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Electronic business	one public one private.public one used encryption private one decryption.level actual encryption adjusted based information.key simple slide letters completely random mixup letters.relatively easy implement software company purchase.
Electronic business	company needs sure keys registered certificate authority.digital certificates point digital certificate identify owner document.way receiver knows authentic document.companies use certificates several different ways.used replacement user names passwords.
Electronic business	employee given access documents need wherever are.these certificates also use encryption.little complicated normal encryption however.actually used important information within code.order assure authenticity documents well confidentiality data integrity always accompany encryption.digital certificates commonly used confusing people implement.complications using different browsers means need use multiple certificates.
Electronic business	process adjusted easier use.digital signatures final way secure information online would use digital signature.document digital signature one else able edit information without detected.way edited may adjusted reliability fact.order use digital signature one must use combination cryptography message digest.
Electronic business	message digest used give document unique value.value encrypted senders private key.advantages disadvantages advantages looking ebusiness many advantages mostly connected making business easier.benefits implementing ebusiness tools streamlining business processes much use technology.someeasy set electronic business easy set even home requirements software device internet connection.flexible business hours time barriers locationbased business encounter since internet available everyone time.
Electronic business	products services accessed everyone internet connection.cheaper traditional business electronic business less costly traditional business expensive set up.transactions cost also cheaper.no geographical boundaries greatest benefit possibility geographical dispersion.anyone order anything anywhere time.government subsidies digitalisation encouraged government provide necessary support.newmarket entry great potential enable entry previously unknown market traditional business could not.lower levels inventory electronic business enables companies lower level inventory digitalizing assets.i.e.
Electronic business	netflix sell anymore physical dvds proposes online streaming content instead.lower costs marketing sales ecommerce allows actors industry advertise productservice offer i.e.house rental generally lower costs promoting physically business.disadvantages despite limits also disadvantages need address.common limitations electronic business arelack personal touch products cannot examined feltbefore final purchase.traditional model personal customer experience electronic business mostly case.
Electronic business	another missing factor personal touch could also online transactions.delivery time traditional business enables instant satisfaction obtain product moment purchase electronic business possible.always waiting period receive product.example amazon assures oneday delivery.resolve issue completely improvement.security issues scams could mentioned factor peoples distrust electronic business.hackers easily get customers financial personal details.
Mainframe computer	customer still finds hard trust electronic businesses lack security reliability integrity issues.see also electronic commerceelectronic commerce modeling languagevery large business applicationsdigital economytypes ecommerceshopping cart software referencesmainframe computer large large supercomputer processing power classes computers minicomputers servers workstations personal computers.largescale computersystem architectures established continue evolve.mainframe computers often used servers.the term mainframe derived large cabinet called main frame housed central processing unit main memory early computers.later term mainframe used distinguish highend commercial computers less powerful machines.design modern mainframe design characterized less raw computational speed byredundant internal engineering resulting high reliability securityextensive inputoutput io facilities ability offload separate enginesstrict backward compatibility older softwarehigh hardware computational utilization rates virtualization support massive throughput.hotswapping hardware processors memory.their high stability reliability enable machines run uninterrupted long periods time mean time failures mtbf measured decades.mainframes high availability one primary reasons longevity since typically used applications downtime would costly catastrophic.
Mainframe computer	term reliability availability serviceability ras defining characteristic mainframe computers.proper planning implementation required realize features.addition mainframes secure computer types nist vulnerabilities database uscert rates traditional mainframes ibm z previously called z systems system z zseries unisys dorado unisys libra among secure vulnerabilities low single digits compared thousands windows unix linux.software upgrades usually require setting operating system portions thereof nondisruptive using virtualizing facilities ibm zos parallel sysplex unisys xpcl support workload sharing one system take anothers application refreshed.in late mainframes rudimentary interactive interface console used sets punched cards paper tape magnetic tape transfer data programs.operated batch mode support back office functions payroll customer billing based repeated tapebased sorting merging operations followed line printing preprinted continuous stationery.
Mainframe computer	interactive user terminals introduced used almost exclusively applications e.g.airline booking rather program development.typewriter teletype devices common control consoles system operators early although ultimately supplanted keyboarddisplay devices.by early many mainframes acquired interactive user terminals operating timesharing computers supporting hundreds users simultaneously along batch processing.users gained access keyboardtypewriter terminals specialized text terminal crt displays integral keyboards later personal computers equipped terminal emulation software.many mainframes supported graphic display terminals terminal emulation graphical user interfaces.
Mainframe computer	form enduser computing became obsolete due advent personal computers provided guis.modern mainframes partially entirely phased classic green screen color display terminal access endusers favour webstyle user interfaces.the infrastructure requirements drastically reduced mids cmos mainframe designs replaced older bipolar technology.ibm claimed newer mainframes reduced data center energy costs power cooling reduced physical space requirements compared server farms.characteristics modern mainframes run multiple different instances operating systems time.technique virtual machines allows applications run physically distinct computers.
Mainframe computer	role single mainframe replace higherfunctioning hardware services available conventional servers.mainframes pioneered capability virtualization available families computer systems though always degree level sophistication.mainframes add hot swap system capacity without disrupting system function specificity granularity level sophistication usually available server solutions.modern mainframes notably ibm zseries system z system z servers offer two levels virtualization logical partitions lpars via prsm facility virtual machines via zvm operating system.many mainframe customers run two machines one primary data center one backup data center—fully active partially active standby—in case catastrophe affecting first building.test development training production workload applications databases run single machine except extremely large demands capacity one machine might limiting.
Mainframe computer	twomainframe installation support continuous business service avoiding planned unplanned outages.practice many customers use multiple mainframes linked either parallel sysplex shared dasd ibms case shared geographically dispersed storage provided emc hitachi.mainframes designed handle high volume input output io emphasize throughput computing.since late mainframe designs included subsidiary hardware called channels peripheral processors manage io devices leaving cpu free deal highspeed memory.common mainframe shops deal massive databases files.gigabyte terabytesize record files unusual.
Mainframe computer	compared typical pc mainframes commonly hundreds thousands times much data storage online access reasonably quickly.server families also offload io processing emphasize throughput computing.mainframe return investment roi like computing platform dependent ability scale support mixed workloads reduce labor costs deliver uninterrupted service critical business applications several riskadjusted cost factors.mainframes also execution integrity characteristics fault tolerant computing.example z z system z system z servers effectively execute resultoriented instructions twice compare results arbitrate differences instruction retry failure isolation shift workloads flight functioning processors including spares without impact operating systems applications users.hardwarelevel feature also found hps nonstop systems known lockstepping processors take steps i.e.instructions together.
Mainframe computer	applications absolutely need assured integrity systems provide many financial transaction processing.current market ibm z systems continues major manufacturer mainframe market.hitachi codeveloped zseries z ibm share expenses latest hitachi ap models made ibm.unisys manufactures clearpath libra mainframes based earlier burroughs mcp products clearpath dorado mainframes based sperry univac os product lines.hewlettpackard sells unique nonstop systems acquired tandem computers analysts classify mainframes.
Mainframe computer	groupe bulls gcos stratus openvos fujitsu formerly siemens bs fujitsuicl vme mainframes still available europe fujitsu formerly amdahl gs mainframes globally.nec acos hitachi apvos still maintain mainframe businesses japanese market.the amount vendor investment mainframe development varies market share.fujitsu hitachi continue use custom scompatible processors well cpus including power xeon lowerend systems.bull uses mixture itanium xeon processors.nec uses xeon processors lowend acos line develops custom noah processor highend acos series.
Mainframe computer	ibm also develops custom processors inhouse zec.unisys produces code compatible mainframe systems range laptops cabinetsized mainframes use homegrown cpus well xeon processors.furthermore exists market software applications manage performance mainframe implementations.addition ibm significant market competitors include bmc maintec technologies compuware ca technologies.starting cloud computing less expensive scalable alternative commonly called big data.
Mainframe computer	history several manufacturers successors produced mainframe computers early st century gradually decreasing numbers gradual transition simulation intel chips rather proprietary hardware.us group manufacturers first known ibm seven dwarfs p. usually burroughs univac ncr control data honeywell general electric rca although lists varied.later departure general electric rca referred ibm bunch.ibms dominance grew series later development series mainframes.latter architecture continued evolve current zseries mainframes along burroughs sperry unisys mcpbased os mainframes among mainframe architectures still extant trace roots early period.
Mainframe computer	ibms zseries still run bit system code bit zseries system z cmos servers nothing physically common older systems.notable manufacturers outside us siemens telefunken germany icl united kingdom olivetti italy fujitsu hitachi oki nec japan.soviet union warsaw pact countries manufactured close copies ibm mainframes cold war besm series strela examples independently designed soviet computer.shrinking demand tough competition started shakeout market early s—rca sold univac ge sold business honeywell honeywell bought bull univac became division sperry later merged burroughs form unisys corporation .in estimated sales desktop computers .billion exceeded mainframe computers .billion first time.
Mainframe computer	ibm received vast majority mainframe revenue.minicomputerbased systems grew sophisticated able displace lower end mainframes.computers sometimes called departmental computers typified digital equipment corporation vax series.in att corporation briefly owned ncr.period companies found servers based microcomputer designs could deployed fraction acquisition price offer local users much greater control systems given policies practices time.terminals used interacting mainframe systems gradually replaced personal computers.
Mainframe computer	consequently demand plummeted new mainframe installations restricted mainly financial services government.early rough consensus among industry analysts mainframe dying market mainframe platforms increasingly replaced personal computer networks.infoworlds stewart alsop infamously predicted last mainframe would unplugged cited cheryl currid computer industry analyst saying last mainframe stop working december reference anticipated year problem yk.that trend started turn around late corporations found new uses existing mainframes price data networking collapsed parts world encouraging trends toward centralized computing.growth ebusiness also dramatically increased number backend transactions processed mainframe software well size throughput databases.batch processing billing became even important larger growth ebusiness mainframes particularly adept largescale batch computing.
Mainframe computer	another factor currently increasing mainframe use development linux operating system arrived ibm mainframe systems typically run scores c. virtual machines single mainframe.linux allows users take advantage open source software combined mainframe hardware ras.rapid expansion development emerging markets particularly peoples republic china also spurring major mainframe investments solve exceptionally difficult computing problems e.g.providing unified extremely high volume online transaction processing databases billion consumers across multiple industries banking insurance credit reporting government services etc.late ibm introduced bit zarchitecture acquired numerous software companies cognos introduced software products mainframe.
Mainframe computer	ibms quarterly annual reports usually reported increasing mainframe revenues capacity shipments.however ibms mainframe hardware business immune recent overall downturn server hardware market model cycle effects.example th quarter ibms system z hardware revenues decreased year year.mips millions instructions per second shipments increased per year past two years.alsop photographed symbolically eating words death mainframe.in nasa powered last mainframe ibm system z. however ibms successor z z led new york times reporter state four years earlier mainframe technology—hardware software services—remains large lucrative business i.b.m.
Mainframe computer	mainframes still backoffice engines behind worlds financial markets much global commerce.mainframe technology represented less ibms revenues continued play outsized role big blues results.in ibm launched ibm z june ibm z september ibm launched latest version product ibm z. differences supercomputers supercomputer computer leading edge data processing capability respect calculation speed.supercomputers used scientific engineering problems highperformance computing crunch numbers data mainframes focus transaction processing.differences aremainframes built reliable transaction processing measured tpcmetrics used helpful supercomputing applications commonly understood business world commercial exchange goods services money.typical transaction defined transaction processing performance council updates database system inventory control goods airline reservations services banking money adding record.
Mainframe computer	transaction may refer set operations including disk readwrites operating system calls form data transfer one subsystem another measured processing speed cpu.transaction processing exclusive mainframes also used microprocessorbased servers online networks.supercomputer performance measured floating point operations per second flops traversed edges per second teps metrics meaningful mainframe applications mainframes sometimes measured millions instructions per second mips although definition depends instruction mix measured.examples integer operations measured mips include adding numbers together checking values moving data around memory moving information storage socalled io helpful mainframes within memory helping indirectly.floating point operations mostly addition subtraction multiplication binary floating point supercomputers measured flops enough digits precision model continuous phenomena weather prediction nuclear simulations recently standardized decimal floating point used supercomputers appropriate monetary values useful mainframe applications.terms computational speed supercomputers powerful.mainframes supercomputers cannot always clearly distinguished early many supercomputers based mainframe architecture supercomputing extensions.
Liquefied petroleum gas	example system hitac instructionset compatible ibm system mainframes could run hitachi vos operating system fork ibm mvs.therefore seen simultaneously supercomputer also ibmcompatible mainframe.in amalgamation different technologies architectures supercomputers mainframes led socalled gameframe.see also channel iocloud computingcomputer typesfailovergameframelist transistorized computerscommodity computing notes references external links media related mainframe computers wikimedia commonsibm systems mainframe magazineibm z systems mainframesibm mainframe computer support forum since univac mainframe still use german computer museumlectures history computing mainframes archived copy internet archivehowever latter two typically compose less mixture.lpg gas made petrol.lpg used fuel gas heating appliances cooking equipment vehicles.increasingly used aerosol propellant refrigerant replacing chlorofluorocarbons effort reduce damage ozone layer.specifically used vehicle fuel often referred autogas.varieties lpg bought sold include mixes mostly propane ch mostly butane ch commonly mixes including propane butane.northern hemisphere winter mixes contain propane summer contain butane.
Liquefied petroleum gas	united states mainly two grades lpg sold commercial propane hd.specifications published gas processors association gpa american society testing materials.propanebutane blends also listed specifications.propylene butylenes various hydrocarbons usually also present small concentrations ch ch ch.hd limits amount propylene placed lpg utilized autogas specification.powerful odorant ethanethiol added leaks detected easily.
Liquefied petroleum gas	internationally recognized european standard en .united states tetrahydrothiophene thiophane amyl mercaptan also approved odorants although neither currently utilized.lpg prepared refining petroleum wet natural gas almost entirely derived fossil fuel sources manufactured refining petroleum crude oil extracted petroleum natural gas streams emerge ground.first produced walter o. snelling first commercial products appeared .currently provides energy consumed burns relatively cleanly soot sulfur emissions.gas pose ground water pollution hazards cause air pollution.
Liquefied petroleum gas	lpg typical specific calorific value .mjkg compared .mjkg fuel oil .mjkg premium grade petrol gasoline.however energy density per volume unit mjl lower either petrol fuel oil relative density lower .–.
Liquefied petroleum gas	kgl compared .–.kgl gasoline.density vapor pressure lpg components significantly change temperature fact must considered every time application connected safety custody transfer operations e.g.typical cuttoff level option lpg reservoir .besides using energy carrier lpg also promising feedstock chemical industry synthesis olefins ethylene propylene butene well acrylic acid.as boiling point room temperature heat lpg evaporate quickly normal temperatures pressures usually supplied pressurized steel vessels.typically filled – capacity allow thermal expansion contained liquid.
Liquefied petroleum gas	ratio volumes vaporized gas liquefied gas varies depending composition pressure temperature typically around .pressure lpg becomes liquid called vapour pressure likewise varies depending composition temperature example approximately kilopascals psi pure butane °c °f approximately kilopascals psi pure propane °c °f.lpg heavier air unlike natural gas thus flow along floors tend settle low spots basements.two main dangers this.first possible explosion mixture lpg air within explosive limits ignition source.
Liquefied petroleum gas	second suffocation due lpg displacing air causing decrease oxygen concentration.a full lpg cylinder contains liquid ullage volume contain vapour pressure varies temperature.uses lpg wide variety uses mainly used cylinders across many different markets efficient fuel container agricultural recreation hospitality industrial construction sailing fishing sectors.serve fuel cooking central heating water heating particularly costeffective efficient way heat offgrid homes.cooking lpg used cooking many countries economic reasons convenience preferred fuel source.in india nearly .million tons lpg consumed six months april september domestic sector mainly cooking.
Liquefied petroleum gas	number domestic connections million i.e.one connection every six people circulation million lpg cylinders.lpg requirement imported.piped city gas supply india yet developed major scale.lpg subsidised indian government domestic users.
Liquefied petroleum gas	increase lpg prices politically sensitive matter india potentially affects middle class voting pattern.lpg standard cooking fuel hong kong however continued expansion town gas newer buildings reduced lpg usage less residential units.however electric induction infrared stoves lpgfueled stoves type available suburban villages many public housing estates.lpg common cooking fuel brazilian urban areas used virtually households exception cities rio de janeiro são paulo natural gas pipeline infrastructure.since poor families receive government grant vale gás used exclusively acquisition lpg.since grant part governments main social welfare program bolsa família.also since national oil company petrobras differentiates lpg destined cooking lpg destined uses practicing lower price former.
Liquefied petroleum gas	result directive brazilian federal government demise currently debated.lpg commonly used north america domestic cooking outdoor grilling.rural heating predominantly europe rural parts many countries lpg provide alternative electric heating heating oil kerosene.lpg often used areas direct access piped natural gas.lpg used power source combined heat power technologies chp.chp process generating electrical power useful heat single fuel source.technology allowed lpg used fuel heating cooking also decentralized generation electricity.lpg stored variety manners.
Liquefied petroleum gas	lpg fossil fuels combined renewable power sources provide greater reliability still achieving reduction co emissions.however opposed wind solar renewable energy sources lpg used standalone energy source without prohibitive expense electrical energy storage.many climates renewable sources solar wind power would still require construction installation maintenance reliable baseload power sources lpg fueled generation provide electrical power entire year.windsolar possible caveat even expense additional generation capacity necessary charge batteries plus cost battery electrical storage still makes option economically feasible minority situations.motor fuel lpg used fuel internal combustion engines often referred autogas auto propane.
Liquefied petroleum gas	countries used since petrol alternative spark ignition engines.countries additives liquid extend engine life ratio butane propane kept quite precise fuel lpg.two recent studies examined lpgfueloil fuel mixes found smoke emissions fuel consumption reduced hydrocarbon emissions increased.studies split co emissions one finding significant increases finding slight increases low engine load considerable decrease high engine load.advantage nontoxic noncorrosive free tetraethyllead additives high octane rating – ron depending local specifications.
Liquefied petroleum gas	burns cleanly petrol fueloil especially free particulates present latter.lpg lower energy density per liter either petrol fueloil equivalent fuel consumption higher.many governments impose less tax lpg petrol fueloil helps offset greater consumption lpg petrol fueloil.however many european countries tax break often compensated much higher annual tax cars using lpg cars using petrol fueloil.propane third widely used motor fuel world.estimates .
Liquefied petroleum gas	million vehicles fueled propane gas worldwide.million tonnes billion us gallons used annually vehicle fuel.not automobile engines suitable use lpg fuel.lpg provides less upper cylinder lubrication petrol diesel lpgfueled engines prone valve wear suitably modified.many modern common rail diesel engines respond well lpg use supplementary fuel.lpg used fuel well diesel.
Liquefied petroleum gas	systems available integrate oem engine management systems.conversion kits switch vehicle dedicated gasoline using dual system gasoline lpg used vehicle.conversion gasoline lpg converted alkylate premium gasoline blending stock exceptional antiknock properties gives clean burning.refrigeration lpg instrumental providing offthegrid refrigeration usually means gas absorption refrigerator.blended pure dry propane refrigerant designator r isobutane ra blend ra negligible ozone depletion potential low global warming potential serve functional replacement r r ra chlorofluorocarbon hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants conventional stationary refrigeration air conditioning systems.such substitution widely prohibited discouraged motor vehicle air conditioning systems grounds using flammable hydrocarbons systems originally designed carry nonflammable refrigerant presents significant risk fire explosion.vendors advocates hydrocarbon refrigerants argue bans grounds incidents relative number vehicle air conditioning systems filled hydrocarbons.one particular test conducted professor university new south wales unintentionally tested worstcase scenario sudden complete refrigerant expulsion passenger compartment followed subsequent ignition.several others car sustained minor burns face ears hands several observers received lacerations burst glass front passenger window.
Liquefied petroleum gas	one seriously injured.global production global lpg production reached million metric tonsyr global lpg consumption mn tyr.lpg extracted natural gas rest produced petrochemical refineries crude oil.global consumption domestic sector.usa leading producer exporter lpg.
Liquefied petroleum gas	security supply natural gas oilrefining industry europe almost selfsufficient lpg.europes security supply safeguarded bya wide range sources inside outside europea flexible supply chain via water rail road numerous routes entry points europeaccording – estimates proven world reserves natural gas lpg derived stand trillion cubic meters trillion cubic feet.added lpg derived cracking crude oil amounts major energy source virtually untapped massive potential.production continues grow average annual rate .virtually assuring risk demand outstripping supply foreseeable future.
Liquefied petroleum gas	comparison natural gas lpg composed mainly propane butane natural gas composed lighter methane ethane.lpg vaporised atmospheric pressure higher calorific value mjm equivalent .kwhm natural gas methane mjm equivalent .kwhm means lpg cannot simply substituted natural gas.order allow use burner controls provide similar combustion characteristics lpg mixed air produce synthetic natural gas sng easily substituted.
Liquefied petroleum gas	lpgair mixing ratios average though widely variable based gases making lpg.method determining mixing ratios calculating wobbe index mix.gases wobbe index held interchangeable.lpgbased sng used emergency backup systems many public industrial military installations many utilities use lpg peak shaving plants times high demand make shortages natural gas supplied distributions systems.lpgsng installations also used initial gas system introductions distribution infrastructure place gas supplies connected.developing markets india china among others use lpgsng systems build customer bases prior expanding existing natural gas systems.lpgbased sng natural gas localized storage piping distribution network households catering cluster domestic consumers planned initial phase city gas network system.
Liquefied petroleum gas	would eliminate last mile lpg cylinders road transport cause traffic safety hurdles indian cities.localized natural gas networks successfully operating japan feasibility get connected wider networks villages cities.environmental effects commercially available lpg currently derived mainly fossil fuels.burning lpg releases carbon dioxide greenhouse gas.reaction also produces carbon monoxide.
Liquefied petroleum gas	lpg however release less co per unit energy coal oil natural gas.emits co per kwh produced oil coal less emitted coalgenerated electricity distributed via grid.mix propane butane lpg emits less carbon per joule butane carbon per joule propane.lpg burns cleanly higher molecular weight hydrocarbons releases fewer particulates.fireexplosion risk mitigation refinery gas plant lpg must stored pressure vessels.containers either cylindrical horizontal spherical.
Liquefied petroleum gas	typically vessels designed manufactured according code.united states code governed american society mechanical engineers asme.lpg containers pressure relief valves subjected exterior heating sources vent lpgs atmosphere flare stack.if tank subjected fire sufficient duration intensity undergo boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion bleve.typically concern large refineries petrochemical plants maintain large containers.general tanks designed product vent faster pressure build dangerous levels.one remedy utilized industrial settings equip containers measure provide fireresistance rating.large spherical lpg containers may cm steel wall thickness.
Liquefied petroleum gas	equipped approved pressure relief valve.large fire vicinity vessel increase temperature pressure.relief valve top designed vent excess pressure order prevent rupture container itself.given fire sufficient duration intensity pressure generated boiling expanding gas exceed ability valve vent excess.alternatively due continued venting liquid level drops area heated tank structure overheated subsequently weakened area.
Liquefied petroleum gas	either occurs container may rupture violently launching pieces vessel high velocity released products ignite well potentially causing catastrophic damage anything nearby including containers.people exposed lpg workplace breathing skin contact eye contact.occupational safety health administration osha set legal limit permissible exposure limit lpg exposure workplace ppm mgm hour workday.national institute occupational safety health niosh set recommended exposure limit rel ppm mgm hour workday.levels ppm lower explosive limit lpg considered immediately dangerous life health due solely safety considerations pertaining risk explosion.see also compressed natural gas cngfilling carouselgasoline gallon equivalentindustrial gasintumescentpol valve references http external links propane explaining propane lp gas fundamentalsniosh pocket guide chemical hazards centers disease control prevention
November 2015 Paris attacks	beginning p.m. three suicide bombers struck outside stade de france saintdenis international football match failing gain entry stadium.another group attackers fired crowded cafés restaurants paris one also detonating explosive killing process.third group carried another mass shooting took hostages rock concert attended people bataclan theatre leading standoff police.attackers either shot blew police raided theatre.happening barely day similar attacks beirut attackers killed people including bataclan theatre.another people injured almost critically.
November 2015 Paris attacks	seven attackers also killed.attacks deadliest france since second world war deadliest european union since madrid train bombings .france high alert since january attacks charlie hebdo offices jewish supermarket paris killed people.the islamic state iraq levant isis claimed responsibility attacks done beirut attacks day prior saying retaliation french airstrikes islamic state targets syria iraq.president france françois hollande said attacks act war islamic state.attacks planned syria organised terrorist cell based belgium.
November 2015 Paris attacks	two paris attackers iraqis born france belgium fought syria.attackers returned europe among flow migrants refugees syria.in response attacks threemonth state emergency declared across country help fight terrorism involved banning public demonstrations allowing police carry searches without warrant put anyone house arrest without trial block websites encouraged acts terrorism.november france launched biggest airstrike opération chammal part bombing campaign islamic state.authorities searched surviving attackers accomplices.november suspected lead operative attacks abdelhamid abaaoud killed police raid saintdenis along two others.
November 2015 Paris attacks	background france high alert terrorism since charlie hebdo shooting series related attacks january militants belonging alqaeda arabian peninsula increased security anticipation united nations climate change conference scheduled held paris beginning december well reinstating border checks week attacks.throughout france witnessed smaller attacks february stabbing three soldiers guarding jewish community centre nice june attempt blow factory saintquentin fallavier august shooting stabbing attack passenger train.the bataclan theatre threatened number times support jewish organizations israel.two jewish brothers pascal joël laloux owned bataclan years selling september .group calling army islam told french security services planned attack bataclan owners jewish.in weeks leading paris attacks isil branches claimed responsibility several attacks downing metrojet flight october suicide bombings beirut november.intelligence agencies turkey iraq reportedly warned imminent attack france months beforehand said never heard back french authorities attacks.according irish times senior french security official said receive kind correspondence every day.this one two terrorist cells sent europe islamic state cell consisting three syrians apprehended german special forces schleswigholstein mid september .attacks three groups men launched six distinct attacks three suicide bombings one attack fourth suicide bombing another attack shootings four locations.
November 2015 Paris attacks	shootings vicinity rue alibert rue de la fontaineauroi rue de charonne bataclan theatre avenue de la république.three explosions occurred near stade de france another boulevard voltaire two bataclan shooters also detonated suicide vests police ended standoff.according paris prosecutor attackers wore suicide vests used acetone peroxide explosive.french police reports cellphones recovered crime scenes suggested attacks coordinated real time brussels belgium location origin terrorist cell paris attackers members of.stade de france explosions three explosions occurred near countrys national sports stadium stade de france suburb saintdenis resulting four deaths including three suicide bombers.
November 2015 Paris attacks	explosions happened .time stadium hosting international friendly football match france germany president hollande attending.suicide bombers arrived slightly late game eyewitness reports indicated tickets resulting turned away security guards several times.the first explosion near stadium occurred minutes start game.first bomber prevented entering stadium security guard patted found explosive vest.seconds turned away detonated vest outside security gate killing bystander.
November 2015 Paris attacks	investigators later surmised first suicide bomber planned detonate vest within stadium triggering crowds panicked exit onto streets two bombers lying wait.three minutes first bombing second bomber blew outside another security gate.another minutes third bombers vest detonated near stadium.according reports location third explosion mcdonalds restaurant people injured seven seriously others state bomb detonated distance away discernible target.hollande evacuated stadium halftime german foreign minister frankwalter steinmeier remained stadium.hollande met interior minister bernard cazeneuve coordinate response emergency.
November 2015 Paris attacks	two explosions heard live televised broadcast match football coaches informed french officials developing crisis players fans kept unaware game finished.hollande concerned safety crowd outside stadium could assured match immediately cancelled decided game continue without public announcement.following game fans brought onto pitch await evacuation police monitored exits around venue.security sources said three explosions suicide bombings.german national football team advised return hotel bomb threat earlier day spent night stadium mattresses along french team stayed display camaraderie.restaurant shootings bombing first shootings occurred around rue bichat rue alibert near canal saintmartin th arrondissement.
November 2015 Paris attacks	attackers emerged rental seat león killed driver car front shot people outside le carillon café bar.next crossed rue bichat shot people inside restaurant le petit cambodge.according french police eyewitness said one gunmen shouted allahu akbar.total thirteen people killed locations ten others critically injured.afterwards assailants fled seat león.
November 2015 Paris attacks	doctors nurses nearby hôpital saintlouis le carillon attacks happened supplied emergency assistance wounded.at attackers arrived outside café bonne bière located close terrace italian restaurant la casa nostra rue de la fontaineauroi.shouted allahu akbar opened fire revelers.paris prosecutor said five people killed eight others injured.eyewitness reported seeing gunman firing short bursts.assailants fled seat león.at assailants arrived restaurant la belle équipe rue de charonne th arrondissement.
November 2015 Paris attacks	fired several minutes outdoor terrace returning seat león driving away.twentyone people killed seven others left critical condition.many deceased victims targeted restaurants cafés sitting outdoor terraces shot.at one attackers dropped accomplices boulevard voltaire th arrondissement near place de la nation.sat interior terrace comptoir voltaire café wearing hooded jacket several layers clothing.placing order smiled patrons apologised interrupting dinner.
November 2015 Paris attacks	detonated explosive vest killing injuring fifteen people one seriously.bataclan theatre massacre beginning around mass shooting hostagetaking occurred bataclan theatre boulevard voltaire th arrondissement.american rock band eagles death metal playing audience people.three darkclad gunmen armed zastava akm assault rifles waiting black rental car near venue hour.terrorists three french natives algerian descent foued mohamedaggad age ismaël omar mostefaï age samy amimour age .band playing song kiss devil three men got car opened fire people outside venue killing three.
November 2015 Paris attacks	burst concert hall opened fire crowd.witnesses heard shouts allahu akbar terrorists opened fire.initially audience mistook gunfire pyrotechnics.band ran offstage escaped many crew.rows people mown gunfire forced drop ground avoid shot.survivors described hundreds people lying beside top pools blood screaming terror pain.
November 2015 Paris attacks	gunmen also fired balconies dead bodies fell onto stalls below.minutes hall plunged darkness flashes assault rifles gunmen kept shooting.terrorists shouted french airstrikes islamic state.another witness inside bataclan heard gunman say harm done hollande muslims world.a radio reporter attending concert described terrorists calm determined said reloaded three four times.two gunmen attacked concert hall one gunman would cover fire another reloaded ensure maximum efficiency.
November 2015 Paris attacks	whenever gunmen stopped reload crowd ran emergency exits scrambling escape.shot behind fled terrorists laughed shot them.reached emergency exit shot third gunman positioned there.groups people barricaded backstage rooms.smashed open ceiling upstairs toilet hid among rafters roof.
November 2015 Paris attacks	could run lay still floor pretending dead.according survivors terrorists walked among lying kicked shot head sign life.an eyewitness reported hearing gunmen ask amongst members eagles death metal gunfire stopped.mohamedaggad mostefaï went upstairs balconies amimour stayed downstairs fired people tried flee.brigade research intervention bri arrived scene soon followed elite tactical unit raid.first two responding officers entered building armed handguns encountered amimour standing stage.
November 2015 Paris attacks	amimour died shot officers detonating explosive vest.mohamedaggad mostefaï fired upon officers forcing withdraw wait backup.from point mohamedaggad mostefaï took twenty hostages herded room end lshaped corridor located building.also seized hostages mobile phones attempted use access internet unable find signal.hostages forced look hall windows tell terrorists saw.time mohamedaggad mostefaï fired police first responders arriving scene.at elite police squad entered building.
November 2015 Paris attacks	one unit evacuated survivors downstairs another unit went upstairs.found mohamedaggad mostefaï begun using hostages human shields.shouted police number hostages phone.next minutes four phone exchanges police negotiator threatened execute hostages unless received signed paper promising frances departure muslim lands.police assault began lasted three minutes.
November 2015 Paris attacks	police launched assault reports mohamedaggad mostefaï started killing hostages.police using shields burst open door room exchanged fire mohamedaggad mostefaï managing pull hostages onebyone behind shields.one terrorist detonated explosive vest tried shot.ninety people killed hundreds others wounded.almost deceased victims killed within first minutes attack.hostages rescued without injury.
November 2015 Paris attacks	police dog teams brigade cynophile assisted body removal concerns could still live explosives theatre.identification removal bodies took hours process made difficult audience members left identity papers theatres cloakroom.perpetrators three groups comprising three men executed attacks.wore explosive vests belts identical detonators.seven perpetrators died scenes attacks.
November 2015 Paris attacks	two killed five days later saintdenis police raid.on november isil claimed responsibility attacks.françois hollande said isil organised attacks help inside france.claimed motives ideological objection paris capital abomination perversion retaliation airstrikes isil syria iraq foreign policy hollande relation muslims worldwide.shortly attacks isils media organ alhayat media group launched website dark web extolling organisation recommending encrypted instant messaging service telegram.fabien clain released audio recording day attacks personally claimed responsibility attacks.clain known intelligence services veteran jihadist belonging isil french nationality.syrian egyptian passports found near bodies two perpetrators two attack sites egyptian authorities said passport belonged victim aleed abdelrazzak one perpetrators.
November 2015 Paris attacks	november focus french belgian investigation turned abdelhamid abaaoud radical jihadist believed leader plot.abaaoud escaped syria suspected plots belgium france including thwarted thalys train attack.abaaoud recruited extensive network accomplices including two brothers brahim abdeslam salah abdeslam execute terrorist attacks abaaoud killed saintdenis raid november.most paris attackers french belgian citizens crossed borders without difficulty albeit registered terrorism suspects.two attackers iraqi.according french prime minister manuel valls several perpetrators exploited europes immigration crisis enter continent undetected.
November 2015 Paris attacks	least including alleged leader abdelhamid abaaoud visited syria returned radicalised.jeancharles brisard french expert terrorism called change paradigm returning european citizens attackers.los angeles times reported europeans travelled syria joined isil radical groups.on august jihadist abu mohammad aladnani killed american missile dgsi declared death ended terrorist supervised attacks brussels paris.search accomplices three cars recovered paris attacksa grey volkswagen polo belgian licence plates abandoned near bataclan hired french citizen living belgium contained parking ticket town molenbeek.a seat found paris suburb montreuil november contained assault rifles.a renault clio hired salah abdeslam discovered near montmartre november contained assault rifles.police described salah yearold belgian citizen dangerous warned public approach him.arrested march antiterrorist raid molenbeek area brussels see below.
November 2015 Paris attacks	brother brahim died attacks.another brother mohamed detained november molenbeek area brussels released several hours questioning.mohamed said suspect siblings planning anything.on november car stopped belgium–france border three occupants questioned released.three people arrested molenbeek.links attacks investigated arrest germany november police stopped yearold man montenegro found automatic handguns hand grenades explosives car.on – november french tactical police units raided locations france arresting people seizing weapons.
November 2015 Paris attacks	another people placed house arrest.on november police followed female cousin attacker ringleader abdelhamid abaaoud block flats saintdenis saw abaaoud her.next day police raided flat saintdenis abaaoud killed ensuing gunfight lasted several hours.chakib akrouh one perpetrators restaurant shootings also died raid detonating explosive vest.eight suspected militants arrested near flat.on november explosive belt found litter bin paris suburb montrouge.may discarded salah abdeslam whose phone records showed montrouge night attacks.on november five people belgium charged suspicion involvement paris attacks belgian prosecutors issued arrest warrant mohamed abrini yearold suspected accomplice salah abdeslam.
November 2015 Paris attacks	abrini subsequently reported arrested april .also suspected involved brussels bombings.on december two isil militants accompanying two paris attackers europe masquerading migrants arrested greece weeks attacks.july third militant involved also arrested despite regular activity facebook belgium.three militants part unit intended carry attacks november plans apparently disrupted first two arrests.fabien clain identified person reading isil claim responsibility.clain french national served years french prison recruiting fighters go syria jihad.
November 2015 Paris attacks	clain linked executed planned terror attacks seen leader known terrorists.jawad bendaoud arrested november criminal terrorist association purpose committing violent action provided lodging abaaoud hasna aït boulahcen third man.september prosecuting judge filed bendaouds trial concealment terrorist criminals charge maximum penalty six years.analysis tactics michael leiter former director united states national counterterrorism center said attacks demonstrated sophistication seen city attack since mumbai attacks would change west regards threat.comparisons made paris mumbai attacks.mumbai police joint commissioner law order deven bharti pointed similarities several targets shooting indiscriminately use improvised explosive devices.
November 2015 Paris attacks	according bharti one key difference mumbai attacks lasted several days paris attackers killed soon capture seemed imminent.evidence points attackers regularly used unencrypted communications planning attack.casualties attackers killed victims injured taken hospital serious condition.hours attacks pariss doctors practiced mass shooting emergency response rehearsal.dead died bataclan theatre la belle équipe le carillon le petit cambodge five café bonne bière la casa nostra one stade de france.among died bataclan music critic les inrockuptibles executive mercury records france merchandise manager eagles death metal band performing.
November 2015 Paris attacks	people suffered posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd including man died suicide two years attacks.legal september trial men accused planning carrying attacks began paris.trial expected see testimony witnesses victims include lawyers expected last nine months.trial expected filmed however film released fifty years conclusion trial.trial housed customdesigned chamber within palais de justice accused fourteen tried person six tried absentia.in january orthopaedic surgeon georges pompidou hospital sued faces possible misconduct charges using survivors xray nft nonfungible token without consulting prior.
November 2015 Paris attacks	image xray survivors forearm kalashnikov bullet near bone listed xray survivor lost boyfriend attack.responses local hashtag portesouvertes open doors used parisians offer shelter afraid travel home attacks.as case january charlie hebdo attacks place de la république became focal point mourning memorial tributes.impromptu memorial also developed near bataclan theatre.november two days attacks memorial service held notre dame cathedral presided archbishop paris cardinal andré vingttrois several political religious figures attendance.muslim organisations france union islamic organisations france strongly condemned attacks paris.attacks affected business highprofile venues shopping centres paris many parisians concerned attacks might lead marginalisation muslims city.
November 2015 Paris attacks	call solidarity islam january following attacks.sales french flag french rarely displayed prior attacks increased dramatically attacks.on december bonne bière café reopened adorned banner defiant slogan je suis en terrasse im terrace.street cleaner told france city removed six truckloads wilted flowers several kilograms candles memorials placed around shooting scenes didnt really want get rid things feels bit like cemetery flowers.national government president hollande issued statement asking french people remain strong face attacks.also visited bataclan theatre vowed mercilessly fight terrorism.
November 2015 Paris attacks	hollande chaired emergency meeting french cabinet night directed national security council meet next morning.authorities urged residents paris stay indoors safety declared state emergency.hollande cancelled trip g antalya summit attacks instead sending foreign minister laurent fabius finance minister michel sapin representatives.november hollande announced three days national mourning.november hollande convened special congress french parliament address attack lay legislative diplomatic plans wanted take response them.
November 2015 Paris attacks	proposals included extension state emergency three months changes french constitution one would enable france protect dual citizens might pose risk increase military attacks isil.on december french government published guide form cartoon survive terrorist attack.guide posted public places available online.in july french government published report commission inquiry presided georges fenech possible security failings relating terrorist attacks paris.report recommended establishment single national antiterrorism agency.in august minister interior bernard cazeneuve stated radicalised mosques hate preachers expelled france since .military november french air force launched biggest airstrike opération chammal bombing campaign isil sending aircraft drop bombs raqqa city isil based.november french air force carried airstrikes isil targets raqqa including command centre training camp.on november french aircraft carrier charles de gaulle left home port toulon heading towards eastern mediterranean support bombing operations carried international coalition.
November 2015 Paris attacks	decision taken november attacks accelerated events.french authorities regularly gave detailed information us authorities whereabouts highranking members syriairaq zone tracked killed.cooperation led american air strikes able kill planners november attacks.united states authorities cooperated consider terrorist attacks hadnt happened france would happened us instead.public applications join french army around – per day rose week following attacks higher rise charlie hebdo shooting january.domestic politics major political parties including hollandes governing socialist party marine le pens national front nicolas sarkozys republicans temporarily suspended election campaigns upcoming french regional elections.
November 2015 Paris attacks	nationwide minute silence noon president hollande several ministers observed ceremony paris sorbonne university.on november hollande reaffirmed frances commitment accept syrian refugees next two years.despite doubts terror attack sown peoples minds.announcement drew standing ovation gathering french mayors.however election campaign regional elections france begin december marine le pen leader farright front national party vying president nordpas de calais area recommending hardline security measures.getting great deal media attention strong antiimmigrant stance may helping sway public opinion across france.influx migrants must stopped le pen told cbc interview.
November 2015 Paris attacks	le pen well opinion polls early december .since elections would start weeks paris attacks thought getting dividends timing fear terrorism still strong.european union jeanclaude juncker president european commission rejected calls rethink european unions policy migration.dismissing suggestions open borders led attacks juncker said believed attacks met stronger display liberal values including internal open borders.european commission vicepresident federica mogherini eu defence ministers unanimously backed frances request help military missions.the united kingdom stated intent help france operations syria countries intend aid france taking activities africa.
November 2015 Paris attacks	germany announced sending troops mali military trainers kurdish forces iraq december voted favour deploying aircraft frigate effort aid french forces syria.the attacks prompted european officials reevaluate stance eu policy toward migrants especially light ongoing european migrant crisis.many german officials believed higher level scrutiny needed criticised german chancellor angela merkel german vicechancellor sigmar gabriel defended her.french interior minister bernard cazeneuve said would meet eu ministers discuss deal terrorism across european union.meeting reports indicated schengen area border controls tightened eu citizens entering leaving passport checks systematic screening biometric databases.polands european affairs minister designate konrad szymański declared saw possibility enacting recent eu refugee relocation scheme.new prime minister poland beata szydło said would ask eu change decision refugee quotas.szydło said poland would honour commitment made previous government accommodate refugees.hungarys prime minister viktor orbán rejected concept mandatory resettlement quotas.czech prime minister bohuslav sobotka criticised president miloš zeman supporting antiislamic groups spreading hatred according reuters whose report added sobotka government deporting migrants.
November 2015 Paris attacks	intelligence review shortly attacks intelligence staff multiple countries began review electronic surveillance recorded attacks.adam schiff ranking democratic member united states house permanent select committee intelligence said know intercepted communications would provided warning attacks.one source said french national police met german police intelligence services month attack discuss suspicions terrorists staking possible targets france.exact targets known time.police germany stopped car november arrested driver confiscated weapons may connected paris attacks.some attackers known law enforcement officials prior attacks least attackers residences molenbeek area brussels noted links extremist activities.counterterrorism expert said fact perpetrators known authorities suggests intelligence pretty good ability act lacking.number europeans links syria makes difficult security services keep track all.on december belgian newspaper de morgen reported police oversight body known committee p investigating prior warnings school radicalisation one attackers bilal hadfi reported belgian law enforcement.on march italian police arrested yearold algerian man suspicion helping authors paris attacks belonging islamic state group.
November 2015 Paris attacks	reported guaranteed availability forged documents paris attackers.security changes france response attacks france put état durgence state emergency first time since riots borders temporarily closed soldiers called help police maintain order paris.plan blanc île de france plan rouge global two contingency plans times emergency immediately activated.flights charles de gaulle airport orly airport mostly unaffected.american airlines delayed flights paris notice.many paris métro stations th th arrondissements shut attacks.
November 2015 Paris attacks	uber suspended car hails paris attacks.all state schools universities paris remained closed next day.sports events france weekend – november postponed cancelled.disneyland paris operated every day since opening closed parks mark respect died attacks.eiffel tower paris landmark visited people day closed two days.venues remain closed included shops cinemas.
November 2015 Paris attacks	protests banned november bands u foo fighters motörhead coldplay cancelled performances paris.the week november hollande planning travel us russia discuss greater international cooperation isil.state emergency november president hollande declared state emergency.on november senate france agreed extend current state emergency three months measure gave police extra powers detention arrest intended increase security expense personal liberties.effects see also nice truck attackraids house arrests state emergency.public demonstrations environmental activists cop held paris november december prevented happening state emergency regulations others allowed.a next time state emergency extended end july .extensions followed attack nice july .
November 2015 Paris attacks	belgium belgium immediately november tightened security along border france increased security checks people arriving france.starting november government belgium imposed security lockdown brussels including closure shops schools public transportation due information potential terrorist attacks wake series coordinated attacks paris.one perpetrators attack belgianborn french national salah abdeslam thought hiding city.result warnings serious imminent threat terror alert level raised highest level four across brussels metropolitan area people advised congregate publicly effectively putting city lockdown.international cities united states took security precautions especially sites large crowds expected well sports events concerts french embassy french government sites.william j. bratton new york city police commissioner said paris attacks changed way law enforcement deals security.
November 2015 Paris attacks	singapore raised national security alert level stepping border checks security across citystate.police military authorities manila placed full alert preparation apec economic leaders meeting.international reactions many heads state heads government well united nations offered messages condolence solidarity wake attacks.the u.s. house representatives passed bill made difficult syrian iraqi refugees enter united states.least governors u.s. states declared would refuse accept syrian refugees.muslim officials muslim heads state scholars imams leaders groups condemned attacks many isil claimed responsibility.
November 2015 Paris attacks	included imam heads university alazhar egypt supreme council religious scholars saudi arabia iranian president hassan rouhani ahmadiyya caliph mirza masroor ahmad.syrian president bashar alassad condemned attacks added frances support syrian rebel groups contributed spread terrorism.france particularly vocal opponent assad syrian civil war.ahrar ashsham jaysh alislam major mainstream islamist rebels syrian regime condemned attacks.sayyed hassan nasrallah leader hezbollah condemned attacks expressed solidarity french people.militant groups also condemned attacks including hamas islamic jihad movement palestine.the alnusra front syrian branch alqaeda praised attacks saying even though viewed isil dogs hellfire applauded infidels get attacked isil.related incidents hanover bombing plot days attacks november football friendly set played hdiarena hanover germany present stade de france paris attacks netherlands cancelled thousands football fans evacuated arena following bomb threat.
November 2015 Paris attacks	match hailed symbol freedom paris attacks set attended show solidarity france german chancellor angela merkel vicechancellor sigmar gabriel several german government ministers well dutch defence minister jeanine hennisplasschaert health sport minister edith schippers.according french intelligence dossier five bombings prepared detonated around stadium named fivemember terror cell series coordinated bomb attacks.german authorities refused give details findings interior minister thomas de maiziere claiming answers would alarm public.police claimed found explosives german newspapers published allegations coverup claimed paramedic witnessed explosives hidden ambulance stadium told special forces scene talk it.another newspaper claimed truck bomb disguised ambulance.three police officers disciplined leaking information alleged bomb finds.at time also hanover tui arena evacuated concert band soehne mannheims train station closed suspicious device found.
November 2015 Paris attacks	later evening two air france flights headed united states paris diverted salt lake city halifax nova scotia bomb threats.events followed previous day football match set played brussels belgium spain also cancelled security concerns.brussels raids march belgian police carried raid house suburb forest brussels.police statement said raid related paris attacks.four police officers wounded raid manhunt escaped suspects followed.on march raids molenbeek area brussels.
November 2015 Paris attacks	two suspects reportedly injured one raid third suspect killed.five people one identified salah abdeslam suspected accomplice paris attacks arrested raid.media depictions one people present bataclan theatre november terrorist attacks french artist works pseudonym fred dewilde.october published graphic novel firsthand experience tragic events named mon bataclan.june gédéon jules naudet released documentary november attack paris.
FreeBSD	see also notes references external links paris attacks government france websiteinvestigation france timeline updates new york timestimeline updates bbc newstimeline updates cnnnovember attack paris imdbfirst version freebsd released .freebsd popular opensource bsd operating system accounting threequarters installed simply permissively licensed bsd systems.freebsd similarities linux two major differences scope licensing freebsd maintains complete system i.e.project delivers kernel device drivers userland utilities documentation opposed linux delivering kernel drivers relying thirdparties system software freebsd source code generally released permissive bsd license opposed copyleft gpl used linux.the freebsd project includes security team overseeing software shipped base distribution.wide range additional thirdparty applications may installed binary packages using pkg package management system source via freebsd ports manually compiling source code.much freebsds codebase become integral part operating systems darwin basis macos ios ipados watchos tvos truenas opensource nassan operating system system software playstation playstation game consoles.history background professor bob fabry university california berkeley acquired unix source license att.
FreeBSD	supported funding darpa computer systems research group started modify improve att research unix.called modified version berkeley unix berkeley software distribution bsd implementing features tcpip virtual memory berkeley fast file system.bsd project founded bill joy.since bsd contained code att unix recipients first get license att order use bsd.in june networking release simply net – first public version bsd – released.releasing net keith bostic developer bsd suggested replacing att code freelyredistributable code original bsd license.
FreeBSD	work replacing att code began months much att code replaced.however six files containing att code remained kernel.bsd developers decided release networking release net without six files.net released .birth freebsd several months release net william lynne jolitz wrote replacements six att files ported bsd intel based microprocessors called new operating system bsd.

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