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Cyber resilience
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httpwww.hp.comhvgetdocument.aspxconcept essentially brings areas information security business continuity organizational resilience together.entities potential need cyber resilience abilities include limited systems critical infrastructure business processes organizations societies nationstates.adverse cyber events negatively impact availability integrity confidentiality networked systems associated information services.events may intentional e.g.cyber attack unintentional e.g.failed software update caused humans nature combination thereof.the objective cyber resilience maintain entitys ability deliver intended outcome continuously times.
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Cyber resilience
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means even regular delivery mechanisms failed crisis security breach.concept also includes ability restore recover regular delivery mechanisms events well ability continuously change modify delivery mechanisms needed face new risks.backups disaster recovery operations part process restoring delivery mechanisms.frameworks resilience defined presidential policy directive ppd ability prepare adapt changing conditions withstand recover rapidly disruptions.cyber resilience focuses preventative detective reactive controls information technology environment assess gaps drive enhancements overall security posture entity.
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Cyber resilience
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cyber resilience review crr one framework assessment entitys resiliency created department homeland security.another framework created symantec based pillars prepareidentify protect detect respond recover.the national institute standards technologys special publication volume offers framework engineering secure reliable systems—treating adverse cyber events resiliency security issues.particular identifies fourteen techniques used improve resiliency difference cyber security cyber security consists technologies processes measures designed protect systems networks data cyber crimes.effective cyber security reduces risk cyber attack protects entities organisations individuals deliberate exploitation systems networks technologies.cyber resilience looks wider scope comprises cyber security business resilience.
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Cyber resilience
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cyber security effective without compromising usability systems robust continuity business plan resume operations cyber attack successful.cyber resilience helps businesses recognize hackers advantage innovative tools element surprise target successful attempt.concept helps business prepare prevent respond successfully recover intended secure state.cultural shift organization sees security fulltime job embedded security best practices daytoday operations.comparison cyber security cyber resilience requires business think differently agile handling attacks.see also critical infrastructure protectiondecentralizationinternet censorshippeertopeerproactive cyber defenseresilience organizational references
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Business failure
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profitable business fail generate adequate cash flow meet expenses.reasons businesses fail result wars recessions high taxation high interest rates excessive regulations poor management decisions insufficient marketing inability compete similar businesses lack interest public businesss offerings.businesses may choose shut prior expected failure.others may continue operate forced court order.the small business administration article small business failure lists additional reasons failure michael ames book small business managementlack experienceuntrusted sales representativeinsufficient capitalpoor inventory managementoverinvestment fixed assetsbusinesss finance mismanagementpoor business locationpoor credit arrangement managementunexpected growthengaging wrong business nicheinability recover major business interruptiona study published turnaround management society assesses business crises caused mistakes upper management.frequent causes crisis management continued strategy longer working company .
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Business failure
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lost touch market customers want adapt changes occurring around .. clear strategy communicated well operational areas one uses builds usps desirable every company often case.incorrect strategic decisions .often made lack clear strategy significant impact company’s financial position market.there many opinions important reason businesses failpeter drucker claimed important reason businesses fail management didnt ask business clear sharp form.eric t. wagner years experience serial entrepreneur says entrepreneurs fail developing new products retreat cave instead thoroughly understanding customers needs.survey australian sme business owners found business failure likely inability manage costs.dr.christoph lymbersky analysed internal causes timeline years shows lack financial control becoming less less relevant crisis factor.
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Business failure
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inadequate financial control still contributed percent corporate crises.survey percent restructuring consultants reported inadequate financial control cause decline.according study industry canada main reason business failure inexperienced management.managers bankrupt firms experience knowledge vision run businesses.m.victor janulaitis surveyed organization disaster recovery business continuity plans fail found months small midsized business able reopen doors.events occur liquidation closing business may dissolved assets redistributed filing articles dissolution.
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Business failure
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business operates multiple locations may continue operate close locations underperforming case manufacturer cease production products selling well.failing companies purchased new owner may able run company better merged another company take operations.businesses save bankruptcy bankruptcy protection thereby allowing restructure.several consequences towards ownersshareholders limited liability finance continuity shareholder want continue business.covid pandemic see also debtrelated failuresinsolvencybankruptcyliquidationbank failurebank runsupply shockdemand shockdemandpull inflationcostpush inflation references httpsweb.archive.orgwebhttp external links httpsmallbiztrends.comstartupfailurerates.htmlhttpsmallbiztrends.comhowdoentrepreneurscomeupwithnewbusinessideas.htmlhttpsweb.archive.orgwebhttp article incorporates public domain material websites documents small business administration.
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Preparedness
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use bcvs detached active data storage point time mounted noncritical servers facilitate offline backup parallel processing.offline processes completed bcvs eitherdiscardedreattached resynchronized production data againused source recover production data types two types bcvsa clone bcv traditional method uses onetoone separate physical storage splitable disk mirrorleast impact production performancehigh cost additional storagepersistent usagea snapshot bcv uses copy write algorithm production volumeuses small additional storage holds changes made production volumelower cost additional storagereads writes impact performance production storageonce snapshot storage fills snapshot becomes invalid unusableshortterm usage referencesactions include physical preparations emergency supplies depots adapting buildings survive earthquakes trainings emergency action.preparedness important quality achieving goals avoiding mitigating negative outcomes.there different types preparedness public health preparedness local emergency preparedness snow preparedness probably developed type disaster preparedness defined united nations involving forecasting taking precautionary measures imminent threat warnings possible.includes natural disasters kinds severe damage caused relatively short period including warfare.preparedness major phase emergency management particularly valued areas competition sport military science.methods preparation include research estimation planning resourcing education practicing rehearsing.legislation regarding preparedness united states legislation pandemic allhazards preparedness reauthorization act h.r.
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Preparedness
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th congress public response emergency preparedness prep act enacted develop emergency personnel procedures drills plans needed event emergency.organizations promoting preparedness canada center preparedness federally incorporated notforprofit organization promotes preparedness.various organizations provide emergency kit use globally thousands institutesfirms provides emergency kit training common people well kids around globe.preparedness whole community activity united states hurricane katrina preparedness largely viewed responsibility first responders emergency services.aftermath katrina became evident first responders become overwhelmed largescale disaster unable effectively respond emergency.
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Preparedness
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individual preparedness must undertaken ready handle disaster.idea whole community preparedness working together everyone keep nation safe harm resilient struck hazards natural disasters acts terrorism pandemics.federal emergency management agency fema individuals families businesses faithbased community groups profitable groups schools academia media outlets levels governments must take active role preparedness efforts.disaster affect whole community everyone must ready making plan informed taking action mitigate effects future disasters.see also references external links dictionary definition preparedness wiktionary media related preparedness wikimedia commons
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Disaster
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developing countries suffer greatest costs disaster hits – deaths caused hazards occur developing countries losses due natural hazards times greater percentage gdp developing countries industrialized countries.etymology word disaster derived middle french désastre old italian disastro turn comes ancient greek pejorative prefix δυσ dus bad ἀστήρ aster star.root word disaster bad star greek comes astrological sense calamity blamed position planets.classification disasters routinely divided natural humanmade although complex disasters single root cause common developing countries.specific disaster may spawn secondary disaster increases impact.
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Disaster
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classic example earthquake causes tsunami resulting coastal flooding.manufactured disasters ascribed nature smog acid rain.some researchers also differentiate recurring events seasonal flooding considered unpredictable.natural disasters natural disaster natural process phenomenon may cause loss life injury health impacts property damage loss livelihoods services social economic disruption environmental damage.various phenomena like earthquakes landslides volcanic eruptions floods hurricanes tornadoes blizzards tsunamis cyclones wildfires pandemics natural hazards kill thousands people destroy billions dollars habitat property year.however rapid growth worlds population increased concentration often hazardous environments escalated frequency severity disasters.tropical climate unstable landforms coupled deforestation unplanned growth proliferation nonengineered constructions make disasterprone areas vulnerable.
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Disaster
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developing countries suffer less chronically natural disasters due ineffective communication combined insufficient budgetary allocation disaster prevention management.artificial disasters hazards humaninstigated disasters consequence technological human hazards.examples include war social unrest stampedes fires transport accidents industrial accidents conflicts oil spills terrorist attacks nuclear explosionsnuclear radiation.other types induced disasters include cosmic scenarios catastrophic climate change nuclear war bioterrorism.one opinion argues disasters seen humanmade due human failure introduce appropriate emergency management measures.famines may caused locally drought flood fire pestilence modern times plenty food globally sustained localized shortages generally due government mismanagement violent conflict economic system distribute food needed.earthquakes mainly hazardous humancreated buildings dams avoiding earthquakegenerated tsunamis landslides largely matter location.responses following table categorizes disasters notes first response initiatives.
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Datto (company)
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see also references reading external links list disasters reliefweb united nations office coordination humanitarian affairsthe disaster roundtable national academy sciencesemdat international disaster database centre research epidemiology disastersglobal disaster alert coordination system – global disaster alert coordination system joint initiative united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs ocha european commissionunspider – unspider united nations platform spacebased information disaster management emergency response project united nations office outer space affairs unoosafounded norwalk connecticut became subsidiary vista equity partners merged autotask corporation.history founding datto founded connecticut software programmer austin mcchord mcchord initially built marketed handmade data backup devices.securing first customers afterwards built system allowed data synchronization two computers building version zenith infotech ran linux.end company monthly sales.new datto product caused old systems crash replacement system designed scratch siris released several months later free upgrade.
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Datto (company)
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sales million.following year million.global expansion september company raised million first round venture capital financing led general catalyst partners.established business model sold products primarily managed service providers.company continuing focus small midsize businesses clients susan g. komen cure several nfl teams.in datto inc. purchased backupify cloudtocloud backup company.
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Datto (company)
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backupify focused backing data servers complementing dattos focus local private clouds.in november company garnered million series b funding round mostly led technology crossover ventures.became connecticuts first unicorn company.in early datto acquired open mesh.datto acquired vista equity partners around .billion late .part deal datto merged vista portfolio company autotask corporation austin mcchord remained ceo combined company.mcchord stepped ceo october remaining board.january following announcement mcchord’s departure datto named tim weller new ceo.
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Datto (company)
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weller joined datto chief financial officer stepping chief executive role.joining datto weller cfo akamai led initial public offering cfo clean energy technology company enernoc.in october datto officially began trading new york stock exchange nyse ticker symbol “msp” selling million shares raise million ipo.in january datto announced acquired austinbased threat detection response company infocyte europe july datto acquired uk distributor paradeon technologies undisclosed sum marked start datto’s international expansion.in datto opened emea headquarters reading.datto also opened data centers iceland germany signed new distribution deals spain greece.additionally datto released siris x first available allflash bcdr product ransomware detection capability.in september datto opened new office amsterdam serve benelux regions.anz nzaus following round funding datto expanded australia new zealand opening new office based sydney late .datto acquired gluh australian company undisclosed sum july .
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Datto (company)
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gluh’s platform enables msps simplify procurement products services customers.staff facilities datto employees november employees january workers october norwalk.march number employees grown .datto employees november .products business model datto builds hardware software data backup recovery purposes.in company released siris data protection platform.
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ITGC
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rmm datto rmm cloudbased remote monitoring management platform allows msps manage infrastructure automation tools like networking monitoring patch management remote control.datto rmm includes policybased windows thirdparty software patching partners option store patch updates lan reduce bandwidth utilization download directly microsoft.see also data recovery hardwarelist networking hardware vendorslist data recovery software references external links datto.comobjectives itgcs ensure proper development implementation applications well integrity programs data files computer operations.the common itgcslogical access controls infrastructure applications data.system development life cycle controls.program change management controls.data center physical security controls.system data backup recovery controls.computer operation controls.general computer controls itgcs may also referred general computer controls gcc defined ascontrols application controls relate environment within computerbased application systems developed maintained operated therefore applicable applications.objectives general controls ensure proper development implementation applications integrity program data files computer operations.like application controls general controls may either manual programmed.examples general controls include development implementation strategy security policy organization staff separate conflicting duties planning disaster prevention recovery.
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Real-time recovery
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global technology audit guide gtag gtags written straightforward business language address timely issue related information technology management control security.date institute internal auditors iia released gtags following topicsgtag information technology controlsgtag change patch management controls critical organizational successgtag continuous auditing implications assurance monitoring risk assessmentgtag management auditinggtag managing auditing privacy risksgtag managing auditing vulnerabilitiesgtag information technology outsourcinggtag auditing application controlsgtag identity access managementgtag business continuity managementgtag developing audit plangtag auditing projectsgtag fraud prevention detection automated worldgtag auditing userdeveloped applicationsgtag formerly information security governanceremoved combined gtag gtag data analysis technologiesgtag auditing governance see also information technology controlsinternal auditinternal controlsox top–down risk assessment references gtag christine bellino jefferson wells july gtag steve hunt enterprise controls consulting lp enterprise controls consulting lp july isaca glossary terms external links institute internal auditorsinformation systems audit control associationrealtime recovery focuses appropriate technology restores thus reducing recovery time objective rto minutes recovery point objectives rpo within minutes ago minimizing test recovery objectives tro ability test validate backups occurred correctly without impacting production systems.realtime recovery new market segment backup recovery disaster recovery market addresses challenges companies historically faced regards protecting importantly recovering data.definition realtime recovery solution must contain minimum following attributes ability restore server minutes totally different virtual environment within minutes ago require use additional agents options modules accomplish this.must able restore files seconds reason anyone backups able restore.must perform sector level backups every minutes ability selfheal broken incremental chain backups part image set get corrupted deleted.must deliver improved recoverability data files databases.
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Real-time recovery
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classification data loss data loss classified three broad categoriesserver hardware failure preventing server failure difficult possible take precautions avoid total server failure user redundant power supplies raid disk sets.human error disasters major reasons failure.human error intervention may intentional unintentional cause massive failures loss entire systems data files.category data loss includes accidental erasure walkout sabotage burglary virus intrusion etc.natural disasters acts terrorism – although infrequent companies weigh risk natural disasters acts terrorism.much data loss business willing able tolerate.platforms data servers data servers either physical hosts run guest servers within virtualization platform combination both.
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Real-time recovery
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common customer environment mixture virtual physical servers.attention detail must given approach protecting data servers regular intervals.distinct advantages selecting technology virtual physical independent.would limit number technologies organizations get trained skilled purchase deploy manage maintain.ideal world reduce complexity managing multiple products protect physical virtual infrastructure reap rewards.
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Real-time recovery
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technology gets installed operating system level ensures consistency environment either physical virtual eliminates api compatibility disk volume structure limitations e.g.raw mapped devices vmfs.strategies prior selecting realtime recovery strategy solution disaster recovery planner refer organizations business continuity plan key metrics recovery point objective rpo recovery time objective various business processes process run payroll generate order email etc.. metrics specified business processes must mapped underlying systems infrastructure support processes.once recovery time objective recovery point objective metrics mapped infrastructure dr planner determine suitable recovery strategy system.business ultimately sets budget therefore rto rpo metrics need fit available budget.ideal zero data loss zero time loss cost associated level protection historically made highavailability solutions impractical unaffordable.
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Acceptance testing
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costs realtime recovery solution far less previous tapebased backup systems.referencesmay involve chemical tests physical tests performance tests.in systems engineering may involve blackbox testing performed system example piece software lots manufactured mechanical parts batches chemical products prior delivery.in software testing istqb defines acceptance testing formal testing respect user needs requirements business processes conducted determine whether system satisfies acceptance criteria enable user customers authorized entity determine whether accept system.acceptance testing also known user acceptance testing uat enduser testing operational acceptance testing oat acceptance testdriven development atdd field acceptance testing.acceptance criteria criteria system component must satisfy order accepted user customer authorized entity.a smoke test may used acceptance test prior introducing build software main testing process.overview testing set activities conducted facilitate discovery andor evaluation properties one items test.individual test known test case exercises set predefined test activities developed drive execution test item meet test objectives including correct implementation error identification quality verification valued detail.
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Acceptance testing
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test environment usually designed identical close possible anticipated production environment.includes facilities hardware software firmware procedures andor documentation intended used perform testing software.uat oat test cases ideally derived collaboration business customers business analysts testers developers.essential tests include business logic tests well operational environment conditions.business customers product owners primary stakeholders tests.test conditions successfully achieve acceptance criteria stakeholders reassured development progressing right direction.user acceptance test uat criteria agile software development usually created business customers expressed business domain language.
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Acceptance testing
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highlevel tests verify completeness user story stories played sprintiteration.operational acceptance test oat criteria regardless using agile iterative sequential development defined terms functional nonfunctional requirements covering key quality attributes functional stability portability reliability.process acceptance test suite may need performed multiple times test cases may executed within single test iteration.the acceptance test suite run using predefined acceptance test procedures direct testers data use stepbystep processes follow expected result following execution.actual results retained comparison expected results.actual results match expected results test case test case said pass.quantity nonpassing test cases breach projects predetermined threshold test suite said pass.
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Acceptance testing
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system may either rejected accepted conditions previously agreed sponsor manufacturer.the anticipated result successful test executiontest cases executed using predetermined dataactual results recordedactual expected results compared andtest results determined.the objective provide confidence developed product meets functional nonfunctional requirements.purpose conducting acceptance testing completed provided acceptance criteria met expected sponsors signoff product developmentenhancement satisfying defined requirements previously agreed business product providerdeveloper.user acceptance testing user acceptance testing uat consists process verifying solution works user.system testing ensuring software crash meets documented requirements rather ensures solution work user i.e.tests user accepts solution software vendors often refer beta testing.this testing undertaken subjectmatter expert sme preferably owner client solution test provide summary findings confirmation proceed trial review.
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Acceptance testing
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software development uat one final stages project often occurs client customer accepts new system.users system perform tests line would occur reallife scenarios.it important materials given tester similar materials end user have.testers given reallife scenarios three common difficult tasks users represent undertake.the uat acts final verification required business functionality proper functioning system emulating realworld conditions behalf paying client specific large customer.software works required without issues normal use one reasonably extrapolate level stability production.user tests usually performed clients endusers normally focus identifying simple cosmetic problems spelling errors showstopper defects software crashes testers developers identify fix issues earlier unit testing integration testing system testing phases.uat executed test scenarios.test scenarios usually differ system functional test cases represent player user journey.
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Acceptance testing
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broad nature test scenario ensures focus journey technical systemspecific details staying away clickbyclick test steps allow variance users behaviour.test scenarios broken logical days usually actor playercustomeroperator system backoffice front end changes.in industry common uat factory acceptance test fat.test takes place installation equipment.time testers check equipment meets specification also fully functional.fat usually includes check completeness verification contractual requirements proof functionality either simulation conventional function test final inspection.the results tests give clients confidence system perform production.
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Acceptance testing
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may also legal contractual requirements acceptance system.operational acceptance testing operational acceptance testing oat used conduct operational readiness prerelease product service system part quality management system.oat common type nonfunctional software testing used mainly software development software maintenance projects.type testing focuses operational readiness system supported andor become part production environment.acceptance testing extreme programming acceptance testing term used agile software development methodologies particularly extreme programming referring functional testing user story software development team implementation phase.the customer specifies scenarios test user story correctly implemented.
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Acceptance testing
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story one many acceptance tests whatever takes ensure functionality works.acceptance tests blackbox system tests.acceptance test represents expected result system.customers responsible verifying correctness acceptance tests reviewing test scores decide failed tests highest priority.acceptance tests also used regression tests prior production release.
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Acceptance testing
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user story considered complete passed acceptance tests.means new acceptance tests must created iteration development team report zero progress.types acceptance testing typical types acceptance testing include followinguser acceptance testingthis may include factory acceptance testing fat i.e.testing done vendor product system moved destination site site acceptance testing sat may performed users site.operational acceptance testingalso known operational readiness testing refers checking done system ensure processes procedures place allow system used maintained.may include checks done backup facilities procedures disaster recovery training end users maintenance procedures security procedures.contract regulation acceptance testingin contract acceptance testing system tested acceptance criteria documented contract system accepted.
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Acceptance testing
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regulation acceptance testing system tested ensure meets governmental legal safety standards.factory acceptance testingacceptance testing conducted site product developed performed employees supplier organization determine whether component system satisfies requirements normally including hardware well software.alpha beta testingalpha testing takes place developers sites involves testing operational system internal staff released external customers.beta testing takes place customers sites involves testing group customers use system locations provide feedback system released customers.latter often called field testing.list acceptancetesting frameworks concordion specification example sbe frameworkconcordion.net acceptance testing .netcucumber behaviordriven development bdd acceptance test frameworkcapybara acceptance test framework ruby web applicationsbehat bdd acceptance framework phplettuce bdd acceptance framework pythonfabasoft app.test automated acceptance testsframework integrated test fitfitnesse fork fitgauge software test automation framework thoughtworksimacrositsnat java ajax web framework builtin server based functional web testing capabilities.maveryx test automation framework functional testing regression testing gui testing datadriven codeless testing desktop web applications.mocha popular web acceptance test framework based javascript node.jsranorexrobot frameworkseleniumspecification example specswatir see also acceptance samplingconference room pilotdevelopment stagedynamic testingengineering validation testgrey box testingtestdriven developmentwhite box testingfunctional testing manufacturing references reading hambling brian van goethem pauline .user acceptance testing step step guide.
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RSS
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swindon bcs learning development ltd. isbn .external links acceptance test engineering guide microsoft patterns practicesusing customer tests drive development methods toolsacceptance tdd explained methods toolssubscribing rss feeds allow user keep track many different websites single news aggregator constantly monitor sites new content removing need user manually check them.news aggregators rss readers built browser installed desktop computer installed mobile device.websites usually use rss feeds publish frequently updated information blog entries news headlines episodes audio video series distributing podcasts.rss document called feed web feed channel includes full summarized text metadata like publishing date authors name.rss formats specified using generic xml file.although rss formats evolved early march rss gained widespread use icon decided upon several major web browsers.rss feed data presented users using software called news aggregator passing content called web syndication.
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RSS
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users subscribe feeds either entering feeds uri reader clicking browsers feed icon.rss reader checks users feeds regularly new information automatically download function enabled.history rss formats preceded several attempts web syndication achieve widespread popularity.basic idea restructuring information websites goes back early ramanathan v. guha others apples advanced technology group developed meta content framework.rdf site summary first version rss created dan libby ramanathan v. guha netscape.released march use my.netscape.com portal.
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RSS
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version became known rss .. july dan libby netscape produced new version rss .which simplified format removing rdf elements incorporating elements dave winers news syndication format.libby also renamed format rdf rss rich site summary outlined development format futures document.this would netscapes last participation rss development eight years.rss embraced web publishers wanted feeds used my.netscape.com early rss portals netscape dropped rss support my.netscape.com april new owner aols restructuring company also removing documentation tools supported format.two parties emerged fill void neither netscapes help approval rssdev working group dave winer whose userland software published first publishing tools outside netscape could read write rss.winer published modified version rss .specification userland website covering used companys products claimed copyright document.months later userland filed u.s. trademark registration rss failed respond uspto trademark examiners request request rejected december .the rssdev working group project whose members included aaron swartz guha representatives oreilly media moreover produced rss .december .
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RSS
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new version reclaimed name rdf site summary rss .reintroduced support rdf added xml namespaces support adopting elements standard metadata vocabularies dublin core.in december winer released rss .a minor set changes aside introduction enclosure element permitted audio files carried rss feeds helped spark podcasting.also released drafts rss .rss .subsequently withdrawn.in september winer released major new version format rss .
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RSS
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redubbed initials really simple syndication.rss .removed type attribute added rss .draft added support namespaces.preserve backward compatibility rss .
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RSS
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namespace support applies content included within rss .feed rss .elements themselves.although standards atom attempt correct limitation rss feeds aggregated content often enough shift popularity rss formats full namespace support.because neither winer rssdev working group netscapes involvement could make official claim rss name format.fueled ongoing controversy syndication development community entity proper publisher rss.one product contentious debate creation alternative syndication format atom began june .
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RSS
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atom syndication format whose creation part motivated desire get clean start free issues surrounding rss adopted ietf proposed standard rfc .in july winer userland software assigned copyright rss .specification harvards berkman klein center internet society begun term visiting fellow.time winer launched rss advisory board brent simmons jon udell group whose purpose maintain publish specification answer questions format.in september stephen horlander created ubiquitous rss icon use mozilla firefox browser.in december microsoft internet explorer team andmicrosoft outlook team announced blogs adopting firefoxs rss icon.february opera software followed suit.effectively made orange square white radio waves industry standard rss atom feeds replacing large variety icons text used previously identify syndication data.in january rogers cadenhead relaunched rss advisory board without dave winers participation stated desire continue development rss format resolve ambiguities.
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RSS
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june board revised version specification confirm namespaces may extend core elements namespace attributes microsoft done internet explorer .according view difference interpretation left publishers unsure whether permitted forbidden.example rss xmlformatted plain text.rss format relatively easy read automated processes humans alike.example feed could contents following aggregators retrieved rss reading software could use xml structure present neat display end users.
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RSS
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various news aggregator software desktop mobile devices rss also builtin inside web browsers email clients like mozilla thunderbird.variants several different versions rss falling two major branches rdf ..the rdf rss .branch includes following versionsrss .original netscape rss version.rss called rdf site summary based early working draft rdf standard compatible final rdf recommendation.rss .
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RSS
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open format rssdev working group standing rdf site summary.rss .rdf format like rss .fully compatible since .based final rdf .
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RSS
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recommendation.rss .also open format intended update replace rss .. specification independent draft supported endorsed way rssdev working group organization.the rss .branch initially userland harvard includes following versionsrss .simplified rss version released netscape also version number simplified version originally championed dave winer userland software.netscape version called rich site summary longer rdf format relatively easy use.rss .
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RSS
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.expansions rss .format mostly compatible winers version rss .compatible rss ..rss .. internal version number .. rss .. proclaimed frozen still updated shortly release without changing version number.rss stood really simple syndication.
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RSS
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major change version explicit extension mechanism using xml namespaces.later versions branch backwardcompatible earlier versions aside nonconformant rdf syntax .versions include properly documented extension mechanisms using xml namespaces either directly .branch rdf .branch.syndication software supports branches.
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RSS
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myth rss compatibility article written rss critic atom advocate mark pilgrim discusses rss version compatibility issues detail.the extension mechanisms make possible branch copy innovations other.example rss .branch first support enclosures making current leading choice podcasting format supported use itunes podcasting software however enclosure extension available rss .branch modenclosure.likewise rss .
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RSS
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core specification support providing fulltext addition synopsis rss .markup often used extension.also several common outside extension packages available e.g.one microsoft use internet explorer .the serious compatibility problem html markup.userlands rss reader—generally considered reference implementation—did originally filter html markup feeds.
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RSS
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result publishers began placing html markup titles descriptions items rss feeds.behavior become expected readers point becoming de facto standard.though still inconsistency software handles markup particularly titles.rss .specification later updated include examples entityencoded html however prior plain text usages remain valid.as january tracking data indicates three main versions rss current use .
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RSS
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..constituting worldwide rss usage respectively.figures however include usage rival web feed format atom.august syndic.com website indexing total feeds dialect atom dialect rss.
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RSS
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modules primary objective rss modules extend basic xml schema established robust syndication content.inherently allows diverse yet standardized transactions without modifying core rss specification.to accomplish extension tightly controlled vocabulary rss world module xml world schema declared xml namespace give names concepts relationships concepts.some rss .modules established namespaces aremedia rss mrss .moduleopensearch rss .module interoperability although number items rss channel theoretically unlimited news aggregators support rss files larger kb.
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RSS
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example applications rely common feed list windows might handle files corrupt open them.interoperability maximized keeping file size limit.podcasts distributed using rss.listen podcast user adds rss feed podcast client client list available episodes download stream listening viewing.included podcast directory feed must episode provide title description artwork category language explicit rating.services specifically indexes search engine podcasts.some bittorrent clients support rss.
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RSS
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rss feeds provide links .torrent files allow users subscribe automatically download content soon published.rss email services deliver rss email inbox sending updates users personal selection schedules.examples services include ifttt zapier others.conversely services deliver email rss readers.services like e. g. gmane allow subscribe feeds via nntp.it may noted email clients thunderbird supports rss natively.
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RSS
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rss compared atom rss atom widely supported compatible major consumer feed readers.rss gained wider use early feed reader support.technically atom several advantages less restrictive licensing ianaregistered mime type xml namespace uri support relax ng support.the following table shows rss elements alongside atom elements equivalent.note asterisk character indicates element must provided atom elements author link required certain conditions.current usage several major sites facebook twitter previously offered rss feeds reduced removed support.additionally widely used readers shiira feeddemon particularly google reader discontinued cited declining popularity rss.rss support removed os x mountain lions versions mail safari although features partially restored safari .
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RSS
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mozilla removed rss support mozilla firefox version .joining google chrome microsoft edge include rss support thus leaving internet explorer last major browser include rss support default.google podcasts proven popular podcast service using rss.since late uptick rss interest again.wired published article named time rss revival citing rss gives control content compared algorithms trackers social media sites.time feedly popular rss reader.
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RSS
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see also json feedaaron swartzcomparison feed aggregatorsdata portabilityfeedsync previously simple sharing extensionshatommashup web application hybridwebsub notes references external links rss .specificationrss .specificationrss .specificationsrss .specificationhistory rss fork mark pilgrimbuilding rss feed tutorial example
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Sungard Availability Services
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company uses experience recovery design build run production environments resilient available.with business professionals company manages mobile facilities staged strategic locations hardened data centers workplace recovery facilities connected redundant global dedicated network backbone.history sungard data systems sds formed leveraged buyout division sun oil company.sungard data systems went public ipo listed nasdaq sndt.listing shifted nyse sds.in sungard acquired comdisco’s business continuity services extending company’s reach europe.additional acquisitions guardian inflow extended company’s reach.in sds purchased transaction valued .
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Sungard Availability Services
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billion team led silverlake.additional sds acquisitions followed including purchase vericenter provide managed hosting production availability acquisition hosting limited irelandbased hosted infrastructure provider managed services cloud offerings.on april sungard availability services split sungard data systems become independent company.in april sungard announced would file chapter bankruptcy protection part consensual agreement majority creditors reduce nearly .billion debt twothirds.on may sungard successfully completed financial restructuring emerged prepackaged chapter .services sungard availability services offers production recovery services include infrastructure cloud computing disaster recovery workplace recovery.infrastructure services include traditional colocation enhanced megaport cloud connectivity august september .
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Economic Recovery Plan 2021
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cloud services include public private cloud services leverage technologies dell technologies vmware amazon web services.awards april sungard availability services received highest score strategy current offering categories among eight vendors included forrester wave disasterrecoveryasaservice providers q .in june sungard availability services listed contender forrester wave hosted private cloud services north america q forrester wave hosted private cloud services europe q .referencesbillion stimulus package announced government ireland june achieve rapid job creation economic growth covid pandemic.plan sets new phase supports investment policies new stage economic recovery renewal new measures businesses affected sectors details existing emergency pandemic financial supports including covid restrictions support scheme employment wage subsidy scheme pandemic unemployment payment giving certainty businesses employees need most.four pillars plan economic recovery plan broken four pillarshelping people back work – reaching .million people work .extension supportsemployment wage subsidy scheme ewss pandemic unemployment payment pup extended rest phased adjustmentspractical supports individual advice cv preparation work placementsexpanded jobs plus scheme placesworkplace experience programme participants upskilling reskillingaccelerated availability extra education training placesinvestment €m education training solas recovery skills programme additional apprenticeships per annum building sustainable businesses – helping business recover embrace new opportunities.extension enhancementextension enhancement covid restrictions support scheme crssextension commercial rates waiver debt warehousing schemesnew business resumption support schemesme entrepreneurship growth plan – additional smes begin exporting end ida strategy – aims win total investments support creation jobssupport planning sectors particularly impacted pandemiclower tourism vat rate extended september live performance support scheme lpssmusic entertainment business assistance schemenew events sector support schemefáilte ireland initiatives including business continuity schemeroadmap aviation recoverybuilding resilient productive innovative businesses futuredigital transformation enterprise fundnational artificial intelligence strategytechnological university fundnational grand challenges programmerecovery – building lessons pandemic.supporting digital green economy€ million funding european recovery resilience facilityretrofit loan schemebalanced regional developmentupdated national development planbrexit adjustment reserve € billionremote working strategyfair recoverysocial dialoguestatutory sick paywellbeing frameworkjust transition key elements plan substantial extension employment wage subsidy scheme ewss pandemic unemployment payment pup covid restrictions support scheme crss considerable enhancement ewss crssthe employment wage subsidy scheme extended beyond june december pandemic unemployment payment extended full existing claimants beyond june september.scheme close new applicants july recognition stage new job layoffs directly attributable public health restrictionsthe current weekly rates support gradually reduced three phases € increments.
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Blue Lake (New York)
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first phase rate changes apply september provided progress reopening continues.two phases changes take place following months november february progress continues expectedpup claims students extended start college year final payment september.addition € million assistance provide supports forthcoming academic year students impacted covidcomplimented range initiatives including extension commercial rates waiver new additional business resumption support scheme extension tax debt warehousing schemecontinuing provide supports worstaffected sectors including aviation tourism events continue reopen including extension vat rate tourism hospitality sector supports live entertainment events sector roadmap aviation sectora roadmap recovery path aviation sector rooted reopening international travel supports workers sectoral specific supportsnonessential travel return july travel within european union area ireland operating eu digital covid certificateas part governments support tourism sector lower tourism hospitality vat rate extended september fáilte ireland continue support initiatives including business continuity scheme equivalent schemesstrategic investment drive digital green transition well supporting social economic recovery job creationoverarching ambition exceed precrisis employment levels reaching .million people work help people back work new sustainable job opportunities increased activation reskilling upskilling opportunitiesa pathway strong resilient economy aligned government’s green digital ambitionslearn lessons pandemic building balanced inclusive recovery leverages new ways working improving labour market supports living standardsensuring sustainable public finances lasting recovery see also july jobs stimulus references external links gov.ie – economic recovery planlake contains number fish species including brown trout rainbow trout largemouth bass chain pickerel panfish.fishing permitted lake boat launch within state park gas motors allowed.as blue lake reservoir system operated suez north america formerly united water supplies drinking water blue lake people.history blue lake created stream originating little cedar pond northwest dammed inundating area.international nickel company inco purchased property overlooking lake built facility.facility ceased operation late included headquarters office research center called paul d. merica laboratory.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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remaining vacant decades old inco facility replaced newly constructed world headquarters jehovahs witnesses.facility adjacent blue lake owned ibm.originally built early hosts business continuity recovery center.referencesinitial cabillion aid package announced march justin trudeau.the first measures implemented covid emergency response act received royal assent governor general julie payette march .modifications existing programs existing federal social security programs modified provide additional financial support recipients.canada child benefit payments given onetime increase per child goods services tax gst credit tax year doubled personal income tax deadlines extended.catherine mckenna minister infrastructure communities also announced april federal government seeking shovelready infrastructure projects receive stimulus funding.income support programs cerb march – september canada emergency response benefit cerb french prestation canadienne durgence program provided taxable benefit caper month canadian residents facing unemployment due covid pandemic.initially announced providing maximum four months financial support federal government announced two months support june another month august .benefit jointly administered employment social development canada esdc canada revenue agency cra eligible persons either applying esdcs service canada online portal cra online portal.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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eligible applicants must attest quit job voluntarily earned least ca tax year preceding months stopped working working reduced hours due covid earning less ca employment selfemployment income.within one week cerb programs launch april nearly .million canadians applied benefit grew .million april .april eligibility cerb expanded include seasonal workers persons exhausted employment insurance ei regular sickness benefits returned work still earn less ca per month due reduced hours lower demand.employment minister carla qualtrough announced july cerb would wound following final extension one month.cerb recipients still unemployed transitioned regular ei system qualify ei transitioned one three new recovery benefit programs.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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cerb ended september revamped ei program implemented.approximately .million canadians applied cerb end date.cerb repayment late cra sent letters asking full partial repayment cerb canadians due ineligibility.individuals urged repay benefit december avoid tax issues.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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confusion eligibility arose language used describe could receive cerb requirement net income vs. gross income.cra later admitted semantics unclear.cesb may – august due lack summer employment available postsecondary students graduating high school students canadian government introduced canada emergency student benefit cesb french prestation canadienne durgence pour les étudiants counterpart cerb help students.students cannot find employment unable work due covid pandemic eligible ca per month may august .cesb applicants disability caring dependents receive additional increasing monthly amount equivalent cerb payment.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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recovery benefits september – october crb october federal government rolled new income support program canada recovery benefit crb designed support normally qualify ei example selfemployed.benefit pays pretaxed per week weeks canadians applied program first day launching.eligible canadians must unemployed reduction average weekly income compared previous year due covid.participant makes annual salary .every dollar earned crb would paid back participant still taking it.the crb available eligible individuals allocated amount time september september .
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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individuals travelled internationally eligible receive benefit period working due mandatory quarantine requirements.in march government extended crb benefit weeks periods.first weeks periods provide pretaxed every twoweek period final eight weeks four periods provide pretaxed.total program scheduled end september .august government extended program weeks periods october .crsb canada recovery sickness benefit crsb provides per week weeks maximum workers unable work least week contracted covid b selfisolated reasons related covid c underlying conditions undergoing treatments contracted sicknesses opinion medical practitioner nurse practitioner person authority government public health authority would make susceptible covid.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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individuals travelled internationally eligible receive benefit period working due mandatory quarantine requirements.crcb another program canada recovery caregiving benefit crcb supports canadians working take break care dependents child years age disabled family member.benefit applies schools care centres closed dependent fell sick contracted covid.individuals travelled internationally eligible receive benefit period working due mandatory quarantine requirements.worker lockdown benefits october – may october federal government created canada worker lockdown benefit cwlb.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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programs planned provide dollars per month workers cannot work workplace faced local lockdown.program set run october may .program expanded december also cover workplaces whose capacity reduced due provincial restrictions.however workers prove also lost least revenue measures.employerbusiness support canada emergency business account canada emergency business account ceba french compte durgence pour les entreprises canadiennes provides emergency interestfree loans small businesses nonprofit organizations covid pandemic.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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aim program ensure businesses access sufficient capital remain solvent pandemic.ceba implemented covid emergency response act no.introduced finance minister bill morneau passed parliament april .the budget program set ca billion offering loans ca financed export development canada.businesses apply ceba loans current financial institution administer loan submit required information edc.businesses repay least loan balance ca december remaining balance forgiven.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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size loans could increased along amount forgivable.due date could also moved need be.canada emergency wage subsidy canada emergency wage subsidy cews french subvention salariale durgence du canada program created government canada provide financial support businesses covid pandemic prevent large layoffs.cews allows eligible employers receive subsidy employees wages first weeks retroactive march .cews targeted businesses revenue declines least per cent march per cent may june.the program announced april expanded version previously proposed temporary wage subsidy.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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parliament canada reconvened april pass covid emergency response act no.division.several large employers laid employees due economic effects pandemic announced would rehire workers response cews.air canada announced cews would rehire backdated march airline staff laid due pandemic.business credit availability program business credit availability program bcap announced may consists guaranteed loans commercial rates ca– million.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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seen midjune applications.administered export development canada business development canada program responsibility minister small business export promotion international trade mary ng.the program available various banks credit unions june .canada emergency rent subsidy canada emergency rent subsidy cers provides rent mortgage support qualifying businesses nonprofit organizations charities affected covid.available september june subsidy helps qualifying organizations experienced drop revenue due pandemic paying part commercial rent property expenses.cers provides payments directly renters property owners without requiring participation landlord.large employer emergency financing facility large employer emergency financing facility leeff french crédit d’urgence pour les grands employeurs provides governmentbacked bridge financing large canadian employers canada enterprise emergency funding corporation ceefc—which formed subsidiary canada development investment corporation cdev specifically administer leeff.on may trudeau morneau bains press conference said bridge financing facility large employers need help get economic downturn caused coronavirus.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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one stated goal avoid bankruptcies otherwise viable firms wherever possible... companies use lending facility commit respect collective bargaining agreements protecting workers’ pensions support national climate goals.rules access money place limits dividends share buybacks executive pay.leeff target companies annual revenues excess million request million leeff.under leeff companies must also limit executive salaries million per annum provide share business cdev stock warrants prohibit dividends share buybacks pay back leeff.support businesses black entrepreneurship loan fund fund supports black business ownersentrepreneurs loans ca .canada summer jobs cjs temporary changes csj program federal government agreed create job opportunities students providing wage subsidy private publicsector employers provincialterritorial minimum wage employee b extension end date employment february c allowing employers hire staff parttime basis.canada united small business relief fund cusbrf fund provides relief grants small businesses used purchasing ppe renovating physical spaces developing website ecommerce capabilities.indigenous business funding indigenous services canada providing .million funding assist small mediumsized indigenous businesses aboriginal financial institutions offer financing businesses.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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funding administered national aboriginal capital corporations association allows shortterm interestfree loans nonrepayable contributions aboriginal financial institutions offer financing business support services first nations inuit métis businesses.regional relief recovery fund rrrf innovation science economic development canada providing .billion rrrf assist organizations locally regionallysignificant sectors manufacturing technology tourism etc.fund specifically targets may need help recover pandemic unable access support measures.support provided rrrf mirrors federal programs like canada emergency business account business credit availability program.tariff relief may federal government waived tariffs particular medical goods including personal protective equipment e.g.masks gloves order reduce cost imported ppe maintain efficient supplychain operations.worksharing government extended maximum duration worksharing program order provide income support employees eligible employment insurance agree reduce normal working hours developments beyond control employers.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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sectorspecific support canadian dairy commission limit federal government increased borrowing limit canadian dairy commission million order avoid food waste supporting costs associated temporary storage cheese butter.canada healthy communities initiativecanada research continuity emergency fund crcef program announced may provides wage support wages individuals working universities health institutes maximum per week per employee.program administered social sciences humanities research council sshrc behalf canadian institutes health research cihr natural sciences engineering research council nserc.canadian seafood stabilization fundfarm credit canada lending federal government enabled farm credit canada provide additional billion lending producers agribusinesses food processors.gas tax fund infrastructure canada announced june allocates .billion help canadian communities.investing canada infrastructure programmandatory isolation support temporary foreign workers program mistfwp agriculture agrifood canada provides support per temporary foreign worker employers working ensure requirements fully met.shortterm compensation fund stcf initiative launched telefilm canada october temporary measure compensate independent production companies interruptions filming abandonment productions caused pandemic along lack insurance coverage such.aid proposed canada student service grant canada student service grant cssg french bourse canadienne pour le bénévolat étudiants proposed program provide paid service opportunities young adults ages assist charities nonprofit organizations.participation would limited recent postsecondary graduates december later students enrolled spring summer fall semesters.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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participants would receive per hours volunteer work maximum .decision contract administration program charity controversial leading political scandal ultimately cancellation program.students recent graduates applied program.onetime payment people disabilities government canada gave special onetime taxfree nonreportable payment people disabilities october .money would available already possessed valid disability tax credit certificate receiving canada pension disability quebec disability pension benefits receiving disability support veterans affairs canada.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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enforcement june canada revenue agency announced tip line reporting suspected fraudulent cerb recipients.june cra announced received tips received voluntary repayments cerb canadians entitled receive them.june legislation proposed liberal government would allow persons found received cerb payments fraudulently subject fines imprisonment.proposed legislation supported opposition parties minority parliament move ahead second reading.financial impacts aid programs parliamentary budget officer yves giroux issued report april projecting federal deficit fiscal year could excess billion based nearly billion spending federal aid measures.
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Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
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fiscal update tabled july minister finance bill morneau projected deficit fiscal year reach .billion.most federal aid covid pandemic came form taxable benefits.consequence provincial governments including ontario british columbia experienced dramatic surge revenue.windfall referred secret provincial bailout commentators.references external links canada’s covid economic response plangovernment canada covid benefits services
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Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
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facility managed world bank governed consultative group including world bank group united nations office disaster risk reduction undrr several international organizations countries.gfdrr initially launched support implementation hyogo framework action hfa approved second world conference disaster reduction .march sendai framework disaster risk reduction sendai framework adopted.gfdrr supports implementation framework.programs activities gfdrr grantfunding mechanism allocating financing providing technical assistance thematic country specific programs focus disaster risk financial protection resilient infrastructures cities hydromet services access disaster risk information.gfdrr also author several publications discussing policy measures mitigate disaster climate risk.
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Crisis management
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see also disaster risk reductionclimate change adaptationemergency managementnatural disastersvulnerabilitybusiness continuity planningclimate changerisk management referencesstudy crisis management originated largescale industrial environmental disasters s. considered important process public relations.three elements common crisis threat organization b element surprise c short decision time.venette argues crisis process transformation old system longer maintained.therefore fourth defining quality need change.change needed event could accurately described failure incident.in contrast risk management involves assessing potential threats finding best ways avoid threats crisis management involves dealing threats occurred.discipline within broader context management consisting skills techniques required identify assess understand cope serious situation especially moment first occurs point recovery procedures start.
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Crisis management
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introduction crisis management situationbased management system includes clear roles responsibilities process related organisational requirements companywide.response shall include action following areas crisis prevention crisis assessment crisis handling crisis termination.aim crisis management well prepared crisis ensure rapid adequate response crisis maintaining clear lines reporting communication event crisis agreeing rules crisis termination.the techniques crisis management include number consequent steps understanding influence crisis corporation preventing alleviating overcoming different types crisis.crisis management consists different aspects including methods used respond reality perception crisis.establishing metrics define scenarios constitute crisis consequently trigger necessary response mechanisms.communication occurs within response phase emergencymanagement scenarios.crisismanagement methods business organization called crisismanagement plan.british standard bs provides useful foundation understanding terminology frameworks relating crisis document focus corporate exposure risks particular black swan events result significant strategic threats organisations.
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Crisis management
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currently work ongoing develop international standard.crisis management occasionally referred incident management although several industry specialists peter power argue term crisis management accurate.a crises mindset requires ability think worstcase scenario simultaneously suggesting numerous solutions.trial error accepted discipline first line defense might work.necessary maintain list contingency plans always alert.organizations individuals always prepared rapid response plan emergencies would require analysis drills exercises.the credibility reputation organizations heavily influenced perception responses crisis situations.organization communication involved responding crisis timely fashion makes challenge businesses.
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Crisis management
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must open consistent communication throughout hierarchy contribute successful crisiscommunication process.the related terms emergency management business continuity management focus respectively prompt short lived first aid type response e.g.putting fire longerterm recovery restoration phases e.g.moving operations another site.crisis also facet risk management although probably untrue say crisis management represents failure risk management since never possible totally mitigate chances catastrophes occurring.types crisis crisis management process important identify types crises different crises necessitate use different crisis management strategies.
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Crisis management
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potential crises enormous crises clustered.lerbinger categorized eight types crisesnatural disastertechnological crisisconfrontationmalevolenceorganizational misdeedsworkplace violencerumoursterrorist attacksmanmade disasters natural disaster natural disaster related crises typically natural disasters environmental phenomena earthquakes volcanic eruptions tornadoes hurricanes floods landslides tsunamis storms droughts threaten life property environment itself.example indian ocean earthquake tsunami technological crisis technological crises caused human application science technology.technological accidents inevitably occur technology becomes complex coupled something goes wrong system whole technological breakdowns.technological crises occur human error causes disruptions human breakdowns.people tend assign blame technological disaster technology subject human manipulation whereas hold anyone responsible natural disaster.accident creates significant environmental damage crisis categorized megadamage.
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Crisis management
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samples include software failures industrial accidents oil spills.examples chernobyl disaster exxon valdez oil spill heartbleed security bug confrontation crisis confrontation crisis occur discontented individuals andor groups fight businesses government various interest groups win acceptance demands expectations.common type confrontation crisis boycotts types picketing sitins ultimatums authority blockade occupation buildings resisting disobeying police.example rainbowpushs people united serve humanity boycott nike crisis malevolence organization faces crisis malevolence opponents miscreant individuals use criminal means extreme tactics purpose expressing hostility anger toward seeking gain company country economic system perhaps aim destabilizing destroying it.sample crises include product tampering kidnapping malicious rumors terrorism cybercrime espionage.example chicago tylenol murders crisis organizational misdeeds crises occur management takes actions knows harm place stakeholders risk harm without adequate precautions.lerbinger specified three different types crises organizational misdeeds crises skewed management values crises deception crises management misconduct.crises skewed management values crises skewed management values caused managers favor shortterm economic gain neglect broader social values stakeholders investors.
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Crisis management
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state lopsided values rooted classical business creed focuses interests stockholders tends disregard interests stakeholders customers employees communityexampleit stagesprecrisisacutechronic andconflict resolution crisis deception crisis deception occur management conceals misrepresents information products dealing consumers others.example dow corning’s siliconegel breast implant crisis management misconduct crises caused skewed values deception deliberate amorality illegality.workplace violence crises occur employee former employee commits violence employees organizational grounds.example rumors false information organization products creates crises hurting organizations reputation.sample linking organization radical groups stories products contaminated.example procter gamble logo myth terrorist attacksmanmade disasters occur crisis triggered people example global financial crises transportation accidents massive destruction.crisis leadership alan hilburg pioneer crisis management defines organizational crises categorized either acute crises chronic crises.hilburg also created concept crisis arc.
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Crisis management
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erika hayes james organizational psychologist university virginias darden graduate school business identifies two primary types organizational crisis.james defines organizational crisis emotionally charged situation becomes public invites negative stakeholder reaction thereby potential threaten financial wellbeing reputation survival firm portion thereof.sudden crisissmoldering crises sudden crisis sudden crises circumstances occur without warning beyond institutions control.consequently sudden crises often situations institution leadership blamed.smoldering crisis smoldering crises differ sudden crises begin minor internal issues due managers negligence develop crisis status.situations leaders blamed crisis subsequent effect institution question.james categorises five phases crisis require specific crisis leadership competencies.
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Crisis management
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phase contains obstacle leader must overcome improve structure operations organization.jamess case study crisis financial services sector example explores crisis events erode public trust leadership.jamess research demonstrates leadership competencies integrity positive intent capability mutual respect transparency impact trustbuilding process.signal detectionpreparation preventioncontainment damage controlbusiness recoverylearning signal detection signal detection stage crisis leaders always sense early warning signals red flags suggest possibility crisis.detection stages crisis includesensemaking represents attempt create order make sense retrospectively occurs.perspectivetaking ability consider another persons groups point view.preparation prevention stage crisis handlers begin preparing averting crisis foreshadowed signal detection stage.
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Crisis management
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hilburg demonstrated using impactprobability model allows organizations fairly accurately predict crisis scenarios.hes recognized greatest organizational challenge speaking truth power predict truly worstcase scenarios.organizations red crosss primary mission prepare prevent escalation crisis events.walmart described emergencyrelief standard bearer witnessed incredibly speedy wellcoordinated effort get supplies gulf coast united states anticipation hurricane katrina.containment damage control usually vivid stage goal crisis containment damage control limit reputational financial safety threats firm survival.
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Crisis management
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crisis handlers work diligently stage bring crisis end quickly possible limit negative publicity organization move business recovery phase.business recovery crisis hits organizations must able carry business midst crisis simultaneously planning recover damage crisis caused.crisis handlers engage continuity planning determining people financial technology resources needed keep organization running also actively pursue organizational resilience.learning wake crisis organizational decision makers adopt learning orientation use prior experience develop new routines behaviors ultimately change way organization operates.best leaders recognize purposeful skillful finding learning opportunities inherent every crisis situation.
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Crisis management
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crisis communication effort taken organization communicate public stakeholders unexpected event occurs could negative impact organizations reputation.also refer efforts inform employees public potential hazard could catastrophic impact.essential steps organization take prepare withstand communications crisis define philosophy assess vulnerabilities develop protocol.models theories associated crisis management crisis management strategy crisis management strategy cms corporate development strategy designed primarily prevent crisis followup company advancement.thus cms synthesis strategic management.
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Crisis management
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includes projection future based ongoing monitoring business internal external environment well selection implementation crisis prevention strategy operating management.including current status control based ongoing monitoring internal external environment well crisiscoping strategy selection implementation.crisis management model successfully managing crisis requires understanding handle crisis – beginning occur.alan hilburg speaks crisis arc.arc consists crisis avoidance crisis mitigation crisis recovery.
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Crisis management
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gonzalezherrero pratt found different phases crisis management.there phases crisis management shown belowthe diagnosis impending trouble danger signals.choosing appropriate turnaround strategy.implementation change process monitoring crisis management planning corporation looks forward facing situation causes significant disruption business especially one stimulates extensive media coverage.public scrutiny result negative financial political legal government impact.crisis management planning deals providing best response crisis.with growing threat cyber attacks traditional information technology incident response plans often fail consider crossorganizational activities need performed remain resilient major cyber crisis occurs resulting delayed chaotic unstructured fragmented response.cyber crisis management plan designed reduce risks careful preplanning therefore developing cyber crisis management plan requires organizations take holistic approach cyber crisis planning.proactively acting build cyber crisis management plan broader carefully considered integrated validated plan developed meet organizations unique demands crisis strikes.
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Crisis management
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contingency planning preparing contingency plans advance part crisismanagement plan first step ensuring organization appropriately prepared crisis.crisismanagement teams rehearse crisis plan developing simulated scenario use drill.plan clearly stipulate people speak publicly crisis designated persons company spokesperson crisis team members.ideally one spokesperson available call time.cooperation media crucial crisis situation assure questions answered time information done resolve situation provided.
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Crisis management
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first hours crisis breaks crucial working speed efficiency important plan indicate quickly function performed.preparing offer statement externally well internally information accurate transparent.providing incorrect manipulated information tendency backfire greatly exacerbate situation.contingency plan contain information guidance help decision makers consider shortterm consequences longterm effects every decision.business continuity planning crisis undoubtedly cause significant disruption organization business continuity plan help minimize disruption.
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Crisis management
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first one must identify critical functions processes necessary keep organization running.part planning conducted earliest stages part business impact analysis phase signpost much organization stand lose” osborne a. .practical business continuity management.business management top tips effective realworld business continuity management.each critical function orprocess must contingency plan event one functionsprocesses ceases fails businessorganization resilient provides mechanism lessen possibility invoke recovery plans osborne .testing contingency plans rehearsing required actions simulation allow involved become acutely aware possibility crisis.
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Crisis management
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result event actual crisis team members act quickly effectively.a note caution planning training scenarios often simulations lack ingenuity appropriate level realism consequence potentially lose training value.part improved employing external exercise designers part organisational culture able test organizations response crisis order bring crisis confidence manage vital systems.following simulation exercise thorough systematic debriefing must conducted key component crisis simulation.purpose create link draw lessons reality simulated representation reality real world.the whole process relating business continuity planning periodically reviewed identify number changes may invalidate current plan.structuralfunctional systems theory providing information organization time crisis critical effective crisis management.structuralfunctional systems theory addresses intricacies information networks levels command making organizational communication.
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Crisis management
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structuralfunctional theory identifies information flow organizations networks made members .information organizations flow patterns called networks.diffusion innovation theory another theory applied sharing information diffusion innovation theory.developed everett rogers theory describes innovation disseminated communicated certain channels period time.diffusion innovation communication occurs individual communicates new idea one several others.
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Crisis management
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elementary form process involves innovation individual unit adoption knowledge experience using innovation another individual unit yet knowledge innovation communication channel connecting two units.communication channel means messages get one individual another.role apologies crisis management debate role apologies crisis management argue apology opens organization possible legal consequences.however evidence indicates compensation sympathy two less expensive strategies effective apology shaping people’s perceptions organization taking responsibility crisis strategies focus victims needs.sympathy response expresses concern victims compensation offers victims something offset suffering.
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