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Solid-state drive | process evenly distribute writes requires data previously written changing cold data moved data changing frequently hot data written blocks.relocating data increases write amplification adds wear flash memory.designers seek minimize both.memory flash memory ssd manufacturers use nonvolatile nand flash memory constructi... |
Solid-state drive | problem resolved controllers came later.flashbased ssds store data metaloxidesemiconductor mos integrated circuit chips contain nonvolatile floatinggate memory cells.flash memorybased solutions typically packaged standard disk drive form factors ...inch also smaller compact form factors m. form factor made possible sma... |
Solid-state drive | dram ssds based volatile memory dram characterized fast data access generally less microseconds used primarily accelerate applications would otherwise held back latency flash ssds traditional hdds.drambased ssds usually incorporate either internal battery external acdc adapter backup storage systems ensure data persist... |
Solid-state drive | products operate faster higher endurance nandbased ssds areal density comparable gigabits per chip.price per bit xpoint expensive nand cheaper dram.ssds called nvdimm hyper dimm devices use dram flash memory.power goes ssd copies data dram flash power comes back ssd copies data flash dram.somewhat similar way ssds use ... |
Solid-state drive | ssds usually known ulltradimm devices.drives known hybrid drives solidstate hybrid drives sshds use hybrid spinning disks flash memory.ssds use magnetoresistive randomaccess memory mram storing data.cache buffer flashbased ssd typically uses small amount dram volatile cache similar buffers hard disk drives.directory bl... |
Solid-state drive | elimination external dram reduces power consumption enables size reduction ssds.battery supercapacitor another component higherperforming ssds capacitor form battery necessary maintain data integrity data cache flushed drive power lost may even hold power long enough maintain data cache power resumed.case mlc flash mem... |
Solid-state drive | enterpriseclass ssds intel dc series usually builtin batteries capacitors.host interface host interface physically connector signalling managed ssds controller.often one interfaces found hdds.includeserial attached scsi sas .gbits – generally found serversserial ata msata variant sata . |
Solid-state drive | .gbitspci express pcie .× .gbitsm.. |
Solid-state drive | gbits sata .logical device interface .gbits pcie .×u.pcie . |
Solid-state drive | ×fibre channel gbits – almost exclusively found serversusb gbitsparallel ata udma mbits – mostly replaced sataparallel scsi mbits mbits – generally found servers mostly replaced sas last scsibased ssd introduced ssds support various logical device interfaces advanced host controller interface ahci nvme.logical device i... |
Solid-state drive | solidstate storage solutions come larger chassis may even rackmount form factor numerous ssds inside.would connect common bus inside chassis connect outside box single connector.for general computer use .inch form factor typically found laptops popular.desktop computers .inch hard disk drive slots simple adapter plate ... |
Solid-state drive | msata m. form factors also gained popularity primarily laptops.standard hdd form factors benefit using current hdd form factor would take advantage extensive infrastructure already place mount connect drives host system.traditional form factors known size rotating media i.e..inch .inch .inch .inch dimensions drive casi... |
Solid-state drive | remains electrically compatible pci express mini card interface specification requiring additional connection sata host controller connector.m.form factor formerly known next generation form factor ngff natural transition msata physical layout used usable advanced form factor.msata took advantage existing form factor c... |
Solid-state drive | diskonamodule form factors diskonamodule dom flash drive either pin parallel ata pata sata interface intended plugged directly motherboard used computer hard disk drive hdd.dom devices emulate traditional hard disk drive resulting need special drivers specific operating system support.doms usually used embedded systems... |
Solid-state drive | bareboard form factors form factors common memory modules used ssds take advantage flexibility laying components.include pcie mini pcie minidimm mo many more.satadimm viking technology uses empty ddr dimm slot motherboard provide power ssd separate sata connector provide data connection back computer.result easytoinsta... |
Solid-state drive | ssds based pcie form factor connect data interface power pcie connector host.drives use either direct pcie flash controllers pcietosata bridge device connects sata flash controllers.ball grid array form factors early companies introduced ssds ball grid array bga form factors msystems sandisk diskonchip silicon storage ... |
Solid-state drive | traditional hdd benchmarks tend focus performance characteristics poor hdds rotational latency seek time.ssds need spin seek locate data may prove vastly superior hdds tests.however ssds challenges mixed reads writes performance may degrade time.ssd testing must start use full drive new empty fresh outofthebox drive ma... |
Solid-state drive | however ssds uniquely sensitive sudden power interruption resulting aborted writes even cases complete loss drive.reliability hdds ssds varies greatly among models.as hdds tradeoff cost performance different ssds.singlelevel cell slc ssds significantly expensive multilevel mlc ssds offer significant speed advantage.tim... |
Solid-state drive | wearleveling algorithms complex difficult test exhaustively result one major cause data loss ssds firmware bugs.the following table shows detailed overview advantages disadvantages technologies.comparisons reflect typical characteristics may hold specific device.memory cards memory cards ssds use flash memory serve dif... |
Solid-state drive | first units intended replace augment hard disk drives operating system recognized hard drive.originally solid state drives even shaped mounted computer like hard drives.later ssds became smaller compact eventually developing unique form factors m. form factor.ssd designed installed permanently inside computer.in contra... |
Solid-state drive | ssd failure ssds different failure modes traditional magnetic hard drives.solidstate drives contain moving parts generally subject mechanical failures.instead kinds failure possible example incomplete failed writes due sudden power failure problem hdds chip fails data lost scenario applicable magnetic drives.whole howe... |
Solid-state drive | website found drives surpassed official endurance specifications writing hundreds terabytes without issue—volumes order excess typical consumer needs.first ssd fail tlcbased drive succeeding writing tb.three ssds test wrote three times amount almost .pb failed.test demonstrated remarkable reliability even consumermarke... |
Solid-state drive | authors concluded ssds fail significantly lower rate hard disk drives.contrast evaluation hdds found failure rates comparable googles ssds hdds average annualized failure rate .. study also showed downside ssds experience significantly higher rates uncorrectable errors cause data loss hdds.also led unexpected results i... |
Solid-state drive | suggests aging mechanisms silicon aging play.correlation significant around .–..raw bit error rates rber grow slowly wearout—and exponentially often assumed.rber good predictor errors ssd failure.the uncorrectable bit error rate uber widely used good predictor failure either.however ssd uber rates higher hdds although ... |
Solid-state drive | – ssds develop least one bad block – develop least one bad chip first four years deployment.there sharp increase errors expected lifetime reached.most ssds develop bad blocks perhaps –.ssds develop many bad blocks often go develop far perhaps hundreds may prone failure.however drives shipped bad blocks manufacture.find... |
Solid-state drive | report conclusion added ssds tended either less handful bad blocks large number suggested might basis predicting eventual failure.around – ssds develop bad chips first four years use.two thirds chips breached manufacturers tolerances specifications typically guarantee blocks chip fail within expected write lifetime.ssd... |
Solid-state drive | strategy drive operates internally vary largely manufacturers trim command zeroes whole range deleted file.wear leveling also means physical address data address exposed operating system different.as secure deletion data ata secure erase command could used.program hdparm used purpose.reliability metrics jedec solid sta... |
Solid-state drive | instance distributed computing environment ssds used building block distributed cache layer temporarily absorbs large volume user requests slower hdd based backend storage system.layer provides much higher bandwidth lower latency storage system managed number forms distributed keyvalue database distributed file system.... |
Solid-state drive | list applications could benefit faster storage vast.flashbased solidstate drives used create network appliances generalpurpose personal computer hardware.write protected flash drive containing operating system application software substitute larger less reliable disk drives cdroms.appliances built way provide inexpensi... |
Solid-state drive | sd card installed os require removal corrupted components since writelocked though written media may need restored.harddrive cache intel introduced caching mechanism z chipset mobile derivatives called smart response technology allows sata ssd used cache configurable writethrough writeback conventional magnetic hard di... |
Solid-state drive | examples type system bcache dmcache linux apples fusion drive.filesystem support ssds typically file systems used hard disk drives also used solid state drives.usually expected file system support trim command helps ssd recycle discarded data support trim arrived years ssds nearly universal.means file system need manag... |
Solid-state drive | ffs jffs help reduce write amplification ssds especially situations small amounts data changed updating filesystem metadata.while native feature file systems operating systems also aim align partitions correctly avoids excessive readmodifywrite cycles.typical practice personal computers partition aligned start mib byte... |
Solid-state drive | support queued trim sata .feature results trim commands disrupting command queues introduced linux kernel .released november .an alternative kernellevel trim operation use userspace utility called fstrim goes unused blocks filesystem dispatches trim commands areas.fstrim utility usually run cron scheduled task.november... |
Solid-state drive | linux performance considerations installation linux distributions usually configure installed system use trim thus etcfstab file requires manual modifications.notion current linux trim command implementation might optimal.proven cause performance degradation instead performance increase certain circumstances.january li... |
Solid-state drive | part designs ssds offer much bigger levels parallelism io operations preferable leave scheduling decisions internal logic – especially highend ssds.a scalable block layer highperformance ssd storage known blkmultiqueue blkmq developed primarily fusionio engineers merged linux kernel mainline kernel version .released ja... |
Solid-state drive | linux kernel released april virtio block driver scsi layer used serial ata drivers device mapper framework loop device driver unsorted block images ubi driver implements erase block management layer flash memory devices rbd driver exports ceph rados objects block devices modified actually use new interface drivers port... |
Solid-state drive | microsoft windows prior version microsoft windows take specific measures support solid state drives.windows standard ntfs file system provides support trim command.file systems windows support trim.by default windows newer versions execute trim commands automatically device detected solidstate drive.however trim irreve... |
Solid-state drive | prevents mass storage driver issuing trim command.windows implements trim command filedelete operations.trim operation fully integrated partition volumelevel commands format delete filesystem commands relating truncate compression system restore also known volume snapshot feature.windows vista windows vista generally e... |
Solid-state drive | defragmentation defragmentation disabled solidstate drives location file components ssd doesnt significantly impact performance moving files make contiguous using windows defrag routine cause unnecessary write wear limited number pe cycles ssd.superfetch feature materially improve performance causes additional overhead... |
Solid-state drive | ssd devices windows disables superfetch readyboost boottime application prefetching operations.despite initial statement steven sinofsky release windows however defragmentation disabled even though behavior ssds differs.one reason low performance volume shadow copy service fragmented ssds.second reason avoid reaching p... |
Solid-state drive | without support trim ssd would unaware data invalid would unnecessarily continue rewrite garbage collection causing wear ssd.beneficial make changes prevent ssds treated like hdds example cancelling defragmentation filling capacity storing frequently writtento files log temporary files hard drive available enabling tri... |
Solid-state drive | windows kb update required functionality needs integrated windows setup using dism windows installed nvme ssd.windows .also support scsi unmap command usbattached ssds satatousb enclosures.scsi unmap full analog sata trim command.also supported usb attached scsi protocol uasp.the graphical windows disk defragmenter win... |
Solid-state drive | also recognizes ssds distinctly hard disk drives separate media type column.windows supported automatic trim internal sata ssds windows .windows support manual trim via optimize function disk defragmenter well automatic trim sata nvme usbattached ssds.zfs solaris version update released october recent versions opensola... |
Solid-state drive | used every time synchronous write drive occurs.ssd necessarily lowlatency may also used level adaptive replacement cache larc used cache data reading.used either alone combination large increases performance generally seen.freebsd zfs freebsd introduced support trim september .code builds map regions data freed every w... |
Solid-state drive | lowpriority thread trims ranges time comes.also unix file system ufs supports trim command.swap partitions according microsofts former windows division president steven sinofsky files better pagefile place ssd.according collected telemetry data microsoft found pagefile.sys ideal match ssd storage.linux swap partitions ... |
Solid-state drive | bcache dmcache flashcache projects provide similar concept linux kernel.standardization organizations following noted standardization organizations bodies work create standards solidstate drives computer storage devices.table also includes organizations promote use solidstate drives.necessarily exhaustive list.commerci... |
Solid-state drive | lowend applications usb flash drive may obtainable anywhere depending capacity speed alternatively compactflash card may paired cftoide cftosata converter similar cost.either requires writecycle endurance issues managed either refraining storing frequently written files drive using flash file system.standard compactfla... |
Solid-state drive | machines use mib slc nand flash primary storage considered suitable harsher normal conditions expected used.dell began shipping ultraportable laptops sandisk ssds april .asus released eee pc netbook october gigabytes flash memory.two manufacturers released ultrathin laptops ssd options instead uncommon .hdd macbook air... |
Solid-state drive | ssds began appear laptops.on january emc corporation emc became first enterprise storage vendor ship flashbased ssds product portfolio announced selected stec inc.s zeusiops ssds symmetrix dmx systems.sun released sun storage unified storage systems codenamed amber road use solid state drives conventional hard drives t... |
Solid-state drive | interface storage space .tb read speed .gbs write speed .gbs low latency microseconds.. |
Solid-state drive | read byte iops .write byte iops.in computers based intels ultrabook specifications became available.specifications dictate ultrabooks use ssd.consumerlevel devices unlike many previous flash offerings aimed enterprise users represent first widely available consumer computers using ssds aside macbook air.ces ocz technol... |
Solid-state drive | gbs .million iops.also announced zdrive r available capacities tb capable reaching transfer speeds .gbs .million iops using pci express x gen ..in december samsung introduced launched industrys first tb msata ssd. |
Solid-state drive | august samsung announced tb ssd time worlds highestcapacity single storage device type.while number companies offer ssd devices five companies offer actually manufacture nand flash devices storage element ssds.quality performance general performance particular device vary significantly different operating conditions.ex... |
Solid-state drive | performance flashbased ssds difficult benchmark wide range possible conditions.test performed xssist using iometer kb random read write queue depth iops delivered intel xe gb g started around iops dropped sharply minutes iops continued decrease gradually next minutes.iops vary around minutes onwards rest hour test run.... |
Solid-state drive | million units million units .revenues ssd market including lowcost pc solutions worldwide totalled million rising million .see also board solidstate drivelist solidstate drive manufacturershard disk driveraidflash core moduleram drive references reading solidstate revolution indepth ssds really work.lee hutchinson.ars ... |
Network switch | switches also forward data network layer layer additionally incorporating routing functionality.switches commonly known layer switches multilayer switches.switches ethernet common form network switch.first mac bridge invented mark kempf engineer networking advanced development group digital equipment corporation.first ... |
Network switch | digital decided license mac bridge patent royaltyfree nondiscriminatory basis allowed ieee standardization.permitted number companies produce multiport switches including kalpana.ethernet initially sharedaccess medium introduction mac bridge began transformation mostcommon pointtopoint form without collision domain.swi... |
Network switch | multiple data cables plugged switch enable communication different networked devices.switches manage flow data across network transmitting received network packet one devices packet intended.networked device connected switch identified network address allowing switch direct flow traffic maximizing security efficiency n... |
Network switch | switches may also operate higher layers osi model including network layer above.device also operates higher layers known multilayer switch.segmentation involves use switch split larger collision domain smaller ones order reduce collision probability improve overall network throughput.extreme case i.e.microsegmentation ... |
Network switch | allows computers dedicated bandwidth pointtopoint connections network also run fullduplex mode.fullduplex mode one transmitter one receiver per collision domain making collisions impossible.the network switch plays integral role modern ethernet local area networks lans.midtolarge sized lans contain number linked manage... |
Network switch | user devices may also include telephone interface voice ip voip.role network switches commonly used network connection point hosts edge network.hierarchical internetworking model similar network architectures switches also used deeper network provide connections switches edge.in switches intended commercial use builtin... |
Network switch | vendors provide firewall network intrusion detection performance analysis modules plug switch ports.functions may combined modules.through port mirroring switch create mirror image data go external device intrusion detection systems packet sniffers.a modern switch may implement power ethernet poe avoids need attached d... |
Network switch | layer functionality required switches support higher layers.many switches also perform operations layers.device capable bridging known multilayer switch.a layer network device multiport device uses hardware addresses mac addresses process forward data data link layer layer .a switch operating network bridge may interco... |
Network switch | specialized applications storage area networks input output interfaces bandwidth always case general lan applications.lans switch used enduser access typically concentrates lower bandwidth uplinks higher bandwidth.interconnects switches may regulated using spanning tree protocol stp disables links resulting local area ... |
Network switch | configuration options unmanaged switches configuration interface options.plug play.typically least expensive switches therefore often used small officehome office environment.unmanaged switches desktop rack mounted.managed switches one methods modify operation switch.common management methods include commandline interf... |
Network switch | examples configuration changes one managed switch include enabling features spanning tree protocol port mirroring setting port bandwidth creating modifying virtual lans vlans etc.two subclasses managed switches smart enterprise managed switches.smart switches aka intelligent switches managed switches limited set manage... |
Network switch | compared smart switches enterprise switches features customized optimized generally expensive smart switches.enterprise switches typically found networks larger number switches connections centralized management significant savings administrative time effort.stackable switch type enterprisemanaged switch.typical manage... |
ReFS | see also notes references external links consider buying ethernet switchkey design advantages refs include automatic integrity checking data scrubbing elimination need running chkdsk protection data degradation builtin handling hard disk drive failure redundancy integration raid functionality switch copyallocate write ... |
ReFS | file size number files folder total volume size number folders volume limited bit numbers result refs supports maximum file size exbibytes − bytes maximum volume size petabytes.builtin resiliencerefs employs allocationonwrite update strategy metadata allocates new chunks every update transaction uses large io batches.r... |
ReFS | refs supports many existing windows ntfs features bitlocker encryption access control lists usn journal change notifications symbolic links junction points mount points reparse points volume snapshots file ids oplock.refs seamlessly integrates storage spaces storage virtualization layer allows data mirroring striping w... |
ReFS | filename ntfs compression encrypting file system efs transactional ntfs extended attributes disk quotas.addition windows cannot booted refs volume.dynamic disks mirrored striped volumes replaced mirrored striped storage pools provided storage spaces however automated errorcorrection supported mirrored spaces.data dedup... |
ReFS | windows .bit server r file system reacquired support alternate data streams lengths k automatic correction corruption integrity streams used parity spaces.refs initially unsuitable microsoft sql server instance allocation due absence alternate data streams.version history compatibility refs different versions various d... |
ReFS | features may compatible feature set os.version cluster size features filesystem queried command fsutil fsinfo refsinfo volumename.. original version formatted windows server .. default version formatted windows .windows v v windows server r specified refsv windows server .use alternate data streams windows server r.. d... |
ReFS | could mounted windows build later windows server tp later.. default version formatted windows server tp tp.. default version formatted windows server rtm.. default version formatted windows v windows server insider preview build .formatted windows insider preview later though became default somewhere .supports deduplic... |
ReFS | features may lost.windows upgrades .volume mounted write access.windows upgrades .volume mounted write access. |
ReFS | windows upgrades .volume mounted write access.refs volume creation ability removed windows v fall creators update except enterprise pro workstations editions.windows upgrades .volume mounted write access. |
ReFS | stability known problems issues identified suggested refs running storage spaces includeadding thinprovisioned refs top storage spaces according prerelease article fail nongraceful manner volume without warning becomes inaccessible unmanageable.happen example physical disks underlying storage space became full.smallnet... |
ReFS | workaround never extend refs partition full size thinvolume always leave gb end volume unassigned.thought extension partition writes values partition table corrupt table using full size thinvolume preventing expansions.data still intact refs partition works normally.solution create new volume refs partition copy old re... |
ReFS | less used drives still expand windows rate.using ntfs formatted volume top thin volume experience expansion.example tb refs twoway mirror static datadata logs .tb used data change added data added month storage spaces used entire tb storageshould around .tb used storage spaces. |
ReFS | storage space different thin volume formatted refs twoway mirror single data write data used less frequently added less frequently gb data storage spaces using .tb.thin volume ntfs partition used manner gb partition using gb.month window.even storage spaces thinly provisioned refs may still unable dependably correct fi... |
ReFS | particularly needed virtualization stated allow fast provisioning diff merging tiering.enhancements cover redo log synchronous disk writes parallelization efficient tracking uninitialized sparse data files efficient k io.refs file integrity enabled also acts like logstructured file system coalescing small random writes... |
ReFS | performance competitor comparisons operating systems competing file systems refs best known zfs btrfs sense three designed integrate data protection snapshots silent highspeed background healing corruption data errors.in phoronix wrote analysis refs vs btrfs copyonwrite file system linux.features similar supporting che... |
FOSDEM | thirdparty opensource project document refs github.paragon software group provides closedsource driver windows linux.see also comparison file systemsapfswinfs references external links analysis detailed differences ntfs refs server reasons choosing one otherrefs documentation project pdf document refs filing systemaime... |
FOSDEM | f fosdem added request richard stallman.the event annually february since growing numbers visitors talks tracks.organized thanks help many volunteers.the meeting hosted visitors every year .due covid pandemic fosdem held entirely online.conference history – event named osdem started team five people.organized two month... |
FOSDEM | attendance grew thousand.keynotes history free software jon maddog hall fsf richard stallmantracks databases desktop education multimedia security toolkit tutorialsdeveloper rooms embedded software gnome developers gnustep kde mozilla postgresqlkeynotes open source paradigm shift tim oreilly fsf richard stallmantracks ... |
List of free and open-source software packages | donors receive incentive form token present everything organized set volunteers.fsf award free software foundations ceremony award advancement free software held fosdem awards .see also list freesoftware events references external links media related fosdem wikimedia commonsofficial websitesoftware fits free software d... |
List of free and open-source software packages | opencog prime specific set interacting components designed give rise humanequivalent artificial general intelligence.computer vision aforge.net – computer vision artificial intelligence robotics library .net frameworkopencv – computer vision library c machine learning see list opensource machine learning softwaresee da... |
List of free and open-source software packages | supports integration jee spring.provides connectors csv ldap xml jdbcodbc data sourcesweka – data mining software written java featuring machine learning operators classification regression clusteringjaspersoft – data mining programmable abstraction layer data visualization components paraview – plotting visualization ... |
List of free and open-source software packages | also create animated interactive pdf presentations forms.ebook management editing calibre – crossplatform suite ebook softwarecollabora online writer enterpriseready edition libreoffice accessible web browser.allows exporting epub format.sigil – editing software ebooks epub format educational educational suites atutor ... |
List of free and open-source software packages | geographic information systems qgis – crossplatform desktop geographic information system gis application supports viewing editing analysis geospatial data.graphical user interface desktop environments window managers windowing system groupware content management systems wiki software healthcare software integrated lib... |
Microsoft Word | image galleries image viewers eye gnomefspotfehgeeqiegthumbgwenviewkphotoalbumopticks multimedia codecs containers splitters television video converters dr. divxffmpegmencoderoggconvert video editing avidemuxavisynthblendercinelerradvd flickflowbladekdenlivekinoliveslosslesscutnatronoliveopenshotpitivishotcutvirtualdub... |
Microsoft Word | free demonstration copies application bundled november issue pc world making first distributed ondisk magazine.year microsoft demonstrated word running windows.unlike msdos programs time microsoft word designed used mouse.advertisements depicted microsoft mouse described word wysiwyg windowed word processor ability und... |
Microsoft Word | .next six years.microsoft ported word classic mac os known macintosh system software time.made easier word dos designed use highresolution displays laser printers even though none yet available general public.also notable fast cutandpaste function unlimited number undo operations due usage piece table data structure.fo... |
Microsoft Word | fulfilled need word processor capable macwrite.release word mac oss sales higher msdos counterpart least four years.the second release word mac os shipped named word .synchronize version number word dos microsofts first attempt synchronize version numbers across platforms.word .included numerous internal enhancements n... |
Microsoft Word | within months word .superseded stable word .mailed free registered users .. macwrite pro discontinued mids word mac os never serious rivals.word .mac os released popular word processor owing elegance relative ease use feature set. |
Microsoft Word | many users say best version word mac os ever created.in agreement atari microsoft brought word atari st name microsoft write.atari st version port word .mac os never updated.the first version word windows released .release windows .following year sales began pick microsoft soon became market leader word processors ibm ... |
Microsoft Word | microsoft capitalized word windows increasing popularity releasing version word dos version .replaced unique user interface interface similar windows application.microsoft became aware year problem made microsoft word .dos available download free.february still available download microsofts web site.in microsoft embark... |
Microsoft Word | windows mac os versions would start code base.abandoned determined would take development team long rewrite catch new capabilities could added time without rewrite.instead next versions word windows mac os dubbed version .started code base word windows ..with release word .microsoft attempted synchronize version number... |
Microsoft Word | introduced autocorrect automatically fixed certain typing errors autoformat could reformat many parts document once.windows version received favorable reviews e.g.infoworld mac os version widely derided.many accused slow clumsy memory intensive user interface differed significantly word .. response user requests micros... |
Microsoft Word | word windows word windows available standalone part microsoft office suite.word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities widely used word processing program market.word files commonly used format sending text documents via email almost every user computer read word document using word application word viewe... |
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