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Crisis management	crisis leadership james identifies five leadership competencies facilitate organizational restructuring crisis.building environment trustreforming organizations mindsetidentifying obvious obscure vulnerabilities organizationmaking wise rapid decisions well taking courageous actionlearning crisis effect change.crisis leadership research concludes leadership action crisis reflects competency organization test crisis demonstrates well institutions leadership structure serves organizations goals withstands crisis.developing effective human resources vital building organizational capabilities crisis management executive leadership.unequal human capital theory james postulates organizational crisis result discrimination lawsuits.jamess theory unequal human capital social position derives economic theories human social capital concluding minority employees receive fewer organizational rewards access executive management.
Crisis management	recent study managers fortune company race found predictor promotion opportunity lack thereof.thus discrimination lawsuits invite negative stakeholder reaction damage companys reputation threaten corporate survival.social media crisis management social media accelerated speed information crisis spread.viral effect social networks twitter means stakeholders break news faster traditional media making managing crisis harder.mitigated right training policy place well right social media monitoring tools detect signs crisis breaking.
Crisis management	social media also gives crisis management teams access realtime information crisis impacting stakeholder sentiment issues concern them.the advent social media changed field crisis management dramatically empowering stakeholders making organisations accountable actions.creating platform twoway symmetrical communication organisation stakeholders social media facilitated rise organisational crises allowing stakeholders anywhere world providing internet connection communicate publicly organisations.publishing unfavourable behaviour social media combined immense speed information shared online created need social media strategy included within crisis management planning process.stakeholders expect organisations respond quickly effectively crises transpire online.organisations planned approach releasing information media event crisis.media reaction plan include company media representative part crisis management team cmt.
Crisis management	since always degree unpredictability crisis best cmt members understand deal media prepared thrust situation.in procter gamble co called reports new pampers dry max caused rashes skin irritations completely false aimed contain public relations threat biggest diaper innovation years.facebook group called pampers bring back old cruisersswaddlers rose members.pampers denied allegation stated two complaints received every one million diapers sold.pampers quickly reached people expressing concerns via social media pampers even held summit four influential mommy bloggers help dispel rumour.pampers acted quickly decisively emerging crisis competitors critics alike could fuel fire further.
Crisis management	examples crisis management examples successful crisis management tylenol johnson johnson fall murderer added milligrams cyanide tylenol capsules store shelves killing seven people including three one family.johnson johnson recalled destroyed million capsules cost million.affable ceo james burke appeared television ads news conferences informing consumers companys actions.tamperresistant packaging rapidly introduced tylenol sales swiftly bounced back near precrisis levels.when another bottle tainted tylenol discovered store took matter minutes manufacturer issue nationwide warning people use medication capsule form.odwalla foods odwallas apple juice thought cause outbreak e. coli infection company lost third market value.
Crisis management	october outbreak e. coli bacteria washington state california colorado british columbia traced unpasteurized apple juice manufactured natural juice maker odwalla inc. fortynine cases reported including death small child.within hours odwalla conferred fda washington state health officials established schedule daily press briefings sent press releases announced recall expressed remorse concern apology took responsibility anyone harmed products detailed symptoms e. coli poisoning explained consumers affected products.odwalla developed help consultants effective thermal processes would harm products flavors production resumed.steps communicated close relations media fullpage newspaper ads.mattel mattel inc. toy maker plagued product recalls summer among problems exports china faced two product recalls two weeks.
Crisis management	company everything could get message earning high marks consumers retailers.though upset situation appreciative companys response.mattel a.m. recall announcement federal officials public relations staff set call reporters biggest media outlets.told check email news release outlining recalls invited teleconference call executives scheduled tv appearances phone conversations mattels chief executive.mattel ceo robert eckert tv interviews tuesday august calls individual reporters.
Crisis management	weeks end mattel responded media inquiries u.s. alone.pepsi pepsi corporation faced crisis started claims syringes found cans diet pepsi.pepsi urged stores remove product shelves cans situation investigated.led arrest pepsi made public followed first video news release showing production process demonstrate tampering impossible within factories.second video news release displayed man arrested.
Crisis management	third video showed surveillance convenience store woman caught inserting syringe can.company simultaneously publicly worked fda crisis.made public communications effective throughout crisis.crisis resolved corporation ran series special campaigns designed thank public standing corporation along coupons compensation.case served design handle crisis situations.
Crisis management	examples unsuccessful crisis management bhopal bhopal disaster poor communication crisis cost thousands lives illustrates importance incorporating crosscultural communication crisis management plans.according american universitys trade environmental database case studies local residents sure react warnings potential threats union carbide plant.operating manuals printed english extreme example mismanagement indicative systemic barriers information diffusion.according union carbides chronology incident day crisis union carbides upper management arrived india unable assist relief efforts placed house arrest indian government.symbolic intervention counter productive crisis management strategy help upper management make calculated decisions respond disaster scenarios.
Crisis management	bhopal incident illustrates difficulty consistently applying management standards multinational operations blame shifting often results lack clear management plan.ford firestone tire rubber company fordfirestone tire rubber company dispute transpired august .response claims inch wilderness radial atx atx ii tire treads separating tire core—leading crashes—bridgestonefirestone recalled .million tires.tires mostly used ford explorer worlds topselling sport utility vehicle suv.the two companies committed three major blunders early say crisis experts.
Crisis management	first blamed consumers inflating tires properly.blamed faulty tires faulty vehicle design.said little solve problem caused deaths—until got called washington testify congress.exxon march tanker belonging exxon corporation ran aground prince william sound alaska.exxon valdez spilled millions gallons crude oil waters valdez killing thousands fish fowl sea otters.
Crisis management	hundreds miles coastline polluted salmon spawning runs disrupted numerous fishermen especially native americans lost livelihoods.exxon contrast react quickly terms dealing media public ceo lawrence rawl become active part public relations effort actually shunned public involvement company neither communication plan communication team place handle event—in fact company appoint public relations manager management team years incident exxon established media center valdez location small remote handle onslaught media attention company acted defensively response publics even laying blame times groups coast guard.responses also happened within days incident.lessons learned crisis management impact catastrophes shareholder value one foremost recognized studies conducted impact catastrophe stock value organization completed dr rory knight dr deborah pretty templeton college university oxford commissioned sedgewick group.study undertook detailed analysis stock price post impact organizations experienced catastrophes.
Crisis management	study identified organizations recovered even exceeded precatastrophe stock price recoverers recover stock price nonrecoverers.average cumulative impact shareholder value recoverers plus original stock value.net impact shareholder value stage actually positive.nonrecoverers remained less unchanged days catastrophe suffered net negative cumulative impact almost stock price one year afterwards.one key conclusions study effective management consequences ofcatastrophes would appear significant factor whether catastrophe insurance hedges economic impact catastrophe.while technical elements report highly recommended wish engage senior management value crisis management.crisis opportunity hilburg proffers every crisis opportunity showcase institutions character commitment brand promise institutional values.
Crisis management	address shareholder impact management must move mindset manages crisis one generates crisis leadership.research shows organizational contributory factors affect tendency executives adopt effective crisis opportunity mindset.since pressure precipitator consequence crisis leaders perform well pressure effectively guide organization crisis.james contends executives focus communications public relations reactive strategy.companys reputation shareholders financial wellbeing survival stake potential damage reputation result actual management crisis issue.additionally companies may stagnate risk management group identifies whether crisis sufficiently statistically significant.
Crisis management	crisis leadership hand immediately addresses damage implications companys present future conditions well opportunities improvement.publicsector crisis management corporate america community vulnerable perils crisis.whether school shooting public health crisis terrorist attack leaves public seeking comfort calm steady leadership elected official sector society immune crisis.response reality crisis management policies strategies practices developed adapted across multiple disciplines.schools crisis management wake columbine high school massacre september attacks shootings college campuses including virginia tech massacre educational institutions levels focused crisis management.a national study conducted university arkansas medical sciences uams arkansas childrens hospital research institute achri shown many public school districts important deficiencies emergency disaster plans school violence resource center .
Crisis management	response resource center organized comprehensive set resources aid schools development crisis management plans.study conducted researchers min liu isaac blankson laurel servies brooks regards emergency response plans resulted many findings including affirmative information emergency crisis training institutions higher education lacking.also found college university staffs knowledge selfefficacy positively correlated meaning knowledgeable confident feel responding efficiently various crisis events backing need crisis management plans communication educational institutions.crisismanagement plans cover wide variety incidents including bomb threats child abuse natural disasters suicide drug abuse gang activities – list few.similar fashion plans aim address audiences need information including parents media law enforcement officials.government crisis management historically government levels—local state national—has played large role crisis management.
Crisis management	indeed many political philosophers considered one primary roles government.emergency services fire police departments local level united states national guard federal level often play integral roles crisis situations.to help coordinate communication response phase crisis u.s. federal emergency management agency fema within department homeland security administers national response plan nrp.plan intended integrate public private response providing common language outlining chainofcommand multiple parties mobilized.based premise incidences handled lowest organizational level possible.nrp recognizes private sector key partner domestic incident management particularly area critical infrastructure protection restoration.the nrp companion national incidence management system acts general template incident management regardless cause size complexity.fema offers free webbased training national response plan emergency management institute.common alerting protocol cap relatively recent mechanism facilitates crisis communication across different mediums systems.
Crisis management	cap helps create consistent emergency alert format reach geographically linguistically diverse audiences audio visual mediums.people crisis management group international psychoanalysts started project contribute crisis management sense managing conflicts national groups.called partners confronting collective atrocities.began work socalled nazarethconferences – based model leicesterconferences developed tavistock institute.elected officials crisis management historically politics crisis go hand hand.
Crisis management	describing crisis president abraham lincoln saidwe live midst alarms anxiety beclouds future expect new disaster newspaper read.crisis management become defining feature contemporary governance.times crisis communities members organizations expect public leaders minimize impact crisis hand critics bureaucratic competitors try seize moment blame incumbent rulers policies.extreme environment policymakers must somehow establish sense normality foster collective learning crisis experience.in face crisis leaders must deal strategic challenges face political risks opportunities encounter errors make pitfalls need avoid paths away crisis may pursue.necessity management even significant advent hour news cycle increasingly internetsavvy audience everchanging technology fingertips.public leaders special responsibility help safeguard society adverse consequences crisis.experts crisis management note leaders take responsibility seriously would concern crisis phases incubation stage onset aftermath.
Crisis management	crisis leadership involves five critical tasks sense making decision making meaning making terminating learning.a brief description five facets crisis leadership includessense making may considered classical situation assessment step decision making.decision making act coming decision implementation decision.meaning making refers crisis management political communication.terminating crisis possible public leader correctly handles accountability question.learning refers actual learning crisis limited.authors note crisis often opens window opportunity reform better worse.professional organizations number professional industry associations provide advice literature contacts turnaround professionals academics.some are.international association emergency managers international.turnaround management society international focus europe.
Crisis management	institute turnaround england.turnaround management association international.institut für die standardisierung von unternehmenssanierungen germany.disaster recovery institute international see also business continuitycommon alerting protocolcontingency plancrisiscrosscultural communicationemergency servicesemergency managementfederal emergency management agencyisotc societal securitymanagementmanagement exceptionrisk managementsocial responsibility references reading barton l. .crisis leadership realworld guide preparing threats disaster sabotage scandal.
Crisis management	new york ny mcgrawhill.borodzicz edward p. .risk crisis security management.west sussex england john wiley sons ltd.bossu gilles mazetroux.roussel.citizen seismology involve public earthquake response comparative emergency management examining global regional responses disasters.
Crisis management	editors d. m. miller j. rivera.auerbachtaylor francis publishers.pp.– coombs w. t. .code red boardroom crisis management organizational dna.
Crisis management	westport ct praeger.crump jeffrey .cyber crisis management planning reduce cyber risk increase organizational resilience.p. .isbn .davidson m.n..
Crisis management	ethics human resource management p.h.werhane r. e. freeman eds.blackwell encyclopedic dictionary business ethics.malden blackwell publishing.book reviews.personnel psychology.
Crisis management	–..doi.j...tb.x.davidson m.n..conversation identity.
Crisis management	industrialorganizational psychologist..davidson m.n..diversity matters.batten briefings.
Crisis management	.davidson m.n..making tough calls negotiating exclusion inclusive diverse organizations.industrialorganizational psychologist..davidson m.n.
Crisis management	.leveraging difference organizational excellence.batten briefings..davidson m.n..
Crisis management	inclusion power reflections dominance subordination organizations.industrialorganizational psychologist..davidson .diversity inclusion difference make.industrialorganizational psychologist.
Crisis management	.davidson martin n. .know thine adversary impact race styles dealing conflict.sex roles.–.doi.a.
Crisis management	scid .davidson martin n. fosterjohnson lynn .mentoring preparation graduate researchers color.review educational research.–.doi.. scid .davidson m.n.
Crisis management	.role emotion negotiation impact anger.r.j. bies r.j. lewicki b.h.sheppard eds.research negotiation organizations.
Crisis management	greenwich ct jai press inc.davidson martin n. .value included examination diversity change initiatives organizations.performance improvement quarterly.–.doi.j...tb.x.dezenhall e. .
Crisis management	nail em confronting highprofile attacks celebrities businesses.amherst new york prometheus books.dezenhall e. weber j. .damage control everything know crisis management wrong.portfolio hardcover.erickson paul a. .emergency response planning corporate municipal managers nd ed.. burlington elsevier inc.ferdman .
Crisis management	inclusion organization it.industrialorganizational psychologist..ferdman .drawing line differences different.industrialorganizational psychologist.
Crisis management	.fink s. .crisis management planning inevitable.backinprint.com.friedman r.a. .managing diversity secondorder conflict.international journal conflict management.
Crisis management	–.doi.eb.friedman r.a. .role emotion negotiation impact anger.r.j. bies r.j. lewicki b.h.sheppard eds.
Crisis management	research negotiation organizations.greenwich ct jai press inc.groom s.a. fritz j.h..communication ethics crisis negotiating differences public private spheres.madison new jersey fairleigh dickinson university press.mitroff ian i. gus anagnos .
Crisis management	managing crises happen every executive needs know crisis management.new york amacom.mitroff ian i. .crisis leadership planning unthinkable.new york john wiley.mitroff ian i. .companies emerge stronger better crisis seven essential lessons surviving disaster.
Crisis management	new york amacom.department homeland security federal emergency management agency september .national response plan.archived original october .office security risk management services october .crisis management workbook pdf.fairfax county public schools.
Crisis management	archived original pdf december .shrivastava paul .bhopalanatomy crisis.new york ballinger.smith larry dan millar phd .crisis hits building strategic crisis plan.washington dc aacc community college press.smith larry dan millar phd .
Crisis management	crisis management communication gain maintain control nd ed.. san francisco ca international association business communicators.ulmer r. r. sellnow t. l. seeger m. w. .effective crisis communication moving crisis opportunity.thousand oaks ca sage publications.external links http crisis management review strategic crisis management governance bs .http academy professional certification certification body iso professional certificationscrisis management business continuity planning..
Hacker Halted	united kingdom government business link.the need plan crisis.january ashwani singla astrumcrisis manager newsletter free collection articles crisis managementrelated topics.crisis management communication entry institute public relations articlecrisis management business continuity short program offered mitturnaround management association certifying body certified turnaround professionalscrisis managersthe international research group crisis communication publications crisis institutions databasethe growing need emergency management experts infographic visually explains growing need professionals crisis management industryobjective hacker halted conferences raise international awareness towards increased education ethics security.event currently th year.also present hacker halted eccouncils hcker halted academy trainings workshops led eccouncil instructors trainers.past conferences hacker halted india hacker halted malaysia held new delhi hacker halted egypt hacker halted conference held egypt december hacker halted india hacker halted dubai held dubai united hacker halted singapore hacker halted singapore held singapore.hacker halted mexico hacker halted mexico held mexico.
Hacker Halted	hacker halted japan hacker halted japan held november tokyo japan.hacker halted usa hacker halted usa held myrtle beach south carolinahacker halted usa held september – miami florida hilton head hotel include events include capture flag event.hacker halted usa held miami.hacker halted usa held miami october .theme stop data leaks.secure code.hacker halted usa held miami october – .hacker halted usa held atlanta .upcoming conferences hacker halted usa returns atlanta ga conference tracks talks include tracks includecertified ethical hacker cehincident response computer forensicsthreats counter measuresgovernance policies standardsbusiness continuity disaster recoverymobile securityvirtualization securitysecure programmingmalware botnetssocial engineeringphysical security hcker halted academy hacker halted usa launch hacker halted academy.
Backup	hacker halted academy series classes presented eccouncil partners.many classes include eccouncil training certification including certified ethical hacker licensed penetration tester well vendor specific certification including certified information systems security professionalcissp nsa nsa information security assessment methodologyiaminformation security evaluation methodologyiem training.see also eccouncilhacker conference references external links hacker halted websitehacker halted academyhacker halted egypt websiteverb form referring process back whereas noun adjective form backup.backups used recover data loss data deletion corruption recover data earlier time.backups provide simple form disaster recovery however backup systems able reconstitute computer system complex configuration computer cluster active directory server database server.a backup system contains least one copy data considered worth saving.data storage requirements large.information repository model may used provide structure storage.
Backup	different types data storage devices used copying backups data already secondary storage onto archive files.also different ways devices arranged provide geographic dispersion data security portability.data selected extracted manipulated storage.process include methods dealing live data including open files well compression encryption deduplication.additional techniques apply enterprise clientserver backup.backup schemes may include dry runs validate reliability data backed up.
Backup	limitations human factors involved backup scheme.storage backup strategy requires information repository secondary storage space data aggregates backups data sources.repository could simple list backup media dvds etc.dates produced could include computerized index catalog relational database.the backup data needs stored requiring backup rotation scheme system backing data computer media limits number backups different dates retained separately appropriate reuse data storage media overwriting backups longer needed.scheme determines piece removable storage used backup operation long retained backup data stored it.
Backup	rule rule aid backup process.states least copies data stored different types storage media one copy kept offsite remote location include cloud storage.different media used eliminate data loss due similar reasons example optical discs may tolerate underwater lto tapes may ssds cannot fail due head crashes damaged spindle motors since dont moving parts unlike hard drives.offsite copy protects fire theft physical media tapes discs natural disasters like floods earthquakes.disaster protected hard drives like made iosafe alternative offsite copy limitations like able resist fire limited period time offsite copy still remains ideal choice.
Backup	backup methods unstructured unstructured repository may simply stack tapes dvdrs external hdds minimal information backed when.method easiest implement unlikely achieve high level recoverability lacks automation.full onlysystem imaging repository using backup method contains complete source data copies taken one specific points time.copying system images method frequently used computer technicians record known good configurations.however imaging generally useful way deploying standard configuration many systems rather tool making ongoing backups diverse systems.
Backup	incremental incremental backup stores data changed since reference point time.duplicate copies unchanged data arent copied.typically full backup files infrequent intervals serving reference point incremental repository.subsequently number incremental backups made successive time periods.restores begin last full backup apply incrementals.forever incremental backup starts one initial full backup later incremental backups created.
Backup	benefits forever incremental backup would less backup storage less bandwidth usage users schedule backups frequently achieve shorter rpo.backup systems create synthetic full backup series incrementals thus providing equivalent frequently full backup.done modify single archive file speeds restores recent versions files.nearcdp continuous data protection cdp refers backup instantly saves copy every change made data.allows restoration data point time comprehensive advanced data protection.
Backup	nearcdp backup applications—often marketed cdp—automatically take incremental backups specific interval example every minutes one hour hours.therefore allow restores interval boundary.nearcdp backup applications use journaling typically based periodic snapshots readonly copies data frozen particular point time.nearcdp except apple time machine intentlogs every change host system often saving byte blocklevel differences rather filelevel differences.backup method differs simple disk mirroring enables rollback log thus restoration old images data.intentlogging allows precautions consistency live data protecting selfconsistent files requiring applications quiesced made ready backup.nearcdp practicable ordinary personal backup applications opposed true cdp must run conjunction virtual machine equivalent therefore generally used enterprise clientserver backups.
Backup	reverse incremental reverse incremental backup method stores recent archive file mirror source data series differences mirror current state previous states.reverse incremental backup method starts nonimage full backup.full backup performed system periodically synchronizes full backup live copy storing data necessary reconstruct older versions.either done using hard links—as apple time machine using binary diffs.differential differential backup saves data changed since last full backup.
Backup	means maximum two backups repository used restore data.however time last full backup thus accumulated changes data increases time perform differential backup.restoring entire system requires starting recent full backup applying last differential backup.a differential backup copies files created changed since last full backup regardless whether differential backups made since whereas incremental backup copies files created changed since recent backup type full incremental.changes files may detected recent datetime last modification file attribute andor changes file size.variations incremental backup include multilevel incrementals blocklevel incrementals compare parts files instead entire files.
Backup	storage media regardless repository model used data copied onto archive file data storage medium.medium used also referred type backup destination.magnetic tape magnetic tape long time commonly used medium bulk data storage backup archiving interchange.previously less expensive option longer case smaller amounts data.tape sequential access medium rate continuously writing reading data fast.
Backup	tape media low cost per space tape drives typically dozens times expensive hard disk drives optical drives.many tape formats proprietary specific certain markets like mainframes particular brand personal computer.lto become primary tape technology.remaining viable super format ibm also referred tsxx series.oracle storagetek discontinued .hard disk use hard disk storage increased time become progressively cheaper.
Backup	hard disks usually easy use widely available accessed quickly.however hard disk backups closetolerance mechanical devices may easily damaged tapes especially transported.mids several drive manufacturers began produce portable drives employing ramp loading accelerometer technology sometimes termed shock sensor industry average drop tests drives technology showed drives remaining intact working inch nonoperating drop onto industrial carpeting.manufacturers also offer ruggedized portable hard drives include shockabsorbing case around hard disk claim range higher drop specifications.period years stability hard disk backups shorter tape backups.external hard disks connected via local interfaces like scsi usb firewire esata via longerdistance technologies like ethernet iscsi fibre channel.
Backup	diskbased backup systems via virtual tape libraries otherwise support data deduplication reduce amount disk storage capacity consumed daily weekly backup data.optical storage optical storage uses lasers store retrieve data.recordable cds dvds bluray discs commonly used personal computers generally cheap.past capacities speeds discs lower hard disks tapes although advances optical media slowly shrinking gap.potential future data losses caused gradual media degradation predicted measuring rate correctable minor data errors consecutively many increase risk uncorrectable sectors.support error scanning varies among optical drive vendors.many optical disc formats worm type makes useful archival purposes since data cannot changed.
Backup	moreover optical discs vulnerable head crashes magnetism imminent water ingress power surges fault drive typically halts spinning.optical media modular storage controller external tied media like hard drives flash storage flash memory controller allowing removed accessed different drive.however recordable media may degrade earlier longterm exposure light.the lack internal components magnetism makes optical media unaffected single event effects ionizing radiation caused environmental disasters like nuclear meltdown solar storm.some optical storage systems allow cataloged data backups without human contact discs allowing longer data integrity.french study indicated lifespan typicallysold cdrs – years one manufacturer later estimated longevity cdrs goldsputtered layer high years.sonys proprietary optical disc archive reach read rate mbs.solidstate drive ssd solidstate drives ssds use integrated circuit assemblies store data.
Backup	flash memory thumb drives usb flash drives compactflash smartmedia memory sticks secure digital card devices relatively expensive low capacity convenient backing relatively low data volumes.solidstate drive contain movable parts making less susceptible physical damage huge throughput around mbits gbits.available ssds become capacious cheaper.flash memory backups stable fewer years hard disk backups.remote backup service remote backup services cloud backups involve service providers storing data offsite.
Backup	used protect events fires floods earthquakes could destroy locally stored backups.cloudbased backup services like similar google drive microsoft onedrive provides layer data protection.however users must trust provider maintain privacy integrity data confidentiality enhanced use encryption.speed availability limited users online connection users large amounts data may need use cloud seeding largescale recovery.management various methods used manage backup media striking balance accessibility security cost.
Backup	media management methods mutually exclusive frequently combined meet users needs.using online disks staging data sent nearline tape library common example.online online backup storage typically accessible type data storage begin restore milliseconds.internal hard disk disk array maybe connected san example online backup.type storage convenient speedy vulnerable deleted overwritten either accident malevolent action wake datadeleting virus payload.
Backup	nearline nearline storage typically less accessible less expensive online storage still useful backup data storage.mechanical device usually used move media units storage drive data read written.generally safety properties similar online storage.example tape library restore times ranging seconds minutes.offline offline storage requires direct action provide access storage media example inserting tape tape drive plugging cable.
Backup	data accessible via computer except limited periods written read back largely immune online backup failure modes.access time varies depending whether media onsite offsite.offsite data protection backup media may sent offsite vault protect disaster sitespecific problem.vault simple system administrators home office sophisticated disasterhardened temperaturecontrolled highsecurity bunker facilities backup media storage.data replica offsite also online e.g.
Backup	offsite raid mirror.replica fairly limited value backup.backup site backup site disaster recovery center used store data enable computer systems networks restored properly configure event disaster.organisations data recovery centres others contract thirdparty.due high costs backing rarely considered preferred method moving data dr site.
Backup	typical way would remote disk mirroring keeps dr data date possible.selection extraction data backup operation starts selecting extracting coherent units data.data modern computer systems stored discrete units known files.files organized filesystems.deciding back given time involves tradeoffs.
Backup	backing much redundant data information repository fill quickly.backing insufficient amount data eventually lead loss critical information.files copying files making copies files simplest common way perform backup.means perform basic function included backup software operating systems.partial file copying backup may include blocks bytes within file changed given period time.substantially reduce needed storage space requires higher sophistication reconstruct files restore situation.
Backup	implementations require integration source file system.deleted files prevent unintentional restoration files intentionally deleted record deletion must kept.versioning files backup applications full onlysystem imaging also back files modified since last backup.way retrieve many different versions given file delete hard disk still find information repository archive.filesystems filesystem dump copy whole filesystem blocklevel made.also known raw partition backup related disk imaging.process usually involves unmounting filesystem running program like dd unix.
Backup	disk read sequentially large buffers type backup faster reading every file normally especially filesystem contains many small files highly fragmented nearly full.method also reads free disk blocks contain useful data method also slower conventional reading especially filesystem nearly empty.filesystems xfs provide dump utility reads disk sequentially high performance skipping unused sections.corresponding restore utility selectively restore individual files entire volume operators choice.identification changes filesystems archive bit file says recently changed.backup software looks date file compares last backup determine whether file changed.versioning file system versioning filesystem tracks changes file.
Backup	nilfs versioning filesystem linux example.live data files actively updated present challenge back up.one way back live data temporarily quiesce e.g.close files take snapshot resume live operations.point snapshot backed normal methods.
Backup	snapshot instantaneous function filesystems presents copy filesystem frozen specific point time often copyonwrite mechanism.snapshotting file changed results corrupted file unusable.also case across interrelated files may found conventional database applications microsoft exchange server.term fuzzy backup used describe backup live data looks like ran correctly represent state data single point time.backup options data files cannot quiesced includeopen file backup many backup software applications undertake back open files internally consistent state.applications simply check whether open files use try later.
Backup	applications exclude open files updated frequently.lowavailability interactive applications backed via naturalinduced pausing.interrelated database files backup interrelated database file systems offer means generate hot backup database online usable.may include snapshot data files plus snapshotted log changes made backup running.upon restore changes log files applied bring copy database point time initial backup ended.lowavailability interactive applications backed via coordinated snapshots.
Backup	however genuinelyhighavailability interactive applications backed via continuous data protection.metadata information stored computer stored files.accurately recovering complete system scratch requires keeping track nonfile data too.system description system specifications needed procure exact replacement disaster.boot sector boot sector sometimes recreated easily saving it.usually isnt normal file system wont boot without it.partition layout layout original disk well partition tables filesystem settings needed properly recreate original system.file metadata files permissions owner group acls metadata need backed restore properly recreate original environment.system metadata different operating systems different ways storing configuration information.microsoft windows keeps registry system information difficult restore typical file.
Backup	manipulation data dataset optimization frequently useful required manipulate data backed optimize backup process.manipulations improve backup speed restore speed data security media usage andor reduced bandwidth requirements.automated data grooming outofdate data automatically deleted personal backup applications—as opposed enterprise clientserver backup applications automated data grooming customized—the deletion globally delayed disabled.compression various schemes employed shrink size source data stored uses less storage space.compression frequently builtin feature tape drive hardware.
Backup	deduplication redundancy due backing similarly configured workstations reduced thus storing one copy.technique applied file raw block level.potentially large reduction called deduplication.occur server data moves backup media sometimes referred sourceclient side deduplication.approach also reduces bandwidth required send backup data target media.
Backup	process also occur target storage device sometimes referred inline backend deduplication.duplication sometimes backups duplicated second set storage media.done rearrange archive files optimize restore speed second copy different location different storage medium—as disktodisktotape capability enterprise clientserver backup.if backup media unavailable duplicates device may allow merging files intact parts using byte editor case data corruption.encryption highcapacity removable storage media backup tapes present data security risk lost stolen.encrypting data media mitigate problem however encryption cpu intensive process slow backup speeds security encrypted backups effective security key management policy.
Backup	multiplexing many computers backed destination storage devices ability use single storage device several simultaneous backups useful.however cramming scheduled backup window via multiplexed backup used tape destinations.refactoring process rearranging sets backups archive file known refactoring.example backup system uses single tape day store incremental backups protected computers restoring one computers could require many tapes.refactoring could used consolidate backups single computer onto single tape creating synthetic full backup.
Backup	especially useful backup systems incrementals forever style backups.staging sometimes backups copied staging disk copied tape.process sometimes referred ddt acronym disktodisktotape.useful problem matching speed final destination device source device frequently faced networkbased backup systems.also serve centralized location applying data manipulation techniques.
Backup	objectives recovery point objective rpo point time restarted infrastructure reflect expressed maximum targeted period data transactions might lost service due major incident.essentially rollback experienced result recovery.desirable rpo would point prior data loss event.making recent recovery point achievable requires increasing frequency synchronization source data backup repository.recovery time objective rto amount time elapsed disaster restoration business functions.data security addition preserving access data owners data must restricted unauthorized access.backups must performed manner compromise original owners undertaking.
SunGard	achieved data encryption proper media handling policies.data retention period regulations policy lead situations backups expected retained particular period further.retaining backups period lead unwanted liability suboptimal use storage media.checksum hash function validation applications back tape archive files need option verify data accurately copied.backup process monitoring enterprise clientserver backup applications need user interface allows administrators monitor backup process proves compliance regulatory bodies outside organization example insurance company usa might required hipaa demonstrate client data meet records retention requirements.userinitiated backups restores avoid recover minor disasters inadvertently deleting overwriting good versions one files computer user—rather administrator—may initiate backups restores necessarily mostrecent backup files folders.see also backupbackup software serviceslist backup softwarelist online backup servicesglossary backup termsvirtual backup appliancerelated topicsdata consistencydata degradationdata portabilitydata proliferationdatabase dumpdigital preservationdisaster recovery business continuity auditing notes references external links dictionary definition backup wiktionary media related backup wikimedia commonsformed spinoff computer services division sun oil company.name company originally acronym stood sun guaranteed access recovered data reference disaster recovery business helped pioneer.sungard ranked th u.s. fortune list year .in august company acquired seven private equity firms .billion delisted nyse.sungard one title sponsors tinkoff pro cycling team end .in august fis announced signed definitive agreement acquire sungard.business sungard provided software processing financial services k higher education public sector.
SunGard	also provided continuityassurance production data center hosting services part sungard as.sungard offices many parts world outside united states including paris south africa tunis stockholm united kingdom.acquisitions sungard historically grown acquisition.past mergers include performance pathways vericenter inflow strohl systems comdisco continuity services guardian plc availability side systems computer technology corp. sct higher education side kiodex.inc. gl trade oshap mint decalog trax carnot ag front capital systems front arena martini monis apt dyatron reech vpm phase systems infinity microhedge reconciliation automated securities clearance india opus renaissance software inc. national computer systems financial systems division primarily financial software processing side.
SunGard	sungard completed acquisitions past years.among largest acquisitions werein sungard data systems acquired infinity financial technology designer trading riskmanagement software us million million paid stock million went cash.infinity financial technology reported revenues million fiscal year .in sungard acquired israels oshap technologies nasdaqoshsf stock giving sungard foothold middleware via oshaps subsidiary mint communications frontoffice portfolio management systems markets via oshaps subsidiary decalog.in sungard acquired comdisco inc.’s computer disasterrecovery business u.s. appeals court rebuffed request justice department halt million transaction.in sungard acquired systems computer technology corp. sct million cash.in sungard acquired gl trade parisbased financial services firm nearly us billion first tranche stake gl trade acquired million including effect outstanding stock options.deal encompasses nyse euronexts stake gl trade however .hand founders .shares free float.
SunGard	deal considered financially hazardous given gl trade reported revenues € million ebitda € million fiscal year .in sungard acquired strohl systems company direct competitor sungard availability recovery planning.strohl systems became software division sungard availability services located king prussia pain sungard acquired hosting limited cloud computing data centre services company leveraged buyout formerly listed nyse ticker symbol sds august company acquired consortium seven private equity investment firms transaction valued .billion.partners acquisition silver lake partners bain capital blackstone group goldman sachs capital partners kohlberg kravis roberts providence equity partners tpg capital.demerger activities december capita group plc acquired sungard public sector holdings ltd part business servicing uk public sector £ million.
SunGard	new business known capita secure information systems renamed capita secure managed services.in august datatel sungards higher education group announced definitive agreement combine businesses operate one company datatel’s current chief executive officer john speer chief executive officer.affiliates private equity firm hellman friedman llc acquired sungard higher education businesses sungard data systems inc. aggregate cash purchase price us.billion combined acquired businesses.combined company operate new name ellucian announced annual users conference.on december hellman friedman datatel sungard announced proposed combination cleared department justice review.march finalization combination ellucian announced.
SunGard	sungards total debt us.billion alleviated selling business line nonetheless projected annual revenue shortage million assumed resulting total revenue projection fiscal .billion suggesting negative revenue trend.in march sungard completed splitoff availability services business forming independent company sungard as.andy stern continued lead sungard business.in sungard acquired fis company.in february vista equity partners acquired sungards public sector education businesses fis renamed rebranded sungard public sector superion april adding sungard education powerschool holdings.references external links fisglobal official website
PIER Systems	product designed information management crisis communications business continuity disaster recovery public relations mass notification news monitoring press release distribution management documents contacts inquiries media.headquarters located bellingham wa additional offices western eastern regions united states.pier acronym public information emergency response.pier systems inc. services major oil energy companies bp international tesoro corporation shell marathon oil corporation enbridge valero energy corporation ameren u.s. government organizations u.s. coast guard usda los angeles department water power american red cross metro harris county tx atlantafulton county emergency management agency educational institutes university houston university north carolina spelman college agnes scott college western washington university commercial companies albertsons allstate insurance company boeing darigold.history pier systems inc. formed august gerald baron.on june olympic pipeline burst poured vast amounts gasoline whatcom creek bellingham wa.gas created massive fire caused major forest damage killed people.
PIER Systems	back gerald baron communications contractor equilon enterprises joint venture texaco shell managing partner olympic pipeline.responsible communicating public press assure crisis contained.demanding task inspired create pier system—a single system could streamline communication problems organizations face major disasters providing tools need distribute information.baron said “we saw better ways solving communication problem would really facilitate needed done.gerald baron pier systems inc. corporation name changed audiencecentral inc. name changed back pier systems inc. .
PIER Systems	clients august hurricane katrina devastated new orleans louisiana.time united states coast guard th district used pier system means contact press media.although operating facility electricity coast guard officers able upload pictures news updates via cell phone modem uscg pier system website—which allowed information distributed media outlets across country.uscg th district website received million visits people searching updates information affected victims tragedy.uscgs public affairs team also used pier manage track respond hundreds inquiries requests.on june california wildfires united states forest service california department forestry fire protection calfire responded simultaneous wildfires northern california region.
PIER Systems	time local system need mass communication notification tool.contacted pier systems create control center website used communications different regional response teams.within evening pier systems created website communications running.organizations used pier system continually internal external communication throughout duration fires.in september response hurricane ike major organizations including harris country metro port houston marathon oil motiva port arthur refinery bp uscg campuses university houston tx used pier system way communicating employees families students press media.on april company registered domain name deepwaterhorizonresponse.com use bp united states coast guard deepwater horizon oil spill.references external links pier systems official siteregroup mass notification
List of recessions in the United States	cycles countrys agricultural production industrial production consumption business investment health banking industry contribute declines.u.s. recessions increasingly affected economies worldwide scale especially countries economies become intertwined.the unofficial beginning ending dates recessions united states defined national bureau economic research nber american private nonprofit research organization.nber defines recession significant decline economic activity spread across economy lasting two quarters months normally visible real gross domestic product gdp real income employment industrial production wholesaleretail sales.in th century recessions frequently coincided financial crises.determining occurrence prethcentury recessions difficult due dearth economic statistics scholars rely historical accounts economic activity contemporary newspapers business ledgers.although nber date recessions economists customarily extrapolate dates u.s. recessions back business annals based various contemporary descriptions.
List of recessions in the United States	work aided historical patterns recessions often follow external shocks economic system wars variations weather affecting agriculture well banking crises.major modern economic statistics unemployment gdp compiled regular standardized basis world war ii.average duration recessions months compared months recessions months recessions .great changes economy centuries difficult compare severity modern recessions early recessions.covid recession began march postworld war ii era come anywhere near depth great depression lasted included bull market caused crash stock market factors.early recessions crises attempts made date recessions america beginning .
List of recessions in the United States	periods recession identified s. construct dates researchers studied business annals period constructed time series data.earliest recessions certainty coincide major financial crises.beginning index business activity cleveland trust company provides data comparison recessions.beginning national bureau economic research dates recession peaks troughs month.however standardized index exist earliest recessions.in congress chartered first bank united states handle countrys financial needs.bank functions modern central bank although responsible young countrys currency.
List of recessions in the United States	banks charter lapsed replaced second bank united states lasted .free banking era great depression u.s. president andrew jackson fought end second bank united states.following bank war second bank lost charter .national presence banking still plenty state even local regulation laws branch banking prevented diversification.response financing pressures civil war congress passed national banking act creating nationally chartered banks.
List of recessions in the United States	neither central bank deposit insurance era thus banking panics common.recessions often led bank panics financial crises turn worsened recession.the dating recessions period controversial.modern economic statistics gross domestic product unemployment gathered period.victor zarnowitz evaluated variety indices measure severity recessions.one measure recessions cleveland trust company index measured business activity beginning index trade industrial activity available used compare recessions.
List of recessions in the United States	great depression onward following end world war ii large adjustment economy adjusted wartime peacetime collection many economic indicators unemployment gdp became standardized.recessions world war ii may compared much easily previous recessions available data.listed dates durations official chronology national bureau economic research.gdp data bureau economic analysis unemployment bureau labor statistics .unemployment rate often reaches peak associated recession recession officially ended.until start covid recession postworld war ii era came anywhere near depth great depression.
List of recessions in the United States	great depression gdp fell deepest demobilization recession beginning december gdp fallen .second quarter unemployment rate reached highest since .rate reached – recession.the national bureau economic research dates recessions monthly basis back according chronology cycles.average recession lasted months average expansion .six cycles recessions lasted average months expansions .
List of recessions in the United States	cycles recessions lasted average months expansions average months.prompted economists declare business cycle become less severe.many factors may contributed moderation including establishment deposit insurance form federal deposit insurance corporation increased regulation banking sector.changes include use fiscal policy form automatic stabilizers alleviate cyclical volatility.creation federal reserve system disputed source stability policies mixed successes.since early sources great moderation attributed numerous causes including public policy industry practices technology even good luck.
List of recessions in the United States	see also criticism federal reservelist economic expansions united stateslist recessions united kingdomlist stock market crashes bear markets notes references sources glasner david cooley thomas f. eds..business cycles depressions encyclopedia.new york garland publishing.isbn .gordon robert j. ed.

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