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Solid-state drive	process evenly distribute writes requires data previously written changing cold data moved data changing frequently hot data written blocks.relocating data increases write amplification adds wear flash memory.designers seek minimize both.memory flash memory ssd manufacturers use nonvolatile nand flash memory construction ssds lower cost compared dram ability retain data without constant power supply ensuring data persistence sudden power outages.flash memory ssds initially slower dram solutions early designs even slower hdds continued use.
Solid-state drive	problem resolved controllers came later.flashbased ssds store data metaloxidesemiconductor mos integrated circuit chips contain nonvolatile floatinggate memory cells.flash memorybased solutions typically packaged standard disk drive form factors ...inch also smaller compact form factors m. form factor made possible small size flash memory.lowerpriced drives usually use quadlevel cell qlc triplelevel cell tlc multilevel cell mlc flash memory slower less reliable singlelevel cell slc flash memory.mitigated even reversed internal design structure ssd interleaving changes writing algorithms higher overprovisioning excess capacity wearleveling algorithms work.solidstate drives rely vnand technology layers cells stacked vertically introduced.
Solid-state drive	dram ssds based volatile memory dram characterized fast data access generally less microseconds used primarily accelerate applications would otherwise held back latency flash ssds traditional hdds.drambased ssds usually incorporate either internal battery external acdc adapter backup storage systems ensure data persistence power supplied drive external sources.power lost battery provides power information copied random access memory ram backup storage.power restored information copied back ram backup storage ssd resumes normal operation similar hibernate function used modern operating systems.ssds type usually fitted dram modules type used regular pcs servers swapped replaced larger modules.such iram hyperos hyperdrive ddrdrive x etc.some manufacturers dram ssds solder dram chips directly drive intend chips swapped out—such zeusram aeon drive etc.a remote indirect memoryaccess disk rindma disk uses secondary computer fast network direct infiniband connection act like rambased ssd new faster flashmemory based ssds already available making option cost effective.while price dram continues fall price flash memory falls even faster.the flash becomes cheaper dram crossover point occurred approximately .xpoint intel micron announced xpoint new nonvolatile memory technology.intel released first xpointbased drive branded intel® optane™ ssd march starting data center product intel® optane™ ssd dc px series following client version intel® optane™ ssd p series october .
Solid-state drive	products operate faster higher endurance nandbased ssds areal density comparable gigabits per chip.price per bit xpoint expensive nand cheaper dram.ssds called nvdimm hyper dimm devices use dram flash memory.power goes ssd copies data dram flash power comes back ssd copies data flash dram.somewhat similar way ssds use form factors buses actually designed dimm modules using flash memory making appear dram.
Solid-state drive	ssds usually known ulltradimm devices.drives known hybrid drives solidstate hybrid drives sshds use hybrid spinning disks flash memory.ssds use magnetoresistive randomaccess memory mram storing data.cache buffer flashbased ssd typically uses small amount dram volatile cache similar buffers hard disk drives.directory block placement wear leveling data also kept cache drive operating.one ssd controller manufacturer sandforce use external dram cache designs still achieves high performance.
Solid-state drive	elimination external dram reduces power consumption enables size reduction ssds.battery supercapacitor another component higherperforming ssds capacitor form battery necessary maintain data integrity data cache flushed drive power lost may even hold power long enough maintain data cache power resumed.case mlc flash memory problem called lower page corruption occur mlc flash memory loses power programming upper page.result data written previously presumed safe corrupted memory supported supercapacitor event sudden power loss.problem exist slc flash memory.most consumerclass ssds builtin batteries capacitors among exceptions crucial mx series intel series expensive intel series.
Solid-state drive	enterpriseclass ssds intel dc series usually builtin batteries capacitors.host interface host interface physically connector signalling managed ssds controller.often one interfaces found hdds.includeserial attached scsi sas .gbits – generally found serversserial ata msata variant sata .
Solid-state drive	.gbitspci express pcie .× .gbitsm..
Solid-state drive	gbits sata .logical device interface .gbits pcie .×u.pcie .
Solid-state drive	×fibre channel gbits – almost exclusively found serversusb gbitsparallel ata udma mbits – mostly replaced sataparallel scsi mbits mbits – generally found servers mostly replaced sas last scsibased ssd introduced ssds support various logical device interfaces advanced host controller interface ahci nvme.logical device interfaces define command sets used operating systems communicate ssds host bus adapters hbas.configurations size shape device largely driven size shape components used make device.traditional hdds optical drives designed around rotating platters optical disc along spindle motor inside.ssd made various interconnected integrated circuits ics interface connector shape longer limited shape rotating media drives.
Solid-state drive	solidstate storage solutions come larger chassis may even rackmount form factor numerous ssds inside.would connect common bus inside chassis connect outside box single connector.for general computer use .inch form factor typically found laptops popular.desktop computers .inch hard disk drive slots simple adapter plate used make drive fit.types form factors common enterprise applications.ssd also completely integrated circuitry device apple macbook air starting fall model.
Solid-state drive	msata m. form factors also gained popularity primarily laptops.standard hdd form factors benefit using current hdd form factor would take advantage extensive infrastructure already place mount connect drives host system.traditional form factors known size rotating media i.e..inch .inch .inch .inch dimensions drive casing.standard card form factors applications space premium like ultrabooks tablet computers compact form factors standardized flashbased ssds.there msata form factor uses pci express mini card physical layout.
Solid-state drive	remains electrically compatible pci express mini card interface specification requiring additional connection sata host controller connector.m.form factor formerly known next generation form factor ngff natural transition msata physical layout used usable advanced form factor.msata took advantage existing form factor connector m. designed maximize usage card space minimizing footprint.m. standard allows sata pci express ssds fitted onto m. modules.some high performance high capacity drives uses standard pci express addin card form factor house additional memory chips permit use higher power levels allow use large heat sink.also adapter boards converts form factors especially m. drives pcie interface regular addin cards.
Solid-state drive	diskonamodule form factors diskonamodule dom flash drive either pin parallel ata pata sata interface intended plugged directly motherboard used computer hard disk drive hdd.dom devices emulate traditional hard disk drive resulting need special drivers specific operating system support.doms usually used embedded systems often deployed harsh environments mechanical hdds would simply fail thin clients small size low power consumption silent operation.as storage capacities range mb gb different variations physical layouts including vertical horizontal orientation.box form factors many drambased solutions use box often designed fit rackmount system.number dram components required get sufficient capacity store data along backup power supplies requires larger space traditional hdd form factors.
Solid-state drive	bareboard form factors form factors common memory modules used ssds take advantage flexibility laying components.include pcie mini pcie minidimm mo many more.satadimm viking technology uses empty ddr dimm slot motherboard provide power ssd separate sata connector provide data connection back computer.result easytoinstall ssd capacity equal drives typically take full .inch drive bay.least one manufacturer innodisk produced drive sits directly sata connector satadom motherboard without need power cable.
Solid-state drive	ssds based pcie form factor connect data interface power pcie connector host.drives use either direct pcie flash controllers pcietosata bridge device connects sata flash controllers.ball grid array form factors early companies introduced ssds ball grid array bga form factors msystems sandisk diskonchip silicon storage technologys nandrive produced greenliant systems memorights use embedded systems.main benefits bga ssds low power consumption small chip package size fit compact subsystems soldered directly onto system motherboard reduce adverse effects vibration shock.such embedded drives often adhere emmc eufs standards.comparison technologies hard disk drives making comparison ssds ordinary spinning hdds difficult.
Solid-state drive	traditional hdd benchmarks tend focus performance characteristics poor hdds rotational latency seek time.ssds need spin seek locate data may prove vastly superior hdds tests.however ssds challenges mixed reads writes performance may degrade time.ssd testing must start use full drive new empty fresh outofthebox drive may much better write performance would show weeks use.most advantages solidstate drives traditional hard drives due ability access data completely electronically instead electromechanically resulting superior transfer speeds mechanical ruggedness.hand hard disk drives offer significantly higher capacity price.some field failure rates indicate ssds significantly reliable hdds others not.
Solid-state drive	however ssds uniquely sensitive sudden power interruption resulting aborted writes even cases complete loss drive.reliability hdds ssds varies greatly among models.as hdds tradeoff cost performance different ssds.singlelevel cell slc ssds significantly expensive multilevel mlc ssds offer significant speed advantage.time drambased solidstate storage currently considered fastest costly average response times microseconds instead average microseconds ssds.enterprise flash devices efds designed handle demands tier application performance response times similar lessexpensive ssds.in traditional hdds rewritten file generally occupy location disk surface original file whereas ssds new copy often written different nand cells purpose wear leveling.
Solid-state drive	wearleveling algorithms complex difficult test exhaustively result one major cause data loss ssds firmware bugs.the following table shows detailed overview advantages disadvantages technologies.comparisons reflect typical characteristics may hold specific device.memory cards memory cards ssds use flash memory serve different markets purposes.number different attributes optimized adjusted best meet needs particular users.characteristics include power consumption performance size reliability.ssds originally designed use computer system.
Solid-state drive	first units intended replace augment hard disk drives operating system recognized hard drive.originally solid state drives even shaped mounted computer like hard drives.later ssds became smaller compact eventually developing unique form factors m. form factor.ssd designed installed permanently inside computer.in contrast memory cards secure digital sd compactflash cf many others originally designed digital cameras later found way cell phones gaming devices gps units etc.memory cards physically smaller ssds designed inserted removed repeatedly.
Solid-state drive	ssd failure ssds different failure modes traditional magnetic hard drives.solidstate drives contain moving parts generally subject mechanical failures.instead kinds failure possible example incomplete failed writes due sudden power failure problem hdds chip fails data lost scenario applicable magnetic drives.whole however studies shown ssds generally highly reliable often continue working far beyond expected lifetime stated manufacturer.the endurance ssd provided datasheet one two formseither n dwd n drive writes per dayor tbw max terabytes written short tbw.so example samsung evo nvme m. ssd tb endurance tbw.ssd reliability failure modes early investigation techreport.com ran involved number flashbased ssds tested destruction identify point failed.
Solid-state drive	website found drives surpassed official endurance specifications writing hundreds terabytes without issue—volumes order excess typical consumer needs.first ssd fail tlcbased drive succeeding writing tb.three ssds test wrote three times amount almost .pb failed.test demonstrated remarkable reliability even consumermarket ssds.a field study based data collected six years googles data centres spanning millions drive days found proportion flashbased ssds requiring replacement first four years use ranged depending model.
Solid-state drive	authors concluded ssds fail significantly lower rate hard disk drives.contrast evaluation hdds found failure rates comparable googles ssds hdds average annualized failure rate .. study also showed downside ssds experience significantly higher rates uncorrectable errors cause data loss hdds.also led unexpected results implicationsin real world mlcbased designs – believed less reliable slc designs – often reliable slc.findings state slc generally reliable mlc.generally said write endurance followingslc nand erases per blockmlc nand erases per block mediumcapacity applications highcapacity applicationstlc nand erases per blockdevice age measured days use main factor ssd reliability amount data read written measured terabytes written drive writes per day.
Solid-state drive	suggests aging mechanisms silicon aging play.correlation significant around .–..raw bit error rates rber grow slowly wearout—and exponentially often assumed.rber good predictor errors ssd failure.the uncorrectable bit error rate uber widely used good predictor failure either.however ssd uber rates higher hdds although predict failure lead data loss due unreadable blocks common ssds hdds.conclusion states although reliable overall rate uncorrectable errors able impact user larger.bad blocks new ssds common drives large number bad blocks much likely lose hundreds blocks likely due flash die chip failure.
Solid-state drive	– ssds develop least one bad block – develop least one bad chip first four years deployment.there sharp increase errors expected lifetime reached.most ssds develop bad blocks perhaps –.ssds develop many bad blocks often go develop far perhaps hundreds may prone failure.however drives shipped bad blocks manufacture.finding overall bad blocks common – drives develop least one use even bad blocks – predictor hundreds bad blocks later time.bad block count manufacture correlates later development bad blocks.
Solid-state drive	report conclusion added ssds tended either less handful bad blocks large number suggested might basis predicting eventual failure.around – ssds develop bad chips first four years use.two thirds chips breached manufacturers tolerances specifications typically guarantee blocks chip fail within expected write lifetime.ssds need repair warranty servicing need repair life.days repair vary couple thousand days nearly days depending model.data recovery secure deletion solidstate drives set new challenges data recovery companies method storing data nonlinear much complex hard disk drives.
Solid-state drive	strategy drive operates internally vary largely manufacturers trim command zeroes whole range deleted file.wear leveling also means physical address data address exposed operating system different.as secure deletion data ata secure erase command could used.program hdparm used purpose.reliability metrics jedec solid state technology association jedec published standards reliability metricsunrecoverable bit error ratio uberterabytes written tbw – number terabytes written drive within warrantydrive writes per day dwpd – number times total capacity drive may written per day within warranty applications due generally prohibitive cost versus hdds time ssds mainly used aspects mission critical applications speed storage system needed high possible.since flash memory become common component ssds falling prices increased densities made costeffective many applications.
Solid-state drive	instance distributed computing environment ssds used building block distributed cache layer temporarily absorbs large volume user requests slower hdd based backend storage system.layer provides much higher bandwidth lower latency storage system managed number forms distributed keyvalue database distributed file system.supercomputers layer typically referred burst buffer.fast layer users often experience shorter system response time.organizations benefit faster access system data include equity trading companies telecommunication corporations streaming media video editing firms.
Solid-state drive	list applications could benefit faster storage vast.flashbased solidstate drives used create network appliances generalpurpose personal computer hardware.write protected flash drive containing operating system application software substitute larger less reliable disk drives cdroms.appliances built way provide inexpensive alternative expensive router firewall hardware.ssds based sd card live sd operating system easily writelocked.combined cloud computing environment writable medium maintain persistence os booted writelocked sd card robust rugged reliable impervious permanent corruption.running os degrades simply turning machine returns back initial uncorrupted state thus particularly solid.
Solid-state drive	sd card installed os require removal corrupted components since writelocked though written media may need restored.harddrive cache intel introduced caching mechanism z chipset mobile derivatives called smart response technology allows sata ssd used cache configurable writethrough writeback conventional magnetic hard disk drive.similar technology available highpoints rockethybrid pcie card.solidstate hybrid drives sshds based principle integrate amount flash memory board conventional drive instead using separate ssd.flash layer drives accessed independently magnetic storage host using ata commands allowing operating system manage it.example microsofts readydrive technology explicitly stores portions hibernation file cache drives system hibernates making subsequent resume faster.dualdrive hybrid systems combining usage separate ssd hdd devices installed computer overall performance optimization managed computer user computers operating system software.
Solid-state drive	examples type system bcache dmcache linux apples fusion drive.filesystem support ssds typically file systems used hard disk drives also used solid state drives.usually expected file system support trim command helps ssd recycle discarded data support trim arrived years ssds nearly universal.means file system need manage wear leveling flash memory characteristics handled internally ssd.logstructured file systems e.g.
Solid-state drive	ffs jffs help reduce write amplification ssds especially situations small amounts data changed updating filesystem metadata.while native feature file systems operating systems also aim align partitions correctly avoids excessive readmodifywrite cycles.typical practice personal computers partition aligned start mib bytes mark covers common ssd page block size scenarios divisible commonly used sizes mib kib kib kib b. modern operating system installation software disk tools handle automatically.linux initial support trim command added version .. linux kernel mainline.the ext btrfs xfs jfs ffs file systems include support discard trim unmap function.kernel support trim operation introduced version .. linux kernel mainline released february .make use file system must mounted using discard parameter.linux swap partitions default performing discard operations underlying drive supports trim possibility turn select onetime continuous discard operations.
Solid-state drive	support queued trim sata .feature results trim commands disrupting command queues introduced linux kernel .released november .an alternative kernellevel trim operation use userspace utility called fstrim goes unused blocks filesystem dispatches trim commands areas.fstrim utility usually run cron scheduled task.november used ubuntu linux distribution enabled intel samsung solidstate drives reliability reasons vendor check disabled editing file etccron.weeklyfstrim using instructions contained within file itself.since standard linux drive utilities taken care appropriate partition alignment default.
Solid-state drive	linux performance considerations installation linux distributions usually configure installed system use trim thus etcfstab file requires manual modifications.notion current linux trim command implementation might optimal.proven cause performance degradation instead performance increase certain circumstances.january linux sends individual trim command sector instead vectorized list defining trim range recommended trim specification.for performance reasons recommended switch io scheduler default cfq completely fair queuing noop deadline.cfq designed traditional magnetic media seek optimization thus many io scheduling efforts wasted used ssds.
Solid-state drive	part designs ssds offer much bigger levels parallelism io operations preferable leave scheduling decisions internal logic – especially highend ssds.a scalable block layer highperformance ssd storage known blkmultiqueue blkmq developed primarily fusionio engineers merged linux kernel mainline kernel version .released january .leverages performance offered ssds nvme allowing much higher io submission rates.new design linux kernel block layer internal queues split two levels percpu hardwaresubmission queues thus removing bottlenecks allowing much higher levels io parallelization.version .
Solid-state drive	linux kernel released april virtio block driver scsi layer used serial ata drivers device mapper framework loop device driver unsorted block images ubi driver implements erase block management layer flash memory devices rbd driver exports ceph rados objects block devices modified actually use new interface drivers ported following releases.macos versions since mac os x .. snow leopard support trim used applepurchased ssd.trim automatically enabled thirdparty drives although enabled using thirdparty utilities trim enabler.status trim checked system information application systemprofiler commandline tool.versions since os x .. yosemite include sudo trimforce enable terminal command enables trim nonapple ssds.also technique enable trim versions earlier mac os x .. although remains uncertain whether trim actually utilized properly cases.
Solid-state drive	microsoft windows prior version microsoft windows take specific measures support solid state drives.windows standard ntfs file system provides support trim command.file systems windows support trim.by default windows newer versions execute trim commands automatically device detected solidstate drive.however trim irreversibly resets freed space may desirable disable support enabling data recovery preferred wear leveling.change behavior registry key hkeylocalmachinesystemcurrentcontrolsetcontrolfilesystem value disabledeletenotification set .
Solid-state drive	prevents mass storage driver issuing trim command.windows implements trim command filedelete operations.trim operation fully integrated partition volumelevel commands format delete filesystem commands relating truncate compression system restore also known volume snapshot feature.windows vista windows vista generally expects hard disk drives rather ssds.windows vista includes readyboost exploit characteristics usbconnected flash devices ssds improves default partition alignment prevent readmodifywrite operations reduce speed ssds.ssds typically split kib sectors systems based byte sectors default partition setups unaligned kib boundaries.
Solid-state drive	defragmentation defragmentation disabled solidstate drives location file components ssd doesnt significantly impact performance moving files make contiguous using windows defrag routine cause unnecessary write wear limited number pe cycles ssd.superfetch feature materially improve performance causes additional overhead system ssd although cause wear.windows vista send trim command solidstate drives thirdparty utilities ssd doctor periodically scan drive trim appropriate entries.windows windows later versions native support ssds.operating system detects presence ssd optimizes operation accordingly.
Solid-state drive	ssd devices windows disables superfetch readyboost boottime application prefetching operations.despite initial statement steven sinofsky release windows however defragmentation disabled even though behavior ssds differs.one reason low performance volume shadow copy service fragmented ssds.second reason avoid reaching practical maximum number file fragments volume handle.maximum reached subsequent attempts write drive fail error message.windows also includes support trim command reduce garbage collection data operating system already determined longer valid.
Solid-state drive	without support trim ssd would unaware data invalid would unnecessarily continue rewrite garbage collection causing wear ssd.beneficial make changes prevent ssds treated like hdds example cancelling defragmentation filling capacity storing frequently writtento files log temporary files hard drive available enabling trim process.windows .later windows .later windows systems like windows also support automatic trim pci express ssds based nvme.
Solid-state drive	windows kb update required functionality needs integrated windows setup using dism windows installed nvme ssd.windows .also support scsi unmap command usbattached ssds satatousb enclosures.scsi unmap full analog sata trim command.also supported usb attached scsi protocol uasp.the graphical windows disk defragmenter windows .
Solid-state drive	also recognizes ssds distinctly hard disk drives separate media type column.windows supported automatic trim internal sata ssds windows .windows support manual trim via optimize function disk defragmenter well automatic trim sata nvme usbattached ssds.zfs solaris version update released october recent versions opensolaris solaris express community edition illumos linux zfs linux freebsd use ssds performance booster zfs.lowlatency ssd used zfs intent log zil named slog.
Solid-state drive	used every time synchronous write drive occurs.ssd necessarily lowlatency may also used level adaptive replacement cache larc used cache data reading.used either alone combination large increases performance generally seen.freebsd zfs freebsd introduced support trim september .code builds map regions data freed every write code consults map eventually removes ranges freed overwritten.
Solid-state drive	lowpriority thread trims ranges time comes.also unix file system ufs supports trim command.swap partitions according microsofts former windows division president steven sinofsky files better pagefile place ssd.according collected telemetry data microsoft found pagefile.sys ideal match ssd storage.linux swap partitions default performing trim operations underlying block device supports trim possibility turn select onetime continuous trim operations.if operating system support using trim discrete swap partitions might possible use swap files inside ordinary file system instead.example os x support swap partitions swaps files within file system use trim example swap files deleted.dragonfly bsd allows ssdconfigured swap also used filesystem cache.used boost performance desktop server workloads.
Solid-state drive	bcache dmcache flashcache projects provide similar concept linux kernel.standardization organizations following noted standardization organizations bodies work create standards solidstate drives computer storage devices.table also includes organizations promote use solidstate drives.necessarily exhaustive list.commercialization availability solidstate drive technology marketed military niche industrial markets since mids.along emerging enterprise market ssds appearing ultramobile pcs lightweight laptop systems adding significantly price laptop depending capacity form factor transfer speeds.
Solid-state drive	lowend applications usb flash drive may obtainable anywhere depending capacity speed alternatively compactflash card may paired cftoide cftosata converter similar cost.either requires writecycle endurance issues managed either refraining storing frequently written files drive using flash file system.standard compactflash cards usually write speeds mbs expensive upmarket cards claim speeds mbs.the first flashmemory ssd based pc become available sony vaio ux announced preorder june began shipping japan july gb flash memory hard drive.late september sony upgraded ssd vaio ux gb.one first mainstream releases ssd xo laptop built part one laptop per child project.mass production computers built children developing countries began december .
Solid-state drive	machines use mib slc nand flash primary storage considered suitable harsher normal conditions expected used.dell began shipping ultraportable laptops sandisk ssds april .asus released eee pc netbook october gigabytes flash memory.two manufacturers released ultrathin laptops ssd options instead uncommon .hdd macbook air released apple january optional gb ssd apple store cost option compared gb rpm hdd lenovo thinkpad x similar gigabyte ssd announced february upgraded gb ssd option august release thinkpad x model upgrade added approximately us.in lowend netbooks appeared ssds.
Solid-state drive	ssds began appear laptops.on january emc corporation emc became first enterprise storage vendor ship flashbased ssds product portfolio announced selected stec inc.s zeusiops ssds symmetrix dmx systems.sun released sun storage unified storage systems codenamed amber road use solid state drives conventional hard drives take advantage speed offered ssds economy capacity offered conventional hdds.dell began offer optional gb solid state drives select notebook models january .may toshiba launched laptop gb ssd.since october apples macbook air line used solid state drive standard.december ocz revodrive x pcie ssd available gb gb capacities delivering speeds mbs sequential speeds random small file writes iops.november fusionio released highest performing ssd drive named iodrive octal utilising pciexpress x gen .
Solid-state drive	interface storage space .tb read speed .gbs write speed .gbs low latency microseconds..
Solid-state drive	read byte iops .write byte iops.in computers based intels ultrabook specifications became available.specifications dictate ultrabooks use ssd.consumerlevel devices unlike many previous flash offerings aimed enterprise users represent first widely available consumer computers using ssds aside macbook air.ces ocz technology demonstrated r cloudserv pcie ssds capable reaching transfer speeds .
Solid-state drive	gbs .million iops.also announced zdrive r available capacities tb capable reaching transfer speeds .gbs .million iops using pci express x gen ..in december samsung introduced launched industrys first tb msata ssd.
Solid-state drive	august samsung announced tb ssd time worlds highestcapacity single storage device type.while number companies offer ssd devices five companies offer actually manufacture nand flash devices storage element ssds.quality performance general performance particular device vary significantly different operating conditions.example number parallel threads accessing storage device io block size amount free space remaining dramatically change performance i.e.transfer rates device.ssd technology developing rapidly.performance measurements used disk drives rotating media also used ssds.
Solid-state drive	performance flashbased ssds difficult benchmark wide range possible conditions.test performed xssist using iometer kb random read write queue depth iops delivered intel xe gb g started around iops dropped sharply minutes iops continued decrease gradually next minutes.iops vary around minutes onwards rest hour test run.designers enterprisegrade flash drives try extend longevity increasing overprovisioning employing wear leveling.sales ssd shipments million units .million units total us billion million units expected rise million units .
Solid-state drive	million units million units .revenues ssd market including lowcost pc solutions worldwide totalled million rising million .see also board solidstate drivelist solidstate drive manufacturershard disk driveraidflash core moduleram drive references reading solidstate revolution indepth ssds really work.lee hutchinson.ars technica.june .mai zheng joseph tucek feng qin mark lillibridge understanding robustness ssds power fault fastcheng li philip shilane fred douglis hyong shim stephen smaldone grant wallace nitro capacityoptimized ssd cache primary storage usenix atc external links background general guide understanding solid state drivesunderstanding ssds new drives oczcharting year rise solid state disk marketinvestigation ssd reliable hard drive long term ssd reliability reviewssd return rates review manufacturer hardware.fr french english update report based data leading french tech retailer jedec continues ssd standardization effortslinux nvm file storage system challenges pdflinux ssd optimizationunderstanding robustness ssds power fault usenix mai zheng joseph tucek feng qin mark lillibridge
Network switch	switches also forward data network layer layer additionally incorporating routing functionality.switches commonly known layer switches multilayer switches.switches ethernet common form network switch.first mac bridge invented mark kempf engineer networking advanced development group digital equipment corporation.first port bridge product lanbridge introduced company shortly after.company subsequently produced multiport switches ethernet fddi gigaswitch.
Network switch	digital decided license mac bridge patent royaltyfree nondiscriminatory basis allowed ieee standardization.permitted number companies produce multiport switches including kalpana.ethernet initially sharedaccess medium introduction mac bridge began transformation mostcommon pointtopoint form without collision domain.switches also exist types networks including fibre channel asynchronous transfer mode infiniband.unlike repeater hubs broadcast data port let devices pick data addressed network switch learns identities connected devices forwards data port connected device addressed.overview switch device computer network connects devices together.
Network switch	multiple data cables plugged switch enable communication different networked devices.switches manage flow data across network transmitting received network packet one devices packet intended.networked device connected switch identified network address allowing switch direct flow traffic maximizing security efficiency network.a switch intelligent ethernet hub simply retransmits packets every port hub except port packet received unable distinguish different recipients achieving overall lower network efficiency.an ethernet switch operates data link layer layer osi model create separate collision domain switch port.device connected switch port transfer data ports time transmissions interfere.broadcasts still forwarded connected devices switch newly formed network segment continues broadcast domain.
Network switch	switches may also operate higher layers osi model including network layer above.device also operates higher layers known multilayer switch.segmentation involves use switch split larger collision domain smaller ones order reduce collision probability improve overall network throughput.extreme case i.e.microsegmentation device located dedicated switch port.contrast ethernet hub separate collision domain switch ports.
Network switch	allows computers dedicated bandwidth pointtopoint connections network also run fullduplex mode.fullduplex mode one transmitter one receiver per collision domain making collisions impossible.the network switch plays integral role modern ethernet local area networks lans.midtolarge sized lans contain number linked managed switches.small officehome office soho applications typically use single switch allpurpose device residential gateway access small officehome broadband services dsl cable internet.cases enduser device contains router components interface particular physical broadband technology.
Network switch	user devices may also include telephone interface voice ip voip.role network switches commonly used network connection point hosts edge network.hierarchical internetworking model similar network architectures switches also used deeper network provide connections switches edge.in switches intended commercial use builtin modular interfaces make possible connect different types networks including ethernet fibre channel rapidio atm itut g.hn .. connectivity layers mentioned.layer functionality adequate bandwidthshifting within one technology interconnecting technologies ethernet token ring performed easily layer via routing.devices interconnect layer traditionally called routers.where need great deal analysis network performance security switches may connected wan routers places analytic modules.
Network switch	vendors provide firewall network intrusion detection performance analysis modules plug switch ports.functions may combined modules.through port mirroring switch create mirror image data go external device intrusion detection systems packet sniffers.a modern switch may implement power ethernet poe avoids need attached devices voip phone wireless access point separate power supply.since switches redundant power circuits connected uninterruptible power supplies connected device continue operating even regular office power fails.bridging modern commercial switches primarily use ethernet interfaces.core function ethernet switch provide multiple ports layer bridging.
Network switch	layer functionality required switches support higher layers.many switches also perform operations layers.device capable bridging known multilayer switch.a layer network device multiport device uses hardware addresses mac addresses process forward data data link layer layer .a switch operating network bridge may interconnect otherwise separate layer networks.bridge learns mac address connected device.bridges also buffer incoming packet adapt transmission speed outgoing port.
Network switch	specialized applications storage area networks input output interfaces bandwidth always case general lan applications.lans switch used enduser access typically concentrates lower bandwidth uplinks higher bandwidth.interconnects switches may regulated using spanning tree protocol stp disables links resulting local area network tree without switching loops.contrast routers spanning tree bridges must topologies one active path two points.shortest path bridging trill transparent interconnection lots links layer alternatives stp allow paths active multiple equal cost paths.types form factors switches available many form factors including standalone desktop units typically intended used home office environment outside wiring closet rackmounted switches use equipment rack enclosure din rail mounted use industrial environments small installation switches mounted cable duct floor box communications tower found example fiber office infrastructures.rackmounted switches may standalone units stackable switches large chassis units swappable line cards.
Network switch	configuration options unmanaged switches configuration interface options.plug play.typically least expensive switches therefore often used small officehome office environment.unmanaged switches desktop rack mounted.managed switches one methods modify operation switch.common management methods include commandline interface cli accessed via serial console telnet secure shell embedded simple network management protocol snmp agent allowing management remote console management station web interface management web browser.
Network switch	examples configuration changes one managed switch include enabling features spanning tree protocol port mirroring setting port bandwidth creating modifying virtual lans vlans etc.two subclasses managed switches smart enterprise managed switches.smart switches aka intelligent switches managed switches limited set management features.likewise webmanaged switches switches fall market niche unmanaged managed.price much lower fully managed switch provide web interface usually cli access allow configuration basic settings vlans portbandwidth duplex.enterprise managed switches aka managed switches full set management features including cli snmp agent web interface.may additional features manipulate configurations ability display modify backup restore configurations.
Network switch	compared smart switches enterprise switches features customized optimized generally expensive smart switches.enterprise switches typically found networks larger number switches connections centralized management significant savings administrative time effort.stackable switch type enterprisemanaged switch.typical management features enable disable portslink bandwidth duplex settingsquality service configuration monitoringmac filtering access control list featuresconfiguration spanning tree protocol stp shortest path bridging spb featuressimple network management protocol snmp monitoring device link healthport mirroring monitoring traffic troubleshootinglink aggregation configuration set multiple ports connection achieve higher data transfer rates reliabilityvlan configuration port assignments including ieee .q taggingnetwork access control features ieee .xigmp snooping control multicast traffic traffic monitoring difficult monitor traffic bridged using switch sending receiving ports see traffic.methods specifically designed allow network analyst monitor traffic includeport mirroring – switch sends copy network packets monitoring network connection.smon – switch monitoring described rfc protocol controlling facilities port mirroring.rmonsflowthese monitoring features rarely present consumergrade switches.monitoring methods include connecting layer hub network tap monitored device switch port.
ReFS	see also notes references external links consider buying ethernet switchkey design advantages refs include automatic integrity checking data scrubbing elimination need running chkdsk protection data degradation builtin handling hard disk drive failure redundancy integration raid functionality switch copyallocate write data metadata updates handling long paths filenames storage virtualization pooling including almost arbitrarily sized logical volumes unrelated physical sizes used drives.these requirements arose two major changes storage systems usage – size storage use large massive arrays multiterabyte drives fairly common need continual reliability.result file system needs selfrepairing prevent disk checking impractically slow disruptive along abstraction virtualization physical disks logical volumes.refs initially added windows server aim gradual migration consumer systems future versions achieved windows .. initial versions removed ntfs features disk quotas alternate data streams extended attributes.reimplemented later versions refs.in early versions – refs similar slightly faster ntfs tests far slower full integrity checking enabled result attributed relative newness refs.the ability create refs volumes removed windows fall creators update editions except enterprise pro workstations.the cluster size refs volume either kb kb.microsoft windows windows server include refsutil commandline utility used diagnose heavily damaged refs volumes identify remaining files copy files another volume.feature changes compared ntfs major new features improved reliability ondisk structuresrefs uses b trees ondisk structures including metadata file data.metadata file data organized tables similar relational database.
ReFS	file size number files folder total volume size number folders volume limited bit numbers result refs supports maximum file size exbibytes − bytes maximum volume size petabytes.builtin resiliencerefs employs allocationonwrite update strategy metadata allocates new chunks every update transaction uses large io batches.refs metadata bit checksums stored independently.file data optional checksum separate integrity stream case file update strategy also implements allocationonwrite file data controlled new integrity attribute applicable files directories.file data metadata become corrupt file deleted without taking whole volume offline maintenance restored backup.result builtin resiliency administrators need periodically run errorchecking tools chkdsk using refs.compatibility existing apis technologiesrefs supports subset ntfs features – win apis widely adopted – require new system apis file system filters continue work refs volumes.
ReFS	refs supports many existing windows ntfs features bitlocker encryption access control lists usn journal change notifications symbolic links junction points mount points reparse points volume snapshots file ids oplock.refs seamlessly integrates storage spaces storage virtualization layer allows data mirroring striping well sharing storage pools machines.refs resiliency features enhance mirroring feature provided storage spaces detect whether mirrored copies files become corrupt using data scrubbing process periodically reads mirror copies verifies checksums replaces bad copies good ones.removed features ntfs features implemented refs.include object ids .
ReFS	filename ntfs compression encrypting file system efs transactional ntfs extended attributes disk quotas.addition windows cannot booted refs volume.dynamic disks mirrored striped volumes replaced mirrored striped storage pools provided storage spaces however automated errorcorrection supported mirrored spaces.data deduplication missing early versions refs.implemented v. debuting windows server v.support alternate data streams hard links initially implemented refs.
ReFS	windows .bit server r file system reacquired support alternate data streams lengths k automatic correction corruption integrity streams used parity spaces.refs initially unsuitable microsoft sql server instance allocation due absence alternate data streams.version history compatibility refs different versions various degrees compatibility operating system versions.aside development versions filesystem usually later operating system versions mount filesystems created earlier os versions backwards compatibility.
ReFS	features may compatible feature set os.version cluster size features filesystem queried command fsutil fsinfo refsinfo volumename.. original version formatted windows server .. default version formatted windows .windows v v windows server r specified refsv windows server .use alternate data streams windows server r.. default version formatted windows preview build earlier.could mounted later.. default version formatted windows server tp tp.
ReFS	could mounted windows build later windows server tp later.. default version formatted windows server tp tp.. default version formatted windows server rtm.. default version formatted windows v windows server insider preview build .formatted windows insider preview later though became default somewhere .supports deduplication server version.. default version formatted windows enterprise v refs volume creation ability removed editions except enterprise pro workstations starting build readwrite ability remains windows server version starting windows enterprise insider preview build windows server insider preview build .. default version formatted windows pro workstationsenterprise v newer also server versions including longtime support version windows server .. default version formatted windows enterprise insider preview build newer adds support hard links fresh formatted volume supported volumes upgraded previous versions.. default version formatted windows enterprise insider preview build newer windows server insider preview build newer.default version formatted windows enterprise insider preview build newer windows server insider preview build newer.also version used windows server windows .notes following message recorded event log volume mounted older version windows.
ReFS	features may lost.windows upgrades .volume mounted write access.windows upgrades .volume mounted write access.
ReFS	windows upgrades .volume mounted write access.refs volume creation ability removed windows v fall creators update except enterprise pro workstations editions.windows upgrades .volume mounted write access.
ReFS	stability known problems issues identified suggested refs running storage spaces includeadding thinprovisioned refs top storage spaces according prerelease article fail nongraceful manner volume without warning becomes inaccessible unmanageable.happen example physical disks underlying storage space became full.smallnetbuilder comments cases recovery could prohibitive breakthrough theory needed identify storage space layouts recover required refs recovery file system contents started therefore recommends using backups well.thinprovisioned refs top storage spaces occasionally refs partition extended full size thinvolume.later extending thinvolume size refs partition may fail extend thinvolume size.fails extend partition never extend partition matter large extend thinvolume size too.
ReFS	workaround never extend refs partition full size thinvolume always leave gb end volume unassigned.thought extension partition writes values partition table corrupt table using full size thinvolume preventing expansions.data still intact refs partition works normally.solution create new volume refs partition copy old refs new refs requiring double storage copy old volume deleted.thinprovisioned volume formatted refs eventually expands thin volume full size refs formatted size nullifying reason use thin volume windows .use partition sees quicker volume expanded even data mostly static.
ReFS	less used drives still expand windows rate.using ntfs formatted volume top thin volume experience expansion.example tb refs twoway mirror static datadata logs .tb used data change added data added month storage spaces used entire tb storageshould around .tb used storage spaces.
ReFS	storage space different thin volume formatted refs twoway mirror single data write data used less frequently added less frequently gb data storage spaces using .tb.thin volume ntfs partition used manner gb partition using gb.month window.even storage spaces thinly provisioned refs may still unable dependably correct file errors situations storage spaces operates blocks files therefore files may potentially lack necessary blocks recovery data part storage space working correctly.result disk data addition removal may impaired redundancy conversion becomes difficult impossible.third party repair recover tools dependent reverse engineering system exist.windows store cannot install apps refs volume.server updates storage developer conference microsoft developer presented enhancements refs expected released windows server included technical preview titled refs v. highlighted refs included capabilities high speed moving reordering cloning blocks files done blocks file.
ReFS	particularly needed virtualization stated allow fast provisioning diff merging tiering.enhancements cover redo log synchronous disk writes parallelization efficient tracking uninitialized sparse data files efficient k io.refs file integrity enabled also acts like logstructured file system coalescing small random writes large sequential ones efficiency.server updates windows server using refs version .supports filelevel snapshots.
ReFS	performance competitor comparisons operating systems competing file systems refs best known zfs btrfs sense three designed integrate data protection snapshots silent highspeed background healing corruption data errors.in phoronix wrote analysis refs vs btrfs copyonwrite file system linux.features similar supporting checksums raidlike use multiple disks error detectioncorrection.however refs lacks copyonwrite snapshots compression found btrfs zfs.in review refs assessment readiness production use concluded refs least advantages two main file system competitors.zfs used solaris illumos freebsd others widely criticized comparatively extreme memory requirements many gigabytes ram online deduplication.however online deduplication never enabled default zfs supported time refs since added enabling zfs online deduplication yielded even comparison two file systems zfs memory requirement hundred megabytes.offerings drobo used proprietary methods fallback company behind fails.reverse engineering internals november microsoft published specifications refs working opensource drivers made.
FOSDEM	thirdparty opensource project document refs github.paragon software group provides closedsource driver windows linux.see also comparison file systemsapfswinfs references external links analysis detailed differences ntfs refs server reasons choosing one otherrefs documentation project pdf document refs filing systemaimed developers anyone interested free opensource software movement.aims enable developers meet promote awareness use free opensource software.fosdem held annually usually first weekend february université libre de bruxelles solbosch campus southeast brussels belgium.history fosdem started name open source developers europe meeting osdem raphael bauduin.bauduin said since felt lacked brains properly contribute opensource community wanted contribute launching european event brussels.bauduin teamed damien sandras.the team repeated event.
FOSDEM	f fosdem added request richard stallman.the event annually february since growing numbers visitors talks tracks.organized thanks help many volunteers.the meeting hosted visitors every year .due covid pandemic fosdem held entirely online.conference history – event named osdem started team five people.organized two months.– event renamed fosdem request richard stallman.
FOSDEM	attendance grew thousand.keynotes history free software jon maddog hall fsf richard stallmantracks databases desktop education multimedia security toolkit tutorialsdeveloper rooms embedded software gnome developers gnustep kde mozilla postgresqlkeynotes open source paradigm shift tim oreilly fsf richard stallmantracks accessibility java linux kernel scripting languages security xcodeveloper rooms debian java openmosix mysql embedded software kde mozilla tcltutorials unofficial talks served platform ad hoc talks.keynotes wikipedia jimmy wales fsf richard stallmantracks desktop development tools gridclusters linux kernel packaging tools securitydeveloper rooms calibre clustering dokeos embedded software gnome gnu hurd kde opengroupware phppear gnu classpath debian drupal gentoo gnustep jabber mozilla perl tclunofficial talks present.keynotes richard stallman gplv discussiontracks desktop development security systems voice ip web .developer rooms ada gnu classpath embedded software gnome jabber linux laptops opengroupware tcltk calibre debian gentoo gnustep kde mozilla opensuse x.orgkeynotes olpc jim gettys liberating java simon phippstracksmain tracks openingclosing talks security desktop applications development languages kernel web internet servicesside tracks lightning talks key signing partydeveloper rooms crossdesktop kde gnome opensuse mozilla gnu classpathopenjdk devjam centosfedora jabber opengroupwaregnustep python research room x.org gentoo debian embeddedkeynotes tux shades linux hollywood robin rowe large scale opensource project works robert watson status update software patents pieter hintjenstracks openingclosing talks languages build systems games packaging virtualization webdeveloper rooms bsdpostgresql centosfedora crossdesktop debian drupal embedded free java gnome jboss mozilla openoffice.org opensuse research room ruby rails x.orgthere lightning talks miscellaneous subjects.keynotes free.open.future mark surman debian bdale garbee google summer code behind scenes look large scale community leslie hawthorntracks distributions languages security systems collaboration kerneldeveloper rooms ada bsdpostgresql centosfedora crossdesktop debian drupal embedded free java gnome gnustepgroupware jabberxmpp kde mozilla openoffice.org opensuse ruby rails x.orgthere lightning talks miscellaneous subjects.various activities key signing party open source initiative special session etc.keynotes political liberty depends software freedom ever eben moglen llvm clang chris lattner kernel development goes wrong part anyway jonathan corbettracks systems web browsing cloud languages office web frameworksdeveloper rooms crossdesktop data analytics cross distro embedded free java gnu jabber xmpp mono mozilla mysql friends security hardware crypto world gnustep accessibility configuration systems management libreoffice new challenges virtualization open source telephony perl postgresqlthere lightning talks miscellaneous subjects.various activities pgp key signing certification exams beer drinking social events.keynotes free software viable model commercial success robert dewar new osi new decade simon phipps rethinking system distro development lars wirzenius freedom box bdale garbeetracks future ui hypervisors network io system community developmentdeveloper rooms ada crossdesktop crossdistribution embedded free java gnustep hardware cryptography jboss.org jabber xmpp legal issues libreoffice mono mozilla open mobile linux postgresql virtualization cloud x.orgopenicc configuration systems management graph processing microkernel os mysql friends open source game development perl security smalltalk telephony communicationsthere lightning talks miscellaneous subjects.keynotes made jenkins community kohsuke kawaguchi devil details amelia andersdotter keeper secrets leslie hawthorntracks graphics hardware fossdeveloper rooms ada automotive development bsd configuration management desktops distributions embedded energyefficient computing game development go graph processing graphics highperformance computing computational science internet things java javascript legal issues llvm microkernel componentbased operating systems mozilla mysql nosql open document editors perl postgresql python smalltalk softwaredefined radio testing automation valgrind virtualisation wikis wine.keynotes identity crisis say karen sandler wrong operating systems antti kantee living mars beginners guide ryan macdonald.keynotes systemd want take basic linux userspace lennart poettering ian murdock – memoriam martin michlmayr putting million people map – revolutionizing crisis response open mapping tools blake girardot.devrooms ada bsd coding language communities configuration management containers process isolation desktops distributions eda embedded mobile automotive free java gnu guile geospatial go graph processing graphics highperformance computing big data data science internet things iot llvm toolchain legal policy issues lua microkernels mozilla mysql friends open document editors open game development open media open source design php friends perl postgresql python real time ruby sdn nfv security software defined radio testing automation virtualisation iaas.keynotes kubernetes road gifee brandon philips software heritage stefano zacchiroli roberto di cosmo understanding complexity copyleft defense bradley m. kuhn using linux air traffic control gerolf ziegenhaindevrooms bsd backup disaster recovery community config management decentralised internet desktops distributions electronic design automation eda embedded mobile automotive free java gnu guile geospatial go graph hpc big data data science ot llvm toolchain legal policy issues linux containers microservices lua microkernels componentbased os monitoring cloud mozilla mysql friends open document editors open game development open media open source design php friends perl postgresql python real time communications ruby sdn nfv security software defined radio software defined storage testing automation valgrind virtualisation iaas.keynotes consensus service simon phipps next generation internet initiative rob van kranenburg michiel leenaars marietje schaake georgios tselentis exploiting modern microarchitectures jon masters.devrooms ada bsd cad open hardware community config management containers dns debugging tools decentralised internet privacy distributions embedded mobile automotive free java geospatial go graph processing graphics hpc big data data science hardware enablement identity access management internet things llvm toolchain legal policy issues microkernels monitoring cloud mozilla mysql friends open document editors open media open source design package management perl programming languages postgresql real time communications retrocomputing rust sdn nfv software defined radio software defined storage source code analysis testing automation tool docs virtualization iaas.keynotes anyone live full software freedom today confessions activists try fail avoid proprietary software bradley m. kuhn karen sandler floss internet future mitchell baker blockchain ethical considerations deb nicholson cloud another sun kyle rankin – fifty years unix linux advances jon maddog hall.devrooms .net typescript ada bsd blockchain crypto currencies cad open hardware collaborative information content management applications community devroom containers dns decentralized internet privacy distributions free java free software radio free tools editors geospatial go graph processing graphics hpc big data data science hardware enablement infra management javascript llvm legal policy issues ml code microkernels componentbased os minimalistic languages monitoring observability mozilla mysql mariadb friends open document editors open media open source design php friends postgresql python quantum computing riscv real time communications rtc retrocomputing rust search security software defined networking software defined storage tool docs virtualization iaas.keynotes linux kernel finish thing one day solving big problems small steps two decades thorsten leemhuis fossh beyond maddog continues pontificate jon maddog hall fosdem celebration cliché constant change steven goodwindevrooms free java software defined networking dns web performance open source computer aided modeling design collaborative information content management applications coding language communities erlang elixir friends graph processing ada open research tools technologies open source game development riscv retrocomputing llvm toolchain x.orggraphics hardwareaided trusted computing confidential consortium framework open source firmware bmc bootloader security quantum computing legal policy issues testing automation python open document editors backup recovery dependency management infra management containers embedded javascript software defined storage virtualization iaas open source design postgresql software defined radio bsd minimalistic languages geospatial distributions rust debugging tools hardware enablement microkernels componentbased os mozilla mysql mariadb friends kotlin decentralized internet privacy open media go continuous integration continuous deployment hpc computational science community development free tools editors monitoring observability real time communications internet things due ongoing covid pandemic event held online.due ongoing covid pandemic event held online.financing entrance participation event entirely free.financed sponsors accept noncommercial nature event donors amongst visitors.
List of free and open-source software packages	donors receive incentive form token present everything organized set volunteers.fsf award free software foundations ceremony award advancement free software held fosdem awards .see also list freesoftware events references external links media related fosdem wikimedia commonsofficial websitesoftware fits free software definition may appropriately called free software gnu project particular objects works referred opensource.information philosophical background opensource software see free software movement open source initiative.however nearly software meeting free software definition also meets open source definition vice versa.small fraction software meets either definition listed here.some opensource applications also basis commercial products shown list commercial opensource applications services.artificial intelligence general ai opencog – project aims build artificial general intelligence agi framework.
List of free and open-source software packages	opencog prime specific set interacting components designed give rise humanequivalent artificial general intelligence.computer vision aforge.net – computer vision artificial intelligence robotics library .net frameworkopencv – computer vision library c machine learning see list opensource machine learning softwaresee data mining belowsee r programming language – packages statistical learning analysis tools planning trex – reactive planning robotics ros – robot operating systemwebots – robot simulatoryarp – yet another robot platform assistive technology speech synthesis recognition cmu sphinx – speech recognition software carnegie mellon universityemacspeak – audio desktopespeak – compact software speech synthesizer english languagesfestival speech synthesis system – general multilingual speech synthesismodular audio recognition framework – voice audio speech nlp processingnonvisual desktop access – nvda screen reader windowstextspeech – lightweight easytouse texttospeech tts software assistive technology dasher – unique text input softwaregnopernicus – suite gnome virtual magnifying glass – multiplatform screen magnification tool cad freecad – parametric cad modeler focus mechanical engineering bim product designlibrecad – cad software using autocadlike interface file formatsolvespace cad constraintbased parametric modeler simple mechanical simulation capabilities.electronic design automation eda fritzingkicad computer simulation blender – computer graphics software toolset used creating animated films visual effects art printed models motion graphics.flightgear atmospheric orbital flight simulator flight dynamics engine jsbsim used nasa benchmark judge new simulation code space industry standards.simpy – queuetheoretic eventbased simulator written python cybersecurity antivirus clamavclamwingateway antiviruslynis data loss prevention mydlp data recovery dvdisasterforemostphotorectestdisk forensics coroners toolkitthe sleuth kit antiforensics usbkill disk erasing dbansrm encryption aesbouncy castlegnupggnutlskgpgnaclopensslseahorsesignalstunneltextsecurewolfcrypt disk encryption dmcryptcrosscryptfreeotfe freeotfe explorerecryptfs firewall uncomplicated firewall ufwfirestarteripfilteripfwiptablesmnwallpeerguardianpfpfsenseropeshorewallsmoothwallvyatta network security monitoring snort – network intrusion detection system ids intrusion prevention system ipsopenvas – software framework several services tools offering vulnerability scanning vulnerability management secure shell ssh cyberduck – macos windows client since version .lsh – server client support srp kerberos authenticationopenssh – client serverputty – clientonly password management bitwardenkeepasskeepassxc multiplatform fork able open keepass databasespassword safemitropass cybersecurity programs data storage management backup software database management systems including administration data mining environment developing kddapplications supported indexstructures elki – data mining software framework written java focus clustering outlier detection methodsfrontlinesms – information distribution collecting via text messaging smskonstanz information miner knimeopennn – opensource neural networks software library written corange software – data visualization data mining novice experts visual programming python scripting.extensions bioinformatics text miningrapidminer – data mining software written java fully integrating weka featuring operators preprocessing machine learning visualization etc.– previous version available opensourcescriptella etl – etl extracttransformload script execution tool.
List of free and open-source software packages	supports integration jee spring.provides connectors csv ldap xml jdbcodbc data sourcesweka – data mining software written java featuring machine learning operators classification regression clusteringjaspersoft – data mining programmable abstraction layer data visualization components paraview – plotting visualization functions developed sandia national laboratory capable massively parallel flow visualization utilizing multiple computer processorsvtk – toolkit computer graphics image processing visualisation.digital asset management software system disk partitioning software enterprise search engines apexkb formerly known jumperlucenenutchsolrxapian etls extract transform load konstanz information miner knimepentaho file archivers file systems openafs – distributed file system supporting wide variety operating systemstahoelafs – distributed file systemcloud storage system integrated privacy security featurescephfs – distributed file system included ceph storage platform.desktop publishing collabora online draw writer enterpriseready edition libreoffice accessible web browser.draw application flyers newsletters brochures writer functionality too.scribus – designed layout typesetting preparation files professionalquality imagesetting equipment.
List of free and open-source software packages	also create animated interactive pdf presentations forms.ebook management editing calibre – crossplatform suite ebook softwarecollabora online writer enterpriseready edition libreoffice accessible web browser.allows exporting epub format.sigil – editing software ebooks epub format educational educational suites atutor – webbased learning content management system lcmschamilo – webbased elearning content management systemclaroline – collaborative learning management systemdocebolms – saascloud platform learningefront – iconbased learning management systemflightpath – academic advising software universitiesgcompris – educational entertainment aimed children aged –gnaural – brainwave entrainment softwarehp – framework creating sharing interactive html contentiup portfolio – educational platform swedish schoolsilias – webbased learning management system lmsmoodle – free opensource learning management systemolat – webbased learning content management systemomeka – content management system online digital collectionsopensis – webbased student information school management systemsakai project – webbased learning management systemswad – webbased learning management systemtux paint – painting application – year oldsuberstudent – linux based operating system software suite academic studies geography kgeography – educational game teaching geography learning support language kiten typing ktouch – touch typing lessons variety keyboard layoutstux typing – typing tutor children featuring two games improve typing speed file managers finance accounting gnucash – doubleentry bookkeepinghomebank – personal accounting softwarekmymoney – doubleentry bookkeepingledgersmb – doubleentry bookkeepingrca opensource application – management accounting applicationsql ledger – doubleentry bookkeepingturbocash – doubleentry bookkeeping windowswave accounting – doubleentry bookkeeping cryptocurrency bitcoin – blockchain platform peertopeer decentralised digital currencyethereum – blockchain platform smart contract functionality crm civicrm – constituent relationship management software aimed ngosidempiere – business suite erp crmsuitecrm – webbased crm erp adempiere – enterprise resource planning erp business suitecompiere – erp solution automates accounting supply chain inventory sales ordersdolibarr – webbased erp systemerpnext – webbased opensource erp system managing accounting financeino erp – dynamic pull based system erpjfire – erp business suite written java jdometasfresh – erp softwareodoo – opensource erp crm cmsopenbravo – webbased erptryton – opensource erp human resources orangehrm – commercial human resource management microfinance cyclos – software microfinance institutions complementary currency systems timebanksmifos – microfinance institution management software process management bonita open solution – business process management trading jfin – javabased tradeprocessing programquickfix – fix protocol engine written c additional c ruby python wrappersquickfixj – fix protocol engine written java games action xonotic – firstperson shooter runs heavily modified version quake engine known darkplaces enginewarsow – firstperson shooter fastpaced arena fps game runs qfusion engine application layer wine – allows windows applications run unixlike operating systems emulation mame – multiplatform emulator designed recreate hardware arcade game systemsretroarch – crossplatform frontend emulators game engines video games puzzle pingus – lemmings clone penguins instead lemmings sandbox minetest – open source voxel game engine.simulation openttd – business simulation game players try earn money via transporting passengers freight road rail water air.supertuxkart – kart racing game features mascots various opensource projects.strategy a.d. – realtime strategy video gamefreeciv – turnbased strategy game inspired proprietary sid meiers civilization series.the battle wesnoth – turnbased strategy video game fantasy setting genealogy gramps software – free open source genealogy software.
List of free and open-source software packages	geographic information systems qgis – crossplatform desktop geographic information system gis application supports viewing editing analysis geospatial data.graphical user interface desktop environments window managers windowing system groupware content management systems wiki software healthcare software integrated library management software evergreen – integrated library system initially developed georgia public library services pines catalogkoha – sqlbased library managementnewgenlibopenbibliopmbrefbase – webbased institutional repository reference management software image editor darktable – digital image workflow management including raw photo processingdigikam – integrated photography toolkit including editing capabilitiesgimp – raster graphics editor aimed image retouchingeditinginkscape – vector graphics editorkarbon – scalable vector drawing application kdekrita – digital painting sketching animation application variety brush engineslazpaint – lightweight raster vector graphics editor aimed simpler use gimplightzone – free opensource digital photo editor software application.rawtherapee – digital image workflow management aimed raw photo processing mathematics statistics r statistics software numerical analysis octave numerical analysis software geometry geogebra geometry algebra spreadsheet libreoffice calc algebraic operations table cells descriptive data analysis media audio editors audio management cdusbwriting software flash animation pencild – animationsswftools – scripting game engines godot – application design crossplatform video gamesstockfish – universal chess interface chess engineleela chess zero – universal chess interface chess enginearmory – engine focused portability minimal footprint performance.armory provides full blender integration addon turning complete game development tool.stride – prev.xenko crossplatform game engine originally developed silicon studio.graphics pencild – simple graphics animation programsynfig – vector graphics timeline based animationtupitube formerly ktoon – application design creation animationopentoonz – part family animation softwarekrita – digital painting sketching animation application variety brush enginesblender – computer graphics software blenders grease pencil tools allow animation within full pipeline.mtpaint – raster graphics editor creating icons pixel art blender – computer graphics software featuring modeling sculpting texturing rigging simulation rendering camera tracking video editing compositingopenfx – modeling animation software variety builtin post processing effectsseamlessd – nodedriven modeling softwarewings – subdivision modeler inspired nendo mirai izware.
Microsoft Word	image galleries image viewers eye gnomefspotfehgeeqiegthumbgwenviewkphotoalbumopticks multimedia codecs containers splitters television video converters dr. divxffmpegmencoderoggconvert video editing avidemuxavisynthblendercinelerradvd flickflowbladekdenlivekinoliveslosslesscutnatronoliveopenshotpitivishotcutvirtualdubvirtualdubmodvideolan movie creator video encoders avidemuxhandbrakeffmpeg video players media player classicvlc media playermpv media packages celtx – media preproduction softwareopen broadcaster software obs – crossplatform streaming recording program networking internet advertising revive adserver communicationrelated asterisk – telephony voip serverekiga – video conferencing application gnome microsoft windowsconferencexp – video conferencing application windows xp laterfreepbx – frontend advanced pbx configuration asteriskfreeswitch – telephony platformjami – crossplatform peer peer instantmessaging videocalling protocol offers endtoend encryption sip clientjitsi – java voip instant messaging clientqutecom – voice video im client applicationenterprise communications system sipxecs – sip communications serverslrn – newsreadertwinkle – voip softphonetox – crossplatform peertopeer instantmessaging videocalling protocol offers endtoend encryption email geary – email client based webkitgtkmozilla thunderbird – email news rss chat client file transfer grid distributed processing gnu queuehtcondoropenlavapexec instant messaging irc clients middleware apache axis – web service framework implementations available java capache geronimo – application serverbonita open solution – jee web application java bpmn compliant engineglassfish – application serverjakarta tomcat – servlet container standalone webserverjboss application server – application serverobjectweb jonas – java open application server jee application serveropenremote – iot middlewaretao software – c implementation omgs corba standardendurox – cc middleware platform based xopen groups xatmi xa standards rssatom readersaggregators akregator – platforms running kdeliferea – platforms running gnomenetnewswire – macos iosrss bandit – windows using .net frameworkrssowl – windows mac os x solaris linux using java swt eclipsesage mozilla firefox extension peertopeer file sharing popcorn time – multiplatform free opensource media playerqbittorrent – alternative popular clients μtorrenttransmission – bittorrent client portal server drupalliferaysun java system portal serveruportal remote access management freenxopenvpnrdesktopsynergyvnc realvnc tightvnc ultravncremmina based freerdp routing software web browsers brave – web browser based blink enginechromium – minimalist web browser google chrome draws source codefalkon – web browser based blink enginefirefox – mozilladeveloped web browser using gecko layout enginegnome web web browser using webkit layout enginemidori – lightweight web browser using webkit layout enginequtebrowser web brower based webkit layout enginetor browser – modified mozilla firefox esr web browserwaterfox – alternative firefox bit onlyseamonkey – internet suite webcam cheese – gnome webcam applicationguvcview – linux webcam application webgrabber curlhttrackwget webrelated apache cocoon – web application frameworkapache – popular web serverawstats – log file parser analyzerbookmarksync – tool browserscherokee – fast featurerich http servercurlloader – powerful httphttpsftpftps loading testing toolfilezilla – ftphiawatha – secure high performance easytoconfigure http serverhttp file server – userfriendly file server software draganddrop interfacelighttpd – resourcesparing also fast fullfeatured http serverlucee – cfml application servernginx – lightweight high performance web serverreverse proxy email imappop proxynetkernel – internet application serverqcodo – php frameworksquid – web proxy cachevaadin – fast javabased framework creating web applicationsvarnish – highperformance web application acceleratorreverse proxy load balancerhttp routerxampp – package web applications including apache mariadbzope – web application server web search engines searx – selfhostable metasearch engineyacy – ppbased search engine networking programs jxplorer – ldap clientnextcloud – fork owncloudopenldap – ldap serverowncloud – file share sync serverwireshark – network monitor office suites apache openoffice formerly known openoffice.orgcalligra suite – continuation koffice new namecollabora online enterpriseready edition libreoffice web application mobile phone tablet chromebook desktop windows macos linuxlibreoffice – independent work openoffice.org number enhancementsonlyoffice desktop editors – opensource offline edition cloud operating systems advised available distributions systems contain offer build install added software neither free software opensource.emulation virtualisation dosbox – dos programs emulator including pc gamesvirtualbox – hosted hypervisor x virtualization personal information managers chandler – developed osafkaddressbookkontactkorganizermozilla calendar – mozillabased multiplatform calendar programnovell evolutionperkeep – personal data store picturesproject.net – commercial project managementteamlab – platform project management collaboration programming language support bug trackers bugzillamantismindquarryredminetrac code generators bisoncodesynthesis xsd – xml data binding compiler ccodesynthesis xsde – validating xml parserserializer c xml data binding generator mobile embedded systemsflex lexical analyser – generates lexical analyzersopen scene graph – graphics application programming interfaceopenscdp – open smart card development platformphpcodegeniesablecc – parser generator java .netswig – simplified wrapper interface generator several languagestxtregexxmlbeansxx – xml data binding code generator cyakindu statechart tools – statechart code generator c java documentation generators doxygen – tool writing software reference documentation.documentation written within code.mkd – software documentation extracted sources files pseudocode comments.natural docs – claims use natural language input comments hence name.configuration software autoconfautomakebuildamationcmake debuggers testing troubleshooting gnu debugger – portable debugger runs many unixlike systemsmemtest – stresstests ram x machinesxnee – record replay tests integrated development environments version control systems reference management software risk management active agenda – operational risk management rapid application development platform science bioinformatics cheminformatics chemistry development kitjoelibopenbabel electronic lab notebooks elogjupyter geographic information systems geoscience grid computing pgrade portal – grid portal software enabling creation execution monitoring workflows highlevel web interfaces microscope image processing cellprofiler – automatic microscopic analysis aimed individuals lacking training computer visionendrov – javabased plugin architecture designed analyse complex spatiotemporal image datafiji – imagejbased image processingilastik – imageclassification segmentation softwareimagej – image processing application developed national institutes healthimod – analysis electron microscopy dataitk – development framework used creation image segmentation registration programsknime – data analytics reporting integration platformvtk – c toolkit computer graphics image processing visualisationdslicer – medical image analysis visualisation molecular dynamics gromacs – protein lipid nucleic acid simulationlammps – molecular dynamics softwaremdynamix – generalpurpose molecular dynamics simulating mixtures moleculesms molecular dynamics monte carlo simulation package prediction thermophysical properties fluidsnwchem – quantum chemical molecular dynamics software molecule viewer avogadro – pluginextensible molecule visualisationballview – molecular modeling visualisationjmol – representation molecules variety formats use teaching toolmolekel – molecule viewing softwaremeshlab – able import pdb dataset build surfaces thempymol – highquality representations small molecules well biological macromoleculesqutemol – interactive molecule representations offering array innovative opengl visual effectsrasmol – visualisation biological macromolecules nanotechnology ninithi – visualise analyse carbon allotropes carbon nanotube fullerene graphene nanoribbons plotting veusz quantum chemistry cpk – atomistic molecular simulation solidstate liquid molecular biological systems screensavers boincelectric sheepxscreensaver statistics r statistics softwarelimesurvey – online survey system theology bible study tools go bible – free bible viewer application java mobile phonesmarcion – coptic–englishczech dictionaryopenlp – worship presentation program licensed gnu general public licensethe sword project – crosswire bible societys free software project typesetting see also comparison file synchronization software § opensourcelist hdl simulators § free opensource simulatorslist optimization software § free opensource softwarelist concept mindmapping software § free opensourcelist spreadsheet software § free opensource softwarecomparison ftp client software § free opensource softwaregnome core applicationslist gnu packageslist kde applicationslist formerly proprietary softwarelist unix commands general directories alternativetocodeplexfree software directoryfreecodeopen hubsourceforge references external links open source software directory ossd collection foss organized target audience.open source living communitydriven archive opensource software oss.opendisc preassembled iso image opensource software microsoft windowslist opensource programs loop windows maintained ubuntu documentation project.the osswin project list free opensource software windows see also opensource softwareopen source licensefirst released october name multitool word xenix systems.subsequent versions later written several platforms including ibm pcs running dos apple macintosh running classic mac os att unix pc atari st os microsoft windows sco unix macos .commercial versions word licensed standalone product component microsoft office microsoft premium subscription windows rt discontinued microsoft works suite.history origins microsoft hired charles simonyi primary developer bravo first gui word processor developed xerox parc.simonyi started work word processor called multitool word soon hired richard brodie former xerox intern became primary software engineer.microsoft announced multitool word xenix msdos .name soon simplified microsoft word.
Microsoft Word	free demonstration copies application bundled november issue pc world making first distributed ondisk magazine.year microsoft demonstrated word running windows.unlike msdos programs time microsoft word designed used mouse.advertisements depicted microsoft mouse described word wysiwyg windowed word processor ability undo display bold italic underlined text although could render fonts.initially popular since user interface different leading word processor time wordstar.however microsoft steadily improved product releasing versions .
Microsoft Word	.next six years.microsoft ported word classic mac os known macintosh system software time.made easier word dos designed use highresolution displays laser printers even though none yet available general public.also notable fast cutandpaste function unlimited number undo operations due usage piece table data structure.following precedents lisawrite macwrite word mac os added true wysiwyg features.
Microsoft Word	fulfilled need word processor capable macwrite.release word mac oss sales higher msdos counterpart least four years.the second release word mac os shipped named word .synchronize version number word dos microsofts first attempt synchronize version numbers across platforms.word .included numerous internal enhancements new features including first implementation rich text format rtf specification plagued bugs.
Microsoft Word	within months word .superseded stable word .mailed free registered users .. macwrite pro discontinued mids word mac os never serious rivals.word .mac os released popular word processor owing elegance relative ease use feature set.
Microsoft Word	many users say best version word mac os ever created.in agreement atari microsoft brought word atari st name microsoft write.atari st version port word .mac os never updated.the first version word windows released .release windows .following year sales began pick microsoft soon became market leader word processors ibm pccompatible computers.
Microsoft Word	microsoft capitalized word windows increasing popularity releasing version word dos version .replaced unique user interface interface similar windows application.microsoft became aware year problem made microsoft word .dos available download free.february still available download microsofts web site.in microsoft embarked project codenamed pyramid completely rewrite microsoft word ground up.
Microsoft Word	windows mac os versions would start code base.abandoned determined would take development team long rewrite catch new capabilities could added time without rewrite.instead next versions word windows mac os dubbed version .started code base word windows ..with release word .microsoft attempted synchronize version numbers coordinate product naming across platforms time across dos mac os windows last version word dos.
Microsoft Word	introduced autocorrect automatically fixed certain typing errors autoformat could reformat many parts document once.windows version received favorable reviews e.g.infoworld mac os version widely derided.many accused slow clumsy memory intensive user interface differed significantly word .. response user requests microsoft offered word discontinued.subsequent versions word macos longer direct ports word windows instead featuring mixture ported code native code.
Microsoft Word	word windows word windows available standalone part microsoft office suite.word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities widely used word processing program market.word files commonly used format sending text documents via email almost every user computer read word document using word application word viewer word processor imports word format see microsoft word viewer.word windows nt first bit version product released microsoft office windows nt around time windows .straightforward port word .. starting word releases word named year release instead version number.word introduced redesigned user interface emphasised common controls dividing tabs adding specific options depending context selecting image editing table.user interface called ribbon included excel powerpoint access would later introduced office applications office windows applications paint wordpad windows respectively.the redesigned interface also includes toolbar appears selecting text options formatting included.word also included option save documents adobe acrobat xps files upload word documents blog posts services wordpress.word allows customization ribbon adds backstage view file management improved document navigation allows creation embedding screenshots integrates online services microsoft onedrive.word added dictation function.

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