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Philippines	government .national government .local government .social health insurance.total health expenditure share gdp year .. per capita health expenditure rate us one lowest southeast asia.
Philippines	budget allocation healthcare ₱.billion increase budget record high collection taxes house bill commonly known sin tax bill.there hospital beds country government hospital beds accounting private hospital beds .in estimated physicians per every people nurses dentists.retention skilled practitioners problem.seventy percent nursing graduates go overseas work.philippines largest supplier nurses export.
Philippines	philippines suffers triple burden high levels communicable diseases high levels noncommunicable diseases high exposure natural disasters.in hospitals licensed department health governmentrun private.total barangay health stations bhs rural health units rhus provide primary care services throughout country .cardiovascular diseases account deaths.cases human immunodeficiency virus hiv reported year asymptomatic cases.time country considered lowhivprevalence country less .
Philippines	adult population estimated hivpositive.hivaids cases increased asymptomatic cases.there improvement patients access medicines due filipinos growing acceptance generic drugs filipinos already using generics.countrys universal healthcare implementation underway spearheaded stateowned philippine health insurance corporation healthcarerelated expenses either borne pocket health maintenance organization hmoprovided health plans.april million individuals covered plans.education philippines simple literacy rate .
Philippines	functional literacy rate ..education takes significant proportion national budget.budget education allocated php.billion php.
Philippines	trillion budget.the commission higher education ched lists higher education institutions among public private.classes start june end march.majority colleges universities follow semester calendar june october november march adopted increasingly common semester calendar august december january may.primary secondary schooling divided year elementary period year junior high school period year senior high school period.– department education considered september opening date school year.
Philippines	school year last days end june .the department education deped covers elementary secondary nonformal education.technical education skills development authority tesda administers middlelevel education training development.commission higher education ched created among functions formulate recommend development plans policiespriorities programs higher education research.in madaris mainstreamed regions nationwide mainly muslim areas mindanao auspices program department education.public universities nonsectarian entities classified state universities colleges suc local colleges universities lcu.university philippines system eight constituent universities national university system philippines.
Philippines	countrys top ranked universities follows university philippines ateneo de manila university de la salle university university santo tomas.university santo tomas established oldest extant university charter philippines asia.economy philippine economy produced estimated gross domestic product nominal .billion.primary exports include semiconductors electronic products transport equipment garments copper products petroleum products coconut oil fruits.
Philippines	major trading partners include united states japan china singapore south korea netherlands hong kong germany taiwan thailand.unit currency philippine peso ₱ php.a newly industrialized country philippine economy transitioning one based upon agriculture economy emphasis upon services manufacturing.countrys labor force around .million agricultural sector employed .accounted .
Philippines	gdp.industrial sector employed around workforce accounted .gdp workers involved services sector responsible .gdp.the unemployment rate october stands .. meanwhile due lower charges basic necessities inflation rate eased .august .
Philippines	gross international reserves october .billion.debttogdp ratio continues decline .second quarter record high .country net importer also creditor nation.
Philippines	manila hosts headquarters asian development bank.the asian financial crisis affected economy resulting lingering decline value peso falls stock market.extent affected initially severe asian neighbors.largely due fiscal conservatism government partly result decades monitoring fiscal supervision international monetary fund imf comparison massive spending neighbors rapid acceleration economic growth.signs progress since.economy experienced .
Philippines	gdp growth .fastest pace growth three decades.average annual gdp growth per capita period – still stands .comparison average .east asia pacific region whole.
Philippines	daily income population philippines remains less .remittances overseas filipinos contribute significantly philippine economy.remittances peaked .national gdp ..respectively.
Philippines	total worth foreign exchange remittances us billion.regional development uneven luzon – metro manila particular – gaining new economic growth expense regions.service industries tourism business process outsourcing identified areas best opportunities growth country.business process outsourcing bpo industry composed eight subsectors namely knowledge process outsourcing back offices animation call centers software development game development engineering design medical transcription.philippines reported eclipsed india main center bpo services world.
Philippines	science technology department science technology governing agency responsible development coordination science technologyrelated projects philippines.research organizations country include international rice research institute focuses development new rice varieties rice crop management techniques.the philippines bought first satellite .philippines first microsatellite diwata launched aboard us cygnus spacecraft.philippines high concentration cellular phone users.text messaging popular form communication nation sent average one billion sms messages per day.
Philippines	country high level mobile financial services utilization.philippine long distance telephone company commonly known pldt formerly nationalized telecommunications provider.also largest company country.national telecommunications commission agency responsible supervision adjudication control telecommunications services throughout country.approximately fm radio stations television cable television stations.
Philippines	march country connected internet via kbits connection router serviced pldt sprint router california.estimates internet penetration philippines vary widely ranging low .million high million people.social networking watching videos among frequent internet activities.philippine population worlds top internet user.
Philippines	philippines ranked th global innovation index increased ranking considerably since ranked th.tourism travel tourism sector contributed .countrys gdp providing jobs .international visitors arrived january december .period .
Philippines	.came east asia .came north america .came asean countries.island boracay popular beaches named best island world travel leisure .
Philippines	philippines also popular retirement destination foreigners due climate low cost living.infrastructure transportation transportation philippines facilitated road air rail waterways.december kilometers mi roads philippines kilometers mi roads paved.kilometer mi strong republic nautical highway srnh integrated set highway segments ferry routes covering cities established .panphilippine highway connects islands luzon samar leyte mindanao forming backbone landbased transportation country.
Philippines	roads dominant form transport carrying people cargo.network expressways extends capital areas luzon..kilometer .mi cebu–cordova link expressway cebu finished .traffic significant issue facing country especially within manila arterial roads connecting capital.public transport country include buses jeepneys uv express tnvs filcab taxis tricycles.
Philippines	jeepneys popular iconic public utility vehicle.jeepneys public utility vehicles older years phased gradually favor efficient environmentally friendly euro compliant vehicles.despite wider historical use rail transport philippines extremely limited confined transporting passengers within metro manila neighboring laguna separate short track bicol region.plans revive freight transport reduce road congestion.country railway footprint kilometers plans expand kilometers.metro manila served three rapid transit lines lrt line lrt line mrt line .
Philippines	pnr south commuter line transports passengers metro manila laguna.railway lines underconstruction include kilometer .mi line east extension project .kilometer .mi mrt line kilometer mi metro manila subway kilometer mi pnr north–south commuter railway divided several phases partial operations begin .civil airline industry regulated civil aviation authority philippines.
Philippines	philippine airlines asias oldest commercial airline still operating original name.cebu pacific countries leading lowcost carrier.as archipelago interisland travel using watercraft often necessary.boats always important societies philippines.boats doubleoutrigger vessels reach meters ft length known bancabangka parao prahu balanghay.variety boat types used throughout islands dugouts baloto houseboats like lepalepa.
Philippines	terms bangka baroto also used general names variety boat types.modern ships use plywood place logs motor engines place sails.ships used fishing interisland travel.principal seaports manila batangas subic bay cebu iloilo davao cagayan de oro general santos zamboanga form part asean transport network.pasig river ferry serves cities manila makati mandaluyong pasig marikina metro manila.
Philippines	water supply sanitation reported joint monitoring programme water supply sanitation population access improved sanitation good progress made .filipino households improved source drinking water households sanitary toilet facilities although connections toilet facilities appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient especially rural urban poor communities.culture significant cultural diversity across islands reinforced fragmented geography country.cultures within mindanao sulu archipelago developed particularly distinct manner due limited degree spanish influence greater influence nearby islamic regions.despite national identity emerged th century development represented shared national symbols cultural historical touchstones.one visible hispanic legacies prevalence spanish names surnames among filipinos spanish name surname however necessarily denote spanish ancestry.
Philippines	peculiarity unique among people asia came result colonial edict governorgeneral narciso clavería zaldua ordered systematic distribution family names implementation hispanic nomenclature population.names many locations also spanish stem spanish roots origins.there substantial american influence modern filipino culture.common use english language example american impact philippine society.contributed influence american pop cultural trends.affinity seen filipinos consumption fast food american film music.
Philippines	american global fastfood chain stalwarts entered market local fastfood chains like goldilocks notably jollibee leading fastfood chain country emerged compete successfully foreign chains.the atiatihan moriones sinulog festivals among wellknown.values general description distinct value system filipinos rooted primarily personal alliance systems especially based kinship obligation friendship religion particularly christianity commercial relationships.filipino values part centered around maintaining social harmony motivated primarily desire accepted within group.main sanction diverging values concepts hiya roughly translated sense shame amor propio selfesteem.social approval acceptance group belonging group major concerns.caring others think say strong influences social behavior among filipinos.other elements filipino value system optimism future pessimism present situations events concern care people existence friendship friendliness habit hospitable religious nature respectfulness self others respect female members society fear god abhorrence acts cheating thievery.
Philippines	architecture spanish architecture left imprint philippines way many towns designed around central square plaza mayor many buildings bearing influence demolished world war ii.four philippine baroque churches included list unesco world heritage sites san agustín church manila paoay church ilocos norte nuestra señora de la asunción santa maría church ilocos sur santo tomás de villanueva church iloilo.vigan ilocos sur also known many hispanicstyle houses buildings preserved there.american rule introduced new architectural styles.led construction government buildings art deco theaters.american period semblance city planning using architectural designs master plans daniel burnham done portions city manila.
Philippines	part burnham plan construction government buildings resembled greek neoclassical architecture.iloilo structures spanish american periods still seen especially calle real.certain areas country like batanes slight differences spanish filipino ways architecture assimilated differently due climate.limestones used building material houses built withstand typhoons.performing arts general two types philippine traditional folk dance.
Philippines	first one reflects influence spanish occupation countrys profuseness tribes offer tribal dances.music incorporates former mostly bandurriabased bands utilizes th string guitars.one example type cariñosa.hispanic filipino dance unofficially considered national dance philippines.another example tinikling.
Philippines	native dances become less popular time revival folk dances began s. modern postmodern time periods dances may vary delicate ballet streetoriented styles breakdancing.locally produced spoken dramas became established late s. around time spanish influence led introduction zarzuela plays integrated musical pieces comedia plays included significant dance elements.performances became popular throughout country – written number local languages.american influence led introduction vaudeville ballet.– th century realism genre became dominant performances written focus contemporary political societal issues.during spanish era rondalya music traditional string orchestra mandolin type instruments used widespread.kundiman developed renaissance postwar period.
Philippines	american colonial period exposed many filipinos us culture popular forms music.rock music introduced filipinos developed filipino rock pinoy rock term encompassing diverse styles pop rock alternative rock heavy metal punk new wave ska reggae.martial law produced several filipino folk rock bands artists forefront political demonstrations.also saw birth manila sound original pilipino music opm.filipino hiphop traces origins back entering mainstream .
Philippines	karaoke popular activity country.philippine pop music ppop went huge metamorphosis increased quality budget investment variety matching countrys rapid economic growth accompanying social cultural resurgence asian identity.heard heavy influence kpop jpop growth asian style ballads idol groups edm music less reliance western genres mirroring korean wave similar japanese wave popularity among millennial filipinos mainstream culture.literature philippine mythology handed primarily traditional oral folk literature filipino people.popular figures philippine mythologies maria makiling lamang sarimanok.philippine literature comprises works usually written filipino spanish english.
Philippines	known created th th century.adarna example famous epic eponymous magical bird allegedly written josé de la cruz huseng sisiw.francisco balagtas poet playwright wrote florante laura recognized preeminent writer tagalog filipino language.josé rizal wrote novels noli tángere touch el filibusterismo filibustering also known reign greed.cinema philippine cinema began end th century made around domestic market second half th century.
Philippines	st century however industry struggled compete larger budget foreign films.critically acclaimed philippines films include himala miracle.moving pictures first shown philippines january .films spanish since philippine cinema first introduced final years spanish era country.antonio ramos first known movie producer.
Philippines	meanwhile jose nepomuceno dubbed father philippine movies.work marked start local production movies.production companies remained small era silent film saw emergence sound films arrival first significant production company.postwar regarded high point philippine cinema.the growing dominance hollywood films cost production severely reduced local filmmaking.nonetheless local films continue find success.
Philippines	mass media philippine media uses mainly filipino english though broadcasting shifted filipino.large numbers radio stations newspapers.top three newspapers nationwide readership well credibility philippine daily inquirer manila bulletin philippine star.freedom press protected constitution country dangerous journalists.dominant television networks abscbn gma free air.
Philippines	abscbn time largest network shut following cease desist order issued national telecommunications commission may day expiration networks franchise.prior move duterte accused abscbn biased administration vowed block renewal franchise.however critics duterte administration human rights groups media unions said shutdown abscbn attack press freedom.july house representatives declined renewal abscbns tv radio franchise voted –.tv internet social media particularly facebook remain top source news information majority filipinos newspaper readership continues decline.english broadsheets popular among executives professionals students.
Philippines	cheaper tagalog tabloids feature crime sex gossips gore saw rise tend popular among masses particularly manila.cuisine regional variations exist throughout islands example rice standard starch luzon cassava common mindanao.filipino taste buds tend favor robust flavors cuisine spicy neighbors.unlike many asians filipinos eat chopsticks use western cutlery.however possibly due rice primary staple food popularity large number stews main dishes broth filipino cuisine main pairing utensils seen filipino dining table spoon fork knife fork.the traditional way eating hands known kamayan using hand bringing food mouth previously often seen less urbanized areas.however due various filipino restaurants introduced filipino food people nationalities well filipino urbanites kamayan fast became popular.
Philippines	recent trend also sometimes incorporates boodle fight concept popularized coined philippine army wherein banana leaves used giant plates top rice portions filipino viands placed together filial friendly communal kamayan feasting.sports basketball played amateur professional levels considered popular sport philippines.manny pacquiao named fighter decade boxing writers association america.national martial art sport country arnis.sabong cockfighting another popular entertainment especially among filipino men documented magellans voyage pastime kingdom taytay.filipinos also play football football team participated one asian cup.
Philippines	january philippines womens national football team qualified first fifa world cup fifa womens world cup defeating chinese taipei penalty shootout finishing extra time.beginning philippines competed every summer olympic games except participated americanled boycott summer olympics.philippines also first tropical nation compete winter olympic games debuting edition.country tallied first ever olympic gold medal via weightlifter hidilyn diazs victory delayed tokyo olympics.see also outline philippines notes references citations bibliography reading external links government official website national government republic philippinesofficial gazette republic philippinesofficial website senate philippinesofficial website house representatives philippines archived june wayback machineofficial website supreme court philippinesofficial website bangko sentral ng pilipinas central bank philippinesofficial website national economic development authority neda archived august wayback machineofficial website philippine national police pnp archived july wayback machineofficial website department tourism archived june wayback machine trade world bank summary trade statistics philippines general information philippines profile bbc newsphilippines wayback machine archived may ucb libraries govpubsphilippines.world factbook.
Philippines	central intelligence agency.philippines curliephilippines encyclopædia britannica geographic data related philippines openstreetmapkey development forecasts philippines international futures books articles history philippine islands many volumes project gutenberg indexed emma helen blair general editorweedon alan august .philippines fronting spanish heritage paying off.abc news.australian broadcasting corporation.influence spanish people languagecrow carl .
Philippines	america philippines.doubleday page.worcester dean c. .philippine islands people.macmillan co.rice mark .dean worcesters fantasy islands photography film colonial philippines.
Jerome Powell	university michigan press.isbn .wikimedia wikimedia philippines wikimedia atlas philippines asian development bank adbfilipinana.net – free digital library research portalwikisatellite view philippines wikimapianominated board governors president barack obama subsequently nominated chair president donald trump succeed janet yellen position confirmed case united states senate.powell renominated chair president joe biden november .powell earned degree politics princeton university juris doctor georgetown university law center .moved investment banking worked several financial institutions including partner carlyle group.powell briefly served secretary treasury domestic finance president george h. w. bush.visiting scholar bipartisan policy center .
Jerome Powell	powell built reputation washington obama administration consensusbuilder problemsolver.powell received bipartisan praise actions taken federal reserve early combat financial effects covid pandemic.federal reserve continued apply high levels monetary stimulus raise asset prices support growth observers perceived disconnect asset prices economy.powell responded arguing supporting feds dual mandate stable prices full employment outweighed concern high asset prices inequality.powells definition full employment may mean tighter labor market predecessors.time said scale manner powells actions changed fed forever shared concerns conditioned wall street unsustainable levels monetary stimulus artificially support high asset prices.
Jerome Powell	recently jerome powell indicated reduction quantitative easing qe mortgagebacked security mbs purchases due high inflation cpi reading november reaching .according bureau labor statistics highest level years.bloomberg news called powell wall streets head state reflection dominant powells actions asset prices profitable actions wall street.early life education powell born february washington d.c. one six children patricia née hayden – jerome powell – lawyer private practice.maternal grandfather james j. hayden dean columbus school law catholic university america later lecturer georgetown law school.
Jerome Powell	five siblings susan matthew tia libby monica.in powell graduated georgetown preparatory school jesuit universitypreparatory school.received bachelor arts politics princeton university senior thesis titled south africa forces change.– spent year legislative assistant pennsylvania senator richard schweiker r.powell earned juris doctor degree georgetown university law center editorinchief georgetown law journal.career legal investment banking powell moved new york city became clerk judge ellsworth van graafeiland united states court appeals second circuit.powell lawyer davis polk wardwell worked firm werbel mcmillen.from powell worked dillon read co. investment bank concentrated financing merchant banking mergers acquisitions rising position vice president.between powell worked united states department treasury time nicholas f. brady former chairman dillon read co. united states secretary treasury.
Jerome Powell	powell became secretary treasury domestic finance nominated george h. w. bush.stint treasury powell oversaw investigation sanctioning salomon brothers one traders submitted false bids united states treasury security.powell also involved negotiations made warren buffett chairman salomon.in powell began working managing director bankers trust.left bank faced upset several wealth generating customers optedin derivatives higherriskhigherrewardorloss investment choice realized downside risk large losses.went back work dillon read co. powell partner carlyle group founded led industrial group within carlyle u.s. buyout fund.
Jerome Powell	leaving carlyle powell founded severn capital partners private investment firm focused specialty finance opportunistic investments industrial sector.powell became managing partner global environment fund private equity venture capital firm invests sustainable energy.between powell visiting scholar bipartisan policy center think tank washington d.c. worked getting congress raise united states debt ceiling united states debtceiling crisis .powell presented implications economy interest rates default delay raising debt ceiling.worked salary per year.federal reserve board governors december along jeremy c. stein powell nominated federal reserve board governors president barack obama.
Jerome Powell	nomination included two people help garner bipartisan support nominees since steins nomination previously filibustered.powells nomination first time president nominated member opposition party position since .took office may fill unexpired term frederic mishkin resigned.january nominated another term june confirmed united states senate – vote year term ending january .powell skeptic round quantitative easing qe initiated september although eventually voted it.in powell endorsed financial regulation end problem institutions big fail urging implemented carefully.april took oversight big fail banks.in july speech powell said regard fannie mae freddie mac status quo unacceptable current situation may feel comfortable also unsustainable.
Jerome Powell	warned next years may present last best chance address ultimate status fannie mae freddie mac avoid repeating mistakes past.powell expressed concerns current situation government responsible mortgage defaults lending standards rigid noting solved encouraging ample amounts private capital support housing finance activities.in october speech powell stated higher capital liquidity requirements stress tests dodd–frank wall street reform consumer protection act made financial system safer must preserved.however also stated volcker rule rewritten exclude smaller banks.chair federal reserve november president donald trump nominated powell serve chair federal reserve replacing janet yellen helm central bank.december senate banking committee approved powells nomination chair – vote senator elizabeth warren casting lone dissenting vote.
Jerome Powell	nomination confirmed senate january – vote.powell assumed office chair february .one powells first actions continue raise us interest rates response increasing strength us economy.also announced fed would reduce asset portfolio us.trillion range us.– trillion four years process called quantitative tightening.tight policy drew public criticism president trump expressed second thoughts nominating powell said chair enthusiastic raising rates.
Jerome Powell	financial assets classes declined markets erupted volatility december.powell abandoned quantitative tightening early leading recovery asset prices.trump continued state increasing hostility powell reacting quickly enough.trade war china escalated summer trump called feds policies insane labelled powell enemy.privately discussed white house counsel possibility firing powell powell dismissed.
Jerome Powell	august interview trump said completely disagreed powells approach called sharp cut interest rates.in october asset prices waned powell announced fed would return expanding balance sheet led global rally assets.powell said feds actions quantitative easing dubbed qe.bernankeera quantitative conducted outright purchases assets powells expansion operates overnight repurchase agreements repos seller option reverse transaction.feds primary dealers banks use repo facilities sell treasury agency securities exchange credit supplement cash hand.in light term chair expiring february many democrats began express opposition powells reappointment.august progressive democrats including alexandria ocasiocortez called president joe biden replace powell criticizing failing mitigate risk climate change poses financial system.
Jerome Powell	september senator elizabeth warren democrat massachusetts criticized powell financial regulation track record called “dangerous man head fed.” powell renominated second term president joe biden november .covid recession response early powell launched unprecedented series actions counter financial market impact covid pandemic included dramatic expansion feds balance sheet introduction new tools including direct purchase corporate bonds direct lending programs.powell emphasized monetary policy alone without equivalent fiscal policy response congress would widen income inequality.powells actions earned bipartisan praise including trump told fox news happy performance last period six months hes really stepped plate.on november disagreeing treasury secretary steve mnuchin powell agreed return unused crisis funds united states treasury.mnuchin urged congress approve stimulus.in august powell expected fed reduce economic support later year.
Jerome Powell	past powell considered inflation transitory term powell states retired.response widespread high inflation readings jerome powell indicated increase speed tapering asset purchases namely billion per month.jerome powells confirmation hearing described inflation severe threat us economic recovery due higher costs essentials like food housing transportation.prices american consumers rising fastest annual rate since june .response central bank aims raise rates soon march .
Jerome Powell	recent december cpi reading hit .asset price inflation mitigate financial market impact covid pandemic powell accepted asset price inflation consequence fed policy actions.powell criticized using high levels direct indirect quantitative easing valuations hit levels last seen peaks previous bubbles.the feds acceptance asset price inflation onwards resulted levels wealth inequality seen united states since s. fed asset purchases also seen contributing kshaped recovery emerged coronavirus pandemic asset bubbles protected wealthier segments society financial effects pandemic expense segments particularly younger nonasset owning segments millennials.january edward luce financial times warned feds use asset purchases resultant widening wealth inequality could lead political social instability united states saying majority people suffering amid great gatsbystyle boom top.powells expansion credit repo contracts seen new greenspan put created large profits wall street investment banks.june jim grant likened powells policy drug dealing calling feds dr. feelgood.
Jerome Powell	september testimony powell said actions way attempt relieve pain wall street.end wall street investment banks recorded best year history bloomberg called .. great year wall street bear market humans.mohamed a. elerian called powell follower leader markets.powell defended actions saying dont know connection asset purchases financial stability particularly tight one wasnt worried feds actions creating asset bubbles.in july cnbc host jim cramer said im sick tired hearing bubble powells overinflating price stocks printing money keep economy moving.washington post called fed addicted propping markets even need.august investors leon cooperman seth klarman warned dangerous speculative bubble market psychology unhinged market fundamentals.in august bloomberg news called powells policy exuberantly asymmetric echoing alan greenspans irrational exuberance quote powell put become extreme greenspan put.
Jerome Powell	steven pearlstein washington post said powell adopted strategy works like oneway ratchet providing floor stock bond prices never ceiling attempt powell abandon strategy trigger sharp selloff investors become addicted monetary stimulus.by december powells monetary policy measured goldman sachs us financial conditions index gsfci loosest history gsfci goes back created simultaneous asset bubbles across major asset classes united states example equities housing bonds.cryptocurrencies also saw dramatic increases price leading powell win forbes person year crypto.high list sooner rather later dealing consequences biggest financial bubble u.s. history.biggest encompasses stocks pretty much every financial asset too.may thank federal reserve.the asset price boom pandemic attracted generation young investors explicitly credit powell promoting froth financial markets.gathering online communities like reddits rwallstreetbets board discuss highrisk trades share memes depict j‑pow using feds money printer flood economy.in december powell defended high asset prices invoking controversial fed model saying admittedly pes high thats maybe relevant world think year treasury going lower historically return perspective.
Jerome Powell	author fed model dr. edward yardeni said powells actions could form greatest financial bubble history wall street journal described powells comparison attempt rewrite laws investing.in april powell reassured concerns potential housing bubble similar one preceded great recession.stated dont see bad loans unsustainable prices kind thing.personal life powell married elissa leonard .three children live chevy chase village maryland elissa chair board managers village.powell board governors chevy chase club country club.based public filings powells net worth estimated range million million.
2020 Summer Olympics	secondwealthiest member federal reserve board governors governor randal quarles.powell served boards charitable educational institutions including dc prep public charter school bendheim center finance princeton university nature conservancy.also founder center city consortium group parochial schools poorest areas washington d.c.powell registered republican.see also stock market crashchina–united states trade warcovid recessiongreenspan putfed modelfinancial market impact covid pandemic references external links official biography federal reservefederal reserve main website statements speeches jerome h. powell saint louis federal reserve databaseappearances cspangames originally scheduled take place july august due covid pandemic affecting across globe march event postponed first instance history olympic games previous games cancelled rescheduled.however event retained tokyo name marketing branding purposes.largely held behind closed doors public spectators permitted due declaration state emergency greater tokyo area response pandemic first far olympic games held without official spectators.games expensive ever total spending billion.summer paralympics held august september days completion olympics.the games fourth olympic games held japan following summer olympics tokyo winter olympics sapporo winter olympics nagano.
2020 Summer Olympics	tokyo became first city asia hold summer games twice.games second three consecutive olympics held east asia following winter olympics pyeongchang south korea preceding winter olympics beijing china.due oneyear postponement tokyo olympic games held oddnumbered year first summer olympics since games held nonleap year.new events introduced existing sports including x basketball freestyle bmx mixed gender team events number existing sports well return madison cycling men introduction event women.new ioc policies also allowed host organizing committee add new sports olympic program one games.disciplines added japanese olympic committee baseball softball karate sport climbing surfing skateboarding last four made olympic debuts last three remain olympic program.the united states topped medal count total golds total medals china finishing second respects .
2020 Summer Olympics	host nation japan finished third setting record gold medals total medals ever delegation olympic games .great britain finished fourth total gold medals.russian delegation competing roc finished fifth gold medals third overall medal count medals.bermuda philippines qatar firstever olympic gold medals.burkina faso san marino turkmenistan firstever olympic medals.
2020 Summer Olympics	bidding process three candidate cities tokyo istanbul madrid.applicant cities baku doha promoted candidate status.bid rome withdrawn.host city selection international olympic committee ioc voted select host city summer olympics september th ioc session buenos aires argentina using exhaustive ballot system.none candidate cities votes first round madrid istanbul tied second place runoff vote held determine two cities would eliminated.
2020 Summer Olympics	final vote headtohead contest tokyo istanbul.tokyo selected votes gaining least votes required majority.impact covid pandemic january concerns raised potential impact covid pandemic athletes visitors olympic games.tokyo organizers international olympic committee insisted monitoring spread disease minimize effects preparations olympics.ioc stated japanese partners prime minister shinzo abe made clear japan could manage postponement beyond next summer latest.
2020 Summer Olympics	unlike case zika virus summer olympics rio de janeiro sarscov transmitted directly humans posing tougher challenges organizers counteract infectious disease host safe secure event.also unlike case hn swine flu winter olympics vancouver covid higher fatality rate effective vaccine december .february interview conservative london mayoral candidate shaun bailey argued london would able host olympic games former olympic venues games need moved covid pandemic.tokyo governor yuriko koike criticized baileys comment inappropriate.early officials u.s. state florida offered host delayed games state john coates ioc vice president charge tokyo olympics said games would open even city parts japan state emergency covid.estimates national institute infectious diseases kyoto university predicted states emergency might required games.
2020 Summer Olympics	reports published ministry health experts panel also showed new patients increasing games allow spectators.qualifying event cancellation postponement concerns pandemic began affect qualifying events early .due take place february moved alternative locations address concerns travelling affected areas particularly china.example womens basketball qualification played belgrade serbia instead foshan china.asia oceania boxing qualification tournament originally planned held – february wuhan china location original outbreak covid pandemic instead took place amman jordan beginning march.
2020 Summer Olympics	third round womens football qualification tournament also affected group matches formerly scheduled held china moved australia.european boxing qualification began march london united kingdom suspended two days competition rescheduled april .eventually resumed june moved paris france renewed concerns travel united kingdom.qualifying events due take place march june began postponed later year mid part wider suspension international sporting competitions response pandemic.multitude olympic sports affected including archery baseball cycling handball judo rowing sailing volleyball water polo.
2020 Summer Olympics	effect doping tests mandatory doping tests severely restricted covid pandemic early .european antidoping organizations raised concerns blood urine tests could performed mobilizing staff necessary end pandemic would health risk.despite need extensive testing take place advance games world antidoping agency wada stated public health safety topmost priorities.chinese antidoping agency temporarily ceased testing february planned resumption phased testing towards end month antidoping organizations united states france great britain germany reduced testing activities end march.postponement tokyo organizing committee olympic paralympic games tocog released statement march confirming preparations upcoming tokyo olympics continuing planned.
2020 Summer Olympics	march canada australia indicated would withdraw games postponed year.day japanese prime minister shinzo abe stated would support proposed postponement citing ensuring athlete safety paramount veteran ioc member former vice president dick pound said expected games postponed.the ioc tocog released joint statement march announcing summer olympics paralympics would rescheduled date beyond later summer .stated games could stand beacon hope world troubled times olympic flame could become light end tunnel world finds present.prime minister abe stated ioc president thomas bach responded agreement proposal delay games.continuity marketing purposes agreed games would still branded tokyo despite change schedule.on march ioc tocog announced reached agreement new dates summer olympics would begin opening ceremony july end closing ceremony august .
2020 Summer Olympics	subsequent winter olympics beijing scheduled begin february less six months later.shortly postponement confirmed ioc tokyo organizers formed task force named go remit address issues arising postponing games sponsorship accommodation.organizers confirmed athletes already qualified tokyo would keep qualification slots.calls cancellation health experts expressed concern april games might cancelled pandemic persist.interview president tocog former japanese prime minister yoshirō mori asserted games would scrapped could go ahead .
2020 Summer Olympics	april prime minister abe stated games must held way shows world battle coronavirus pandemic.thomas bach acknowledged interview may job reorganizing tokyo games mammoth task also admitted event would cancelled altogether could take place summer .however mori bach expressed optimism games going ahead.a member japanese covid advisory committee basic action policy coauthored british medical journal editorial stated holding tokyo domestic political economic purposes—ignoring scientific moral imperatives—is contradictory japans commitment global health human security.on january multiple sources reported japanese government privately concluded games would cancelled.government dismissed claims stating reports categorically untrue.new japanese prime minister yoshihide suga confirmed february g given unanimous support postponed games go ahead scheduled.
2020 Summer Olympics	reported april three months start games still option cancel tokyo olympics country vaccinated less population tens thousands volunteers expected take part athletes required quarantine arriving japan.public support games japan decreased significantly amid surge covid cases country.multiple organizations medical professionals voiced oppositions games opinion poll april saw participants support cancellation games support second postponement.may polled supported cancellation postponement games.tokyo medical practitioners association called cancellation stating hospitals tokyo hands full almost spare capacity open letter prime minister.least nine elected governors supported cancellation games.
2020 Summer Olympics	nearly japanese companies surveyed supported cancellation games supported postponement.kenji utsunomiya previously run governor tokyo collected signatures petition calling organisers prioritise life olympics.japanese writers jiro akagawa fuminori nakamura also called games postponed cancelled.on may asahi shimbun newspaper local sponsor games published editorial calling prime minister suga calmly objectively assess situation decide cancellation event summer.june reported japanese sponsors proposed organisers games postponed several months citing comment corporate sponsor senior executive makes much much sense perspective hold games vaccinated people weather cooler maybe public opposition lower.in july announced events tokyo held behind closed doors spectators due new state emergency.poll asahi shimbun found surveyed supported cancellation olympics felt organisers would able suitably control covid games.decision also detrimental local sponsors planned inperson presences promote products games executive official sponsor toyota stated company pulled television advertising campaign planned games japan citing olympics becoming event gained publics understanding.had games cancelled would first time since world war ii olympic event called first games scrapped due circumstances unrelated war.
2020 Summer Olympics	complete cancellation would also cost japan ¥.trillion us.billion based operating expenses loss tourism activity.costs insurance according estimate conducted professor emeritus katsuhiro miyamoto kansai university reported nhk march cost delaying olympics one year would .billion yen us.
2020 Summer Olympics	billion taking maintenance expenditures unused facilities account.the nomura research institute estimated cancelling tokyo olympics paralympics would cost around .trillion yen billion less economic damages projected another state emergency declared noting decision hold games made based impact infection risks standpoint economic loss.the tokyo games protected commercial insurance marketplace lloyds london global reinsurers munich swiss re.ioc takes around million insurance summer olympics total amount loss insured games likely billion.disruption caused postponing games covered insurance policy likely make claims financial losses including local organizers sponsors hospitality firms travel providers.holders tickets purchased overseas prior postponement entitled refunds olympic paralympic ticket purchases except costs cancelled hotel bookings.although olympic tickets paralympic tickets eligible refunded organizers said would release total costs refunds.
2020 Summer Olympics	reuters quoted industry sources estimated tokyo olympics committee taken us– million insurance accounting costs rebooking sporting venues olympic village little payout would available recoup proceeds lost refunded ticket sales.local organizers responsible ticket sales use defray costs holding games ticket sales expected bring approximately us million actual sales close zero.public opinion covid effect games prior tokyo olympics held many japanese people negative hosting event attitudes become positive towards end games.according public opinion poll conducted jointly nippon news network yomiuri shimbun newspaper targeted japanese citizens end olympics respondents said possible hold olympics safe manner covid said possible.however answered good tokyo games gone ahead answered wished event held.
2020 Summer Olympics	respondents glad event held without spectators said spectators allowed.on july less week games journalist masaki kubota reported analysis japanese peoples perspective olympics believed greatly influenced change way japanese news media reported games.pointed many japanese news media insisted canceling olympics citing fears covid would spread japanese athletes started winning medals media changed reporting policy began livening olympics effect altering public opinion japan.once tokyo olympics underway followed tokyo paralympics sharp increase covid cases japan especially caused delta variant.july cases detected japan breaking record cases recorded may.august one day olympics ended daily cases japan reached first time new cases continued increase peak august cases recorded.development preparation tokyo organizing committee originally headed former japanese prime minister yoshirō mori resigned february due backlash sexist comments women meetings.
2020 Summer Olympics	seiko hashimoto chosen succeed him.tamayo marukawa minister tokyo olympic paralympic games responsible overseeing preparations behalf japanese government.the tokyo metropolitan government set aside fund ¥ billion us.billion cover cost hosting games.japanese government considering easing airspace restrictions allow increased slot capacity haneda narita airports.new railway line planned link airports expansion tokyo station cutting travel time tokyo station haneda minutes minutes tokyo station narita minutes minutes funded primarily private investors line would cost ¥ billion.
2020 Summer Olympics	east japan railway company jr east also planning new route near tamachi haneda airport.there plans fund accelerated completion central circular route tokyo gaikan expressway kenō expressway refurbishment major expressways area.yurikamome automated transit line also extended existing terminal toyosu station new terminal kachidoki station passing site olympic village although line expected adequate capacity serve major events odaiba area own.in april tokyo organizing committee signed partnership international labour organization ensure decent work preparation olympic games.in june chief executive organizing committee toshirō mutō stated committee exploring options streamlining games achieve cost savings.september ioc tokyo organizing committee agreed suite measures simplify games logistics including cut nonathlete staff use online meetings streamlined transport among others.committee also outlined areas would exploring order maintain health safety participants.venues infrastructure february announced tokyos former national stadium central venue summer olympics would undergo ¥ billion renovation rugby world cup summer olympics.
2020 Summer Olympics	november japan sport council announced taking bids proposed stadium designs.finalists zaha hadid architects awarded project would replace old stadium new seat stadium.criticism zaha hadid design—which compared bicycle helmet regarded clashing surrounding meiji shrine—and widespread disapproval costs even attempts revise optimize design.in june government announced plans reduce new stadiums permanent capacity athletics configuration although option add temporary seats football costsaving measure.original plan build retractable roof also abandoned.end result public opposition increasing costs new stadium reached ¥ billion government chose reject zaha hadids design entirely selected new design japanese architect kengo kuma.
2020 Summer Olympics	inspired traditional temples lower profile kumas design budget ¥ billion.changes meant new stadium could completed time rugby world cup originally intended.national stadium inaugurated december named olympic stadium duration tokyo games.in october board audit issued report stating total cost olympic venues could exceed us billion.of competition venues tokyo within kilometers miles olympic village eleven new venues constructed.october ioc announced plans relocate marathon racewalking events sapporo heat concerns.plans made official november tokyo governor yuriko koike accepted iocs decision despite belief events remained tokyo.
2020 Summer Olympics	security december japanese government chose ban drones flying venues used olympic paralympic games.similar ban also imposed rugby world cup japan also hosted.july prior start games japan coast guard conducted counterterrorism drills tokyo bay.drill consisted two inflatable boats trying stop suspicious ship getting shore.volunteers applications volunteering olympic paralympic games accepted beginning september .
2020 Summer Olympics	january total applications received tokyo organizing committee.interviews select requisite number volunteers began february training scheduled take place october .volunteers venues known field cast volunteers city known city cast.names chosen shortlist four original pairs names three shortlisted names shining blue shining blue tokyo games anchor city anchor games force city force.names chosen people applied volunteers games.as early june approximately registered volunteers resigned games.
2020 Summer Olympics	media attributed rise pandemic cases reason massive quitting.volunteer assignments expected cancelled due spectator ban.medals february tokyo organizing committee announced electronics recycling program partnership japan environmental sanitation center ntt docomo soliciting donations electronics mobile phones reclaimed materials medals.aiming collect eight tonnes metals produce medals olympic paralympic games collection boxes deployed public locations ntt docomo retail shops april .design competition medals launched december year.in may organizing committee reported obtained half required kilograms bronze struggling obtain required amount silver although bronze silver medals purely utilize respective materials ioc requirements mandate gold medals utilize silver base.
2020 Summer Olympics	collection bronze completed november remainder estimated completed march .on july one year ahead originally scheduled opening ceremony designs medals unveiled.medals olympic paralympic games designed junichi kawanishi following nationwide competition.new feature shared paralympic medals ribbons contain one two three silicone convex lines distinguish gold silver bronze medals respectively.torch relay slogan summer olympics torch relay hope lights way.as determined ioc ruling banned international torch relays future olympic games summer olympics torch scheduled visit two countries greece host nation japan.first phase relay began march traditional flame lighting ceremony temple hera olympia greece.
2020 Summer Olympics	torch travelled athens greek leg relay culminated handover ceremony panathenaic stadium march torch transferred japanese contingent.flame placed inside special lantern transported athens international airport chartered flight higashimatsushima japan.torch expected begin second phase journey march traveled one week around three affected areas tōhoku earthquake tsunami—miyagi iwate fukushima—where would go display heading flame recovery.leaving naraha march torch would commence main relay around japan incorporating prefectural capitals.after decision postpone games made torch placed special lantern display city fukushima month.lantern transferred tokyo prefecture kept safe restart relay .
2020 Summer Olympics	july one year ahead rescheduled opening ceremony promotional video released featuring japanese swimmer rikako ikee carrying lantern inside japan national stadium drawing comparisons emergence pandemic return sport diagnosed leukemia.august announced torch relay would begin naraha fukushima march nearly year later originally planned.the relay ended tokyos national stadium olympic stadium july tennis player naomi osaka lighting olympic cauldron finale opening ceremony.cauldron lit olympic stadium used opening closing ceremonies separate cauldron lit tokyo waterfront public view yume ohashi bridge odaiba.biosecurity protocols february ioc began releasing playbooks containing details planned covid biosecurity protocols athletes officials press staff including standard protocols practicing social distancing hygiene wearing face masks outside training competition athletes restricted visiting bars restaurants shops tourist areas around greater tokyo area using public transport unless otherwise permitted.participants would asked use japans cocoa exposure notification app would tested least every four days.
2020 Summer Olympics	athletes tested positive would unable compete could quarantined government facility although leeway would given event false positives.close contacts would also need test negative order cleared competition.athletes would discouraged excessive celebrations actions could spread infected droplets.playbooks criticized paper published new england journal medicine may lacking scientifically rigorous risk assessment failing distinguish various levels risk faced athletes.playbook stated athletes required arrive five days prior start competition leave within hours eliminated sport conclusion competitions.the ioc recommended vaccination athletes covid vaccines available prerequisite participation ioc advised athletes jumping queue order obtain priority essential populations.
2020 Summer Olympics	march thomas bach announced nations approved use chinese olympic committee offered cover costs chinese coronavac sinopharm bibp vaccine athletes competing summer olympics winter olympics would purchase two doses nations general public vaccinated athlete.may pfizer announced would donate doses vaccine nocs competing tokyo.approximately athletes officials exempt quarantine rules upon arriving japan provided remained areas separated local population.around local staff volunteers entering exiting bubbles vaccine doses allocated group led concerns covid spreading games teams returned countries.due international travel restrictions organizing committee announced march international guests including spectators would allowed attend games.per existing guidance spectator sports japan spectators would asked refrain cheering shouting.june governor koike announced plans public viewing events games scrapped order use planned venues yoyogi park mass vaccination sites instead.
2020 Summer Olympics	june announced venues would capped maximum ticketed spectators capacity whichever lower.on july new tocog president seiko hashimoto warned still possibility games held behind closed doors rising covid cases country.japans slow vaccination rate particular concern.simulation run university tokyo may projected new wave infections could peak midoctober games went existing state emergency tokyo expired.on july tokyo recorded new covid cases highest increase since may prime minister suga declared new state emergency tokyo area july august ending two days paralympics opening ceremony announced events venues area would therefore held behind closed doors spectators permitted.hashimoto stated extremely regrettable games staged limited manner face spread novel coronavirus infections.ioc president thomas bach stated support measure necessary safe secure olympic paralympic games japanese people participants.the announcement stated spectators would still allowed events held outside tokyo subject approval local health authorities aforementioned spectator limit.
2020 Summer Olympics	prefectures fukushima hokkaido ibaraki announced would prohibit spectators events held areas.opening ceremony expected limited fewer vip guests including ioc representatives dignitaries events allow members competing delegations occupy spectator seats well.school students invited watch football matches ibaraki.on july reported bach asked prime minister suga possibility restrictions spectators could eased later covid conditions improve tokyo.however august suga announced existing state emergency declarations would extended august extended chiba kanagawa saitama parts osaka.ticketing opening ceremony tickets expected range ¥ ¥ maximum price ¥ finals athletics track field events.
2020 Summer Olympics	average ticket price ¥ half tickets sold ¥.symbolic ticket price ¥ expected families groups resident japan conjunction school program.tickets would sold shops japan mail order japanese addresses internet.international guests allowed would needed visit japan sales period arrange buy tickets third party travel agent.tickets went general sale japan autumn expected sold globally june however plan suspended games postponed march .tokyo organizing committee confirmed tickets already purchased would remain valid sessions according new schedule refunds also offered.on march announced due covidrelated concerns international guests would allowed attend olympics paralympics.
2020 Summer Olympics	included spectators well friends family athletes.overseas ticketholders would refunded.hashimoto cited uncertainties surrounding international travel restrictions goals preserve safety participants spectators place burden health care system.ultimately announced july local spectators allowed attend events held tokyo fukushima hokkaido.cultural festival cultural program known nippon festival scheduled coincide olympics paralympics running april september series streaming events held tokyo organizing committee partners.
2020 Summer Olympics	events reflected themes participation interaction towards realisation inclusive society reconstruction tohoku region.program either downsized reformatted virtual format due covid postponement games.one events concert held july featured jrock band wanima choreography dancers aio yamada tuki takamura presentation animated creatures based illustrations embodying thoughts emotions people across world.the original plans nippon festival included events kabuki x opera concert would featured stage actor ichikawa ebizō xi opera singers anna pirozzi erwin schrott tokyo philharmonic orchestra arts culture festival focusing disabilities special twoday exhibition sumo tournament ryōgoku kokugikan shortly olympics—which would differed significantly traditional bimonthly honbasho tournaments featured special commentary english japanese help explain spectators customs traditions professional sumo deeply rooted shinto religion.games opening ceremony opening ceremony held july olympic stadium tokyo.included traditional parade nations.
2020 Summer Olympics	emperor naruhito formally opened games end torch relay olympic cauldron lit japanese tennis player naomi osaka.for first time olympic games decided one male one female country would take turns holding flags serve two them.done embodying agenda set president bachs term.sports event program summer olympics approved ioc executive board june .ioc president thomas bach stated goal give games youthful urban appeal increase number female participants.the games featured events different sports encompassing total disciplines.karate sport climbing surfing skateboarding made olympic debut baseball softball also made oneoff return summer olympics first time since .
2020 Summer Olympics	new events within existing sports also added including × basketball freestyle bmx return madison cycling well new mixed events several sports table tennis archery judo shooting triathlon × relay running × medley swimming.in list number events discipline noted parentheses.new sports february remit control cost games ensure relevant sports fans generations ioc executive board recommended removal one sports contested summer olympics leaving vacancy ioc would seek fill th ioc session.new entrant would join golf rugby sevens would debut part program core sports.five sports shortlisted removal including canoe field hockey modern pentathlon taekwondo wrestling.final round voting executive board eight members voted remove wrestling olympic program.
2020 Summer Olympics	hockey taekwondo tied second three votes each.the decision drop wrestling surprised many media outlets given sports role olympics dates back ancient olympic games included original program modern games.new york times felt decision based shortage wellknown talent absence womens events sport.shortlist ioc vote wrestling duly added shortlist applicants inclusion games alongside seven new sports put forward consideration.on may announced three eight sports consideration made final shortlist baseballsoftball squash wrestling.five sports rejected point karate roller sports sport climbing wakeboarding wushu.th ioc session september wrestling chosen included olympic program .

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