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Microsoft Word	word mac mac introduced january microsoft introduced word .mac year later january .dos mac windows versions quite different other.mac version wysiwyg used graphical user interface far ahead platforms.platform restarted version numbering .. version mac version came january described above.
Microsoft Word	word .came november added automatic linking excel ability flow text around graphics wysiwyg page view editing mode.word .mac released ran original cpu last specifically designed macintosh application.later word windows port poorly received.word .
Microsoft Word	continued run well last classic macos.many people continue run word .day emulated mac classic system excellent features like document generation renumbering access old files.in microsoft formed macintosh business unit independent group within microsoft focused writing software mac os.first version word word released office macintosh edition.document compatibility reached parity word included features word windows including spell grammar checking squiggles.
Microsoft Word	users could choose menus keyboard shortcuts similar either word windows word mac os.word released added new features including office clipboard allowed users copy paste multiple items.last version run classic mac os mac os x could run within classic environment.word x released first version run natively required mac os x introduced noncontiguous text selection.word released may .included new notebook layout view taking notes either typing voice.features tracking changes made similar office windows.word released january included ribbonlike feature called elements gallery used select page layouts insert custom diagrams images.
Microsoft Word	also included new view focused publishing layout integrated bibliography management native support new office open xml format.first version run natively intelbased macs.word released october replaced elements gallery favor ribbon user interface much similar office windows includes fullscreen mode allows users focus reading writing documents support office web apps.word mobile word mobile word processor allows creating editing documents.supports basic formatting bolding changing font size changing colors red yellow green.add comments cant edit documents tracked changes.
Microsoft Word	cant open password protected documents change typeface text alignment style normal heading create bulleted lists insert pictures undo.word mobile neither able display insert footnotes endnotes page headers page footers page breaks certain indentation lists certain fonts working document retains original document them.addition features version version windows mobile also ability save documents rich text format open legacy psw pocket word.furthermore includes spell checker word count tool find replace command.word mobile became available windows windows mobile windows store.
Microsoft Word	file formats filename extensions microsoft words native file formats denoted either .doc .docx filename extension.although .doc extension used many different versions word actually encompasses four distinct file formatsword dosword windows word mac osword word windows word mac osword later windows word later mac osthe classic mac os era use filename extensions.the newer .docx extension signifies office open xml international standard office documents used default word later windows well word later macos.binary formats word – late early default word document format .doc became de facto standard document file formats microsoft office users.different versions word document format used default word –.binary word file compound file hierarchical file system within file.according joel spolsky word binary file format extremely complex mainly developers accommodate overwhelming number features prioritize performance anything else.as ole compound files word binary format consists storages analogous computer folders streams similar computer files.
Microsoft Word	storage may contain streams storage.word binary file must contain stream called worddocument stream stream must start file information block fib.fib serves first point reference locating everything else text word document starts ends version word created document attributes.word later continue support doc file format although longer default.xml document word .docx xml format introduced word simple xmlbased format called wordprocessingml wordml .the microsoft office xml formats xmlbased document formats xml schemas introduced versions microsoft office prior office .microsoft office xp introduced new xml format storing excel spreadsheets office added xmlbased format word documents.these formats succeeded office open xml ecma microsoft office .
Microsoft Word	crossversion compatibility opening word document file version word one created cause incorrect display document.document formats various versions change subtle subtle ways changing font handling complex tasks like footnotes.formatting created newer versions always survive viewed older versions program nearly always capability exist previous version.rich text format rtf early effort create format interchanging formatted text applications optional format word retains formatting content original document.thirdparty formats plugins permitting windows versions word read write formats natively support international standard opendocument format odf isoiec available.
Microsoft Word	release service pack sp office word natively support reading writing odf documents without plugin namely sun odf plugin openxmlodf translator.sp installed odf format .documents read saved like supported format addition already available word .implementation faces substantial criticism odf alliance others claimed thirdparty plugins provide better support.microsoft later declared odf support limitations.in october one year microsoft office suite released microsoft declared insufficient demand microsoft customers international standard opendocument format support therefore would included microsoft office .
Microsoft Word	statement repeated following months.answer october online petition created demand odf support microsoft.in may odf plugin microsoft office released opendocument foundation.microsoft declared relationship developers plugin.in july microsoft announced creation open xml translator project – tools build technical bridge microsoft office open xml formats opendocument format odf.work started response government requests interoperability odf.goal project add odf support microsoft office create plugin external toolset.
Microsoft Word	february project released first version odf plugin microsoft word.in february sun released initial version odf plugin microsoft office.version .released july .microsoft word service pack supports output pdf xps formats manual installation microsoft save pdf xps addon.later releases offered default.features flaws among features word includes builtin spell checker thesaurus dictionary utilities manipulating editing text.
Microsoft Word	following aspects feature set.templates several later versions word include ability users create formatting templates allowing define file title heading paragraph element designs differ standard word templates.users find help section located near top right corner word windows .for example normal.dotm master template word documents created.determines margin defaults well layout text font defaults.although normal.dotm already set certain defaults user change new defaults.
Microsoft Word	change documents created using template.previously normal.dot.image formats word import display images common bitmap formats jpg gif.also used create display simple lineart.microsoft word added support common svg vector image format office proplus subscribers functionality also included office release.
Microsoft Word	wordart wordart enables drawing text microsoft word document title watermark text graphical effects skewing shadowing rotating stretching variety shapes colors even including threedimensional effects.users apply formatting effects shadow bevel glow reflection document text easily applying bold underline.users also spellcheck text uses visual effects add text effects paragraph styles.macros macro rule pattern specifies certain input sequence often sequence characters mapped output sequence according defined process.frequently used repetitive sequences keystrokes mouse movements automated.like microsoft office documents word files include advanced macros even embedded programs.
Microsoft Word	language originally wordbasic changed visual basic applications word .this extensive functionality also used run propagate viruses documents.tendency people exchange word documents via email usb flash drives floppy disks made especially attractive vector .prominent example melissa virus countless others existed.these macro viruses known crossplatform threats windows macintosh computers infection vectors affect macos system advent video codec trojans .microsoft released patches word x word effectively eliminated macro problem mac .words macro security setting regulates macros may execute adjusted user recent versions word set high default generally reducing risk macrobased viruses become uncommon.layout issues word word windows program unable correctly handle ligatures defined opentype fonts.
Microsoft Word	ligature glyphs unicode codepoints may inserted manually recognized word breaking spell checking custom ligatures present font accessible all.since word program advanced typesetting features enabled opentype ligatures kerning hyphenation previous versions already latter two features.layout deficiencies word include inability set crop marks thin spaces.various thirdparty workaround utilities developed.in word mac os x support complex scripts inferior even word word support apple advanced typography features like ligatures glyph variants.bullets numbering microsoft word supports bullet lists numbered lists.
Microsoft Word	also features numbering system helps add correct numbers pages chapters headers footnotes entries tables content numbers automatically change correct ones new items added existing items deleted.bullets numbering applied directly paragraphs convert lists.word however problems adding correct numbers numbered lists.particular second irrelevant numbered list might started number one instead resumed numbering last numbered list.although word supported hidden marker said list numbering must restart afterward command insert marker restart numbering command added word .
Microsoft Word	however one cut first item listed paste another item e.g.fifth restart marker would moved list would restarted middle instead top.users also create tables word.depending version word perform simple calculations — along support formulas equations well.word continues default nonunicode characters nonhierarchical bulleting despite user preference powerpointstyle symbol hierarchies e.g.filled circleemdashfilled squareendashemptied circle universal compatibility.autosummarize available certain versions word e.g.
Microsoft Word	word autosummarize highlights passages phrases considers valuable quick way generating crude abstract executive summary.amount text retained specified user percentage current amount text.according ron fein word team autosummarize cuts wordy copy bone counting words ranking sentences.first autosummarize identifies common words document barring like assigns score word – frequently word used higher score.averages sentence adding scores words dividing sum number words sentence – higher average higher rank sentence.like ratio wheat chaff explains fein.autosummarize removed microsoft word mac os x although present word mac .
Microsoft Word	autosummarize removed office release version well.word web word web free lightweight version microsoft word available part office web also includes web versions microsoft excel microsoft powerpoint.word web lacks ribbon tabs design mailings.mailings allows users print envelopes labels manage mail merge printing word documents.word web able edit certain objects equations shapes text boxes drawings placeholder may present document.certain advanced features like table sorting columns displayed preserved document.
Microsoft Word	views available word desktop app outline draft web layout full screen reading available sidebyside viewing split windows ruler.password protection three password types set microsoft wordpassword open documentpassword modify documentpassword restricting formatting editingthe second third password types developed microsoft convenient shared use documents rather protection.encryption documents protected passwords microsoft office protection system saves hash sum password documents header easily accessed removed specialized software.password open document offers much tougher protection steadily enhanced subsequent editions microsoft office.word preceding editions weakest protection utilized conversion password bit key.key length word strengthened bit.however modern cracking software allows removing password quickly – persistent cracking process takes one week most.use rainbow tables reduces password removal time several seconds.
Microsoft Word	password recovery software remove password also find actual password used user encrypt document using bruteforce attack approach.statistically possibility recovering password depends password strength.words xp version default protection remained option allowed advanced users choosing cryptographic service provider added.strong csp chosen guaranteed document decryption becomes unavailable therefore password cant removed document.nonetheless password fairly quickly picked bruteforce attack speed still high regardless csp selected.moreover since csps active default use limited advanced users only.word offers significantly secure document protection utilizes modern advanced encryption standard aes converts password bit key using sha hash function times.
Microsoft Word	makes password removal impossible today computer pick key reasonable amount time exists drastically slows bruteforce attack speed several hundreds passwords per second.words protection algorithm changed apart increasing number sha conversions times consequently bruteforce attack speed decreased two times more.reception initial releases word met criticism.byte criticized documentation word ..dos calling complete farce.
Microsoft Word	called software clever put together well performs extraordinary feats concluded especially operated mouse many limitations benefits ... extremely frustrating learn operate efficiently.pc magazines review mixed stating ive run weird word processors first time ones nearly knocked count acknowledging words innovations first caused reviewer consider abandoning wordstar.review cited excellent wysiwyg display sophisticated print formatting windows footnoting merits criticized many small flaws slow performance documentation apparently produced madame sadies pain palace.concluded word two releases away potential greatness.computes apple applications stated despite certain awkwardness word .likely become major macintosh word processor far many features list here.
Microsoft Word	criticizing lack true wysiwyg magazine concluded word marvelous.like mozart edison whose occasional gaucherie excuse great gifts.compute stated word .s integration text graphics made solid engine basic desktop publishing.magazine approved improvements text mode described price upgrading earlier version deal decade concluded highoctane word processor word definitely worth look.during first quarter microsoft word accounted worldwide word processing market.release history references reading tsang cheryl.microsoft first generation.
ArcGIS	new york john wiley sons inc. isbn .liebowitz stan j. margolis stephen e. winners losers microsoft competition antitrust high technology oakland independent institute.isbn .external links microsoft word – official sitefind replace text using regular expressions advanced archived official support websitearcgis first released originally released arcinfo command line based gis system manipulating data.arcinfo later merged arcgis desktop eventually superseded arcgis pro .arcgis pro works cartography visualization includes artificial intelligence ai.esri also provides server side arcgis software web maps known arcgis server.product history prior arcgis suite esri focused software development command line arcinfo workstation program several graphical user interfacebased products arcview gis .x desktop program.esri products included mapobjects programming library developers arcsde relational database management system.
ArcGIS	various products branched multiple source trees integrate well one another.january esri decided revamp gis software platform creating single integrated software architecture.arcmap .late esri released arcmap .ran microsoft windows operating system.
ArcGIS	arcgis combined visual userinterface aspect arcview gis .x interface power arcinfo version .workstation.pairing resulted new software suite called arcgis including commandline arcinfo workstation v. new graphical user interface application called arcmap v.. arcmap incorporating functionality arcinfo intuitive interface well file management application called arccatalog v.. release arcmap constituted major change esris software offerings aligning client server products one software architecture known arcgis developed using microsoft windows com standards.interface names arcmap .similar later versions arcgis desktop different products.
ArcGIS	arcgis .replaced arcmap .product line update it.arcgis desktop ..
ArcGIS	arcgis .unveiled esri international user conference .arcgis .officially released april .new application included three extensions analyst spatial analyst geostatistical analyst.
ArcGIS	three extension become powerful popular arcview gis .x product line.arcgis .also added ability access data online directly geography network site arcims map services.arcgis .introduced adding topology geodatabases feature originally available arcinfo coverages.one major difference programming scripting languages available customize extend software suit particular user needs.
ArcGIS	transition arcgis esri dropped support applicationspecific scripting languages avenue arc macro language aml favour visual basic applications scripting open access arcgis components using microsoft com standards.arcgis designed store data proprietary rdbms format known geodatabase.arcgis .x introduced new features including onthefly map projections annotation database.arcgis .x arcgis released may included arcgis server arcgis engine developers.arcgis release includes geoprocessing environment allows execution traditional gis processing tools clipping overlay spatial analysis interactively scripting language supports com standards.
ArcGIS	although popular python others used especially perl vbscript.arcgis includes visual programming environment similar erdas imagines model maker released v... esri version called modelbuilder erdas imagine version allows users graphically link geoprocessing tools new tools called models.models executed directly exported scripting languages execute batch mode launched command line undergo editing add branching looping.on june esri released arcgis .. new version arcgis desktop new modeling tools geostatistical error tracking features arcgis server improved performance support rolebased security.also new javascript apis used create mashups integrated either google maps microsoft virtual earth.at esri developers summit little emphasis arcims except one session transitioning arcims arcgis serverbased applications indicating change focus esri arcgis .webbased mapping applications.in may esri released arcgis .. improved performance dynamic map publishing introduced better sharing geographic information.
ArcGIS	arcgis .x esri announced prospective version .would become version would ship second quarter .the arcgis .release included arcgis pro .became available january .on october esri publicly announced would last release arcgis desktop.products including arcmap supported march .
ArcGIS	announcement confirmed predictions arcgis pro related products planned complete replacement arcmap.arcgis pro arcgis pro bit gis software modern version arcgis desktop.unlike arcgis desktop arccatalog arcmap functionalities accessed application commonly catalog pane.graphics requirements arcgis pro considerably higher arcgis desktop order support upgraded visualization.arcgis pro also supports streamlined workflows involve publishing consuming feature layers using arcgis online.arcgis pro .
ArcGIS	released january .arcgis pro .released july .noted features added includedvoxel layers representations data space time saved netcdf file.voxel layers used visualize complex layers atmospheric oceanic data spacetime cubes.layers used analyze spatial patterns data specific situations.
ArcGIS	voxel layers generally encompass extensive areas slices used delineate areas layer need analysis.voxels shown geospatial data visualize study area.trace networks used evaluate connectivity models like railroads.edges junctions along network attributes used understand movement goods network.connectedness network established based concurrence geometric features.trace networks used alongside network topology make tools available trace validation.interactive suitability analysis using new suitability modeler way figure optimal location building project similar initiative.
ArcGIS	done feeding model certain criteria find areas would suitable project.suitability modeler interactive way visualize assess suitability model.suitability modeler allows user see criterion changes model make educated decision project.feedback also given modeler help user understand model better.graphics layers store geometric features need feature class visualize.graphics layers go top layers map better illustrate purpose map.
ArcGIS	graphics layers used add extra information map text highlight important features.multiple graphics layers map grouped together.parcel adjustment using least squares adjustment way adjust parcel fabric find optimal position parcel fabric points.parcel fabric network measures distance lines angles points.two types least squares adjustment parcel fabric.free network adjustment weightedconstrained adjustment.
ArcGIS	free network adjustment uses control points layer adjusted measurements optimal weightedconstrained adjustment uses control points layer adjusted within scope scope points.least squares adjustment ran new parcelfabric created new data added existing parcel fabric.link analysis develops network connected objects determines patterns exist.link analysis done find patterns network important finds new patterns previously unknown.link analysis uses link charts visualize network.link charts represent objects network using nodes nodes people buildings devices.
ArcGIS	objects usually moving people vehicles link charts show interact space time.link analysis done better understand network.done finding shortest path nodes showing nodes strongest connections finding nodes nearest other.project recovery automatic way saving project work lost.arcgis pro opened prompt user want keep unsaved changes backed up.backups also stored .backups folder project home.
ArcGIS	interval time project saves automatically determined using backup settings.functionality data formats older esri products including arcview .x worked data shapefile format.arcinfo workstation handled coverages stored topology information spatial data.coverages introduced arcinfo first released limitations handle types features.features roads street intersections overpasses underpasses handled differently types features.arcgis built around geodatabase uses object–relational database approach storing spatial data.
ArcGIS	geodatabase container holding datasets tying together spatial features attributes.geodatabase also contain topology information model behavior features road intersections rules features relate one another.working geodatabases important understand feature classes set features represented points lines polygons.shapefiles file handle one type feature.geodatabase store multiple feature classes type features within one file.geodatabases arcgis stored three different ways – file geodatabase personal geodatabase enterprise geodatabase formerly known sde arcsde geodatabase.
ArcGIS	introduced .file geodatabase stores information folder named .gdb extension.insides look similar coverage fact coverage.similar personal geodatabase file geodatabase supports single editor.however unlike personal geodatabase virtually size limit.
ArcGIS	default single table cannot exceed tb changed.personal geodatabases store data microsoft access files using blob field store geometry data.ogr library able handle file type convert file formats.database administration tasks personal geodatabases managing users creating backups done arccatalog arcgis pro.personal geodatabases based microsoft access run microsoft windows gigabyte size limit.
ArcGIS	enterprise multiuser geodatabases sit top highend dbms postgresql oracle microsoft sql server db informix handle database management aspects arcgis deals spatial data management.enterprise level geodatabases support database replication versioning transaction management crossplatform compatible able run linux windows solaris.also released .personal sde database operates sql server express.personal sde databases support multiuser editing support versioning disconnected editing.microsoft limits sql server express databases gb.arcgis pro bit application support personal geodatabase format convert supported formats using geoprocessing tools.
ArcGIS	arcgis desktop product levels arcgis desktop available different product levels increasing functionality.arcreader freeware viewer basic data viewer maps gis data published proprietary esri format using arcgis publisher.software also provides basic tools map viewing printing querying spatial data.arcreader included arcgis suite products also available free download.arcreader works preauthored published map files created arcgis publisher.arcgis desktop basic formerly known arcview entry level arcgis licensing.arcview one able view edit gis data held flat files view data stored relational database management system accessing arcsde.
ArcGIS	one also create layered maps perform basic spatial analysis.arcgis desktop standard formerly known arceditor midlevel software suite designed advanced editing spatial data shapefiles geodatabases.provides tools creation map spatial data used gis including ability editing geodatabase files data multiuser geodatabase editing versioning raster data editing vectorization advanced vector data editing managing coverages coordinate geometry cogo editing geometric networks.arceditor intended advanced spatial analysis.arcgis desktop advanced formerly known arcinfo allows users flexibility control aspects data building modeling analysis map display.arcinfo includes increased capability areas spatial analysis geoprocessing data management others.other desktop gis software include arcgis explorer arcgis engine.arcgis explorer gis viewer work client arcgis server arcims arcweb services web map service wms.arcgis online web application allowing sharing search geographic information well content published esri arcgis users authoritative data providers.
ArcGIS	allows users create join groups control access items shared publicly within groups.arcgis web mapping apis apis several languages allowing users build deploy applications include gis functionality web services arcgis online arcgis server.adobe flex javascript microsoft silverlight supported applications embedded web pages launched standalone web applications.flex adobe air windows presentation foundation wpf supported desktop applications.components arcgis desktop consists several integrated applications including arcmap arccatalog arctoolbox arcscene arcglobe arcgis pro.arccatalog data management application used browse datasets files ones computer database sources.
ArcGIS	addition showing data available arccatalog also allows users preview data map.arccatalog also provides ability view manage metadata spatial datasets.arcmap application used view edit query geospatial data create maps.arcmap interface two main sections including table contents left data frames display map.items table contents correspond layers map.
ArcGIS	arctoolbox contains geoprocessing data conversion analysis tools along much functionality arcinfo.also possible use batch processing arctoolbox frequently repeated tasks.arcscene application allows user view gis data available analyst license.layer properties arcscene extrusion function allows user exaggerate features three dimensionally.arcglobe another one arcgiss visualization applications available analyst license.
ArcGIS	arcglobe visualization application allows view large amounts gis data globe surface.arcgis pro application added arcgis desktop february.combined capabilities integrated applications built fully bit software application.arcgis pro arcpy python scripting database programming.extensions number software extensions added arcgis desktop provide added functionality including analyst spatial analyst network analyst survey analyst tracking analyst geostatistical analyst.
ArcGIS	advanced map labeling available maplex extension addon arcview arceditor bundled arcinfo.numerous extensions also developed third parties mapspeller spellchecker stlinks pgmap xtools pro mappdf creating georeferenced pdfs geopdf erdas image analysis stereo analyst arcgis isms purview converts arc desktops precise stereoviewing windows work georeferenced stereoscopic image models accurate geodatabasedirect editing feature digitizing.address locator address locator dataset arcgis stores address attributes associated indexes rules define process translating nonspatial descriptions places street addresses spatial data displayed features map.address locator contains snapshot reference data used geocoding parameters standardizing addresses searching match locations creating output.address locator files .loc file extension.
ArcGIS	arcgis .previous versions address locator called geocoding service.products arcgis mobile arcpad products designed mobile devices.arcgis mobile software development kit developers use create applications mobile devices smartphones tablet pcs.connected internet mobile applications connect arcgis server access update data.
ArcGIS	arcgis mobile available enterprise levelserver gis products include arcims web mapping server arcgis server arcgis image server.arcgis desktop arcgis server available different product levels including basic standard advanced editions.arcgis server comes sql server express dbms embedded work enterprise dbms sql server enterprise oracle.esri developer network edn includes arcobjects tools building custom software applications arcgis engine provides programming interface developers.for noncommercial purposes esri offers home use program lower annual license fee.arcgis engine arcgis engine arcgis software engine developer product creating custom gis desktop applications.arcgis engine provides application programming interfaces apis com .net java c windows linux solaris platforms.
ArcGIS	apis include documentation series highlevel visual components ease building arcgis applications.arcgis engine includes core set components arcobjects arcgis desktop products built.arcgis engine one build standalone applications extend existing applications gis nongis users.arcgis engine distribution additionally includes utilities samples documentation.one arcgis engine runtime arcgis desktop license per computer necessary.sales arcgis desktop products arcpad available singleuse license.products also available concurrentuse license development server licenses types software licenses available products.
ArcGIS	singleuse products purchased online esri store arcgis products available sales representative reseller.annual software maintenance support also available arcgis.alternative products available vendors mapinfo maptitude autocad map opensource qgis esri dominant share gis software market estimated .criticisms issues arcgis include perceived high prices products proprietary formats difficulties porting data esri gis software.esris transition arcgis platform starting release arcgis .rendered incompatible extensive range userdeveloped thirdparty addon software scripts.
Cloud storage gateway	minority user base resists migrating arcgis changes scripting capability functionality operating system esri developed arcgis desktop software exclusively microsoft windows operating system well significantly larger system resources required arcgis software.see also arcview .x covering older version arcviewarcview new entry level licensing level arcgisgis environmental contaminationlist geographic information systems software references external links arcgis official website – esriesri arcgis – white papermapping world data usa today august geodatabase .craig gillgrass – veryspatial podcast episode august stlinks spatialkit tool connect spatial database arcmaplist government arcgis server addressestechnology features modern applications aka cloud native applications use network attached storage means rest soap hypertext transfer protocol protocol layer.related storage provided arrays offer object storage.classic applications use network attached storage means network file system nfs iscsi server message block smb.make use advantages object storage existing applications need rewritten new applications must object storage aware case default.problem addressed cloud storage gateways.
Cloud storage gateway	offer object storage via classic native storage protocols like network file system nfs server message block smb offer iscsi well.rule thumb use classic applications cloud native object storage using cloud storage gateways.functionality enterprise infrastructures nfs mainly used linux systems whereas windows systems using smb.object storage needs data form objects rather files.cloud storage gateways mandatory cache incoming files destage object storage later step.
Cloud storage gateway	time destaging subject gateway policy engine allows functions likepinning bind specific files cache destage mirroring purposecontent based destaging move files specific characteristics object storage e.g.mp filesmulticloud mirroring mirror files two different object storesleast recently use fill local cache maximum move files object storage delete files cache lru algorithmencrypt prior destage files encrypted cloud storage gateway destaged object storage encrypted formcompress dedupliation prior destage files deduplicated andor compressed prior destagingbackup data native backup formatcombinations functions usual.default sorting schematics spanning retrieval interface generally rely zerofault content processing carries obvious requirement two functions synchronized.extensions nearly object storage gateways support amazon protocol quasistandard.offer well microsoft azure blob google storage openstack swift.
Cloud storage gateway	gateways support public cloud storage e.g.amazon microsoft object store dropbox file drive store well lot vendors support private cloud storage well – including prem storage.deployment methods multiple variants deploy gateways – vendors support well different variants product linebare metal hardware appliancesoftware appliance supporting different hypervisorssoftware top operating system – aka fuse basedsoftware appliances well fusebased gateways installed public cloud infrastructures.advantages cloud storage gateways avoid need change existing applications providing standard interface.make use advantages object storage without rewriting applications.as well users used existing protocols – like smb nfs.
Cloud storage gateway	make use cloud storage advantage still using existing infrastructures including e.g.active directory ldap integration fileshare functions etc..while cloud storage gateways initially covered niche got attraction multicloud technologies.example possible run cloud storage gateway form software appliance top public private cloud infrastructure offering docker volume drivers enable containers automatic provisioning storage used containers consistent form.using hypervisors disks cache destage data least recently used algorithm underlying cloud storage.the de facto standard object storage amazon – popularity capacity installed object storage.every object storage vendor offer amazon storage – even real standard api every vendor little bit different implementing api see different cloud storage gateway vendors supporting specific apis different object storage vendors.
Cloud storage gateway	since see cloud storage gateways hide complexity offering northbound networking technologies southbound relates storage used gateway whereas northbound storage provided gateway.make use richer implementation northbound southbound supports.disadvantages using cloud storage gateways complexity use object storage hidden also hides advantages object storagethe ability horizontal scalingability add high efficient metadata data contentto use extended worm archiving capabilities object storageas applications change cloudaware applications aka called cloud native applications cloud storage gateways change multiprotocol gateways multicloud gateways providing access multiple cloud providers well multiple southbound protocols act relays different clouds.market cloud storage gateway market valued usd billion predicted reach usd billion based report market research firm mordor intelligence.see also cloud computingctera networkspanzuranasuni references
Project Gemini	conducted projects mercury apollo gemini started concluded .gemini spacecraft carried twoastronaut crew.ten gemini crews individual astronauts flew low earth orbit leo missions .geminis objective development space travel techniques support apollo mission land astronauts moon.allowed united states catch overcome lead human spaceflight capability soviet union obtained early years space race demonstrating mission endurance days longer eight days required round trip moon methods performing extravehicular activity eva without tiring orbital maneuvers necessary achieve rendezvous docking another spacecraft.left apollo free pursue prime mission without spending time developing techniques.all gemini flights launched launch complex lc cape kennedy air force station florida.
Project Gemini	launch vehicle gemini–titan ii modified intercontinental ballistic missile icbm.gemini first program use newly built mission control center houston manned spacecraft center flight control.the astronaut corps supported project gemini included mercury seven new nine astronaut class.program three astronauts died air crashes training including members prime crew gemini .mission flown backup crew.gemini robust enough united states air force planned use manned orbital laboratory mol program later canceled.geminis chief designer jim chamberlin also made detailed plans cislunar lunar landing missions late .
Project Gemini	believed gemini spacecraft could fly lunar operations project apollo cost less.nasas administration approve plans.mcdonnelldouglas proposed big gemini could used shuttle astronauts planned space stations apollo applications project aap.aap project funded skylab – used existing spacecraft hardware – thereby eliminating need big gemini.pronunciation constellation project named commonly pronounced last syllable rhyming eye.
Project Gemini	however staff manned spacecraft center including astronauts tended pronounce name rhyming knee.nasas public affairs office issued statement declaring jehmihnee official pronunciation.gus grissom acting houston capsule communicator ed white performed spacewalk gemini heard flight recordings pronouncing spacecrafts call sign jehmihnee nasa pronunciation used film first man.program origins objectives apollo program conceived early threeman spacecraft follow project mercury.jim chamberlin head engineering space task group stg assigned february start working bridge program mercury apollo.
Project Gemini	presented two initial versions twoman spacecraft designated mercury mark ii nasa retreat wallops island march .scale models shown july mcdonnell aircraft corporations offices st. louis.after apollo chartered land men moon president john f. kennedy may became evident nasa officials followon mercury program required develop certain spaceflight capabilities support apollo.nasa approved twoman twovehicle program rechristened project gemini latin twins reference third constellation zodiac twin stars castor pollux december .mcdonnell aircraft contracted build december .program publicly announced january major objectivesto demonstrate endurance humans equipment spaceflight extended periods least eight days required moon landing maximum two weeksto effect rendezvous docking another vehicle maneuver combined spacecraft using propulsion system target vehicleto demonstrate extravehicular activity eva spacewalks outside protection spacecraft evaluate astronauts ability perform tasks thereto perfect techniques atmospheric reentry touchdown preselected location land team chamberlin designed gemini capsule carried crew two.
Project Gemini	previously chief aerodynamicist avro canadas avro arrow fighter interceptor program.chamberlin joined nasa along senior avro engineers cancellation canadian arrow program became head u.s. space task groups engineering division charge gemini.prime contractor mcdonnell aircraft corporation also prime contractor project mercury capsule.astronaut gus grissom heavily involved development design gemini spacecraft.mercury astronauts dubbed gusmobile designed around grissoms body nasa discovered astronauts would fit spacecraft interior redesigned.grissom wrote posthumous book gemini realization project mercurys end unlikelihood another flight program prompted focus efforts upcoming gemini program.the gemini program managed manned spacecraft center located houston texas direction office manned space flight nasa headquarters washington d.c. dr. george e. mueller associate administrator nasa manned space flight served acting director gemini program.
Project Gemini	william c. schneider deputy director manned space flight mission operations served mission director gemini flights beginning gemini a.guenter wendt mcdonnell engineer supervised launch preparations mercury gemini programs would go apollo program launched crews.team responsible completion complex pad closeout procedures prior spacecraft launch last person astronauts would see prior closing hatch.astronauts appreciated taking absolute authority responsibility condition spacecraft developed goodhumored rapport him.spacecraft nasa selected mcdonnell aircraft prime contractor project mercury capsule build gemini capsule first delivered .spacecraft feet inches .
Project Gemini	long feet .wide launch weight varying pounds kg.the gemini crew capsule referred reentry module essentially enlarged version mercury capsule.unlike mercury retrorockets electrical power propulsion systems oxygen water located detachable adapter module behind reentry module.major design improvement gemini locate internal spacecraft systems modular components could independently tested replaced necessary without removing disturbing already tested components.reentry module many components capsule reachable small access doors.
Project Gemini	unlike mercury gemini used completely solidstate electronics modular design made easy repair.geminis emergency launch escape system use escape tower powered solidfuel rocket instead used aircraftstyle ejection seats.tower heavy complicated nasa engineers reasoned could away titan iis hypergolic propellants would burn immediately contact.titan ii booster explosion smaller blast effect flame cryogenically fueled atlas saturn.ejection seats sufficient separate astronauts malfunctioning launch vehicle.higher altitudes ejection seats could used astronauts would return earth inside spacecraft would separate launch vehicle.the main proponent using ejection seats chamberlin never liked mercury escape tower wished use simpler alternative would also reduce weight.
Project Gemini	reviewed several films atlas titan ii icbm failures used estimate approximate size fireball produced exploding launch vehicle gauged titan ii would produce much smaller explosion thus spacecraft could get away ejection seats.maxime faget designer mercury les hand lessthanenthusiastic setup.aside possibility ejection seats seriously injuring astronauts would also usable seconds liftoff point booster would attaining mach speed ejection would longer possible.also concerned astronauts launched titans exhaust plume ejected inflight later added best thing gemini never make escape.the gemini ejection system never tested gemini cabin pressurized pure oxygen prior launch.january fatal apollo fire demonstrated pressurizing spacecraft pure oxygen created extremely dangerous fire hazard.oral history astronaut thomas p. stafford commented gemini launch abort december command pilot wally schirra nearly ejected spacecraftso turns would seen would two roman candles going psi pure oxygen soaking hour half.
Project Gemini	remember tragic fire cape.... jesus fire going would burned suits.everything soaked oxygen.thank god.another thing nasa never tested conditions would would eject.
Project Gemini	tests china lake simulated mockup gemini capsule fill full nitrogen.didnt filled full oxygen sled test had.gemini first astronautcarrying spacecraft include onboard computer gemini guidance computer facilitate management control mission maneuvers.computer sometimes called gemini spacecraft onboard computer obc similar saturn launch vehicle digital computer.gemini guidance computer weighed .pounds .
Project Gemini	kg.core memory addresses containing bit word composed three bit syllables.numeric data bit twoscomplement integers sometimes used fixedpoint numbers either stored first two syllables word accumulator.instructions always bit opcode bits operand could go syllable.unlike mercury gemini used inflight radar artificial horizon similar used aviation industry.like mercury gemini used joystick give astronauts manual control yaw pitch roll.
Project Gemini	gemini added control spacecrafts translation forward backward sideways pair tshaped handles one crew member.translation control enabled rendezvous docking crew control flight path.controller types also used apollo spacecraft.the original intention gemini land solid ground instead sea using rogallo wing rather parachute crew seated upright controlling forward motion craft.facilitate airfoil attach nose craft additional attachment point balance near heat shield.cord covered strip metal ran twin hatches.
Project Gemini	design ultimately dropped parachutes used make sea landing mercury.capsule suspended angle closer horizontal side heat shield contacted water first.eliminated need landing bag cushion used mercury capsule.adapter module adapter module turn separated retro module equipment module.retro module retro module contained four solidfuel tem stare retrorockets spherical shape except rocket nozzle structurally attached two beams reached across diameter retro module crossing right angles center.
Project Gemini	reentry began retrorockets firing one time.abort procedures certain periods liftoff would cause fire time thrusting descent module away titan rocket.equipment module gemini equipped orbit attitude maneuvering system oams containing sixteen thrusters translation control three perpendicular axes forwardbackward leftright updown addition attitude control pitch yaw roll angle orientation mercury.translation control allowed changing orbital inclination altitude necessary perform space rendezvous craft docking agena target vehicle atv rocket engine could used perform greater orbit changes.early shortduration missions electrical power supplied batteries later endurance missions used first fuel cells crewed spacecraft.gemini regards advanced apollo latter program began almost year earlier.became known pilots spacecraft due assortment jet fighterlike features small part due gus grissoms influence design point us crewed space program clearly began showing superiority soviet union long duration flight rendezvous extravehicular capability.
Project Gemini	soviet union period developing soyuz spacecraft intended take cosmonauts moon political technical problems began get way leading ultimate end crewed lunar program.launch vehicle titan ii debuted air forces secondgeneration icbm replace atlas.using hypergolic fuels could stored longer easily readied launch addition simpler design fewer components caveat propellant mix nitrogen tetroxide hydrazine extremely toxic compared atlass liquid oxygenrp.however titan considerable difficulty manrated due early problems pogo oscillation.launch vehicle used radio guidance system unique launches cape kennedy.
Project Gemini	astronauts deke slayton director flight crew operations primary responsibility assigning crews gemini program.flight primary crew backup crew backup crew would rotate primary crew status three flights later.slayton intended first choice mission commands given four remaining active astronauts mercury seven alan shepard grissom cooper schirra.john glenn retired nasa january scott carpenter blamed nasa management problematic reentry aurora leave participate navys sealab project grounded flight july due arm injury sustained motorbike accident.slayton continued grounded due heart problem.titles used lefthand command righthand seat crew positions taken u.s. air force pilot ratings command pilot pilot.
Project Gemini	sixteen astronauts flew crewed gemini missions crew selection late slayton selected shepard stafford gemini mcdivitt white gemini schirra young gemini first agena rendezvous mission.backup crew gemini grissom borman also slated gemini first longduration mission.finally conrad lovell assigned backup crew gemini .delays production agena target vehicle caused first rearrangement crew rotation.schirra young mission bumped gemini became backup crew shepard stafford.grissom borman longduration mission assigned gemini .the second rearrangement occurred shepard developed ménières disease inner ear problem.
Project Gemini	grissom moved command gemini .slayton felt young better personality match grissom switched stafford young.finally slayton tapped cooper command longduration gemini .reasons compatibility moved conrad backup commander gemini pilot gemini borman backup command gemini .finally assigned armstrong elliot see backup crew gemini .the third rearrangement crew assignment occurred slayton felt see wasnt physical demands eva gemini .
Project Gemini	reassigned see prime commander gemini put scott pilot gemini charles bassett pilot gemini .the fourth final rearrangement gemini crew assignment occurred deaths see bassett trainer jet crashed coincidentally mcdonnell building held gemini capsule st. louis.backup crew stafford cernan moved new prime crew gemini a. lovell aldrin moved backup crew gemini backup crew gemini .cleared way crew rotation lovell aldrin become prime crew gemini .along deaths grissom white roger chaffee fire apollo final arrangement helped determine makeup first seven apollo crews would position chance first walk moon.missions two gemini missions flown without crews test systems heat shield.followed flights crews .
Project Gemini	launched titan ii launch vehicles.highlights gemini programon gemini ed white became first american make extravehicular activity eva spacewalk june .gemini august – demonstrated day endurance necessary apollo lunar mission first use fuel cells generate electrical power.gemini accomplished first space rendezvous sister craft gemini december gemini setting day endurance record flight.gemini achieved first space docking unmanned agena target vehicle.gemini established radiation high altitude problem demonstrated ability rendezvous passive object first gemini mission fire agenas rocket.michael collins would first person meet another spacecraft orbit second successful eva.gemini first directascent first orbit rendezvous agena target vehicle docking hour minutes launch.set crewed earth orbital altitude record .nautical miles .
Project Gemini	km september using agena target vehicles propulsion system.record still stands .on gemini edwin buzz aldrin became first space traveler prove useful work eva could done outside spacecraft without lifethreatening exhaustion due newly implemented footholds handholds scheduled rest periods.rendezvous orbit straightforward maneuver.spacecraft increase speed catch another result goes higher slower orbit distance thereby increases.right procedure go lower orbit first increases relative speed approach target spacecraft decrease orbital speed meet it.practice maneuvers special rendezvous docking simulators built astronauts.
Project Gemini	geminititan launches serial numbers geminititan ii launch vehicle adapted nasa u.s. air force titan ii icbm.similarly mercuryatlas launch vehicle adapted usaf atlas missile.geminititan ii rockets assigned air force serial numbers painted four places titan ii opposite sides first second stages.usaf crews maintained launch complex prepared launched geminititan ii launch vehicles.data experience operating titans value u.s. air force nasa.the usaf serial numbers assigned geminititan launch vehicles given tables above.
Project Gemini	fifteen titan iis ordered serial xxx xxx painted titan ii.order last three launch vehicles canceled july never built.serial numbers however assigned prospectively glv glv glv.program cost gemini cost .billion dollars .
Project Gemini	billion .january nasa report us congress estimating costs mercury gemini apollo first crewed moon landing included .billion gemini .million spacecraft .million launch vehicles .
Project Gemini	million support.current location hardware spacecraft gemini intentionally disintegrated upon reentry atmospheregemini air force space missile museum cape canaveral air force station floridagemini iii grissom memorial spring mill state park mitchell indianagemini iv national air space museum washington d.c.gemini v johnson space center nasa houston texasgemini vi stafford air space museum weatherford oklahomagemini vii steven f. udvarhazy center chantilly virginiagemini viii armstrong air space museum wapakoneta ohiogemini ix kennedy space center nasa merritt island floridagemini x kansas cosmosphere space center hutchinson kansasgemini xi california museum science industry los angeles californiagemini xii adler planetarium chicago illinois trainers gemini st. louis science center st. louis missouri.gemini molb national museum united states air force wrightpatterson air force base dayton ohiogemini trainer discovery center fresno californiagemini trainer u.s. space rocket center huntsville alabamagemini trainer kentucky science center louisville kentucky gatv national air space museum washington d.c. displayel kabong kalamazoo air museum kalamazoo michigangemini trainer kalamazoo air museum kalamazoo michiganttv national space centre leicester uktrainer pate museum transportation fort worth texasmsc private residence san jose californiarogallo test vehicle white sands space harbor white sands new mexicottv steven f. udvarhazy center chantilly virginiaunnamed air force space missile museum cape canaveral air force station floridaunnamed air force space missile museum cape canaveral air force station floridaingressegress trainer u.s. space rocket center huntsville alabamamsc uss hornet museum former nas alameda alameda california proposed extensions applications advanced gemini mcdonnell aircraft main contractor mercury gemini also one original bidders prime contract apollo lost north american aviation.mcdonnell later sought extend gemini program proposing derivative could used fly cislunar mission even achieve crewed lunar landing earlier less cost apollo proposals rejected nasa.a range applications considered advanced gemini missions including military flights space station crew logistics delivery lunar flights.lunar proposals ranged reusing docking systems developed agena target vehicle powerful upper stages centaur could propel spacecraft moon complete modifications gemini enable land lunar surface.applications would ranged crewed lunar flybys apollo ready providing emergency shelters rescue stranded apollo crews even replacing apollo program.some advanced gemini proposals used offtheshelf gemini spacecraft unmodified original program others featured modifications allow spacecraft carry crew dock space stations visit moon perform mission objectives.
Project Gemini	modifications considered included addition wings parasail spacecraft order enable make horizontal landing.big gemini big gemini big g another proposal mcdonnell douglas made august .intended provide largecapacity allpurpose access space including missions ultimately used apollo space shuttle.the study performed generate preliminary definition logistic spacecraft derived gemini would used resupply orbiting space station.landlanding preselected site refurbishment reuse design requirements.two baseline spacecraft defined nineman minimum modification version gemini b called minmod big g man advanced concept exterior geometry new stateoftheart subsystems called advanced big g. three launch vehiclessaturn ib titan iiim saturn int sicsivb investigated use spacecraft.
Project Gemini	military applications air force interest gemini system decided use modification spacecraft crew vehicle manned orbital laboratory.end gemini spacecraft refurbished flown atop mockup mol sent space titan iiic.first time spacecraft went space twice.the usaf also notion adapting gemini spacecraft military applications crude observation ground specialized reconnaissance camera could carried practicing making rendezvous suspicious satellites.project called blue gemini.usaf like fact gemini would recovered us navy intended blue gemini eventually use airfoil land three skids carried original design gemini.at first within nasa welcomed sharing cost usaf later agreed nasa better operating gemini itself.
Project Gemini	blue gemini canceled secretary defense robert mcnamara decided nasa gemini flights could conduct necessary military experiments.mol canceled secretary defense melvin laird determined uncrewed spy satellites could perform functions much costeffectively.media two gemini capsules codenamed jupiter instead gemini featured plot james bond film live twice.a modified oneperson gemini capsule used send astronaut played james caan moon film countdown.gemini missions feature first episode hbo series earth moonlike us space programs gemini covered .pbs series space flightsome aspects gemini program relating astronaut neil armstrong touched upon film first man.many episodes television show dream jeannie featured launch pad launch footage various gemini missions.see also list crewed spacecraftsplashdown spacecraft landingtimeline hydrogen technologiesus space exploration history us stamps references notes citations article incorporates public domain material websites documents national aeronautics space administration.
Project Gemini	books farmer gene hamblin dora jane .first moon voyage neil armstrong michael collins edwin e. aldrin jr. boston little brown company.isbn .french francis brugess colin .shadow moon challenging journey tranquility –.lincoln nebraska university nebraska.
Project Gemini	isbn .gainor chris .arrows moon avros engineers space race.burlington ontario apogee books.isbn .gatland kenneth .manned spacecraft second ed.. new york macmillan.hacker barton c. grimwood james m. .
Project Gemini	shoulders titans history project gemini pdf.nasa sp.washington d.c. national aeronautics space administration.retrieved .harland david m. .nasa learned fly space exciting account gemini missions.
Project Gemini	burlington ontario apogee books.isbn .retrieved .kranz gene .failure option mission control mercury apollo beyond.new york simon schuster.
Project Gemini	isbn .retrieved .murray charles a. cox catherine bly .apollo race moon.new york simon schuster.isbn .shayler david j. gemini springerverlag telos isbn tomayko james e. .
Project Gemini	gemini digital computer first machine orbit.computers spaceflight nasa experience.washington d.c. national aeronautics space administration.retrieved .articles agle d.c. september .

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