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Federal Emergency Management Agency	annual list use funds disclosed end year femas website.regions regional mapregion boston – serving ct nh ri vtregion new york ny serving nj ny pr usviregion philadelphia pa serving dc de md pa va wvregion atlanta ga serving al fl ga ky ms nc sc tnregion chicago il serving il mi mn oh wiregion denton tx serving ar la nm ok txregion kansas city mo serving ia ks mo neregion denver co serving co mt nd sd ut wyregion oakland ca serving az ca hi nv gu cnmi rmi fmregion pao serving cnmi gu hiregion bothell wa serving ak id wa predisaster mitigation programs femas mitigation directorate responsible programs take action disaster order identify risks reduce injuries loss property recovery time.agency major analysis programs floods hurricanes tropical storms dams earthquakes.fema works ensure affordable flood insurance available homeowners flood plains national flood insurance program also works enforce nobuild zones known flood plains relocate elevate atrisk structures.predisaster mitigation grants available acquire property conversion open space retrofit existing buildings construct tornado storm shelters manage vegetation erosion fire control small flood control projects.critics say program underperforming starved funding compared disaster response recovery process applying buyout unreasonably slow wasting taxpayer dollars national flood insurance program paid reconstruct properties times.nfipinsured properties responsible one quarter month program paid out.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	response capabilities femas emergency response based small decentralized teams trained areas national disaster medical system ndms urban search rescue usar disaster mortuary operations response team dmort disaster medical assistance team dmat mobile emergency response support mers.national response coordination center nrcc femas national response coordination center nrcc multiagency center located fema hq coordinates overall federal support major disasters emergencies including catastrophic incidents support operations regional level.fema administrator delegate activates nrcc anticipation response incident activating nrcc staff includes fema personnel appropriate emergency support functions appropriate personnel including nongovernmental organization private sector representatives.initial stages response fema part whole community focus projected potential escalating critical incident activities.nrcc coordinates affected regions provides needed resources policy guidance support incidentlevel operations.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	nrcc staff specifically provides emergency management coordination planning resource deployment collects disseminates incident information builds maintains situational awareness—all nationallevel.fema maintains nrcc functional component noc incident support operations.an example nrcc activity coordination emergency management activities took place connection colorado floods.disaster medical assistance teams disaster medical assistance teams dmat provide medical care disasters typically made doctors paramedics.also national nursing response teams nnrt national pharmacy response teams nprt veterinary medical assistance teams vmat.disaster mortuary operational response teams dmort provide mortuary forensic services.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	national medical response teams nmrt equipped decontaminate victims chemical biological agents.urban search rescue usr urban search rescue task forces perform rescue victims structural collapses confined spaces disasters example mine collapses earthquakes.mobile emergency response support mers teams provide communications support local public safety.instance may operate truck satellite uplink computers telephone power generation staging area near disaster responders communicate outside world.also mobile air transportable telecommunications system matts assets airlifted in.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	also portable cell phone towers erected allow local responders access telephone systems.the first test national wireless emergency system fema broadcast estimated million electronic devices edt october .text message accompanied flashing warning sign warning tone.president may direct fema broadcast alerts national emergencies public danger.facility may used personal messages president.mobile phone owners opt warnings.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	preparedness nuclear incidents august fema released planning guidance protection recovery following radiological dispersal device rdd improvised nuclear device ind incidents provide action guide case radioactive contamination.guidance specified action guide radiological dispersal devices rdd improvised nuclear devices ind involving high levels radiation.according federation american scientists cold war fema prepared assessments likely consequences fullscale soviet nuclear attack united states use planning mitigation recovery efforts.fema also prepared plans evacuating major u.s. cities response nuclear war dubbed crpb.training fema offers large number training classes either centers programs state level cooperation colleges universities online.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	latter free classes available anyone although u.s. residency work eligibility take final examinations.information available fema website emergency personnel training subheadings.emergency response information citizens also available website.fema runs incident workforce academy twoweek emergency preparedness training program fema employees.first class academy graduated early .the training education division within femas national integration center directly funds training responders provides guidance trainingrelated expenditures femas grant programs.information designing effective training first responders available training education division.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	emergency managers interested members public take independent study courses certification femas online emergency management institute.emergency management institute training certifications emi offers credentials training opportunities united states citizens.note students employed fema federal employee programs.however need create fema sid take final examsemi maintains strategic partnerships frederick community college.fcc contracted emergency management institute provide college credit independent study program isp.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	fcc offers eight specialized letters recognition undergraduate certificate associate applied science degree emergency management.fema corps fema corps range age years old cadre dedicated disaster response recovery.new partnership corporation national community services americorps nccc fema.the corps described dedicated trained reliable disaster workforce works fulltime months federal disaster response recovery efforts.members inaugural fema corps class graduated june americorps nccc campus vicksburg mississippi.corps work teams people follow traditional nccc model living together traveling together.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	addition working fema corps members must perform americorps responsibilities physical training three times week national days service individual service projects communities throughout united states.corps receives .day food living stipend approximately months.education award distributed corps members successfully serve months service completing total hours.donations management fema led publicprivate partnership creating national donations management program making easier corporations individuals previously engaged make offers free assistance states federal government times disaster.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	program partnership among fema relief agencies corporationscorporate associations participating state governments.criticisms hurricane andrew august hurricane andrew struck florida louisiana coasts mph kmh sustained winds.fema widely criticized response andrew summed famous exclamation hell cavalry one kate hale emergency management director dade county florida.fema federal government large accused responding fast enough house feed sustain approximately people left homeless affected areas.within five days federal government neighboring states dispatched national guard active duty troops south dade county set temporary housing.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	event femas performance reviewed national academy public administration february report coping catastrophe identified several basic paradigms emergency management fema administration causes failed response.fema previously criticized response hurricane hugo hit south carolina september many issues plagued agency hurricane andrew also evident response hurricane katrina .additionally upon incorporation dhs fema legally dissolved new emergency preparedness response directorate established dhs replace it.following enactment postkatrina emergency management reform act fema reestablished entity within dhs march .southern florida hurricanes south florida newspaper sunsentinel extensive list documented criticisms fema four hurricanes hit region .some criticisms includewhen hurricane frances hit south florida labor day weekend miles north miamidade county miamidade applicants approved fema million storm claims new furniture clothes thousands new televisions microwaves refrigerators cars dental bills funeral even though medical examiner recorded deaths frances.u.s. senate committee inspector general department homeland security found fema inappropriately declared miamidade county disaster area awarded millions often without verifying storm damage need assistance.fema used hurricane aid money pay funeral expenses least floridians whose deaths caused hurricanes states coroners concluded.ten people whose funerals paid florida time deaths.the rising sea levels global temperatures increase flooding severe storms called change within procedure flood insurance.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	communities directly impacted changes include coastal communities waterfront homes.procedural design flood insurance done fema’s federal emergency management agency national flood insurance program.previously insurance program created constructed around “year floodplain” “area would inundated year flood better thought area one percent greater chance experiencing flood single year” large subsidies coastal homes especially florida.however major changes made new program called risk rating .introduced prices house individual flood risk.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	account distance house flood source types frequency flooding characteristics cost rebuild.new program greatly impact states like florida intense risk hurricanes sea level rise.initial program homes coast mostly subsidized cost homeowners inland likely lowerincome people color.however previously stated risk rating .homeowners higher risk areas greater flooding paying risk insurance may come reevaluating longevity one’s place coasts florida.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	hand fema’s program national program see different impacts places like new england.indicated states like maine greatly impacted positively new program.bays inlets coves proved good protective measures waterfront properties.addition maine states like iowa nebraska see impacts flood insurance policies.stated almost nebraskans iowans see decrease policies.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	overall see many different types complications new set retirees fixed incomes longterm mortgages depreciation household value.program relatively new impacts program continued seen following years.hurricane katrina fema received intense criticism response hurricane katrina disaster august .fema prepositioned response personnel gulf coast region.however many could render direct assistance able report dire situation along gulf coast especially new orleans.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	within three days large contingent national guard active duty troops deployed region.the enormous number evacuees simply overwhelmed rescue personnel.situation compounded flood waters city hampered transportation poor communication among federal government state local entities.fema widely criticized seen slow initial response disaster inability effectively manage care move trying leave city.thenfema director michael d. brown criticized personally slow response apparent disconnection situation.brown would eventually relieved command katrina disaster soon thereafter resigned.according u.s. house representatives select bipartisan committee investigate preparation response hurricane katrinathe secretary department homeland security designated principal federal official saturday two days prior landfall roster pfos successfully completed required training unlike fema director michael brown.considerable confusion caused secretarys pfo decisions.dhs fema lacked adequate trained experienced staff katrina response.the readiness femas national emergency response teams inadequate reduced effectiveness federal response.longstanding weaknesses magnitude disaster overwhelmed femas ability provide emergency shelter temporary housing.fema logistics contracting systems support targeted massive sustained provision commodities.before katrina fema suffered lack sufficiently trained procurement professionals.other failings also noted.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	committee devoted entire section report listing actions fema.conclusion wasfor years emergency management professionals warning femas preparedness eroded.many believe erosion result separation preparedness function fema drain longterm professional staff along institutional knowledge expertise inadequate readiness femas national emergency response teams.combination staffing training organizational structures made femas inadequate performance face adisaster size katrina inevitable.pursuant temporary restraining order issued hon.stanwood r. duval united states district court judge eastern district louisiana result mcwaters v. fema classaction february set deadline official end coverage temporary housing costs katrina victims.after february deadline katrina victims left devices either find permanent housing long term continue social welfare programs set organizations.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	many katrina evacuees living temporary shelters trailer parks set fema relief organizations first months disaster hit much still unable find housing.in july ice ordered katrina victims never used kept storage facilities cost .million melted down.in june cnn investigation found fema gave away million household goods meant hurricane katrina victims states.buffalo snowstorm fema came attack response october surprise storm buffalo new york october .fema legally cannot interfere state business unless asked fema responded per procedure governor state new york george pataki asked femas assistance.fema headquarters constant contact state congressional offices providing latest information available.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	claims state fema officials arrive october three days storm hit.snowstorm damage time included downed power wires downed trees caused structural damage homes businesses.dumas arkansas tornadoes many people dumas arkansas especially victims tornadoes february criticized femas response supplying number new trailers needed sending set used trailers lower needed quantity.following storm u.s senator mark pryor criticized femas response recovery cleanup efforts.california wildfires fema came intense criticism revealed press conference october california wildfires staged.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	deputy administrator harvey e. johnson answering questions fema employees posing reporters.many questions softball questions i.e.happy femas response far intentionally asked way would evoke positive response giving impression fema everything right.way scrutiny real reporters many given minute notice would avoided.fox news msnbc media outlets aired staged press briefing live.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	real reporters notified minutes advance able call conference line set listenonly mode.people primarily fema public affairs employees.hurricane maria september hurricane maria struck dominica puerto rico mph kmh sustained winds.maria fifthstrongest storm ever strike united states stronger winds brought irma similar rain brought houston hurricane harvey.despite femas preemptive efforts puerto rico island still devastated beyond expectation.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	agency prepared provisions displaced residents storm struck including roughly fema staff members positioned island food water bedding.however people reported fema food packages unhealthy snacks confectionery skittles.fema widely criticized response maria island quickly fell humanitarian crisis.the island also experienced massive loss power result flood wind damage sustained maria.beginning october lieutenant general todd semonite chief commanding general united states army corps engineers explained extent necessity aid power crisis.semonite described specifics outage reporters explaining island requires megawatts electricity operate last count megawatts available.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	translates percent grid functional.fema administrator william brock long told reporters briefing following storm puerto rico politics hindered ability federal government send aid.explained political divisions prevented unity leaders time crisis describing issue even worse mainland united states issue democrats republicans.residents cases required fill paperwork english rather spanish little hope receiving aid requested.brigadier general jose reyes puerto rico national guard discussed strategy quicken arrival resources via port ponce located southern coast puerto rico.reyes also attributed delay services unprecedented series storms demanded attention agency within short period time.regarding general reyes told reporters even getting back feet irma suddenly got hit maria.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	also addressed disparities aid sent mainland disasterstricken areas puerto rico explaining areas florida texas recently struck similar damages transportation resources relatively simpler.able utilize infrastructure transport aid.transporting similar resources puerto rico proved difficult must travel across ocean either aircraft ships.long also mentioned puerto ricos international airport able operate full capacity posed additional obstacle federal aid imports.long resigned march following criticism handling hurricane maria ethical complaint misuse official vehicles costing .homeland security secretary kirstjen nielsen said long would reimburse government cost vehicles staff involved trips many washington home north carolina.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	nielsen submitted resignation secretary homeland security less month later april .hurricane harvey hurricane harvey made landfall late august category hurricane mph kmh sustained winds.hurricane predominantly affected southeast texas however effects felt far arkansas kentucky tennessee form flash flooding.harvey slowly progressed around southeast texas produced heavy precipitation region.caused heavy flooding residential areas colorado city liberty montgomery texas.harvey first series hurricanes tropical storms affect united states august september .
Federal Emergency Management Agency	effects storms included extreme flooding damage high speed winds structural damage humanitarian concerns regarding availability basic necessities food water shelter.some recipients forced wait two months receiving aid fema technical complications held application processing said applications.residents denied federal aid dispute denial efforts rebuild repair properties without taking considerably large financial loss.coronavirus pandemic covid early april los angeles times reported trump administration quietly seizing medical supplies states hospitals citing hospital clinic officials catering seven states.officials stated administration informed otherwise get access ordered supplies.fema representative said agency working department health human services department defense developed system identifying needed supplies vendors distributing equitably.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	federal government also seized order thermometers meant florida order masks texas association community health centers order testing supplies meant peacehealth hospital system washington oregon alaska.april san francisco mayor london breed said weve situations things weve ordered gone customs confiscated fema diverted locations.know everyone dealing serious challenge.customs weve situations items taken put market highest bidder putting cities cities states states.massachusetts secretary health human services marylou sudders cited shipment million masks state negotiated buy bjs wholesale club federal government impounded port new york new jersey march .
Federal Emergency Management Agency	order msc industrial supply masks delivered march also claimed federal government using force majeure.massachusetts governor charlie baker reached new england patriots professional american football team used team plane airkraft bring approximately .million n masks china boston.state colorado set purchase ventilators federal emergency management agency swooped bought first.trump announced twitter federal government would sending ventilators colorado request senator cory gardner.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	incident caused colorado governor polis make future supply purchases secret.in late april masks meant hospitals veterans health administration seized fema redirected strategic national stockpile stated richard stone executive charge veterans health administration.appeal veterans affairs secretary robert wilkie fema agency provided va masks.federalism fema costs disaster states localities pile quickly.federal assistance becomes fully available approval president request governor.public help governments repair facilities federally funded local governments responsible covering rest unless state grants aid loans.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	fema compensate buildings improperly maintained state local government pay upgrade improve facilities.fema coordinates fund disaster assistance provided small business administration farmers home administration.fema grantin aid funds come revenue sharing department housing urban development department transportation.grants disaster preparedness used flood control districts.many states disaster relief agencies own.event disaster outside states operating capacity director said agency advise governor whether proclaim state emergency.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	declaring state emergency upon presidential approval entitles state federal assistance.important note proclaiming state emergency guarantee federal assistance.states also rely mutual aid agreements civil defense disaster compact.mutual aid agreement neighboring states cities counties cities states cities entire region.agreements allow agencies share resources better prepared emergencies.local governments immediate responsibility.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	four factors shape local disaster responsethe extent tax base depletionthe scope lost sales tax revenueaccess forms revenueamount city debthaving mostly intact tax base allows local governments maintain steady revenue stream.business unharmed disaster able continue generate sales tax revenue.cities access large revenue reserves strong mutual aid agreements greater response capacity.cities large municipal debt would unable pay back state federal loans would difficult situation.u.s. v. parish jefferson et al case gave fema right sue like order recover funds paid flood insurance claims flood damage result poor decisions local officials developers.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	case also gave fema power sue localities fail meet flood plain management requirements.list fema heads see also references reading garrett thomas a. russell s. sobel.political economy fema disaster payments.economic inquiry ..sobel russell s. christopher j. coyne peter t. leeson.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	political economy fema reorganization matter.journal public finance public choice .onlinekneeland timothy w. playing politics natural disaster hurricane agnes election origins fema cornell university press onlinekousky carolyn.facts fema household disaster aid examining floods tornadoes missouri.weather climate society .
Federal Emergency Management Agency	.onlinelindsay bruce r. fema disaster housing individuals households programimplementation potential issues congress congressional research service online.murphree vanessa bryan h. reber frederick blevens.superhero instructor optimist fema frames disaster hurricanes katrina rita.journal public relations research ..sadiq abdulakeem kevin tharp john d. graham.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	fema versus local governments influence reliance disaster preparedness.natural hazards ..onlineschneider saundra k. fema federalism hugo andfrisco.publius journal federalism .
Thomas Lembong	.msnbc article senate panel recommends abolishing femafederal emergency management brief introduction congressional research service external links official website federal emergency management agency federal registerworks federal emergency management agency internet archivefema taking shelter storm.fema.gov.retrieved march .– safe room construction planssince july head indonesias investment coordinating board badan koordinasi penanaman modal.. formerly served minister trade indonesia august july .career main positions held thomas lembong becoming head investment coordinating board include following staff member equities division morgan stanley singapore.senior manager corporate finance department makindo securities investment bank jakarta.investment banker deutsche securities jakarta.division head senior vice president indonesian bank restructuring agency jakarta.founding member managing partner ceo quvat management private equity fund established also working principia management group jakarta.elected young global leader world economic forum.
Thomas Lembong	president commissioner pt graha layar prima tbk indonesiabased cinema operator.on august president joko widodo jokowi appointed thomas lembong minister trade first cabinet reshuffle since jokowi administration taken office october .thomas lembong held position appointed head investment coordinating board july .taking head investment coordinating board described president jokowis economic reform philosophy two principles openness competition.emphasised following cabinet reshuffle appointment enggartiasto lukita next trade minister expected would policy continuity trade investment policy indonesia.references
Minister for Parliamentary Business	result minister attend scottish cabinet supports cabinet secretary covid recovery member cabinet.minister job steering government business scottish parliament.the current minister george adam appointed may .history post originally created may chief whip government business manager cabinet position labour liberal scottish executive along junior deputy business manager positions renamed weeks minister parliament deputy minister parliament respectively.posts renamed november minister parliamentary business deputy minister parliamentary business following election jack mcconnell first minister.the cabinet post downgrade junior minister reporting first minister following election snp minority government may .post remained junior one may scottish parliament election new cabinet post cabinet secretary parliamentary business government strategy established minister parliamentary business chief whip reporting set remained place government reshuffle september saw cabinet post abolished responsibility government strategy given deputy first minister post minister parliamentary business reestablished reporting first minister deputy first minister.this changed reshuffle announced november joe fitzpatrick reporting directly deputy first minister scotland john swinney.
Philippines	june reshuffle cabinet level responsibility parliamentary business assigned cabinet secretary government business constitutional relations supported minister parliamentary business veterans.in may following nicola sturgeons snp victory george adam promoted minister parliamentary business post losing responsibility veteran affairs.list office holders cabinet position junior minister see also scottish parliamentscottish government references external links minister parliamentary business scottish governmentminister parliamentary business scottish parliamentsituated western pacific ocean consists islands broadly categorized three main geographical divisions north south luzon visayas mindanao.philippines bounded west philippine sea west philippine sea east celebes sea southwest shares maritime borders taiwan north japan northeast palau east southeast indonesia south malaysia southwest vietnam west china northwest.philippines covers area km sq mi population around million people making worlds twelfthmost populous country.philippines multinational state diverse ethnicities cultures throughout islands.manila nations capital largest city quezon city lying within urban area metro manila.negritos archipelagos earliest inhabitants followed successive waves austronesian peoples.
Philippines	adoption animism hinduism islam established islandkingdoms called kedatuans rajahnates sultanates.arrival ferdinand magellan portuguese explorer leading fleet spain marked beginning spanish colonization.spanish explorer ruy lópez de villalobos named archipelago las islas filipinas honor philip ii spain.spanish settlement mexico beginning led philippines becoming part spanish empire years.time catholicism became dominant religion manila became western hub transpacific trade.
Philippines	philippine revolution began became entwined spanish–american war.spain ceded territory united states filipino revolutionaries declared first philippine republic.ensuing philippine–american war ended united states establishing control territory maintained japanese invasion islands world war ii.following liberation philippines became independent .since unitary sovereign state often tumultuous experience democracy included overthrow dictatorship people power revolution.it considered emerging market newly industrialized country economy transitioning based agriculture based services manufacturing.
Philippines	philippines founding member united nations world trade organization association southeast asian nations asiapacific economic cooperation forum east asia summit.philippines position island country pacific ring fire close equator makes country prone earthquakes typhoons.country variety natural resources globally significant level biodiversity.etymology spanish explorer ruy lópez de villalobos expedition named islands leyte samar felipinas philip ii spain prince asturias.eventually name las islas filipinas would used cover archipelagos spanish possessions.
Philippines	spanish rule established names islas del poniente islands west magellans name islands san lázaro also used spanish refer islands region.during philippine revolution malolos congress proclaimed establishment república filipina philippine republic.period spanish–american war philippine–american war – commonwealth period – american colonial authorities referred country philippine islands translation spanish name.united states began process changing reference country philippine islands philippines specifically mentioned philippine autonomy act jones law.full official title republic philippines included constitution name future independent state also mentioned succeeding constitutional revisions.history prehistory pre– evidence early hominins living philippines early years ago.
Philippines	small number bones callao cave potentially represent otherwise unknown species homo luzonensis lived around years ago.oldest modern human remains found islands tabon caves palawan uthdated ± – years ago.tabon man presumably negrito among archipelagos earliest inhabitants descendants first human migrations africa via coastal route along southern asia sunken landmasses sundaland sahul.the first austronesians reached philippines around bc settling batanes islands northern luzon taiwan.rapidly spread downwards rest islands philippines southeast asia.population assimilated existing negritos resulting modern filipino ethnic groups display various ratios genetic admixture austronesian negrito groups.
Philippines	genetic signatures also indicate potential migration austroasiatic papuan south asian people.jade artifacts found dated bc linglingo jade items crafted luzon made using raw materials originating taiwan.bc inhabitants archipelago developed four kinds social groups huntergatherer tribes warrior societies highland plutocracies port principalities.early states – earliest known surviving written record found philippines laguna copperplate inscription.number large coastal settlements emerged trading centers became focal point societal changes.
Philippines	polities exchanges states across asia.trade china believed begun tang dynasty grew extensive song dynasty.nd millennium ce philippine polities sent delegations participating tributary system china.indian cultural traits linguistic terms religious practices began spread within philippines th century likely via hindu majapahit empire.th century islam established sulu archipelago spread there.polities founded philippines th–th centuries include maynila tondo namayan pangasinan cebu butuan maguindanao lanao sulu mai.
Philippines	early polities typically made threetier social structure nobility class class freemen class dependent debtorbondsmen.among nobility leaders called datus responsible ruling autonomous groups called barangay dulohan.barangays banded together either form larger settlement geographically looser alliance esteemed among would recognized paramount datu rajah sultan headed community state.warfare developed escalated th th centuries throughout periods population density thought low.luções luzon economic military influence south southeast east asia.
Philippines	portuguese explorer ferdinand magellan arrived area claimed islands spain killed lapulapus fighters battle mactan.colonial rule – colonization began spanish explorer miguel lópez de legazpi arrived mexico .– spanish manila became capital spanish east indies encompassed spanish territories asia pacific.spanish successfully invaded different local states employing principle divide conquer bringing philippines single unified administration.disparate barangays deliberately consolidated towns catholic missionaries easily able convert inhabitants christianity.
Philippines	philippines governed part mexicobased viceroyalty new spain later administered madrid following mexican war independence.manila western hub transpacific trade.manila galleons constructed bicol cavite.during rule spain quelled various indigenous revolts well defending external military challenges.spanish forces included soldiers elsewhere new spain well broader latin america many deserted intermingled wider population.immigration blurred racial caste system spain maintained towns cities.
Philippines	war dutch west th century together conflict muslims south nearly bankrupted colonial treasury.administration philippine islands considered drain economy spain debates abandon trade territory.however opposed due economic potential security desire continue religious conversion islands surrounding region.philippines survived annual subsidy provided spanish crown averaged pesos usually paid provision tons silver bullion sent americas.british forces occupied manila seven years war spanish rule restored treaty paris.– spanish considered war muslims southeast asia extension reconquista.spanish–moro conflict lasted several hundred years.
Philippines	last quarter th century spain conquered portions mindanao jolo moro muslims sultanate sulu formally recognized spanish sovereignty.in th century philippine ports opened world trade shifts started occurring within filipino society.latin american wars independence renewed immigration led shifts social identity term filipino shifting referring spaniards born philippines term encompassing people archipelago.identity shift driven wealthy families mixed ancestry became national identity.revolutionary sentiments stoked three activist catholic priests executed weak pretences.would inspire propaganda movement spain organized marcelo h. del pilar josé rizal graciano lópez jaena mariano ponce lobbying political reforms philippines.rizal eventually executed december charges rebellion.
Philippines	radicalized many previously loyal spain.attempts reform met resistance andrés bonifacio established militant secret society called katipunan sought independence spain armed revolt.the katipunan started philippine revolution .internal disputes led election bonifacio lost position emilio aguinaldo elected new leader revolution.– pact biaknabato brought exile revolutionary leadership hong kong.spanish–american war began reached philippines.
Philippines	aguinaldo returned resumed revolution declared independence spain june .– first philippine republic established january .the islands ceded spain united states alongside puerto rico guam result latters victory spanish–american war.became increasingly clear united states would recognize first philippine republic philippine–american war broke out.war resulted deaths million civilians mostly due famine disease.defeat first philippine republic american civilian government established.
Philippines	american forces continued secure extend control islands suppressing attempted extension philippine republic – securing sultanate sulu establishing control interior mountainous areas resisted spanish conquest.cultural developments strengthened continuing development national identity tagalog began take precedence local languages.governmental functions gradually devolved filipinos taft commission philippines granted commonwealth status manuel quezon president sergio osmeña vice president.quezons priorities defence social justice inequality economic diversification national character.tagalog designated national language womens suffrage introduced land reform mooted.during world war ii japanese empire invaded second philippine republic jose p. laurel established puppet state.japanese occupation philippines opposed largescale underground guerrilla activity.
Philippines	atrocities war crimes committed war including bataan death march manila massacre.allied troops defeated japanese .end war estimated million filipinos died.october philippines became one founding members united nations.july philippines officially recognized united states independent nation treaty manila presidency manuel roxas.
Philippines	postcolonial period –present efforts end hukbalahap rebellion began elpidio quirinos term however ramon magsaysays presidency movement suppressed.magsaysays successor carlos p. garcia initiated filipino first policy continued diosdado macapagal celebration independence day moved july june date emilio aguinaldos declaration pursuit claim eastern part north borneo.in macapagal lost presidential election ferdinand marcos.early presidency marcos initiated numerous infrastructure projects together wife imelda accused corruption embezzling billions dollars public funds.nearing end term marcos declared martial law september .period rule characterized political repression censorship human rights violations.on august marcos chief rival opposition leader benigno aquino jr. assassinated tarmac manila international airport.
Philippines	marcos called snap presidential election .marcos proclaimed winner results widely regarded fraudulent.resulting protests led people power revolution forced marcos allies flee hawaii aquinos widow corazon aquino installed president.the return democracy government reforms beginning hampered national debt government corruption coup attempts.communist insurgency military conflict moro separatists persisted administration also faced series disasters including sinking mv doña paz december eruption mount pinatubo june .aquino succeeded fidel v. ramos whose economic performance .
Philippines	growth rate overshadowed onset asian financial crisis.ramos successor joseph estrada overthrown edsa revolution succeeded vice president gloria macapagal arroyo january .arroyos year administration marked economic growth tainted corruption political scandals.november journalists several civilians killed maguindanao.economic growth continued benigno aquino iiis administration pushed good governance transparency.clash took place mamasapano maguindanao killed members philippine national policespecial action force resulting efforts pass bangsamoro basic law reaching impasse.former davao city mayor rodrigo duterte presidential election becoming first president mindanao.
Philippines	duterte launched antidrug campaign infrastructure program.implementation bangsamoro organic law led creation autonomous bangsamoro region mindanao.early covid pandemic reached country causing gross domestic product shrink .countrys worst annual economic performance since records began .geography environment philippines archipelago composed islands covering total area including inland bodies water around square kilometers sq mi cadastral survey data suggesting may larger.
Philippines	kilometers mi coastline gives worlds fifthlongest coastline.eez philippines covers km sq mi.located ° ° e longitude ° ° n latitude bordered philippine sea east south china sea west celebes sea south.island borneo located hundred kilometers southwest taiwan located directly north.sulawesi located southwest palau located east islands.the highest mountain mount apo.
Philippines	measures meters ft sea level located island mindanao.running east archipelago philippine trench extendes meter ft emden deep.longest river cagayan river northern luzon measuring kilometers mi.manila bay upon shore capital city manila lies connected laguna de bay largest lake philippines pasig river.puerto princesa subterranean river runs .
Philippines	kilometers .mi underground karst landscape reaching ocean unesco world heritage site.situated western fringes pacific ring fire philippines experiences frequent seismic volcanic activity.benham plateau east philippine sea undersea region active tectonic subduction.around earthquakes registered daily though weak felt.last major earthquake luzon earthquake.
Philippines	many active volcanoes mayon volcano mount pinatubo taal volcano.eruption mount pinatubo june produced second largest terrestrial eruption th century.philippines worlds secondbiggest geothermal energy producer behind united states countrys electricity needs met geothermal power.the country valuable mineral deposits result complex geologic structure high level seismic activity.philippines thought secondlargest gold deposits south africa along large amount copper deposits worlds largest deposits palladium.minerals include chromite nickel zinc.
Philippines	despite lack law enforcement poor management opposition due presence indigenous communities past instances environmental damage disaster resulted mineral resources remaining largely untapped.biodiversity philippines megadiverse country.eight major types forests distributed throughout philippines dipterocarp beach forest pine forest molave forest lower montane forest upper montane mossy forest mangroves ultrabasic forest.philippines million hectares forest cover left according official estimates roughly countrys total land area though experts contend actual figure likely much lower.deforestation often result illegal logging acute problem philippines.
Philippines	forest cover declined philippiness total land area ..around land vertebrate species found philippines including mammal species bird species thought exist elsewhere.philippines among highest rates discovery world sixteen new species mammals discovered last ten years.rate endemism philippines risen likely continue rise.parts marine waters contain highest diversity shorefish species world.large reptiles include philippine crocodile saltwater crocodile.
Philippines	largest crocodile captivity known locally lolong captured southern island mindanao died february pneumonia cardiac arrest.national bird known philippine eagle longest body eagle generally measures cm ..ft length weighs ..
Philippines	kg ..lb.philippine eagle part family accipitridae endemic rainforests luzon samar leyte mindanao.philippines third highest number endemic birds world behind indonesia australia endemics.
Philippines	notable birds include celestial monarch flametempled babbler redvented cockatoo whiskered pitta sulu hornbill rufous hornbill luzon bleedingheart flamebreasted fruit dove.philippine maritime waters encompass much square kilometers sq mi producing unique diverse marine life important part coral triangle territory shared countries.total number corals marine fish species estimated respectively.new records species discoveries continue.tubbataha reef sulu sea declared world heritage site .philippine waters also sustain cultivation fish crustaceans oysters seaweeds.
Philippines	one species oyster pinctada maxima produces pearls naturally golden color.pearls declared national gem.with estimated plant species country unique islands philippine rainforests boast array flora including many rare types orchids rafflesia.many species endangered scientists say southeast asia philippines part faces catastrophic extinction rate end st century due part habitat loss resulting deforestation.climate philippines tropical maritime climate usually hot humid.three seasons hot dry season summer march may rainy season june november cool dry season december february.
Philippines	southwest monsoon lasts may october northeast monsoon november april.temperatures usually range °c °f °c °f.coolest month january warmest may.the average yearly temperature around .°c .°f.
Philippines	considering temperature location terms latitude longitude significant factor temperatures sea level tend range.altitude usually impact.average annual temperature baguio elevation meters ft sea level .°c .°f making popular destination hot summers.
Philippines	annual rainfall measures much millimeters mountainous east coast section less millimeters sheltered valleys.sitting astride typhoon belt islands experience – typhoons annually july october around nineteen typhoons entering philippine area responsibility typical year eight nine making landfall.historically typhoons sometimes referred baguios.wettest recorded typhoon hit philippines dropped millimeters baguio july .philippines highly exposed climate change among worlds ten countries vulnerable climate change risks.government politics philippines democratic government form constitutional republic presidential system.
Philippines	president functions head state head government commanderinchief armed forces.president elected popular vote single sixyear term.president appoints presides cabinet.– rodrigo duterte elected sixyear term president .bicameral congress composed senate serving upper house members elected sixyear term house representatives serving lower house members elected threeyear term.
Philippines	philippine politics tends dominated wellknown names members political dynasties celebrities.senators elected large representatives elected legislative districts sectoral representation.– judicial power vested supreme court composed chief justice presiding officer fourteen associate justices appointed president nominations submitted judicial bar council.capital city philippines manila populous city quezon city within single urban area metro manila.there attempts change government federal unicameral parliamentary government since ramos administration.significant amount corruption philippines historians attribute system governance put place spanish colonial period.foreign relations founding active member united nations country elected security council.
Philippines	carlos p. romulo former president united nations general assembly.country active participant peacekeeping missions particularly east timor.million filipinos live work overseas.the philippines founding active member asean association southeast asian nations.hosted several summits active contributor direction policies bloc.also member east asia summit eas asiapacific economic cooperation apec group nonaligned movement.
Philippines	country also seeking obtain observer status organisation islamic cooperation.the philippines long relationship united states covering economics security peopletopeople relations.mutual defense treaty two countries signed supplemented later visiting forces agreement enhanced defense cooperation agreement.philippines supported american policies cold war participated korean vietnam wars.philippines designated major nonnato ally.under president duterte ties united states weakened military purchases instead coming china russia duterte states philippines longer participate usled wars.revealed united states would defend philippines including south china sea.the philippines attaches great importance relations china established significant cooperation country.
Philippines	japan biggest bilateral contributor official development assistance country.although historical tensions exist due events world war ii much animosity faded.historical cultural ties continue affect relations spain.relations middle eastern countries shaped high number filipinos working countries issues relating muslim minority philippines.concerns raised regarding issues domestic abuse war affecting around .million overseas filipino workers region.the philippines claims spratly islands overlap claims china malaysia taiwan vietnam.
Philippines	largest controlled islands thitu island contains philippines smallest village.scarborough shoal standoff china took control shoal philippines led international arbitration case made shoal prominent symbol wider dispute.military armed forces philippines afp consist three branches philippine air force philippine army philippine navy.armed forces philippines volunteer force.civilian security handled philippine national police department interior local government dilg.in bangsamoro largest separatist organizations moro national liberation front moro islamic liberation front engaging government politically .
Philippines	militant groups like abu sayyaf kidnapped foreigners ransom particularly sulu archipelago.presence decreased due successful security provided philippine government.communist party philippines military wing new peoples army waging guerrilla warfare government since reaching apex communist guerrillas gained control fifth countrys territory significantly dwindling militarily politically return democracy ..billion .
Philippines	percent gdp spent military forces.administrative divisions philippines governed unitary state exception bangsamoro autonomous region muslim mindanao barmm although several steps towards decentralization within unitary framework.law devolved powers local governments.country divided regions provinces cities municipalities barangays.regions bangsamoro serve primarily organize provinces country administrative convenience.
Philippines	calabarzon populated region national capital region ncr densely populated.demographics commission population estimated countrys population december based latest population census conducted philippine statistics authority.population increased approximately million growth time frame.first official census philippines carried recorded population .a third population resides metro manila immediately neighboring regions..
Philippines	average annual population growth rate decreased estimated .– period.government attempts reduce population growth contentious issue.populations median age .years .
Philippines	aged years old.life expectancy birth .years .years females .years males.
Philippines	poverty incidence dropped ...metro manila populous defined metropolitan areas philippines th populous world.census data showed population constituting almost national population.including suburbs adjacent provinces bulacan cavite laguna rizal greater manila population around .
Philippines	across country philippines total urbanization rate .percent.metro manilas gross regional product estimated ₱.billion constant prices accounts nations gdp.manila ranked th wealthiest urban agglomeration world nd southeast asia.
Philippines	ethnic groups substantial ethnic diversity philippines product seas mountain ranges dividing archipelago along significant foreign influences.according census .filipinos tagalog .visayansbisaya excluding cebuano hiligaynon waray .cebuano .
Philippines	ilocano .hiligaynon .bikol waray .others broken yield distinct nontribal groups like moro kapampangan pangasinense ibanag ivatan.also indigenous peoples like igorot lumad mangyan bajau tribes palawan.negritos considered among earliest inhabitants islands.
Philippines	minority aboriginal settlers australoid group leftover first human migration africa australia likely displaced later waves migration.least negritos philippines denisovan admixture genomes.ethnic filipinos generally belong several southeast asian ethnic groups classified linguistically part austronesian malayopolynesian speaking people.uncertainty origin austronesian speaking population likely ancestors related taiwanese aborigines brought language mixed existing populations area.manobo sama ethnic groups ancestral affinity austroasiatic mlabri htin peoples mainland southeast asia.
Philippines	south asian ancestry also detected filipinos peaking among dilaut people.also westward expansion papuan ancestry papua new guinea eastern indonesia mindanao detected among blaan sangir.european dna present many filipinos today.craniometric study reveals samples taken graveyards across philippines show mean ratio european descent circa .spanish rule also immigration elsewhere empire especially latin america.chinese filipinos mostly descendants immigrants fujian china numbering around million although estimated percent filipinos partial chinese ancestry stemming precolonial colonial chinese migrants.
Philippines	distinct minority chinese filipinos wellintegrated filipino society.american citizens living country.also amerasians scattered across cities angeles manila olongapo.important nonindigenous minorities include indians arabs.also japanese people include escaped christians kirishitan fled persecutions shogun tokugawa ieyasu spanish empire philippines offered asylum from.
Philippines	descendants mixedrace couples known tisoy.languages ethnologue lists individual languages philippines living languages longer known speakers.native languages part philippine branch malayopolynesian languages branch austronesian language family.addition various spanishbased creole varieties collectively called chavacano exist.also many philippine negrito languages unique vocabularies survived austronesian acculturation.filipino english official languages country.
Philippines	filipino standardized version tagalog spoken mainly metro manila.filipino english used government education print broadcast media business third local languages often used time.philippine constitution provides promotion spanish arabic voluntary optional basis.spanish widely used lingua franca late nineteenth century since declined greatly use although spanish loanwords still present today philippine languages arabic mainly taught islamic schools mindanao.nineteen regional languages act auxiliary official languages used media instruction aklanon bikol cebuano chavacano hiligaynon ibanag ilocano ivatan kapampangan kinaraya maguindanao maranao pangasinan sambal surigaonon tagalog tausug waray yakan.indigenous languages cuyonon ifugao itbayat kalinga kamayo kankanaey masbateño romblomanon manobo several visayan languages prevalent respective provinces.
Philippines	article republic act no.declared filipino sign language national sign language philippines specifying shall recognized supported promoted medium official communication transactions involving deaf language instruction deaf education.religion philippines secular state protects freedom religion.christianity dominant faith shared population.country worlds third largest roman catholic population largest christian nation asia.
Philippines	census data found .population professed catholicism.around population regularly attend mass.selfidentified catholics consider religious.independent catholic church philippine independent church around adherents.
Philippines	protestants .population ..population members iglesia ni cristo.combined following philippine council evangelical churches comes .
Philippines	total population.islam second largest religion.muslim population philippines reported .total population according census returns .conversely report national commission muslim filipinos ncmf stated filipinos muslims.majority muslims live mindanao nearby islands.
Philippines	practice sunni islam shafii school.the percentage combined positive atheist agnostic people philippines measured population .philippine census reported religion .population none.survey gallup international association reported respondents identify religious person.around .
Philippines	population practice indigenous philippine folk religions whose practices folk beliefs often syncretized christianity islam.buddhism practiced around .population concentrated among filipinos chinese descent.health .healthcare came private expenditures .

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