobile browsers acquired august .ranorex testautomation software company acquired october .webyog database management tool provider acquired april .froala editing rich text web application tools acquired june .whole tomato suite visual studio productivity tools acquired august .kiuwan saas measuring analyzing security risks software development acquired october .assembla source code management provider acquired november .lansa lowcode application development tool acquired december .travis ci opensource continuous integration company acquired january .wherescape provider data warehouse automation software acquired september .fusioncharts data visualization product provider acquired march .qubole multiplatform data lake company acquired october .apilayer provider realtime data api products acquired january .preemptive maker dotfuscator dasho code obfuscators .net java respectively acquired march .idm computer solutions maker ultraedit applications acquired august .former subsidiaries idera sold sharepoint business metalogix october .products idera creates tools designed support supplement augment capabilities microsoft sql server including sql diagnostic manager sql doctor sql inventory manager.company also offers software service server backup product known sql safe backup allows hosting providers others offer clients continuous data protection backups.
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Idera, Inc.
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also offer number free tools sql server performance backup diagnostics windows powershell.recognition ideras software number awards within sql server communities.sql toolbox several best teched awards sql server offerings placed sql server pro community choice awards.free tool powershell plus windows pro editors best community choice awards.references
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Outline of computer security
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field covers processes mechanisms digital equipment information services protected unintended unauthorized access change destruction growing importance line increasing reliance computer systems societies worldwide.computer security includes measures taken ensure integrity files stored computer server well measures taken prevent unauthorized access stored data securing physical perimeter computer equipment authentication users computer accounts accessing data providing secure method data transmission.essence computer security computer security described followinga branch securitynetwork securityapplication security areas computer security access control – selective restriction access place resource.act accessing may mean consuming entering using.permission access resource called authorization.computer access control – includes authorization authentication access approval audit.authenticationknowledgebased authenticationintegrated windows authenticationpasswordpassword length parametersecure password authenticationsecure shellkerberos protocolspnegontlmsspaegis secureconnecttacacscyber security countermeasuredevice fingerprintphysical security – protecting property people damage harm theft espionage terrorist attacks.
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Outline of computer security
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includes security measures designed deny unauthorized access facilities computer room equipment computer resources like data storage devices data computer.computer gets stolen data goes it.addition theft physical access computer allows ongoing espionage like installment hardware keylogger device on.data security – protecting data database destructive forces unwanted actions unauthorized users.information privacy – relationship collection dissemination data technology public expectation privacy legal political issues surrounding them.privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information sensitive information collected stored – digital form otherwise.improper nonexistent disclosure control root cause privacy issues.internet privacy – involves right mandate personal privacy concerning storing repurposing provision third parties displaying information pertaining oneself via internet.
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Outline of computer security
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privacy entail either personally identifying information pii nonpii information site visitors behavior website.pii refers information used identify individual.example age physical address alone could identify individual without explicitly disclosing name two factors relate specific person.mobile security – security pertaining smartphones especially respect personal business information stored them.network security – provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security involves authorization access data network controlled network administrator.network security toolkitinternet security – computer security specifically related internet often involving browser security also network security general level applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet.
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Outline of computer security
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internet represents insecure channel exchanging information leading high risk intrusion fraud phishing.different methods used protect transfer data including encryption.world wide web security – dealing vulnerabilities users visit websites.cybercrime web include identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.criminals web become preferred way spread malware.computer security threats variety threats combined rapid development new threats made cyber insecurity removal information assurance status quo.
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Outline of computer security
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long man continues use computer man also takes interest manipulating modifying creating bypassing rules security standards.the common effective method violating computer security protocols phishing phishing process providing cloned login page site victim uses example googles gmail user enters hisher login information data captured access victims account gained.many corporations executives midranking managers even low level staff many current u.s. corporations idea malicious user quietly passively intercepting communications.strong motivation theft intellectual property.often victims phishing either never become aware privacy breached many months pass become aware privacy lost.methods computer network attack computer network exploitationsocial engineering frequent method attack take form phishing spear phishing corporate government world well counterfeit websites.password sharing insecure password practicespoor patch managementcomputer crime –computer criminals –hackers – context computer security hacker someone seeks exploits weaknesses computer system computer network.password cracking –software cracking –script kiddies –list computer criminals –identity theft –computer malfunction –operating system failure vulnerabilitieshard disk drive failure – occurs hard disk drive malfunctions stored information cannot accessed properly configured computer.disk failure may occur course normal operation due external factor exposure fire water high magnetic fields suffering sharp impact environmental contamination lead head crash.data recovery failed hard disk problematic expensive.
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Outline of computer security
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backups essentialcomputer network surveillance –man middleloss anonymity – ones identity becomes known.identification people computers allows activity tracked.example persons name matched ip address using activity tracked thereafter monitoring ip address.http cookielocal shared objectweb bugspywareadwarecyber spying – obtaining secrets without permission holder information personal sensitive proprietary classified nature individuals competitors rivals groups governments enemies personal economic political military advantage using methods internet networks individual computers use cracking techniques malicious software including trojan horses spyware.may done online professionals sitting computer desks bases far away countries may involve infiltration home computer trained conventional spies moles may criminal handiwork amateur malicious hackers software programmers thieves.computer network eavesdroppinglawful interceptionwar drivingpacket analyzer aka packet sniffer – mainly used security tool many ways including detection network intrusion attempts packet analyzers also used spying collect sensitive information e.g.login details cookies personal communications sent network reverse engineer proprietary protocols used network.
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Outline of computer security
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one way protect data sent network internet using encryption software.cyberwarfare –exploit – piece software chunk data sequence commands takes advantage bug glitch vulnerability order cause unintended unanticipated behavior occur computer software hardware something electronic usually computerized.behavior frequently includes things like gaining control computer system allowing privilege escalation denialofservice attack.trojancomputer viruscomputer wormdenialofservice attack – attempt make machine network resource unavailable intended users usually consisting efforts temporarily indefinitely interrupt suspend services host connected internet.one common method attack involves saturating target machine external communications requests much cannot respond legitimate traffic responds slowly rendered essentially unavailable.distributed denialofservice attack ddos – dos attack sent two persons.hacking toolmalwarehid spoofing keylogger computer viruscomputer wormkeylogger – program keystroke logging action recording logging keys struck keyboard typically covert manner person using keyboard unaware actions monitored.rootkit – stealthy type software typically malicious designed hide existence certain processes programs normal methods detection enable continued privileged access computer.term rootkit concatenation root traditional name privileged account unix operating systems word kit refers software components implement tool.spywaretrojandata loss –file deletion –data loss prevention softwarenatural disasters – fire flood etc.cause loss computers data.
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Outline of computer security
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either fire water cause hard disk drive failure example.earthquakes cause data center go down.reason large web businesses use load balancing failover techniques ensure business continuity.payload malicious code delivered vulnerable computer often masquerading something elsephysical loss – losing computer example due fire leaving ones laptop bus results inke data loss unless backup.physical theft – someone takes property without authorization own.computer stolen data gone unless backup.laptop theft – stealing laptop computer.victims laptop theft lose hardware software essential data backed up.
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Outline of computer security
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thieves also may access sensitive data personal information.systems authorize access based credentials stored laptop including mac addresses web cookies cryptographic keys stored passwords.vulnerabilitiesexploitable vulnerability – vulnerability exploit existsopen port – tcp udp port number configured accept packets.ports integral part internets communication model — channel applications client computer reach software server.services web pages ftp require respective ports open server order publicly reachable.open reachable enough communication channel established.
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Outline of computer security
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needs application service listening port accepting incoming packets processing them.open ports vulnerable service listening firewall filtering incoming packets them.security bugzeroday attackhackers computer defenses security measures access control systemsauthenticationmultifactor authenticationauthorizationfirewalls internet securityfirewallfirewall pinholenat hole punchingtcp hole punchingudp hole punchingicmp hole punchingnextgeneration firewallvirtual firewallstateful firewallcontextbased access controldualhomedipfilterzone alarmlinux firewall capabilitiesdebianvyattavyosbsd router projectfreebsdmnwallipfirewallopnsensepfsenseintrusion detection systemintrusion prevention systemmobile secure gateway access control access control – selective restriction access place resource.act accessing may mean consuming entering using.permission access resource called authorization.computer access control – includes authorization authentication access approval audit.authorization – function specifying access rights computer resources.authorize define access policy.
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Outline of computer security
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example human resources staff normally authorized access employee records policy may formalized access control rules computer system.operation computer system uses access control rules decide whether access requests authenticated consumers shall approved granted disapproved rejected.resources include individual files items data computer programs computer devices functionality provided computer applications.examples consumers computer users computer programs devices attempting access data computer.authentication – act confirming identity consumer.context consumer computer user computer program device attempting access data computeruser account – system id unique user.
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Outline of computer security
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allows user authenticate log system granted authorization access resources provided connected system however authentication imply authorization.log account user typically required authenticate oneself password credentials purposes accounting security logging resource management.password – word string characters used user authentication prove identity access approval gain access resource example access code type password kept secret allowed access.access approval computer access control –audit –physical security – protecting property people damage harm theft espionage terrorist attacks.includes security measures designed deny unauthorized access facilities computer room equipment computer resources like data storage devices data computer.computer gets stolen data goes it.addition theft physical access computer allows ongoing espionage like installment hardware keylogger device on.
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Outline of computer security
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examples physical security system components includelocks – locks may used secure building room computer in.may also used computer casings prevent opening computers remove swap parts install unauthorized components.may used computer disallow turned used without physical key.also locks attach cables laptops prevent taken.computer lock –security alarms –security barriers – fences walls.security guards –theft recovery software – lojack cars theft recovery software desktop laptop computers.application security application securityantivirus softwaresecure codingsecurity designsecure operating systems data security data security – protecting data database destructive forces unwanted actions unauthorized users.
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Outline of computer security
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information privacy information privacy – relationship collection dissemination data technology public expectation privacy legal political issues surrounding them.privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information sensitive information collected stored – digital form otherwise.improper nonexistent disclosure control root cause privacy issues.internet privacy – involves right mandate personal privacy concerning storing repurposing provision third parties displaying information pertaining oneself via internet.privacy entail either personally identifying information pii nonpii information site visitors behavior website.pii refers information used identify individual.
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Outline of computer security
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example age physical address alone could identify individual without explicitly disclosing name two factors relate specific person.mobile security mobile security – security pertaining smartphones especially respect personal business information stored them.network security network security – provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security involves authorization access data network controlled network administrator.internet security – computer security specifically related internet often involving browser security also network security general level applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet.
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Outline of computer security
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internet represents insecure channel exchanging information leading high risk intrusion fraud phishing.different methods used protect transfer data including encryption.virtual private network vpn – extends private network across public network internet.enables computer networkenabled device send receive data across shared public networks directly connected private network benefiting functionality security management policies private network.vpn created establishing virtual pointtopoint connection use dedicated connections virtual tunneling protocols traffic encryptions.ipsec – protocol suite securing internet protocol ip communications authenticating encrypting ip packet communication session.ipsec includes protocols establishing mutual authentication agents beginning session negotiation cryptographic keys used session.
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Outline of computer security
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ipsec used protecting data flows pair hosts hosttohost pair security gateways networktonetwork security gateway host networktohost.openvpn – opensource software application implements virtual private network vpn techniques creating secure pointtopoint sitetosite connections routed bridged configurations remote access facilities.uses custom security protocol utilizes ssltls key exchange.capable traversing network address translators nats firewalls.written james yonan published gnu general public license gpl.world wide web security world wide web security – dealing vulnerabilities users visit websites.
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Outline of computer security
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cybercrime web include identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.criminals web become preferred way spread malware.history computer security timeline computer security hacker history computer security industry computer security software antivirus softwarelist antivirus software comparisonencryption softwarelist cryptographic file systemspretty good privacyfirewalllist firewalls comparisonlist router firewall distributions testing labs avtest –independent organization evaluates rates antivirus security suite software microsoft windows android operating systems according variety criteria.every month researchers publish results testing list products awarded certification.organisation based magdeburg germany.icsa labs – independent division verizon business tests certifies computer security software including antispyware antivirus firewall products fee.virus bulletin – magazine conducts tests antivirus software.
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Outline of computer security
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magazine prevention detection removal malware spam.regularly features analyses latest virus threats articles exploring new developments fight viruses interviews antivirus experts evaluations current antimalware products.west coast labs – tests computer security products fee.checkmark certification program reports test results public.computer security companies mcafee inc. intel security – american global computer security software company headquartered santa clara california worlds largest dedicated security technology company.february mcafee became wholly owned subsidiary intel.
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Outline of computer security
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early intel announced would rebrand mcafee intel security .secunia – american computer security company software offerings vulnerability management pc security patch management.computer security publications journals magazines hacker quarterly – technical political articles interest internet security communityvirus bulletin – magazine prevention detection removal malware spam.regularly features analyses latest virus threats articles exploring new developments fight viruses interviews antivirus experts evaluations current antimalware products.books computer security art deceptionthe art intrusioncrypto code rebels beat government—saving privacy digital agethe cuckoos egg tracking spy maze computer espionage – book written clifford stoll.first person account hunt hacker broke computer lawrence berkeley national laboratory.cypherpunksfirewalls internet securitythe hacker crackdownthe hackers handbookhacking art exploitationout inner circleunderground books cryptography books cryptography cyber security community cyber security communities uk cyber security community – computer security organizations academic cerias – center research education information security computing communication infrastructures located purdue university.cert coordination center – program carnegiemellon university develops advanced methods technologies counter largescale sophisticated cyber threats partnership academic programs government law enforcement agencies.
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Outline of computer security
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cert knowledgebase compiles information information security incidents.georgia tech information security center – department georgia tech deals information security issues cryptography network security trusted computing software reliability privacy internet governance.oulu university secure programming group – studies evaluates develops methods implementing testing application system software order prevent discover eliminate implementation level security vulnerabilities proactive fashion.focus implementation level security issues software security testing.commercial australian information security association – also known aisa paid members branches located throughout australia monitor condition information security.microsoft digital crimes unit – microsoft sponsored team international legal technical experts stop interfere cyber crime cyber threats.government agencies arnes – academic research network slovenia responsible development operation management communication information network education research.includes sicert slovenian computer emergency response team.canadian cyber incident response centre – also known ccirc canadian government program ministry public safety.
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Outline of computer security
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program monitors threats coordinates national responses protects national critical infrastructure cyber incidents.norwegian cyber defence force – branch norwegian armed forces responsible military communications offensive defensive cyberwarfare norway.law enforcement agencies internet police – police secret police departments law enforcement agencies charge policing internet.major purposes internet police depending state fighting cybercrime well censorship propaganda monitoring manipulating online public opinion.air force cyber command provisional – proposed u.s. air force command existed provisional status.october air forces cyberspace mission transferred uscybercom.department defense cyber crime center – also known dc united states department defense agency provides digital forensics support dod law enforcement agencies.dcs main focus criminal counterintelligence counterterrorism fraud investigations.fbi criminal cyber response services branch – also known ccrsb service within federal bureau investigation responsible investigating certain crimes including computerbased crime related counterterrorism counterintelligence criminal threats united states.fbi cyber division – federal bureau investigation division heads national effort investigate prosecute internet crimes including cyber based terrorism espionage computer intrusions major cyber fraud.
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Outline of computer security
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division fbi uses information gathers investigation inform public current trends cyber crime.focuses around three main priorities computer intrusion identity theft cyber fraud.created .fbis ability address national security cyber intrusion threat p. pdf archived wayback machinerefnational security agency – united states bureau responsible national cybersecurity military communications protection.uscert – also known united states computer emergency readiness team organization within department homeland securitys dhs national protection programs directorate nppd branch office cybersecurity communications csc national cybersecurity communications integration center nccic.uscert responsible analyzing reducing cyber threats vulnerabilities disseminating cyber threat warning information coordinating incident response activities.uscybercom – armed forces subunified command subordinate united states strategic command.
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Outline of computer security
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unit centralizes command cyberspace operations organizes existing cyber resources synchronizes defense u.s. military networks.independent nonprofits australian information security association – organisation individuals rather companies aims maintain unbiased view information security australia.hosts conferences annually.information card foundation – created equifax google microsoft novell oracle corporation paypal others promote information card approach.information cards personal digital identities people use online key component identity metasystems.information systems security association –international computer security association –internet watch foundation –owasp – independent websites attrition – information securityrelated website updated least weekly allvolunteer staff.errata section devoted pointing inaccuracies omissions problems mainstream media related computer security hacking.
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Outline of computer security
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additionally staff members publish opinion pieces security rants pointing problems computer security industry.wiretapped.net – persons influential computer security john mcafee – founded mcafee associates later called mcafee inc. intel security resigned company .def con conference las vegas nevada august warned americans use smartphones suggesting apps used spy clueless consumers read privacy user agreements.phil zimmermann – creator pretty good privacy pgp widely used email encryption software world.also known work voip encryption protocols notably zrtp zfone.principal designer cryptographic key agreement protocol association model wireless usb standard.ross j. andersonannie antonadam backdaniel j. bernsteinstefan brandsl.jean camplorrie cranorcynthia dwork microsoft research cryptographer.
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Outline of computer security
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among achievements responsible technology behind bitcoin.deborah estrinjoan feigenbaumian goldbergshafi goldwasserlawrence a. gordonpeter gutmannpaul kochermonica s. lam stanford university computer science professor director mobisocial computing laboratory involved programmable open mobile internet national science foundation.brian lamacchiakevin mitnickbruce schneierdawn songgene spaffordmoti yung—israeli cryptographer currently google research.see also rubberhose cryptanalysis references external links outline computer security curliethe layered defense approach security malay upadhyay cyberoam january arcos sergio.social engineering.sancho rivera.trends cyber security dan geer author november participating safety guide electronic security threats viewpoint civil liberties organisations.licensed gnu free documentation license.article information security hard — economic perspective ross andersonthe information security glossarythe sans top internet critical security controlsamit singh taste computer security slowdown sight cyber attacks .july.
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Compuware
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usa todaycyber security dictionarycybersecurity authoritative reports resources topic congressional research servicewindows securitythe ultimate guide windows securitywindows securitymac securitylinux securitysecurity indepth linux software preventing mitigating security bugs pdfthreat alerts vulnerability tracking listslists advisories product lists known unpatched vulnerabilities secuniavulnerabilities securityfocus including bugtraq mailing list.list vulnerabilities maintained government usacompanys services also included testing development automation performance management software programs running mainframe computer systems.company headquarters detroit michigan.in peter karmanos jr. thomas thewes allen b. cutting established compuware corporation provide clients professional technical services.compuware opened first remote office service washington d.c. baltimore area.compuware completed initial public offering ipo traded nasdaq symbol cpwr.end compuware surpassed us billion revenue mark.
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Compuware
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built new headquarters building campus martius park detroit michigan.in december compuware acquired private equity firm thoma bravo approximately .billion became privately held company.years followed company experienced period growth reinvention mainframe software.march compuware reached deal sell houstonbased enterprise software company bmc software billion largest acquisition bmcs history.compuware ceased exist company compuware products remain available name bmc compuware.
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Infrastructure as a service
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operations integrations partnerships since compuware later bmc compuware forged multiple integrations partnerships.appdynamicsamazon web servicesatlassian jiraasgcloudbeesdynatraceelasticjenkinsparasoftsonarsourcesplunksyncsortxebialabs compuware acquisitions compuware made following acquisitions going private acquisition bmc ispw january itgrations october standardware december mvs solutions january xatester july innovation data processing january products compuware products remain available bmc compuware product line.abendaid mainframe application failure resolutionapplication audit – monitors records user behavior data maintain security compliance mainframe applicationscope ims virtualization deploy multiple virtual ims development testing environmentsfileaid mainframe file data editormanipulatorhiperstation mainframe load testingispw mainframe source code management continuous integrationcontinuous deliverystorage backup recovery manages backup recovery data optimizes performance resource utilization monitoringstorage migration – manages data migrations erasure requirements allowing continuous accessstorage performance – optimizes storage performance capacitystrobe – finds analyzes inefficiencies mainframe applicationsthruput manager batch automation balance batch workloadtopaz data application analysis testing capabilities visualization modern uitopaz connect – integrates mainframe applications tools used manage nonmainframe applicationstopaz enterprise data – provides access data visualization mainframe nonmainframe datatopaz program analysis – provides visualizations analysis interactions mainframe applicationstopaz total test – enables immediate testing programs subprograms code deployedtopaz workbench – provides integrated ui allowing developers access multiple topaz suite tools oncexpediter – interactive analysis debugging tool multiple program languages mainframe environmentszadviser – utilizes machine learning identify bottlenecks improve mainframe devops processes references external links official websitehypervisor xen oracle virtualbox oracle vm kvm vmware esxesxi hyperv runs virtual machines guests.pools hypervisors within cloud operational system support large numbers virtual machines ability scale services according customers varying requirements.overview typically iaas involves use cloud orchestration technology like openstack apache cloudstack opennebula.manages creation virtual machine decides hypervisor i.e.physical host start enables vm migration features hosts allocates storage volumes attaches vms tracks usage information billing more.
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Infrastructure as a service
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alternative hypervisors linux containers run isolated partitions single linux kernel running directly physical hardware.linux cgroups namespaces underlying linux kernel technologies used isolate secure manage containers.containerisation offers higher performance virtualization hypervisor overhead.iaas clouds often offer additional resources virtualmachine diskimage library raw block storage file object storage firewalls load balancers ip addresses virtual local area networks vlans software bundles.the nists definition cloud computing defines infrastructure service asthe capability provided consumer provision processing storage networks fundamental computing resources consumer able deploy run arbitrary software include operating systems applications.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure control operating systems storage deployed applications possibly limited control select networking components e.g.
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Infrastructure as a service
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host firewalls.according internet engineering task force ietf basic cloudservice model providers offering infrastructure – virtual machines resources – service subscribers.iaascloud providers supply resources ondemand large pools equipment installed data centers.widearea connectivity customers use either internet carrier clouds dedicated virtual private networks.deploy applications cloud users install operatingsystem images application software cloud infrastructure.model cloud user patches maintains operating systems application software.
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Code42
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cloud providers typically bill iaas services utility computing basis cost reflects amount resources allocated consumed.see also cispe iaas trade association europe.referencesmaker cloudnative data protection products incydr crashplan.code’s incydr saas dataloss protection product.incydr designed help enterprise security teams detect insider risks data could lead data leak data loss insider threat breaches respond appropriately.code’s crashplan small business cloud data backup recovery software.history code founded consulting company matthew dornquast brian bispala mitch coopet.
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Code42
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companys name honors douglas adams authored hitchhiker’s guide galaxy died year.book number answer ultimate question life universe everything.some codes first projects included redesign sun country airlines’ website project retailer target corporation ticket booking engine midwest airlines.income services business used fund product ideas six years.in company planned create facebooklike desktop application project became large impractical.code focused online storage element application creating crashplan .in june code acquired minneapolisbased mobile development company recursive awesome llc support software mobile devices.in code raised .million funding.
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Code42
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funding first distribution million pool established accel partners fund big data companies.in mid former eloqua ceo joe payne succeeded cofounder matthew dornquast ceo.company raised additional million funding october .on august code announced shutting crashplan home effective october .accepting new subscriptions would maintain existing subscriptions end existing subscription period point backups would purged.home plans replaced crashplan small business businessfocused although still possible use private purposes.backups friendsfamily supported new product company explained shift business strategy focus exclusively enterprise small business segments two great options continue getting best backup solution..in september code launched incydr data risk detection response product saas data protection tool enterprises.
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Code42
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incydr allows security teams effectively mitigate file exposure exfiltration risks without disrupting legitimate work collaboration.incydr guards intellectual property source code trade secrets.incydr code’s flagship product.also september code leaders joe payne jadee hanson mark wojtasiak coauthored published book inside jobs insider risk biggest cyber threat can’t ignore.book explores problem insider risk drives believe traditional methods protecting company data inadequate security leaders keep data secure.business april code software’s revenue comes business customers.
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Code42
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remainder comes consumers small portion service provider partners.reported code profitable year since founded.grew .million revenue .million .
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Code42
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million .codes saas business million annually.company backed petabytes data processed billion files day.products services code maker incydr data loss detection response product.allows security teams mitigate file exposure exfiltration risks without disrupting collaboration.
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Code42
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incydr comes two plans basic advanced.incydr displays information data relevant including data moving moving it.monitors creation deletion modification movement files whether activity within company’s security protocols not.even though incydr monitors file activity distinguishes acceptable team collaboration file sharing events represent risks businesses.code also maker cloud backup recovery software crashplan small business.crashplan backs data remote servers hard drives.available mac windows linux.
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Code42
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backup computers longer supported.initial backups may take several hours via lan days internet depending amount data bandwidth available afterwards continuous incremental backups conducted without user intervention.around used paid option seed loading hard drive sent user faster local backup could performed drive could shipped back code initial backup.however seeded backup service longer offered neither corresponding restoretodoor service would allow hard drive containing extensive restore data backups shipped back user faster overtheinternet download.with crashplan data encrypted passwordprotected stored proprietary format.also option secure private key.corporate users crashplan proe back private servers instead codes data centers four five cases.software option create private onsite backup server.in code developed released marketed file sharing service called shareplan.
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Code42
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according star tribune competed dropbox shareplan used pin access files track users.in october revision software added features regulatory compliance like sarbanesoxley options private public hybrid cloud deployment.single login crashplan using feature called code edge platform improved december twofactor authentication features.shareplan discontinued august .in comparative review published wall street journal geoffrey fowler observed crashplan favorite four services evaluated.observed lacked fine print whereas services charged additional fees basic features werent really unlimited.pc magazine gave crashplan .
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Code42
|
stars awarded editors choice.review praised user interface local backup options security features said mobile explorerbased features limited.a product review macworld gave crashplan rating .gartner gave enterprise version crashplan proe excellent rating.things digital praised crashplan operating system support configuration options.also ars technica said crashplan better features pricing options competitors.
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Andrew Michael (businessman)
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see also comparison online backup services references external links code.com official websitecrashplan.com official websiteearly life fasthosts andrew michael born cyprus grew charlton kings near cheltenham united kingdom.aged part alevel project michael started web hosting company fasthosts.fasthosts listed sunday times one fastest growing technology companies uk reported turnover £m profit £m.company sold german internet company united internet reported £m michael owning share company.livedrive michael founded ukbased cloud storage cloud backup company livedrive offered customers unlimited online storage.
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Andrew Michael (businessman)
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nicholas cowell also investor company.late launched company us.in michael sold livedrive j global.bark.com andrew cofounded bark.com kai feller.company enables customers easily contact local service professionals avoiding need make multiple calls.march nick hewer signed brand ambassador.
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Private VLAN
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referencesrestricted ports called private ports.private vlan typically contains many private ports single uplink.uplink typically port link aggregation group connected router firewall server provider network similar central resource.this concept primarily introduced number network segregation number vlans network switch generally restricted specific number resources could used highly scaled scenarios.hence requirement create multiple network segregation minimum resources.the switch forwards frames received private port uplink port regardless vlan id destination mac address.frames received uplink port forwarded normal way i.e.
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Private VLAN
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port hosting destination mac address ports vlan broadcast frames unknown destination mac addresses.result direct peertopeer traffic peers switch blocked communication must go uplink.private vlans provide isolation peers data link layer communication higher layers may still possible depending network configuration.typical application private vlan hotel ethernet home network room apartment port internet access.similar port isolation used ethernetbased adsl dslams.
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Private VLAN
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allowing direct data link layer communication customer nodes would expose local network various security attacks arp spoofing well increasing potential damage due misconfiguration.another application private vlans simplify ip address assignment.ports isolated data link layer security performance reasons belonging ip subnet.case direct communication ip hosts protected ports possible uplink connection using macforced forwarding similar proxy arp based solution.overview private vlan divides vlan primary subvlans secondary keeping existing ip subnet layer configuration.regular vlan single broadcast domain private vlan partitions one broadcast domain multiple smaller broadcast subdomains.primary vlan simply original vlan.
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Private VLAN
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type vlan used forward frames downstream secondary vlans.secondary vlan secondary vlan configured one following typesisolated switch ports associated isolated vlan reach primary vlan secondary vlan.addition hosts associated isolated vlan cannot reach other.multiple isolated vlans one private vlan domain may useful vlans need use distinct paths security reasons ports remain isolated within vlan.community switch ports associated common community vlan communicate primary vlan secondary vlan.multiple distinct community vlans within one private vlan domain.there mainly two types ports private vlan promiscuous port pport host port.host port divides two types – isolated port iport community port cport.promiscuous port pport switch port connects router firewall common gateway device.
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Private VLAN
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port communicate anything else connected primary secondary vlan.words type port allowed send receive frames port vlan.host portsisolated port iport connects regular host resides isolated vlan.port communicates pports.community port cport connects regular host resides community vlan.port communicates pports ports community vlan.example scenario switch vlan converted private vlan one pport two iports isolated vlan secondary two community vlans secondary ports each.switch one uplink port trunk connected another switch.
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Private VLAN
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diagram shows configuration graphically.the following table shows traffic flow ports.traffic uplink port isolated port denied isolated vlan.traffic uplink port isolated port permitted primary vlan.use cases network segregation private vlans used network segregation whenmoving flat network segregated network without changing ip addressing hosts.firewall replace router hosts slowly moved secondary vlan assignment without changing ip addresses.there need firewall many tens hundreds even thousands interfaces.using private vlans firewall one interface segregated networks.there need preserve ip addressing.
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Private VLAN
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private vlans secondary vlans share ip subnet.overcome license fees number supported vlans per firewall.need segregated networks.isolated vlan endless number segregated networks.secure hosting private vlans hosting operation allows segregation customers following benefitsno need separate ip subnet customer.using isolated vlan limit number customers.no need change firewalls interface configuration extend number configured vlans.secure vdi isolated vlan used segregate vdi desktops allowing filtering inspection desktop desktop communication.
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Private VLAN
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using nonisolated vlans would require different vlan subnet vdi desktop.backup network backup network need hosts reach other.hosts reach backup destination.backup clients placed one isolated vlan backup servers placed promiscuous primary vlan allow hosts communicate backup servers.vendor support hardware switches alcatellucent enterprise – omniswitch seriesarista networks – data center switchingbrocade – bigiron turboiron fastiron switchescisco systems – catalyst xr higher product lines switchesextreme networks – xos based switchesfortinet – fortios based switchesjuniper networks – ex switcheshewlettpackard enterprise – aruba access switches series higher product lines switcheslenovo – cnos based switchesmicrosens – g switch familymikrotik – models routersswitches switch chips since routeros v.tplink – tg series tg seriestrendnet – many modelsubiquiti networks – edgeswitch series unifi series software switches cisco systems – nexus vmicrosoft – hyperv oracle – oracle vm server sparc ...vmware – vds switch private vlan–aware products cisco systems – firewall services modulemarathon networks – pvtd private vlan deployment operation appliance see also ethernetbroadcast domainvlan hopping related rfcs rfc – cisco systems private vlans scalable security multiclient environment references configuring private vlans.
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System administrator
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catalyst switch software configuration guide .see.cisco systems.retrieved .configuring private vlan tplink configuration guide.ccnp bcmsn official exam certification guide.bydavid hucaby isbn isbn notessystem administrator seeks ensure uptime performance resources security computers manage meet needs users without exceeding set budget so.to meet needs system administrator may acquire install upgrade computer components software provide routine automation maintain security policies troubleshoot train supervise staff offer technical support projects.related fields many organizations staff offer jobs related system administration.larger company may separate positions within computer support information services department.smaller group may shared sysadmins even single person.a database administrator dba maintains database system responsible integrity data efficiency performance system.a network administrator maintains network infrastructure switches routers diagnoses problems behavior networkattached computers.a security administrator specialist computer network security including administration security devices firewalls well consulting general security measures.a web administrator maintains web server services apache iis allow internal external access web sites.tasks include managing multiple sites administering security configuring necessary components software.
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System administrator
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responsibilities may also include software change management.a computer operator performs routine maintenance upkeep changing backup tapes replacing failed drives redundant array independent disks raid.tasks usually require physical presence room computer less skilled sysadmin tasks may require similar level trust since operator access possibly sensitive data.an sre site reliability engineer takes software engineering programmatic approach managing systems.training employers require bachelors degree related field computer science information technology electronics engineering computer engineering.schools also offer undergraduate degrees graduate programs system administration.in addition practical nature system administration easy availability opensource server software many system administrators enter field selftaught.generally prospective employee required experience computer system expected manage.cases candidates expected possess industry certifications microsoft mcsa mcse mcitp red hat rhce novell cna cne cisco ccna comptias network sun certified scna linux professional institute linux foundation certified engineer linux foundation certified system administrator among others.sometimes almost exclusively smaller sites role system administrator may given skilled user addition replacement duties.
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System administrator
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skills subject matter system administration includes computer systems ways people use organization.entails knowledge operating systems applications well hardware software troubleshooting also knowledge purposes people organization use computers.perhaps important skill system administrator problem solving—frequently various sorts constraints stress.sysadmin call computer system goes malfunctions must able quickly correctly diagnose wrong best fix it.may also need teamwork communication skills well able install configure hardware software.sysadmins must understand behavior software order deploy troubleshoot problems generally know several programming languages used scripting automation routine tasks.typical sysadmins role design write new application software responsible automating system application configuration various configuration management tools lines somewhat blur.
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System administrator
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depending sysadmins role skillset may expected understand equivalent keycore concepts software engineer understands.said system administrators software engineers developers job title sense.particularly dealing internetfacing businesscritical systems sysadmin must strong grasp computer security.includes merely deploying software patches also preventing breakins security problems preventive measures.organizations computer security administration separate role responsible overall security upkeep firewalls intrusion detection systems sysadmins generally responsible security computer systems.duties system administrators responsibilities might includeanalyzing system logs identifying potential issues computer systems.applying operating system updates patches configuration changes.installing configuring new hardware software.adding removing updating user account information resetting passwords etc.answering technical queries assisting users.responsibility security.responsibility documenting configuration system.troubleshooting reported problems.system performance tuning.ensuring network infrastructure running.configuring adding deleting file systems.ensuring parity dev test production environments.training usersplan manage machine room environmentin larger organizations tasks may divided among different system administrators members different organizational groups.
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System administrator
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example dedicated individuals may apply system upgrades quality assurance qa team may perform testing validation one technical writers may responsible technical documentation written company.system administrators larger organizations tend systems architects systems engineers systems designers.in smaller organizations system administrator might also act technical support database administrator network administrator storage san administrator application analyst.see also application service managementbastard operator hell bofhdevopsforum administratorinformation technology operationsleague professional system administratorslisa organizationprofessional certification computer technologysuperusersysopsystem administrator appreciation day references article incorporates public domain material united states government document occupational outlook handbook edition.reading essential linux administration comprehensive guide beginners chuck easttom cengage press essential system administration oreilly rd edition æleen frischthe practice system network administration addisonwesley nd edition jul.thomas a. limoncelli christine hogan strata r. chalupthe practice system network administration volume devops best practices enterprise addisonwesley rd edition.
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Information security
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nov. thomas a. limoncelli christine hogan strata r. chalupthe practice cloud system administration designing operating large distributed systems volume addisonwesley sep. thomas a. limoncelli christine hogan strata r. chalupprinciples network system administration j. wiley sons nd ed.mark burgesstime management system administrators oreilly thomas a. limoncelliunix linux system administration handbook prentice hall th edition aug. trent r. hein ben whaley dan mackin sandeep negithe blue collar workers st century minnesota public radio january external links communication workers americapart information risk management.typically involves preventing reducing probability unauthorizedinappropriate access data unlawful use disclosure disruption deletion corruption modification inspection recording devaluation information.also involves actions intended reduce adverse impacts incidents.protected information may take form e.g.electronic physical tangible e.g.
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Information security
|
paperwork intangible e.g.knowledge.information securitys primary focus balanced protection confidentiality integrity availability data also known cia triad maintaining focus efficient policy implementation without hampering organization productivity.largely achieved structured risk management process involves identifying information related assets plus potential threats vulnerabilities impactsevaluating risksdeciding address treat risks i.e.avoid mitigate share accept themwhere risk mitigation required selecting designing appropriate security controls implementing themmonitoring activities making adjustments necessary address issues changes improvement opportunities.to standardize discipline academics professionals collaborate offer guidance policies industry standards password antivirus software firewall encryption software legal liability security awareness training forth.
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Information security
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standardization may driven wide variety laws regulations affect data accessed processed stored transferred destroyed.however implementation standards guidance within entity may limited effect culture continual improvement isnt adopted.definition various definitions information security suggested summarized different sourcespreservation confidentiality integrity availability information.note addition properties authenticity accountability nonrepudiation reliability also involved.isoiec protection information information systems unauthorized access use disclosure disruption modification destruction order provide confidentiality integrity availability.
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Information security
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cnss ensures authorized users confidentiality access accurate complete information integrity required availability.isaca information security process protecting intellectual property organisation.pipkin ...information security risk management discipline whose job manage cost information risk business.mcdermott geer wellinformed sense assurance information risks controls balance.anderson j. information security protection information minimizes risk exposing information unauthorized parties.
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Information security
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venter eloff information security multidisciplinary area study professional activity concerned development implementation security mechanisms available types technical organizational humanoriented legal order keep information locations within outside organizations perimeter consequently information systems information created processed stored transmitted destroyed free threats.threats information information systems may categorized corresponding security goal may defined category threats.set security goals identified result threat analysis revised periodically ensure adequacy conformance evolving environment.currently relevant set security goals may include confidentiality integrity availability privacy authenticity trustworthiness nonrepudiation accountability auditability.cherdantseva hilton information information resource security using telecommunication system devices means protecting information information systems books unauthorized access damage theft destruction kurose ross .
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Information security
|
overview core information security information assurance act maintaining confidentiality integrity availability cia information ensuring information compromised way critical issues arise.issues include limited natural disasters computerserver malfunction physical theft.paperbased business operations still prevalent requiring set information security practices enterprise digital initiatives increasingly emphasized information assurance typically dealt information technology security specialists.specialists apply information security technology often form computer system.worthwhile note computer necessarily mean home desktop.
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Information security
|
computer device processor memory.devices range nonnetworked standalone devices simple calculators networked mobile computing devices smartphones tablet computers.security specialists almost always found major enterpriseestablishment due nature value data within larger businesses.responsible keeping technology within company secure malicious cyber attacks often attempt acquire critical private information gain control internal systems.the field information security grown evolved significantly recent years.offers many areas specialization including securing networks allied infrastructure securing applications databases security testing information systems auditing business continuity planning electronic record discovery digital forensics.
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Information security
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information security professionals stable employment.percent professionals change employer employment period year number professionals projected continuously grow percent annually .threats information security threats come many different forms.common threats today software attacks theft intellectual property theft identity theft equipment information sabotage information extortion.people experienced software attacks sort.
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Information security
|
viruses worms phishing attacks trojan horses common examples software attacks.theft intellectual property also extensive issue many businesses information technology field.identity theft attempt act someone else usually obtain persons personal information take advantage access vital information social engineering.theft equipment information becoming prevalent today due fact devices today mobile prone theft also become far desirable amount data capacity increases.sabotage usually consists destruction organizations website attempt cause loss confidence part customers.
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Information security
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information extortion consists theft companys property information attempt receive payment exchange returning information property back owner ransomware.many ways help protect attacks one functional precautions conduct periodical user awareness.number one threat organisation users internal employees also called insider threats.governments military corporations financial institutions hospitals nonprofit organisations private businesses amass great deal confidential information employees customers products research financial status.confidential information business customers finances new product line fall hands competitor black hat hacker business customers could suffer widespread irreparable financial loss well damage companys reputation.business perspective information security must balanced cost gordonloeb model provides mathematical economic approach addressing concern.for individual information security significant effect privacy viewed differently various cultures.
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Information security
|
responses threats possible responses security threat risk arereducemitigate – implement safeguards countermeasures eliminate vulnerabilities block threatsassigntransfer – place cost threat onto another entity organization purchasing insurance outsourcingaccept – evaluate cost countermeasure outweighs possible cost loss due threat history since early days communication diplomats military commanders understood necessary provide mechanism protect confidentiality correspondence means detecting tampering.julius caesar credited invention caesar cipher c. b.c.created order prevent secret messages read message fall wrong hands.however part protection achieved application procedural handling controls.sensitive information marked indicate protected transported trusted persons guarded stored secure environment strong box.
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Information security
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postal services expanded governments created official organizations intercept decipher read reseal letters e.g.u.k.s secret office founded .in midnineteenth century complex classification systems developed allow governments manage information according degree sensitivity.example british government codified extent publication official secrets act .section law concerned espionage unlawful disclosures information section dealt breaches official trust.public interest defense soon added defend disclosures interest state.
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Information security
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similar law passed india indian official secrets act associated british colonial era used crack newspapers opposed rajs policies.newer version passed extended matters confidential secret information governance.time first world war multitier classification systems used communicate information various fronts encouraged greater use code making breaking sections diplomatic military headquarters.encoding became sophisticated wars machines employed scramble unscramble information.the establishment computer security inaugurated history information security.need appeared world war ii.
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Information security
|
volume information shared allied countries second world war necessitated formal alignment classification systems procedural controls.arcane range markings evolved indicate could handle documents usually officers rather enlisted troops stored increasingly complex safes storage facilities developed.enigma machine employed germans encrypt data warfare successfully decrypted alan turing regarded striking example creating using secured information.procedures evolved ensure documents destroyed properly failure follow procedures led greatest intelligence coups war e.g.capture u.various mainframe computers connected online cold war complete sophisticated tasks communication process easier mailing magnetic tapes back forth computer centers.
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Information security
|
advanced research projects agency arpa united states department defense started researching feasibility networked system communication trade information within united states armed forces.arpanet project formulated dr. larry roberts would later evolve known internet.in important elements arpanet security found internet pioneer robert metcalfe many flaws vulnerability password structure formats lack safety procedures dialup connections nonexistent user identification authorizations aside lack controls safeguards keep data safe unauthorized access.hackers effortless access arpanet phone numbers known public.due problems coupled constant violation computer security well exponential increase number hosts users system network security often alluded network insecurity.the end twentieth century early years twentyfirst century saw rapid advancements telecommunications computing hardware software data encryption.availability smaller powerful less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within reach small business home users.
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Information security
|
establishment transfer control protocolinternetwork protocol tcpip early enabled different types computers communicate.computers quickly became interconnected internet.the rapid growth widespread use electronic data processing electronic business conducted internet along numerous occurrences international terrorism fueled need better methods protecting computers information store process transmit.academic disciplines computer security information assurance emerged along numerous professional organizations sharing common goals ensuring security reliability information systems.basic principles key concepts cia triad confidentiality integrity availability heart information security.members classic infosec triad—confidentiality integrity availability—are interchangeably referred literature security attributes properties security goals fundamental aspects information criteria critical information characteristics basic building blocks.
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Information security
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however debate continues whether cia triad sufficient address rapidly changing technology business requirements recommendations consider expanding intersections availability confidentiality well relationship security privacy.principles accountability sometimes proposed pointed issues nonrepudiation fit well within three core concepts.the triad seems first mentioned nist publication .in revised oecds guidelines security information systems networks proposed nine generally accepted principles awareness responsibility response ethics democracy risk assessment security design implementation security management reassessment.building upon nists engineering principles information technology security proposed principles.derived guidelines practices.in donn parker proposed alternative model classic cia triad called six atomic elements information.elements confidentiality possession integrity authenticity availability utility.
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Information security
|
merits parkerian hexad subject debate amongst security professionals.in open group published information security management standard oism.standard proposed operational definition key concepts security elements called security objectives related access control availability data quality compliance technical .dod software protection initiative released three tenets cybersecurity system susceptibility access flaw capability exploit flaw.neither models widely adopted.confidentiality information security confidentiality property information made available disclosed unauthorized individuals entities processes.
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Information security
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similar privacy two words interchangeable.rather confidentiality component privacy implements protect data unauthorized viewers.examples confidentiality electronic data compromised include laptop theft password theft sensitive emails sent incorrect individuals.integrity security data integrity means maintaining assuring accuracy completeness data entire lifecycle.means data cannot modified unauthorized undetected manner.
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Information security
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thing referential integrity databases although viewed special case consistency understood classic acid model transaction processing.information security systems typically incorporate controls ensure integrity particular protecting kernel core functions deliberate accidental threats.multipurpose multiuser computer systems aim compartmentalize data processing user process adversely impact another controls may succeed however see incidents malware infections hacks data theft fraud privacy breaches.more broadly integrity information security principle involves humansocial process commercial integrity well data integrity.touches aspects credibility consistency truthfulness completeness accuracy timeliness assurance.availability information system serve purpose information must available needed.
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Information security
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means computing systems used store process information security controls used protect communication channels used access must functioning correctly.high availability systems aim remain available times preventing service disruptions due power outages hardware failures system upgrades.ensuring availability also involves preventing denialofservice attacks flood incoming messages target system essentially forcing shut down.in realm information security availability often viewed one important parts successful information security program.ultimately endusers need able perform job functions ensuring availability organization able perform standards organizations stakeholders expect.involve topics proxy configurations outside web access ability access shared drives ability send emails.
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Information security
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executives oftentimes understand technical side information security look availability easy fix often requires collaboration many different organizational teams network operations development operations incident response policychange management.successful information security team involves many different key roles mesh align cia triad provided effectively.nonrepudiation law nonrepudiation implies ones intention fulfill obligations contract.also implies one party transaction cannot deny received transaction party deny sent transaction.it important note technology cryptographic systems assist nonrepudiation efforts concept core legal concept transcending realm technology.instance sufficient show message matches digital signature signed senders private key thus sender could sent message nobody else could altered transit data integrity.
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Information security
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alleged sender could return demonstrate digital signature algorithm vulnerable flawed allege prove signing key compromised.fault violations may may lie sender assertions may may relieve sender liability assertion would invalidate claim signature necessarily proves authenticity integrity.sender may repudiate message authenticity integrity prerequisites nonrepudiation.risk management broadly speaking risk likelihood something bad happen causes harm informational asset loss asset.vulnerability weakness could used endanger cause harm informational asset.
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Information security
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threat anything manmade act nature potential cause harm.likelihood threat use vulnerability cause harm creates risk.threat use vulnerability inflict harm impact.context information security impact loss availability integrity confidentiality possibly losses lost income loss life loss real property.the certified information systems auditor cisa review manual defines risk management process identifying vulnerabilities threats information resources used organization achieving business objectives deciding countermeasures take reducing risk acceptable level based value information resource organization.there two things definition may need clarification.first process risk management ongoing iterative process.
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