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Royal Canadian Mounted Police	metford rifling gave tighter groups fired later enfield rifling wore faster.procured.used .replaced leeenfield carbine.winchester model saddle carbine—issued .winchester.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	popular handiness rate fire fragile rough handling use received field.used .replaced leeenfield carbine.snider–enfield mark iii cavalry carbine – issued .snider.singleshot breachloading conversion enfield caplock muzzleloader.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	used replaced winchester model leveraction rifle.service pistolssmith wesson military police revolver—issued mm barrel .special.served forty years .plainclothes members carried variant mm barrel.in standard loading changed gr .oz .
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	g .special full metal jacket fmj ball round gr .oz .g .special p semiwadcutter hollowpoint swchp violation hague convention used military context.colt new service revolver — issued .
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	mm barrel ordered .webley .long colt versions delivered issued.webley british military service round .long colt standard canadian service round replaced natostandard ×mm parabellum post world war ii.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	used .enfield mark ii revolver—issued .enfield mark iis obtained britains ministry defence learned beaumont–adams discontinued.remaining .adams ammunition compatible .enfield round issued stocks depleted.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	used .beaumont–adams revolver—first issue weapon .adams.mark purchased britains ministry defence issued delivery .rough handling crates transit poor packing contractor shipped guns previous service wear made unsuitable service.constables sometimes manually turn cylinders due cracked feed hands keep hands grips springs work due loose screws.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	later replaced enfield mark iis many stolen en route.used .pistolsbecause procurement problems beaumont–adams revolvers constables sometimes carried sidearms chambered standard service caliber.tranter revolver – chambered .adams standard service round.similar beaumontadams revolver substituted for.smith wesson model revolver – chambered .russian powerful cartridge day.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	thirty purchased nwmp fieldtest .russian round service.nonstandard chambering difficulty get ammunition led withdrawn.webley scott bull dog revolver – chambered .adams.small size made handy backup pistol.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	originally procured arm nwmp constables assigned protecting mail cars trains.constables would sometimes absentmindedly forget hand pistols back afterwards.sidearms pattern light cavalry sabre – originally part trove old swords given canadian militia nwmp weapons.returned stores .later issued commissioned officers ceremonial sidearms sign rank.later replaced light cavalry sabre.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	pattern cavalry sabre – originally part trove old swords given canadian militia nwmp weapons.returned stores .later issued noncommissioned officers ceremonial sidearms sign rank.later replaced pattern sabre.pattern light cavalry sabre – replaced pattern sabre nwmp officers ceremonial sword.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	pattern cavalry saber – carried mounted police detachment sent siberia russian civil war.straightstick baton manufactured wood plasticsap gloves – prohibited rcmp policy.currently used.ceremonial weapons symbols office pattern cavalry officers sword carried officers.blade acid etched sides monarchs crown canadian coat arms royal cypher rcmp badge.pattern cavalry sword carried ncos musical ridebambooshafted lance carried members horseback musical ride.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	lance used decorative item flourished trick formation riding.pennant red white national colours canadian flag.represents pattern cavalry lance carried nwmp s.drill caneswagger stickcommissioners tipstaffin wilkinson sword produced number commemorative swords celebrate rcmp centennial.none swords ever used ceremonially strictly collectibles.wilkinson sword also made commemorative centennial tomahawk miniature letter opener models centennial swords.in winchester repeating arms company produced rcmp commemorative centennial version model rifle .
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	winchester mm round barrel.receiver buttplate forend cap musketstyle forend plated gold.commemorative medallions embedded righthand side stock mp engraving.engraving barrel receiver indicating rifle centennial commemorative edition.sights open notch rear flipup rear ladder graduated yd m. two versions produced serial numbers beginning rcmp commercial sale prefix mp sold serving rcmp members.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	addition ten presentation models produced serialled rcmpp rcmpp.popular awareness mounties immortalized symbols canadian culture numerous hollywood northwestern movies television series often feature image mountie squarejawed stoic polite yet steely determination physical toughness sometimes appears superhuman.coupled adage mountie always gets man image projects fearsome incorruptible dogged yet gentle champions law.rcmps motto actually french maintiens le droit translated english defending law maintain right.hollywood motto derives comment montana newspaper fort benton record fetch man every time.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	rcmp sunset ceremony french cérémonie du crépuscule taken place every summer since musical ride centre ottawa recent years featuring ottawa police service pipe band governor generals foot guards band.early depictions ralph connors corporal cameron northwest mounted police tale macleod trail appeared becoming international bestselling novel.mounties fiction became popular genre pulp magazines book form.among bestselling authors specialized tales mounted police james oliver curwood laurie york erskine james b hendryx lund harwood steele son sam steele william byron mowery.in media famous example radio television series sergeant preston yukon.dudley doright rocky bullwinkle show example comic aspect mountie myth klondike kat total television.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	broadway musical hollywood movie rosemarie example romantic side.successful combination series renfrew royal mounted boys adventure novels written laurie york erskine beginning running .erskine narrated sgt renfrew mounties radio show series films actorsinger james newill playing renfrew released .portions films mixed new sequences newill renfrew mounted television series.bruce carruthers b.–d.former mounted police corporal – served unofficial technical advisor hollywood many films rcmp characters.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	included heart north susannah mounties northern pursuit gene autry mounties wild north pony soldier .contemporary culture canadian broadcasting corporation aired r.c.m.p.halfhour dramatic series rcmp detachment keeping peace fighting crime.filmed black white around ottawa crawley films series coproduced bbc australian broadcasting corporation ran episodes.noted pairing québécois anglo officers.canadians also poke fun rcmp sergeant renfrew faithful dog cuddles various sketches produced royal canadian air farce comedy troupe.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	show mounties played sctv alumni joe flaherty dave thomas.british also exploited myth bbc television series monty pythons flying circus featured group mounties singing chorus lumberjack song lumberjack sketch.the – cbc series beachcombers features character named constable john constable attempts enforce law town gibsons british columbia.in comic books marvel comics characters alpha flight described several occasions rcmp auxiliaries two members snowbird second major mapleleaf depicted serving members force.latter case due trademark issues major mapleleaf described royal canadian mountie opening roll call pages issue alpha flight appears in.charles bronson lee marvin starred movie death hunt fictionalized rcmp pursuit albert johnson.in early canadian professional wrestler jacques rougeau utilized gimmick mountie wrestling wwf.typically wore red serge ring carried shock stick illegal weapon.character portrayed evil mountie rcmp ultimately injunction preventing rougeau wrestling character canada though prevented outside country.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	briefly held intercontinental championship .the swan song nick berrys time uk drama heartbeat features character sergeant nick rowan transferring canada taking rank constable mounties.special telemovie titled heartbeat changing places.the – tv series due south pairs mountie constable benton fraser streetwise american detective ray vecchio cleaning streets chicago.mainly derives entertainment perceived differences attitude culture two countries police forces.fraser depicted honest polite fault even refusing carry loaded sidearm assisting detective vecchio almost superhuman abilities thwarting crime.a pair mounties staff rcmp detachment fictional town lynx river northwest territories cbc series north .series aired events mostly indigenous community mounties feature prominently episode.another tv series bordertown features nwmp corporal paired u.s. marshal securing law order frontier u.s.–canada border town.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	abc tv miniseries answered fire least three mounties featured.mounties also appear tv series calls heart hallmark channel.the brian de palma film untouchables features cooperation treasury department task force led eliot ness mounties liquor smuggling across canada–united states border.the album cest cheese canadian musical comedy group arrogant worms includes mountie song tells story dissatisfied mountie.in album soiree newfoundland musician a. frank willis included savage cop savage cove based true story went become big hit.conan obrien brought late night show toronto february .obrien spent day royal canadian mountie canada–united states border.from ctv fantasy drama series listener regularly features characters work integrated investigative bureau fictional division rcmp brings together various specialists officers civilian consultants work highprofile federal cases.although characters employ iib rarely ever depicted wearing uniform often addressed ranks – two main characters sergeant michelle mcclusky corporal dev clark.in imdbtv series leverage redemption revealed characters elliot spencer sophie devereaux parker breanna casey jobs canada rmcp want various crimes.four claim rcmp dangerous police force world put politely never forget face mounties hate called dudley doright.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	mountie merchandise trademark products merchandise made image rcmp like mounties statues hats.rcmp little control products.the royal canadian mounted police received international licence april requiring use rcmp pay licensing fee.proceeds fees used community awareness programmes.pay licensing fee legally unable use name rcmp correct uniforms though film canadian bacon used name royal mounted canadian police character dudley doright film wear accurate insignia.through master licensing agreement mla rcmp rcmp foundation responsible managing commercial use rcmp name image protected marks.foundation issues selected companies royaltybased agreement allowing produce market highquality official rcmp merchandise.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	walt disney co. canada ltd. contracted aid initial set licensing program disney never owned controlled rcmps protected marks.following expiration disney contract responsibilities activities taken executive director staff reporting foundation president board directors.decree signed commissioner beverley busson operating name changed royal canadian mounted police foundation.the rcmp heritage centre multimillion dollar museum designed arthur erickson opened may regina saskatchewan rcmp academy depot division.replaced old rcmp museum designed celebrate role force canadas history.rcmp bands royal canadian mounted police band french la musique de la gendarmerie royale du canada rcmps central musical ensemble.considered one best professional bands assembled canada.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	although official regimental band members worked band secondary job.generally considered begun though various police bands rcmp flourished time leading canadian government granting approval creation fulltime central band december headquarters capital ottawa.appearances made band included expo commonwealth conference vancouver calgary winter olympics well visits soviet president mikhail gorbachev queen elizabeth ii .dissolved due government budget cuts.in year existence operated voluntary regimental band members working secondary job apart duties rcmp.members band wore rcmps notable red serge part full dress uniform adopted drill seen canadian military bands bands british army.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	longest serving director superintendent edwin joseph lydall served .today instead brass reed bands rcmp sports eight regional pipe bands across major cities provinces.first bands established alberta.following locations regional volunteer pipe bandshalifaxmonctonmontreal part c divisionottawawinnipegregina part f divisionedmontonvancouver part e divisionthese bands act garrison bands provincial division attend parades police ceremonies public events.rcmp tartan rcmp since distinctive tartan.creation tartan result committee created early create tartan th anniversary.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	upon approval commissioner phillip murray tartan registered scottish tartans society presented agency anne princess royal royal visit canada .tartan appeared first time rcmp pipe band royal nova scotia international tattoo july august .controversies criticism american historian andrew graybill argued rcmp historically resembled texas rangers many ways.argues protected established order confining removing indigenous peoples tightly controlling mixed blood peoples african americans texas métis canada assisting largescale ranchers smallscale ranchers farmers fenced land breaking power labour unions tried organize workers industrial corporations.the rcmp involved training logistically supporting haitian national police since controversial matter canada considering allegations widespread human rights violations part hnp.canadian activist groups called end rcmp training.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	rcmp also provided training overseas iraq peacekeeping missions.in october rcmp issued apology harassment discrimination sexual abuse female officers civilian members.additionally set aside million fund compensate victims.current past female employees employed eligible.in guardian revealed rcmp commanders advocated use lethal overwatch—i.e.officers equipped firearms—while clearing protesters grant tc energy access lands wetsuweten first nation order construct coastal gaslink pipeline.chief allan adam athabasca chipewyan first nation arrested two rcmp officers march fort mcmurray alberta.several minutes chief adam yelling posturing officers officers tackled punched head whilst struggling ground.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police	chief adam later charged resisting arrest assaulting peace officer charges subsequently dropped.watching video arrest prime minister justin trudeau said seen shocking video chief adams arrest must get bottom this.following revelation chief adams arrest—as well several recent instances rcmp officers assaulted killed indigenous people—rcmp commissioner brenda lucki stated initially demurring question systemic racism exists rcmp know systemic racism part every institution rcmp included said.one day earlier prime minister trudeau also stated systemic racism issue right across country institutions including police forces including rcmp.in april rcmp strongly criticized response nova scotia attacks deadliest rampage canadian history well transparency criminal investigation.cbc news television program fifth estate online newspaper halifax examiner analyzed timeline events observed myriad failures shortcomings rcmp response.
Computer data storage	criminologist criticised rcmps response mess called overhaul agency responds active shooter situations failed properly respond incidents past.in june privacy commissioner canada daniel therrien found rcmp broken canadian privacy law hundreds illegal searches using clearview ai.see also civilian review complaints commission royal canadian mounted police civilian complaints review bodycourage red part documentary rcmpemergency response team rcmplist canadian organizations royal patronagercmp technical security branch notes references external links official website royal canadian mounted police reports dartmouth college librarycore function fundamental component computers.– central processing unit cpu computer manipulates data performing computations.practice almost computers use storage hierarchy – puts fast expensive small storage options close cpu slower less expensive larger options away.generally fast volatile technologies lose data power referred memory slower persistent technologies referred storage.even first computer designs charles babbages analytical engine percy ludgates analytical machine clearly distinguished processing memory babbage stored numbers rotations gears ludgate stored numbers displacements rods shuttles.distinction extended von neumann architecture cpu consists two main parts control unit arithmetic logic unit alu.
Computer data storage	former controls flow data cpu memory latter performs arithmetic logical operations data.functionality without significant amount memory computer would merely able perform fixed operations immediately output result.would reconfigured change behavior.acceptable devices desk calculators digital signal processors specialized devices.von neumann machines differ memory store operating instructions data.
Computer data storage	computers versatile need hardware reconfigured new program simply reprogrammed new inmemory instructions also tend simpler design relatively simple processor may keep state successive computations build complex procedural results.modern computers von neumann machines.data organization representation modern digital computer represents data using binary numeral system.text numbers pictures audio nearly form information converted string bits binary digits value .common unit storage byte equal bits.
Computer data storage	piece information handled computer device whose storage space large enough accommodate binary representation piece information simply data.example complete works shakespeare pages print stored five megabytes million bits one byte per character.data encoded assigning bit pattern character digit multimedia object.many standards exist encoding e.g.character encodings like ascii image encodings like jpeg video encodings like mpeg.by adding bits encoded unit redundancy allows computer detect errors coded data correct based mathematical algorithms.errors generally occur low probabilities due random bit value flipping physical bit fatigue loss physical bit storage ability maintain distinguishable value due errors inter intracomputer communication.
Computer data storage	random bit flip e.g.due random radiation typically corrected upon detection.bit group malfunctioning physical bits always specific defective bit known group definition depends specific storage device typically automatically fencedout taken use device replaced another functioning equivalent group device corrected bit values restored possible.cyclic redundancy check crc method typically used communications storage error detection.detected error retried.data compression methods allow many cases database represent string bits shorter bit string compress reconstruct original string decompress needed.
Computer data storage	utilizes substantially less storage tens percents many types data cost computation compress decompress needed.analysis tradeoff storage cost saving costs related computations possible delays data availability done deciding whether keep certain data compressed not.for security reasons certain types data e.g.creditcard information may kept encrypted storage prevent possibility unauthorized information reconstruction chunks storage snapshots.hierarchy storage generally lower storage hierarchy lesser bandwidth greater access latency cpu.traditional division storage primary secondary tertiary offline storage also guided cost per bit.in contemporary usage memory usually semiconductor storage readwrite randomaccess memory typically dram dynamic ram forms fast temporary storage.
Computer data storage	storage consists storage devices media directly accessible cpu secondary tertiary storage typically hard disk drives optical disc drives devices slower ram nonvolatile retaining contents powered down.historically memory called core memory main memory real storage internal memory.meanwhile nonvolatile storage devices referred secondary storage external memory auxiliaryperipheral storage.primary storage primary storage also known main memory internal memory prime memory often referred simply memory one directly accessible cpu.cpu continuously reads instructions stored executes required.data actively operated also stored uniform manner.historically early computers used delay lines williams tubes rotating magnetic drums primary storage.
Computer data storage	unreliable methods mostly replaced magneticcore memory.core memory remained dominant advances integrated circuit technology allowed semiconductor memory become economically competitive.this led modern randomaccess memory ram.smallsized light quite expensive time.particular types ram used primary storage volatile meaning lose information powered.besides storing opened programs serves disk cache write buffer improve reading writing performance.
Computer data storage	operating systems borrow ram capacity caching long needed running software.spare memory utilized ram drive temporary highspeed data storage.as shown diagram traditionally two sublayers primary storage besides main largecapacity ramprocessor registers located inside processor.register typically holds word data often bits.cpu instructions instruct arithmetic logic unit perform various calculations operations data help it.registers fastest forms computer data storage.processor cache intermediate stage ultrafast registers much slower main memory.
Computer data storage	introduced solely improve performance computers.actively used information main memory duplicated cache memory faster much lesser capacity.hand main memory much slower much greater storage capacity processor registers.multilevel hierarchical cache setup also commonly used—primary cache smallest fastest located inside processor secondary cache somewhat larger slower.main memory directly indirectly connected central processing unit via memory bus.actually two buses diagram address bus data bus.
Computer data storage	cpu firstly sends number address bus number called memory address indicates desired location data.reads writes data memory cells using data bus.additionally memory management unit mmu small device cpu ram recalculating actual memory address example provide abstraction virtual memory tasks.as ram types used primary storage volatile uninitialized start computer containing storage would source read instructions order start computer.hence nonvolatile primary storage containing small startup program bios used bootstrap computer read larger program nonvolatile secondary storage ram start execute it.nonvolatile technology used purpose called rom readonly memory terminology may somewhat confusing rom types also capable random access.many types rom literally read updates possible however slow memory must erased large portions rewritten.
Computer data storage	embedded systems run programs directly rom similar programs rarely changed.standard computers store nonrudimentary programs rom rather use large capacities secondary storage nonvolatile well costly.recently primary storage secondary storage uses refer historically called respectively secondary storage tertiary storage.secondary storage secondary storage also known external memory auxiliary storage differs primary storage directly accessible cpu.computer usually uses inputoutput channels access secondary storage transfer desired data primary storage.secondary storage nonvolatile retaining data power shut off.
Computer data storage	modern computer systems typically two orders magnitude secondary storage primary storage secondary storage less expensive.in modern computers hard disk drives hdds solidstate drives ssds usually used secondary storage.access time per byte hdds ssds typically measured milliseconds one thousandth seconds access time per byte primary storage measured nanoseconds one billionth seconds.thus secondary storage significantly slower primary storage.rotating optical storage devices cd dvd drives even longer access times.examples secondary storage technologies include usb flash drives floppy disks magnetic tape paper tape punched cards ram disks.once disk readwrite head hdds reaches proper placement data subsequent data track fast access.
Computer data storage	reduce seek time rotational latency data transferred disks large contiguous blocks.sequential block access disks orders magnitude faster random access many sophisticated paradigms developed design efficient algorithms based upon sequential block access.another way reduce io bottleneck use multiple disks parallel order increase bandwidth primary secondary memory.secondary storage often formatted according file system format provides abstraction necessary organize data files directories also providing metadata describing owner certain file access time access permissions information.most computer operating systems use concept virtual memory allowing utilization primary storage capacity physically available system.primary memory fills system moves leastused chunks pages swap file page file secondary storage retrieving later needed.lot pages moved slower secondary storage system performance degraded.
Computer data storage	tertiary storage tertiary storage tertiary memory level secondary storage.typically involves robotic mechanism mount insert dismount removable mass storage media storage device according systems demands data often copied secondary storage use.primarily used archiving rarely accessed information since much slower secondary storage e.g.– seconds vs. – milliseconds.primarily useful extraordinarily large data stores accessed without human operators.
Computer data storage	typical examples include tape libraries optical jukeboxes.when computer needs read information tertiary storage first consult catalog database determine tape disc contains information.next computer instruct robotic arm fetch medium place drive.computer finished reading information robotic arm return medium place library.tertiary storage also known nearline storage near online.formal distinction online nearline offline storage isonline storage immediately available io.nearline storage immediately available made online quickly without human intervention.offline storage immediately available requires human intervention become online.for example alwayson spinning hard disk drives online storage spinning drives spin automatically massive arrays idle disks maid nearline storage.removable media tape cartridges automatically loaded tape libraries nearline storage tape cartridges must manually loaded offline storage.
Computer data storage	offline storage offline storage computer data storage medium device control processing unit.medium recorded usually secondary tertiary storage device physically removed disconnected.must inserted connected human operator computer access again.unlike tertiary storage cannot accessed without human interaction.offline storage used transfer information since detached medium easily physically transported.additionally useful cases disaster example fire destroys original data medium remote location unaffected enabling disaster recovery.
Computer data storage	offline storage increases general information security since physically inaccessible computer data confidentiality integrity cannot affected computerbased attack techniques.also information stored archival purposes rarely accessed offline storage less expensive tertiary storage.in modern personal computers secondary tertiary storage media also used offline storage.optical discs flash memory devices popular much lesser extent removable hard disk drives.enterprise uses magnetic tape predominant.older examples floppy disks zip disks punched cards.
Computer data storage	characteristics storage storage technologies levels storage hierarchy differentiated evaluating certain core characteristics well measuring characteristics specific particular implementation.core characteristics volatility mutability accessibility addressability.particular implementation storage technology characteristics worth measuring capacity performance.volatility nonvolatile memory retains stored information even constantly supplied electric power.suitable longterm storage information.
Computer data storage	volatile memory requires constant power maintain stored information.fastest memory technologies volatile ones although universal rule.since primary storage required fast predominantly uses volatile memory.dynamic randomaccess memory form volatile memory also requires stored information periodically reread rewritten refreshed otherwise would vanish.static randomaccess memory form volatile memory similar dram exception never needs refreshed long power applied loses content power supply lost.an uninterruptible power supply ups used give computer brief window time move information primary volatile storage nonvolatile storage batteries exhausted.systems example emc symmetrix integrated batteries maintain volatile storage several minutes.
Computer data storage	mutability readwrite storage mutable storageallows information overwritten time.computer without amount readwrite storage primary storage purposes would useless many tasks.modern computers typically use readwrite storage also secondary storage.slow write fast read storagereadwrite storage allows information overwritten multiple times write operation much slower read operation.examples include cdrw ssd.write storagewrite read many worm allows information written point manufacture.examples include semiconductor programmable readonly memory cdr.read storageretains information stored time manufacture.
Computer data storage	examples include mask rom ics cdrom.accessibility random accessany location storage accessed moment approximately amount time.characteristic well suited primary secondary storage.semiconductor memories disk drives provide random access though flash memory supports random access without latency mechanical parts need moved.sequential accessthe accessing pieces information serial order one therefore time access particular piece information depends upon piece information last accessed.characteristic typical offline storage.
Computer data storage	addressability locationaddressableeach individually accessible unit information storage selected numerical memory address.modern computers locationaddressable storage usually limits primary storage accessed internally computer programs since locationaddressability efficient burdensome humans.file addressableinformation divided files variable length particular file selected humanreadable directory file names.underlying device still locationaddressable operating system computer provides file system abstraction make operation understandable.modern computers secondary tertiary offline storage use file systems.contentaddressableeach individually accessible unit information selected based basis part contents stored there.contentaddressable storage implemented using software computer program hardware computer device hardware faster expensive option.
Computer data storage	hardware content addressable memory often used computers cpu cache.capacity raw capacitythe total amount stored information storage device medium hold.expressed quantity bits bytes e.g..megabytes.memory storage densitythe compactness stored information.
Computer data storage	storage capacity medium divided unit length area volume e.g..megabytes per square inch.performance latencythe time takes access particular location storage.relevant unit measurement typically nanosecond primary storage millisecond secondary storage second tertiary storage.
Computer data storage	may make sense separate read latency write latency especially nonvolatile memory case sequential access storage minimum maximum average latency.throughputthe rate information read written storage.computer data storage throughput usually expressed terms megabytes per second mbs though bit rate may also used.latency read rate write rate may need differentiated.also accessing media sequentially opposed randomly typically yields maximum throughput.granularitythe size largest chunk data efficiently accessed single unit e.g.without introducing additional latency.reliabilitythe probability spontaneous bit value change various conditions overall failure rate.utilities hdparm sar used measure io performance linux.
Computer data storage	energy use storage devices reduce fan usage automatically shutdown inactivity low power hard drives reduce energy consumption percent..inch hard disk drives often consume less power larger ones.low capacity solidstate drives moving parts consume less power hard disks.also memory may use power hard disks.large caches used avoid hitting memory wall may also consume large amount power.security full disk encryption volume virtual disk encryption andor filefolder encryption readily available storage devices.hardware memory encryption available intel architecture supporting total memory encryption tme page granular memory encryption multiple keys mktme.
Computer data storage	sparc generation since october .vulnerability reliability distinct types data storage different points failure various methods predictive failure analysis.vulnerabilities instantly lead total loss head crashing mechanical hard drives failure electronic components flash storage.error detection impending failure hard disk drives estimable using s.m.a.r.t.diagnostic data includes hours operation count spinups though reliability disputed.flash storage may experience downspiking transfer rates result accumulating errors flash memory controller attempts correct.the health optical media determined measuring correctable minor errors high counts signify deteriorating andor lowquality media.many consecutive minor errors lead data corruption.
Computer data storage	vendors models optical drives support error scanning.storage media commonly used data storage media semiconductor magnetic optical paper still sees limited usage.fundamental storage technologies allflash arrays afas proposed development.semiconductor semiconductor memory uses semiconductorbased integrated circuit ic chips store information.data typically stored metal–oxide–semiconductor mos memory cells.
Computer data storage	semiconductor memory chip may contain millions memory cells consisting tiny mos fieldeffect transistors mosfets andor mos capacitors.volatile nonvolatile forms semiconductor memory exist former using standard mosfets latter using floatinggate mosfets.in modern computers primary storage almost exclusively consists dynamic volatile semiconductor randomaccess memory ram particularly dynamic randomaccess memory dram.since turn century type nonvolatile floatinggate semiconductor memory known flash memory steadily gained share offline storage home computers.nonvolatile semiconductor memory also used secondary storage various advanced electronic devices specialized computers designed them.as early notebook desktop computer manufacturers started using flashbased solidstate drives ssds default configuration options secondary storage either addition instead traditional hdd.magnetic magnetic storage uses different patterns magnetization magnetically coated surface store information.
Computer data storage	magnetic storage nonvolatile.information accessed using one readwrite heads may contain one recording transducers.readwrite head covers part surface head medium must moved relative another order access data.modern computers magnetic storage take formsmagnetic diskfloppy disk used offline storagehard disk drive used secondary storage.magnetic tape used tertiary offline storagecarousel memory magnetic rolls.in early computers magnetic storage also used asprimary storage form magnetic memory core memory core rope memory thinfilm memory andor twistor memorytertiary e.g.ncr cram line storage form magnetic cardsmagnetic tape often used secondary storage.magnetic storage definite limit rewriting cycles like flash storage rewriteable optical media altering magnetic fields causes physical wear.
Computer data storage	rather life span limited mechanical parts.optical optical storage typical optical disc stores information deformities surface circular disc reads information illuminating surface laser diode observing reflection.optical disc storage nonvolatile.deformities may permanent read media formed write media reversible recordable readwrite media.following forms currently common usecd cdrom dvd bdrom read storage used mass distribution digital information music video computer programscdr dvdr dvdr bdr write storage used tertiary offline storagecdrw dvdrw dvdrw dvdram bdre slow write fast read storage used tertiary offline storageultra density optical udo similar capacity bdr bdre slow write fast read storage used tertiary offline storage.magnetooptical disc storage optical disc storage magnetic state ferromagnetic surface stores information.
Computer data storage	information read optically written combining magnetic optical methods.magnetooptical disc storage nonvolatile sequential access slow write fast read storage used tertiary offline storage.d optical data storage also proposed.light induced magnetization melting magnetic photoconductors also proposed highspeed lowenergy consumption magnetooptical storage.paper paper data storage typically form paper tape punched cards long used store information automatic processing particularly generalpurpose computers existed.information recorded punching holes paper cardboard medium read mechanically later optically determine whether particular location medium solid contained hole.barcodes make possible objects sold transported computerreadable information securely attached.relatively small amounts digital data compared digital data storage may backed paper matrix barcode longterm storage longevity paper typically exceeds even magnetic data storage.
Computer data storage	storage media substrates vacuumtube memorya williams tube used cathoderay tube selectron tube used large vacuum tube store information.primary storage devices shortlived market since williams tube unreliable selectron tube expensive.electroacoustic memorydelayline memory used sound waves substance mercury store information.delayline memory dynamic volatile cycle sequential readwrite storage used primary storage.optical tapeis medium optical storage generally consisting long narrow strip plastic onto patterns written patterns read back.shares technologies cinema film stock optical discs compatible neither.motivation behind developing technology possibility far greater storage capacities either magnetic tape optical discs.phasechange memoryuses different mechanical phases phasechange material store information x–y addressable matrix reads information observing varying electrical resistance material.
Computer data storage	phasechange memory would nonvolatile randomaccess readwrite storage might used primary secondary offline storage.rewritable many writeonce optical disks already use phasechange material store information.holographic data storagestores information optically inside crystals photopolymers.holographic storage utilize whole volume storage medium unlike optical disc storage limited small number surface layers.holographic storage would nonvolatile sequentialaccess either writeonce readwrite storage.might used secondary offline storage.
Computer data storage	see holographic versatile disc hvd.molecular memorystores information polymer store electric charge.molecular memory might especially suited primary storage.theoretical storage capacity molecular memory terabits per square inch gbitmm.magnetic photoconductorsstore magnetic information modified lowlight illumination.dnastores information dna nucleotides.first done researchers achieved ratio .petabytes per gram dna.
Computer data storage	march scientists reported new algorithm called dna fountain achieved theoretical limit petabytes per gram dna.related technologies redundancy group bits malfunction may resolved error detection correction mechanisms see storage device malfunction requires different solutions.following solutions commonly used valid storage devicesdevice mirroring replication – common solution problem constantly maintaining identical copy device content another device typically type.downside doubles storage devices copies need updated simultaneously overhead possibly delays.upside possible concurrent read data group two independent processes increases performance.
Computer data storage	one replicated devices detected defective copy still operational utilized generate new copy another device usually available operational pool standby devices purpose.redundant array independent disks raid – method generalizes device mirroring allowing one device group ndevices fail replaced content restored device mirroring raid n. raid groups n n common.n saves storage comparing n cost processing regular operation often reduced performance defective device replacement.device mirroring typical raid designed handle single device failure raid group devices.however second failure occurs raid group completely repaired first failure data lost.probability single failure typically small.thus probability two failures raid group time proximity much smaller approximately probability squared i.e.
Computer data storage	multiplied itself.database cannot tolerate even smaller probability data loss raid group replicated mirrored.many cases mirroring done geographically remotely different storage array handle also recovery disasters see disaster recovery above.network connectivity secondary tertiary storage may connect computer utilizing computer networks.concept pertain primary storage shared multiple processors lesser degree.directattached storage das traditional mass storage use network.
Computer data storage	still popular approach.retronym coined recently together nas san.networkattached storage nas mass storage attached computer another computer access file level local area network private wide area network case online file storage internet.nas commonly associated nfs cifssmb protocols.storage area network san specialized network provides computers storage capacity.crucial difference nas san nas presents manages file systems client computers san provides access blockaddressing raw level leaving attaching systems manage data file systems within provided capacity.san commonly associated fibre channel networks.
Computer data storage	robotic storage large quantities individual magnetic tapes optical magnetooptical discs may stored robotic tertiary storage devices.tape storage field known tape libraries optical storage field optical jukeboxes optical disk libraries per analogy.smallest forms either technology containing one drive device referred autoloaders autochangers.roboticaccess storage devices may number slots holding individual media usually one picking robots traverse slots load media builtin drives.arrangement slots picking devices affects performance.important characteristics storage possible expansion options adding slots modules drives robots.
Computer data storage	tape libraries may slots provide terabytes petabytes nearline information.optical jukeboxes somewhat smaller solutions slots.robotic storage used backups highcapacity archives imaging medical video industries.hierarchical storage management known archiving strategy automatically migrating longunused files fast hard disk storage libraries jukeboxes.files needed retrieved back disk.see also primary storage topics aperture computer memorydynamic randomaccess memory drammemory latencymass storagememory cell disambiguationmemory managementmemory leakvirtual memorymemory protectionpage address registerstable storagestatic randomaccess memory sram secondary tertiary offline storage topics cloud storagedata deduplicationdata proliferationdata storage tag used capturing research datadisk utilityfile systemlist file formatsflash memorygeoplexinginformation repositorynoisepredictive maximumlikelihood detectionobjectbased storageremovable mediasolidstate drivespindlevirtual tape librarywait statewrite bufferwrite protection data storage conferences storage networking worldstorage world conference references article incorporates public domain material general services administration document federal standard c. reading goda k. kitsuregawa m. .
Bolt (web browser)	history storage systems.proceedings ieee.–.doi.jproc...memory storage computer history museumbolt browser offered free charge consumers license mobile network operators handset manufacturers.bolt produced bitstream inc. company previously produced thunderhawk mobile network operators handset manufacturers.bolt originally introduced private beta january made available public february public beta announced mobile world congress barcelona.bolt supported javabased handsets java midp cldc .higher.bolt also specially optimized version blackberry smartphones worked windows mobile palm os devices employ midlet manager java emulator.
Bolt (web browser)	bolt built using webkit rendering engine display full web page layout found desktop web browsers.in december bolt browser discontinued installs rendered useless.history january bolt introduced private beta.february bolt made available via free public beta mobile world congress.april – bolt beta released ctia wireless las vegas nv.release included improvements fixes minor bugs new features.june – bolt beta released bolt lite announced.beta included major improvements fixes minor bugs new features.october bolt .released.
Bolt (web browser)	first commercial release marks end beta testing.march bolt .beta version announced developer bitstream inc.the biggest change inclusion tabbed browsingmay bolt .released introducing support html video milestones january bolt private beta ver .reviewed fastest mobile browser.march bolt ver .reviewed browser feature phones stream video.may bolt users resides india current version beta ..june bolt surpasses million enduser installs current version beta ..july bolt surpasses million web pages rendered current version beta .. demise .. bolts website changed display following messagedear bolt user free bolt mobile browsing service discontinued.
Bolt (web browser)	unfortunately economic circumstances prevent us fromrunning free service going forward.apologize anyinconvenience thank loyalty support.bolt teamadditionally browser displayed banner indicating service would discontinued th december.neither website corresponding emails sent users mentioned possibility paid version.december existing installations bolt rendered useless.
Bolt (web browser)	features distinguishing features bolt browser split screen rendering split screen rendering patented bolt technology compressed view desktop style page layout visible upper two thirds screen.magnification rectangle available scrolling area.magnified view selected area displayed lower third screen.technology enables user view desktop style layouts web pages without compromising readability small screens.tabbed browsing tabbed browsing experience enables user browse one site simultaneously.
Bolt (web browser)	serverassisted data compression bolt used cloudbased servers could compress data reaching device sometimes much times resulting faster page loads.proxy servers used bolt located united states.desktopstyle layout bolt provides special mode easing view web pages.splitscreen mode features rectangular magnifier floating zoomed minimap entire web page top screen magnified view content magnifier bottom screen.magnifier floating minimap enables user quickly find information navigate web sites ease.
Bolt (web browser)	backup favorites bolt enables user back favorites devices memory restore back bolt directly.backup favorites user account bolt space restore back regardless device platform bolt type bolt bolt lite location.audiovideo streaming bolt supports html based audio video streaming.it also supports expanded streaming flash video support.advanced social media integration bolt offers facebook integration post messages links urls page displayed bolt directly facebook account without navigating away currently viewed page.bolt offers support facebook chat webbased chat apps.
Bolt (web browser)	also offers support youtube web apps search view videos directly bolt.technologies bolt mobile browser compatible majority mobile phones.offers desktopstyle web browsing including ability stream video.splitscreen view patented splitscreen viewing feature intuitive keystroke shortcuts make navigating web pages simple.bolt built using bitstreams thunderhawk mobile browsing technology.
Bolt (web browser)	webkit rendering engine bolt built using webkit rendering engine deliver web page layout found desktop browsers includes high standards compliance ajax flash video support.bitstreams clientserver technology mobile fonts font rendering technologies speed content delivery enabling mass market deployments improved readability allowing bolt fit information smaller screens.bolts underlying thunderhawk mobile browsing technology supports jme platforms well nonjme environments though c sdk.bolt browser passed acid test perfect score.acid test page web standards project tests well web browser supports certain web standards.web technologies bolt support flash supports flv format streaming video web sites including video.google.com etc..bolt provides ecma script version javascript support web site forms applications information.bolt enables viewing ajax pages written using ecma version javascript .
Bolt (web browser)	standard.web pages use timer related events currently supported.bolt supports wap .x content — wml wap .x content — xhtmlmp wcss ecmascriptmp.security privacy bolt signed thirdparty certificates verisign thawte.signatures enable device os confirm bolts authenticity provide access secure device apis help ensure bolt free malware andor viruses.signed applications enable use bolt fewer permission dialogs file network access devices os.however platforms including motorola pk allow installation signed builds.
Bolt (web browser)	enable installation devices unsigned version bolt certificate also offered.server proxy bolt proxied requests via bolt cloud servers compress traffic maintain sitespecific information users browser cookies site preferences contents shopping carts.solution major security implications bolt could trivially track user activity even arbitrarily tamper content displayed browser.bit secure ssl connection bolt used encrypted protocol called secure sockets layer ssl access secure web pages.connection device bolt server also encrypted.
Bolt (web browser)	certificate error notification certificate electronic document help identify web sites owner help make decisions trusting site personal financial information.bolt warns certificate error problem certificate servers use certificate.localization languages bolt available english spanish russian indic.bolt supports viewing web sites latinbased languages including english german french spanish dutch flemish swedish many others fundamentally latinbased.using install fonts utility also view web sites cyrillicbased languages including bulgarian russian belarusian serbian macedonian ukrainian moldovan kazakh uzbek kyrgyz tajik tuvan mongolian.bolt also available indic languages.awards bolt browser received numerous awards mentions media.
Gladinet	important awards bolt browser aremobile merit awards runner overall consumer application service delivery platform categories.bolt mobile browser named runner mobile merit awards two categories best overall consumer mobile application best service delivery platform.ctia etech awards first place mobile applications – entertainmentsocial networking categorymobile star awards superstar award consumer app web browser category.bolt mobile browser took top honors eighth annual mobile star awards program winning superstar award consumer app web browser category.nominees category included apple – safari iphone opera mobile skyfire.stevie awards finalist innovative company yearcnet webware award finalist finalist browsing categorytech awards circle bronze award best consumersoho softwarepc magazine december star rating referencesonpremises version platform available service providers enterprises.also team edition.gladinet cloud enterprise provides enterprise file sync share onpremises deployment.orchestration layer integrate onpremises storage platforms like openstack swift.platform adds traditional security controls file sync share use cases allowing remote access existing data device existing identities.gladinet cloud enterprise provides brandable software distributed file locking branding syncondemand mapped drives.
Gladinet	history company initially founded integrate cloud services directly onto pc desktops internet.company believed approach better using web browser like internet explorer firefox cloud client.gladinet implemented ubiquitous cloud storage client integrated cloud storage windows file system.gladinet cloud desktop also created file type associations web applications files whether stored local disk cloud.references see also list online backup services
Micropower impulse radar	external links llnl engineering micropower impulse radar search rescue.llnl industrial partnering technology transfer process.october .archived original .micropower impulse radar mir.llnl industrial partnerships office.
Solid-state drive	also sometimes called semiconductor storage device solidstate device solidstate disk even though ssds lack physical spinning disks movable read–write heads used hard disk drives hdds floppy disks.compared electromechanical drives ssds typically resistant physical shock run silently higher iops lower latency.ssds store data semiconductor cells.cells contain bits data.ssd storage devices vary properties according number bits stored cell singlebit cells single level cells slc generally reliable durable fast expensive type compared bit cells multilevel cellsmlc triplelevel cellstlc finally quadbit cells qlc used consumer devices require extreme properties cheapest per gigabyte four.addition xpoint memory sold intel optane brand stores data changing electrical resistance cells instead storing electrical charges cells ssds made ram used high speed data persistence power loss required may use battery power retain data usual power source unavailable.
Solid-state drive	hybrid drives solidstate hybrid drives sshds apples fusion drive combine features ssds hdds unit using flash memory hdd order improve performance frequentlyaccessed data.bcache allows achieve similar effect purely software using combinations dedicated regular ssds hdds.ssds based nand flash slowly leak charge time left long periods without power.causes wornout drives exceeded endurance rating start losing data typically one year stored °c two years °c storage new drives takes longer.therefore ssds suitable archival storage.xpoint possible exception rule relatively new technology unknown longterm dataretention characteristics.ssds use traditional hdd interfaces form factors newer interfaces form factors exploit specific advantages flash memory ssds.
Solid-state drive	traditional interfaces e.g.sata sas standard hdd form factors allow ssds used dropin replacements hdds computers devices.newer form factors msata m. u. nf xfmexpress edsff formerly known ruler ssd higher speed interfaces nvm express nvme pci express pcie increase performance hdd performance.ssds limited lifetime number writes also slow reach full storage capacity.development history early ssds using ram similar technology early—if first—semiconductor storage device compatible hard drive interface e.g.ssd defined storagetek stc .
Solid-state drive	stc plugcompatible replacement ibm fixed head disk drive initially used chargecoupled devices ccds storage consequently reported seven times faster ibm product half price mb capacity later switched dram.storagetek ssd many dram core e.g.dataram bulk core products sold alternatives hdds products typically memory interfaces ssds defined.in late zitel offered family dram based ssd products trade name ramdisk use systems univac perkinelmer among others.flashbased ssds basis flashbased ssds flash memory invented fujio masuoka toshiba commercialized toshiba .sandisk corporation sandisk founders eli harari sanjay mehrotra along robert d. norman saw potential flash memory alternative existing hard drives filed patent flashbased ssd .
Solid-state drive	first commercial flashbased ssd shipped sandisk .mb ssd pcmcia configuration sold oem around used ibm thinkpad laptop.sandisk introduced ssds .inch .inch form factors pata interfaces.in stec inc. entered flash memory business consumer electronic devices.in msystems introduced flashbased solidstate drives hdd replacements military aerospace industries well missioncritical applications.applications require ssds ability withstand extreme shock vibration temperature ranges.in bitmicro made number introductions announcements flashbased ssds including gb .inch ssd.fusionio announced pciebased solid state drive inputoutput operations per second iops performance single card capacities gb.at cebit ocz technology demonstrated tb flash ssd using pci express × interface.
Solid-state drive	achieved maximum write speed .gigabytes per second gbs maximum read speed .gbs.december micron technology announced ssd using gigabits per second gbits sata interface.in seagate demonstrated gbs sequential read write speeds lane pcie .ssd also demonstrated tb ssd .inch form factor.
Solid-state drive	samsung also launched market .tb ssd price tag us using sas interface using .inch form factor thickness .inch drives.first time commercially available ssd capacity largest currently available hdd.in samsung toshiba introduced market .tb ssds using .inch form factor .inch drive thickness using sas interface.nimbus data announced reportedly shipped tb drives using sata interface capacity hdds expected reach .
Solid-state drive	samsung introduced m. nvme ssd read speeds .gbs write speeds .gbs.new version tb ssd launched price us tb version costing us.in gigabyte technology demonstrated tb lane pcie .ssd .
Solid-state drive	gbs sequential read .gbs sequential write speeds computex .included fan new high speed ssds run high temperatures.also nvme m. ssds using pcie .interface launched.
Solid-state drive	ssds read speeds .gbs write speeds .gbs.due high speed operation ssds use large heatsinks receive sufficient cooling airflow typically thermally throttle roughly minutes continuous operation full speed.samsung also introduced ssds capable gbs sequential read write speeds .
Solid-state drive	million iops capable moving data damaged chips undamaged chips allow ssd continue working normally albeit lower capacity.enterprise flash drives enterprise flash drives efds designed applications requiring high io performance iops reliability energy efficiency recently consistent performance.cases efd ssd higher set specifications compared ssds would typically used notebook computers.term first used emc january help identify ssd manufacturers would provide products meeting higher standards.standards bodies control definition efds ssd manufacturer may claim produce efds fact product may actually meet particular requirements.an example intel dc series drives introduced fourth quarter focuses achieving consistent performance area previously received much attention intel claimed important enterprise market.
Solid-state drive	particular intel claims steady state drives would vary iops – .kb random ios serviced less µs.another example toshiba pxss enterprise ssd series announced optimized use server storage platforms requiring high endurance writeintensive applications write caching io acceleration online transaction processing oltp.pxss series uses gbits sas interface featuring mlc nand flash memory achieving random write speeds iops random read speeds iops endurance rating drive writes per day dwpd.ssds based xpoint higher random higher iops lower sequential readwrite speeds nandflash counterparts..million iops.
Solid-state drive	drives using persistent memory technologies first products xpoint memory released intels optane brand.xpoint entirely different nand flash stores data using different principles.architecture function key components ssd controller memory store data.primary memory component ssd traditionally dram volatile memory since commonly nand flash nonvolatile memory.controller every ssd includes controller incorporates electronics bridge nand memory components host computer.
Solid-state drive	controller embedded processor executes firmwarelevel code one important factors ssd performance.functions performed controller includebad block mappingread write cachingencryptioncryptoshreddingerror detection correction via errorcorrecting code ecc bch codegarbage collectionread scrubbing read disturb managementwear levelingthe performance ssd scale number parallel nand flash chips used device.single nand chip relatively slow due narrow bit asynchronous io interface additional high latency basic io operations typical slc nand μs fetch kib page array io buffer read μs commit kib page io buffer array write ms erase kib block.multiple nand devices operate parallel inside ssd bandwidth scales high latencies hidden long enough outstanding operations pending load evenly distributed devices.micron intel initially made faster ssds implementing data striping similar raid interleaving architecture.enabled creation ssds mbs effective readwrite speeds sata gbits interface .
Solid-state drive	two years later sandforce continued leverage parallel flash connectivity releasing consumergrade sata gbits ssd controllers supported mbs readwrite speeds.sandforce controllers compress data sending flash memory.process may result less writing higher logical throughput depending compressibility data.wear leveling particular block programmed erased repeatedly without writing blocks block wear blocks—thereby prematurely ending life ssd.reason ssd controllers use technique called wear leveling distribute writes evenly possible across flash blocks ssd.in perfect scenario would enable every block written maximum life fail time.

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