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Cattle	heifer bull calves equally attached mothers first months life.cattle considered hider type animals utilizing secluded areas hours calving continued use hour calving.cows gave birth first time show higher incidence abnormal maternal behavior.in one study beefcalves reared range observed suckle average .times every hours average total time min spent suckling.diurnal rhythm suckling activity peaks – – –.
Cattle	reproductive behavior semiwild highland cattle heifers first give birth years age timing birth synchronized increases natural food quality.average calving interval days calving mortality within first year life .dominance leadership one study showed year period dominance relationships within herd semiwild highland cattle firm.overt aggressive conflicts majority disputes settled agonistic nonaggressive competitive behaviors involved physical contact opponents e.g.threatening spontaneous withdrawing.
Cattle	agonistic behavior reduces risk injury.dominance status depended age sex older animals generally dominant young ones males dominant females.young bulls gained superior dominance status adult cows reached years age.as many animal dominance hierarchies dominanceassociated aggressiveness correlate rank position closely related rank distance individuals.dominance maintained several ways.cattle often engage mock fights test others strength nonaggressive way.licking primarily performed subordinates received dominant animals.
Cattle	mounting playful behavior shown calves sexes bulls sometimes cows estrus however dominance related behavior found species.the horns cattle honest signals used mate selection.furthermore horned cattle attempt keep greater distances fewer physical interactions hornless cattle.leads stable social relationships.in calves frequency agonistic behavior decreases space allowance increases occur changes group size.however adult cattle number agonistic encounters increases group size increases.grazing behavior grazing cattle vary several aspects bite i.e.
Cattle	tongue jaw movements depending characteristics plant eating.bite area decreases density plants increases height.bite area determined sweep tongue one study observing kilogram lb steers bite area reached maximum approximately cm sq in.bite depth increases height plants.adjusting behavior cattle obtain heavier bites swards tall sparse compared short dense swards equal massarea.
Cattle	cattle adjust aspects grazing behavior relation available food foraging velocity decreases intake rate increases areas abundant palatable forage.cattle avoid grazing areas contaminated faeces cattle strongly avoid areas contaminated sheep avoid pasture contaminated rabbit faeces.genetics april edition journal science team researchers led national institutes health us department agriculture reported mapped bovine genome.scientists found cattle genes genes shared humans share genes dogs rodents found humans.using bovine hapmap researchers track differences breeds affect quality meat milk yields.behavioral traits cattle heritable production traits often two related.heritability fear varies markedly cattle low .
Cattle	high .high variation also found pigs sheep probably due differences methods used.heritability temperament response isolation handling calculated ..habituation handling.
Cattle	rangeland assessments show heritability aggressiveness cattle around ..quantitative trait loci qtls found range production behavioral characteristics dairy beef cattle.domestication husbandry cattle occupy unique role human history domesticated since least early neolithic age.archaeozoological genetic data indicate cattle first domesticated wild aurochs bos primigenius approximately years ago.two major areas domestication one near east specifically central anatolia levant western iran giving rise taurine line second area pakistan resulting indicine line.modern mitochondrial dna variation indicates taurine line may arisen aurochs tamed upper reaches mesopotamia near villages çayönü tepesi southeastern turkey djade elmughara northern syria.although european cattle largely descended taurine lineage gene flow african cattle partially indicine origin contributed substantial genomic components southern european cattle breeds new world descendants.study breeds showed modern taurine cattle originated africa asia north south america australia europe.
Cattle	researchers suggested african taurine cattle derived third independent domestication north african aurochsen.usage money early bc grain cattle used money barter first grain remains found considered evidence preagricultural practice date bc.evidence also exists suggest animals camels goats may used currency parts world.one advantages using cattle currency allows seller set fixed price.even created standard pricing.
Cattle	example two chickens traded one cow cows deemed valuable chickens.modern husbandry cattle often raised allowing herds graze grasses large tracts rangeland.raising cattle manner allows use land might unsuitable growing crops.common interactions cattle involve daily feeding cleaning milking.many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging dehorning loading medical operations artificial insemination vaccinations hoof care well training agricultural shows preparations.
Cattle	also cultural differences occur working cattle cattle husbandry fulani men rests behavioural techniques whereas europe cattle controlled primarily physical means fences.breeders use cattle husbandry reduce m. bovis infection susceptibility selective breeding maintaining herd health avoid concurrent disease.cattle farmed beef veal dairy leather.less commonly used conservation grazing simply maintain grassland wildlife epping forest england.often used wild places livestock.depending breed cattle survive hill grazing heaths marshes moors semidesert.
Cattle	modern cattle commercial older breeds become specialized less versatile.reason many smaller farmers still favor old breeds jersey dairy breed.in portugal spain southern france latin american countries bulls used activity bullfighting many countries bullfighting illegal.activities bull riding seen part rodeo especially north america.bullleaping central ritual bronze age minoan culture see sacred bull still exists southwestern france.modern times cattle also entered agricultural competitions.
Cattle	competitions involve live cattle cattle carcases hoof hook events.in terms food intake humans consumption cattle less efficient grain vegetables regard land use hence cattle grazing consumes area agricultural production raised grains.nonetheless cattle forms domesticated animals sometimes help use plant resources areas easily amenable forms agriculture.bulls sometimes used guard animals.occasional cases cattle kept pets pet cows often sweet temperaments enjoying petted kissing licking owners.costs keeping pets limit many people practically everyone space facilities largeanimal pet amount resources needed keep one humanely pasture hay feed water largeanimal veterinary care.addition livestock animals gregarious need least one companion avoid stressed lonely keeping bovine caprine ovine pets requires one animal.
Cattle	pet cows live farms livestock anyway marginal cost one two animals large.farmers traditionally often averse making pets livestock principle animal must pay way somehow farm survive financially also sufficient opportunities moments petting animal appreciation among herd anyway even none pets per se.sleep average sleep time domestic cow hours day.cattle stay apparatus sleep standing lie sleep deeply.spite urban legend cows cannot tipped people pushing them.
Cattle	economy meat adult cattle known beef calves veal.animal parts also used food products including blood liver kidney heart oxtail.cattle also produce milk dairy cattle specifically bred produce large quantities milk processed sold human consumption.cattle today basis multibilliondollar industry worldwide.international trade beef billion represented world beef production.
Cattle	approximately million cattle including dairy cattle slaughtered year food.production milk also made cheese butter yogurt dairy products comparable economic size beef production provides important part food supply many worlds people.cattle hides used leather make shoes couches clothing another widespread product.cattle remain broadly used draft animals many developing countries india.cattle also used sporting games including rodeo bullfighting.
Cattle	cattle meat production source helgi library world bank faostatabout half worlds meat comes cattle.dairy certain breeds cattle holsteinfriesian used produce milk processed dairy products milk cheese yogurt.dairy cattle usually kept specialized dairy farms designed milk production.cows milked twice per day milk processed dairy may onsite farm milk may shipped dairy plant eventual sale dairy product.lactation induced heifers spayed cows combination physical psychological stimulation drugs combination methods.
Cattle	mother cows continue producing milk give birth one calf per year.calf male generally slaughtered young age produce veal.continue produce milk three weeks birth.last fifty years dairy farming become intensive increase yield milk produced cow.holsteinfriesian breed dairy cow common uk europe united states.
Cattle	bred selectively produce highest yields milk cow.around litres per day average uk.hides cattle kept solely hides usually byproduct beef production.hides commonly used leather made variety products including shoes.india worlds largest producer cattle hides.
Cattle	feral cattle feral cattle defined cattle domesticated cultivated.populations feral cattle known come exist australia united states america colombia argentina spain france many islands including new guinea hawaii galapagos juan fernández islands hispaniola dominican republic haiti tristan da cunha île amsterdam two islands kuchinoshima kazura island next naru island japan.chillingham cattle sometimes regarded feral breed.aleutian wild cattles found aleutian islands.kinmen cattle dominantly found kinmen island taiwan mostly domesticated smaller portion population believed live wild due accidental releases.other notable examples include cattle vicinity hong kong shing mun country park among sai kung district lantau island grass island semiferal animals yangmingshan taiwan.
Cattle	environmental impact gut flora cattle include methanogens produce methane byproduct enteric fermentation cattle belch out.volume atmospheric methane x higher years global warming potential atmospheric carbon dioxide.methane belching cattle reduced genetic selection immunization many methanogens rumen defaunation killing bacteriakilling protozoa diet modification e.g.seaweed fortification decreased antibiotic use grazing management among others.a report food agriculture organization fao based data states livestock sector responsible .greenhouse gas emissions due cattle.
Cattle	ipcc estimates cattle livestock emit megatonnes methane per year accounting estimated anthropogenic methane emissions additional methane produced anaerobic fermentation manure manure lagoons manure storage structures.another estimate global ghg.cattle fed forage actually produce methane grainfed cattle increase may offset increased carbon recapture pastures recapture three times co cropland used grain.one cited changes suggested reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensification livestock industry since intensification leads less land given level production.assertion supported studies us beef production system suggesting practices prevailing involved .less fossil fuel use .
Cattle	less greenhouse gas emissions .less water use .less land use per unit mass beef produced used .analysis took account practices feedlots also feed production less feed needed intensive production systems foragebased cowcalf operations backgrounding cattle enter feedlot beef produced per head cattle sources intensive systems beef animals derived dairy industry.the number american cattle kept confined feedlot conditions fluctuates.january january significant overall upward downward trend number us cattle feed slaughter averaged .
Cattle	million head period.previously number increased .million .cattle feed slaughter numbered .million january i.e.
Cattle	.estimated inventory .million us cattle including calves date..million us cattle feed slaughter operations head estimated number .
Cattle	million.cattle feedlots size category correspond regulatory definition large concentrated animal feeding operations cafos cattle mature dairy cows veal calves.significant numbers dairy well beef cattle confined cafos defined new existing operations stable confine feed maintain total days month period number animals specified crops vegetation forage growth postharvest residues sustained normal growing season portion lot facility.may designated small medium large.designation cattle cafos according cattle type mature dairy cows veal calves cattle numbers medium cafos designated meet certain discharge criteria small cafos designated casebycase basis.a cafo discharges pollutants required obtain permit requires plan manage nutrient runoff manure chemicals contaminants wastewater pursuant us clean water act.
Cattle	regulations involving cafo permitting extensively litigated.commonly cafo wastewater manure nutrients applied land agronomic rates use forages crops often assumed various constituents wastewater manure e.g.organic contaminants pathogens retained inactivated degraded land application rates however additional evidence needed test reliability assumptions.concerns raised opponents cafos included risks contaminated water due feedlot runoff soil erosion human animal exposure toxic chemicals development antibiotic resistant bacteria increase e. coli contamination.research suggests impacts mitigated developing wastewater treatment systems planting cover crops larger setback zones union concerned scientists released report concluding cafos generally unsustainable externalize costs.an estimated cattle operations operating us .us environmental protection agency epa tallied cattle cafos regulated consisting beef dairy heifer veal operations .
Cattle	since time epa established cafos enforcement priority.epa enforcement highlights fiscal year indicated enforcement actions cattle cafos violations included failures obtain permit failures meet terms permit discharges contaminated water.another concern manure wellmanaged lead adverse environmental consequences.however manure also valuable source nutrients organic matter used fertilizer.manure used fertilizer hectares .million acres us cropland manure cattle accounting nearly manure applications soybeans manure applications corn wheat barley oats sorghum.
Cattle	substitution manure synthetic fertilizers crop production environmentally significant megajoules fossil fuel energy would used per kg nitrogen manufacture synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.grazing cattle low intensities create favourable environment native herbs forbs mimicking native grazers displaced many world regions though cattle reducing biodiversity due overgrazing.survey refuge managers national wildlife refuges us tallied species wildlife considered positively affected considered negatively affected refuge cattle grazing haying.proper management pastures notably managed intensive rotational grazing grazing low intensities lead less use fossil fuel energy increased recapture carbon dioxide fewer ammonia emissions atmosphere reduced soil erosion better air quality less water pollution.health veterinary discipline dealing cattle cattle diseases bovine veterinary called buiatrics.veterinarians professionals working cattle health issues pooled world association buiatrics founded .
Cattle	national associations affiliates also exist.cattle diseases center attention bovine spongiform encephalopathy bse also known mad cow disease concern.cattle might catch develop various diseases like blackleg bluetongue foot rot too.in states cattle health veterinarian issue also public health issue public health food safety standards farming regulations directly affect daily work farmers keep cattle.however said rules change frequently often debated.instance u.k. proposed milk tuberculosisinfected cattle allowed enter food chain.internal food safety regulations might affect countrys trade policy well.
Cattle	example united states reviewed beef import rules according mad cow standards mexico forbids entry cattle older months.cow urine commonly used india internal medical purposes.distilled consumed patients seeking treatment wide variety illnesses.present conclusive medical evidence shows effect.however indian medicine containing cow urine already obtained u.s. patents.digital dermatitis caused bacteria genus treponema.differs foot rot appear unsanitary conditions poor hygiene inadequate hoof trimming among causes.
Cattle	primarily affects dairy cattle known lower quantity milk produced however milk quality remains unaffected.cattle also susceptible ringworm caused fungus trichophyton verrucosum contagious skin disease may transferred humans exposed infected cows.effect high stocking density stocking density refers number animals within specified area.stocking density reaches high levels behavioural needs animals may met.negatively influence health welfare production performance.the effect overstocking cows negative effect milk production reproduction rates two important traits dairy farmers.
Cattle	overcrowding cows barns found reduced feeding resting rumination.although consume amount dry matter within span day consume food much rapid rate behaviour cows lead complications.feeding behaviour cows postmilking period important proven longer animals eat milking longer standing therefore causing less contamination teat ends.necessary reduce risk mastitis infection shown increase chances embryonic loss.sufficient rest important dairy cows period resting blood flow increases directly proportionate milk production.
Cattle	additional hour rest seen translate .pounds milk per cow daily.stocking densities anything shown decrease amount time cows spend lying down.cortisol important stress hormone plasma concentrations increase greatly subjected high levels stress.increased concentration levels cortisol associated significant increases gonadotrophin levels lowered progestin levels.reduction stress important reproductive state cows increase gonadotrophin lowered progesterone levels may impinge ovulatory lutenization process reduce chances successful implantation.
Cattle	high cortisol level also stimulate degradation fats proteins may make difficult animal sustain pregnancy implanted successfully.animal welfare concerns animal rights activists criticized treatment cattle claiming common practices cattle husbandry slaughter entertainment unnecessarily cause fear stress pain.advocate abstaining consumption cattlerelated animal products cattlebased entertainment.livestock industry following husbandry practices criticized animal welfare animal rights groups branding castration dehorning ear tagging nose ringing restraint tail docking use veal crates cattle prods.concerns stress negative health impacts induced high stocking density concentrated animal feeding operations feedlots auctions transport may detrimental welfare also criticized.the treatment dairy cows faces additional criticism.
Cattle	produce milk dairy cattle calves separated mothers soon birth fed milk replacement order retain cows milk human consumption.animal welfare advocates critical practice stating breaks natural bond mother calf.welfare veal calves also concern.order continue lactation dairy cows bred every year usually artificial insemination.individuals posited dairy production based sexual exploitation cows.
Cattle	although natural life expectancy cattle could much twenty years five years cows milk production dropped point dairy cows sent slaughter.leather leather often byproduct slaughter countries india bangladesh cows raised primarily leather.leather industries often make cows walk long distances across borders killed neighboring provinces countries cattle slaughter legal.cows die along long journey sometimes exhausted animals abused keep moving.practices faced backlash various animal rights groups.
Cattle	sport animal treatment rodeo targeted often bull riding also calf roping steer roping opposition saying rodeos unnecessary cause stress injury death animals.spain running bulls faces opposition due stress injuries incurred bulls event.bullfighting opposed blood sport bulls forced suffer severe stress death.oxen oxen singular ox cattle trained draft animals.often adult castrated males larger breeds although females bulls also used areas.
Cattle	usually ox four years old due need training allow grow full size.oxen used plowing transport hauling cargo graingrinding trampling powering machines irrigation powering pumps wagon drawing.oxen commonly used skid logs forests sometimes still lowimpact selectcut logging.oxen often used teams two paired light work carting additional pairs added power required sometimes total more.oxen trained respond teamsters signals.signals given verbal commands noise whip cracks.
Cattle	verbal commands vary according dialect local tradition.oxen pull harder longer horses.though fast horses less prone injury surefooted.many oxen used worldwide especially developing countries..million draft oxen used subsaharan africa.
Cattle	india number draft cattle estimated .million head.half worlds crop production thought depend land preparation plowing made possible animal traction.religion traditions folklore islamic traditions cow mentioned often quran.second longest surah quran named albaqara cow.
Cattle	verses surah seven mention cows al baqarah –.name surah derives passage moses orders people sacrifice cow order resurrect man murdered unknown person.hindu traditions veneration cow become symbol identity hindus community especially since end th century.slaughter cows including oxen bulls calves forbidden law several states indian union.mcdonalds outlets india serve beef burgers.
Cattle	maharaja ranjit singhs empire early th century killing cow punishable death.traditions evangelist st. luke depicted ox christian art.in judaism described numbers ashes sacrificed unblemished red heifer never yoked used ritual purification people came contact corpse.the ox one year cycle animals appear chinese zodiac related chinese calendar.see ox zodiac.the constellation taurus represents bull.an apocryphal story cow started great chicago fire kicking kerosene lamp.michael ahern reporter created cow story admitted fabricated colorful copy.on february elm farm ollie became first cow fly airplane also first cow milked airplane.the first known law requiring branding north america enacted february connecticut.said cattle pigs registered brand earmark may .the akabeko 赤べこ red cow traditional toy aizu region japan thought ward illness.the case sherwood v. walker—involving supposedly barren heifer actually pregnant—first enunciated concept mutual mistake means destroying meeting minds contract law.the fulani west africa worlds largest nomadic cattleherders.the maasai tribe east africa traditionally believe god engai entitled divine rights ownership cattle earth.
Cattle	heraldry cattle typically represented heraldry bull.population cattle population britain rose .million .million beef consumption rose much faster.britain became stud farm world exporting livestock countries indigenous cattle.
Cattle	meat trade world products originally english breeds.nearly million cattle usa early s.for fao estimated global cattle numbers .billion.regionally fao estimate includes asia million south america million africa million europe million north america million central america million oceania million caribbean million.as per fasusda data india largest cattle inventory world followed brazil chinaindias cattles inventory reported .million head accounting roughly worlds inventory.india brazil china accounted roughly worlds cattle inventory .
Cloud computing	gallery see also references readinglarge clouds often functions distributed multiple locations location data center.cloud computing relies sharing resources achieve coherence economies scale typically using payasyougo model help reducing capital expenses may also lead unexpected operating expenses unaware users.value proposition advocates public hybrid clouds note cloud computing allows companies avoid minimize upfront infrastructure costs.proponents also claim cloud computing allows enterprises get applications running faster improved manageability less maintenance enables teams rapidly adjust resources meet fluctuating unpredictable demand providing burst computing capability high computing power certain periods peak demand.history references phrase cloud computing appeared early first known mention compaq internal document.the cloud symbol used represent networks computing equipment original arpanet early csnet —both predecessors internet itself.
Cloud computing	word cloud used metaphor internet standardized cloudlike shape used denote network telephony schematics.simplification implication specifics endpoints network connected relevant understanding diagram.the term cloud used refer platforms distributed computing early apple spinoff general magic att used describing paired telescript personalink technologies.wireds april feature bill andys excellent adventure ii andy hertzfeld commented telescript general magics distributed programming languagethe beauty telescript ... instead device program entire cloud single program go travel many different sources information create sort virtual service.one conceived before.example jim white designer telescript x. asn.
Cloud computing	uses datearranging service software agent goes flower store orders flowers goes ticket shop gets tickets show everything communicated parties.early history initial concepts timesharing became popularized via rje remote job entry terminology mostly associated large vendors ibm dec. fulltimesharing solutions available early platforms multics ge hardware cambridge ctss earliest unix ports dec hardware.yet data center model users submitted jobs operators run ibms mainframes overwhelmingly predominant.in telecommunications companies previously offered primarily dedicated pointtopoint data circuits began offering virtual private network vpn services comparable quality service lower cost.switching traffic saw fit balance server use could use overall network bandwidth effectively.began use cloud symbol denote demarcation point provider responsible users responsible for.
Cloud computing	cloud computing extended boundary cover servers well network infrastructure.computers became diffused scientists technologists explored ways make largescale computing power available users timesharing.experimented algorithms optimize infrastructure platform applications prioritize cpus increase efficiency end users.the use cloud metaphor virtualized services dates least general magic used describe universe places mobile agents telescript environment could go.described andy hertzfeldthe beauty telescript says andy instead device program entire cloud single program go travel many different sources information create sort virtual service.the use cloud metaphor credited general magic communications employee david hoffman based longstanding use networking telecom.addition use general magic also used promoting atts associated personalink services.
Cloud computing	july amazon created subsidiary amazon web services goal enable developers build innovative entrepreneurial applications own.march amazon introduced simple storage service followed elastic compute cloud ec august year.products pioneered usage server virtualization deliver iaas cheaper ondemand pricing basis.in april google released beta version google app engine.app engine paas one first kind provided fully maintained infrastructure deployment platform users create web applications using common languagestechnologies python node.js php.goal eliminate need administrative tasks typical iaas model creating platform users could easily deploy applications scale demand.in early nasas nebula enhanced reservoir european commissionfunded project became first opensource software deploying private hybrid clouds federation clouds.by mid gartner saw opportunity cloud computing shape relationship among consumers services use services sell observed organizations switching companyowned hardware software assets peruse servicebased models projected shift computing ... result dramatic growth products areas significant reductions areas.in u.s. national science foundation began cluster exploratory program fund academic research using googleibm cluster technology analyze massive amounts data.in government france announced project andromède create sovereign cloud national cloud computing government spend € million.
Cloud computing	initiative failed badly cloudwatt shut february .february microsoft released microsoft azure announced october .in july rackspace hosting nasa jointly launched opensource cloudsoftware initiative known openstack.openstack project intended help organizations offering cloudcomputing services running standard hardware.early code came nasas nebula platform well rackspaces cloud files platform.opensource offering along opensource solutions cloudstack ganeti opennebula attracted attention several key communities.
Cloud computing	several studies aim comparing open source offerings based set criteria.on march ibm announced ibm smartcloud framework support smarter planet.among various components smarter computing foundation cloud computing critical part.june oracle announced oracle cloud.cloud offering poised first provide users access integrated set solutions including applications saas platform paas infrastructure iaas layers.in may google compute engine released preview rolled general availability december .in linux common os used microsoft azure.december amazon announced aws outposts fully managed service extends aws infrastructure aws services apis tools virtually customer datacenter colocation space onpremises facility truly consistent hybrid experience similar concepts goal cloud computing allow users take benefit technologies without need deep knowledge expertise one them.
Cloud computing	cloud aims cut costs helps users focus core business instead impeded obstacles.main enabling technology cloud computing virtualization.virtualization software separates physical computing device one virtual devices easily used managed perform computing tasks.operating system–level virtualization essentially creating scalable system multiple independent computing devices idle computing resources allocated used efficiently.virtualization provides agility required speed operations reduces cost increasing infrastructure utilization.
Cloud computing	autonomic computing automates process user provision resources ondemand.minimizing user involvement automation speeds process reduces labor costs reduces possibility human errors.cloud computing uses concepts utility computing provide metrics services used.cloud computing attempts address qos quality service reliability problems grid computing models.cloud computing shares characteristics withclient–server model—client–server computing refers broadly distributed application distinguishes service providers servers service requestors clients.computer bureau—a service bureau providing computer services particularly s.grid computing—a form distributed parallel computing whereby super virtual computer composed cluster networked loosely coupled computers acting concert perform large tasks.fog computing—distributed computing paradigm provides data compute storage application services closer client nearuser edge devices network routers.furthermore fog computing handles data network level smart devices enduser clientside e.g.mobile devices instead sending data remote location processing.mainframe computer—powerful computers used mainly large organizations critical applications typically bulk data processing census industry consumer statistics police secret intelligence services enterprise resource planning financial transaction processing.utility computing—the packaging computing resources computation storage metered service similar traditional public utility electricity.peertopeer—a distributed architecture without need central coordination.
Cloud computing	participants suppliers consumers resources contrast traditional clientserver model.green computing—study practice environmentally sustainable computing it.cloud sandbox—a live isolated computer environment program code file run without affecting application runs.characteristics cloud computing exhibits following key characteristicsagility organizations may improved cloud computing may increase users flexibility reprovisioning adding expanding technological infrastructure resources.cost reductions claimed cloud providers.publiccloud delivery model converts capital expenditures e.g.buying servers operational expenditure.purportedly lowers barriers entry infrastructure typically provided third party need purchased onetime infrequent intensive computing tasks.
Cloud computing	pricing utility computing basis finegrained usagebased billing options.well less inhouse skills required implementation projects use cloud computing.efiscal projects stateoftheart repository contains several articles looking cost aspects detail concluding costs savings depend type activities supported type infrastructure available inhouse.device location independence enable users access systems using web browser regardless location device use e.g.pc mobile phone.infrastructure offsite typically provided thirdparty accessed via internet users connect anywhere.maintenance cloud environment easier data hosted outside server maintained provider without need invest data center hardware.
Cloud computing	maintenance cloud computing managed updated cloud providers maintenance team reduces cloud computing costs compared onpremises data centers.multitenancy enables sharing resources costs across large pool users thus allowing forcentralization infrastructure locations lower costs real estate electricity etc.peakload capacity increases users need engineer pay resources equipment meet highest possible loadlevelsutilisation efficiency improvements systems often – utilised.performance monitored experts service provider consistent loosely coupled architectures constructed using web services system interface.productivity may increased multiple users work data simultaneously rather waiting saved emailed.time may saved information need reentered fields matched users need install application software upgrades computer.availability improves use multiple redundant sites makes welldesigned cloud computing suitable business continuity disaster recovery.scalability elasticity via dynamic ondemand provisioning resources finegrained selfservice basis near realtime note vm startup time varies vm type location os cloud providers without users engineer peak loads.gives ability scale usage need increases resources used.timeefficient benefit cloud scalability also means faster time market business flexibility adaptability adding new resources doesn’t take much time used to.emerging approaches managing elasticity include use machine learning techniques propose efficient elasticity models.security improve due centralization data increased securityfocused resources etc.
Cloud computing	concerns persist loss control certain sensitive data lack security stored kernels.security often good better traditional systems part service providers able devote resources solving security issues many customers cannot afford tackle lack technical skills address.however complexity security greatly increased data distributed wider area greater number devices well multitenant systems shared unrelated users.addition user access security audit logs may difficult impossible.private cloud installations part motivated users desire retain control infrastructure avoid losing control information security.the national institute standards technologys definition cloud computing identifies five essential characteristicsondemand selfservice.
Cloud computing	consumer unilaterally provision computing capabilities server time network storage needed automatically without requiring human interaction service provider.broad network access.capabilities available network accessed standard mechanisms promote use heterogeneous thin thick client platforms e.g.mobile phones tablets laptops workstations.resource pooling.providers computing resources pooled serve multiple consumers using multitenant model different physical virtual resources dynamically assigned reassigned according consumer demand.rapid elasticity.
Cloud computing	capabilities elastically provisioned released cases automatically scale rapidly outward inward commensurate demand.consumer capabilities available provisioning often appear unlimited appropriated quantity time.measured service.cloud systems automatically control optimize resource use leveraging metering capability level abstraction appropriate type service e.g.storage processing bandwidth active user accounts.resource usage monitored controlled reported providing transparency provider consumer utilized service.
Cloud computing	service models though serviceoriented architecture advocates everything service acronyms eaas xaas simply aas cloudcomputing providers offer services according different models three standard models per nist infrastructure service iaas platform service paas software service saas.models offer increasing abstraction thus often portrayed layers stack infrastructure platform softwareasaservice need related.example one provide saas implemented physical machines bare metal without using underlying paas iaas layers conversely one run program iaas access directly without wrapping saas.infrastructure service iaas infrastructure service iaas refers online services provide highlevel apis used abstract various lowlevel details underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources location data partitioning scaling security backup etc.hypervisor runs virtual machines guests.
Cloud computing	pools hypervisors within cloud operational system support large numbers virtual machines ability scale services according customers varying requirements.linux containers run isolated partitions single linux kernel running directly physical hardware.linux cgroups namespaces underlying linux kernel technologies used isolate secure manage containers.containerisation offers higher performance virtualization hypervisor overhead.iaas clouds often offer additional resources virtualmachine diskimage library raw block storage file object storage firewalls load balancers ip addresses virtual local area networks vlans software bundles.the nists definition cloud computing describes iaas consumer able deploy run arbitrary software include operating systems applications.
Cloud computing	consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure control operating systems storage deployed applications possibly limited control select networking components e.g.host firewalls.iaascloud providers supply resources ondemand large pools equipment installed data centers.widearea connectivity customers use either internet carrier clouds dedicated virtual private networks.deploy applications cloud users install operatingsystem images application software cloud infrastructure.model cloud user patches maintains operating systems application software.
Cloud computing	cloud providers typically bill iaas services utility computing basis cost reflects amount resources allocated consumed.platform service paas nists definition cloud computing defines platform service asthe capability provided consumer deploy onto cloud infrastructure consumercreated acquired applications created using programming languages libraries services tools supported provider.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure including network servers operating systems storage control deployed applications possibly configuration settings applicationhosting environment.paas vendors offer development environment application developers.provider typically develops toolkit standards development channels distribution payment.paas models cloud providers deliver computing platform typically including operating system programminglanguage execution environment database web server.
Cloud computing	application developers develop run software cloud platform instead directly buying managing underlying hardware software layers.paas underlying computer storage resources scale automatically match application demand cloud user allocate resources manually.some integration data management providers also use specialized applications paas delivery models data.examples include ipaas integration platform service dpaas data platform service.ipaas enables customers develop execute govern integration flows.ipaas integration model customers drive development deployment integrations without installing managing hardware middleware.
Cloud computing	dpaas delivers integration—and datamanagement—products fully managed service.dpaas model paas provider customer manages development execution programs building data applications customer.dpaas users access data datavisualization tools.software service saas nists definition cloud computing defines software service asthe capability provided consumer use providers applications running cloud infrastructure.applications accessible various client devices either thin client interface web browser e.g.
Cloud computing	webbased email program interface.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure including network servers operating systems storage even individual application capabilities possible exception limited userspecific application configuration settings.in software service saas model users gain access application software databases.cloud providers manage infrastructure platforms run applications.saas sometimes referred ondemand software usually priced payperuse basis using subscription fee.saas model cloud providers install operate application software cloud cloud users access software cloud clients.
Cloud computing	cloud users manage cloud infrastructure platform application runs.eliminates need install run application cloud users computers simplifies maintenance support.cloud applications differ applications scalability—which achieved cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines runtime meet changing work demand.load balancers distribute work set virtual machines.process transparent cloud user sees single accesspoint.
Cloud computing	accommodate large number cloud users cloud applications multitenant meaning machine may serve one clouduser organization.the pricing model saas applications typically monthly yearly flat fee per user prices become scalable adjustable users added removed point.may also free.proponents claim saas gives business potential reduce operational costs outsourcing hardware software maintenance support cloud provider.enables business reallocate operations costs away hardwaresoftware spending personnel expenses towards meeting goals.addition applications hosted centrally updates released without need users install new software.
Cloud computing	one drawback saas comes storing users data cloud providers server.result could unauthorized access data.examples applications offered saas games productivity software like google docs word online.saas applications may integrated cloud storage file hosting services case google docs integrated google drive word online integrated onedrive.mobile backend service mbaas mobile backend service model also known backend service baas web app mobile app developers provided way link applications cloud storage cloud computing services application programming interfaces apis exposed applications custom software development kits sdks.
Cloud computing	services include user management push notifications integration social networking services more.relatively recent model cloud computing baas startups dating later trends indicate services gaining significant mainstream traction enterprise consumers.serverless computing functionasaservice faas serverless computing cloud computing code execution model cloud provider fully manages starting stopping virtual machines necessary serve requests requests billed abstract measure resources required satisfy request rather per virtual machine per hour.despite name actually involve running code without servers.serverless computing named business person owns system purchase rent provide servers virtual machines backend code run on.function service faas servicehosted remote procedure call leverages serverless computing enable deployment individual functions cloud run response events.
Cloud computing	faas considered come umbrella serverless computing others use terms interchangeably.deployment models private cloud private cloud cloud infrastructure operated solely single organization whether managed internally third party hosted either internally externally.undertaking private cloud project requires significant engagement virtualize business environment requires organization reevaluate decisions existing resources.improve business every step project raises security issues must addressed prevent serious vulnerabilities.selfrun data centers generally capital intensive.
Cloud computing	significant physical footprint requiring allocations space hardware environmental controls.assets refreshed periodically resulting additional capital expenditures.attracted criticism users still buy build manage thus benefit less handson management essentially lacking economic model makes cloud computing intriguing concept.public cloud cloud services considered public delivered public internet may offered paid subscription free charge.architecturally differences public privatecloud services security concerns increase substantially services applications storage resources shared multiple customers.
Cloud computing	publiccloud providers offer directconnection services allow customers securely link legacy data centers cloudresident applications.several factors like functionality solutions cost integrational organizational aspects well safety security influencing decision enterprises organizations choose public cloud onpremises solution.hybrid cloud hybrid cloud composition public cloud private environment private cloud onpremises resources remain distinct entities bound together offering benefits multiple deployment models.hybrid cloud also mean ability connect collocation managed andor dedicated services cloud resources.gartner defines hybrid cloud service cloud computing service composed combination private public community cloud services different service providers.hybrid cloud service crosses isolation provider boundaries cant simply put one category private public community cloud service.
Cloud computing	allows one extend either capacity capability cloud service aggregation integration customization another cloud service.varied use cases hybrid cloud composition exist.example organization may store sensitive client data house private cloud application interconnect application business intelligence application provided public cloud software service.example hybrid cloud extends capabilities enterprise deliver specific business service addition externally available public cloud services.hybrid cloud adoption depends number factors data security compliance requirements level control needed data applications organization uses.another example hybrid cloud one organizations use public cloud computing resources meet temporary capacity needs met private cloud.capability enables hybrid clouds employ cloud bursting scaling across clouds.
Cloud computing	cloud bursting application deployment model application runs private cloud data center bursts public cloud demand computing capacity increases.primary advantage cloud bursting hybrid cloud model organization pays extra compute resources needed.cloud bursting enables data centers create inhouse infrastructure supports average workloads use cloud resources public private clouds spikes processing demands.specialized model hybrid cloud built atop heterogeneous hardware called crossplatform hybrid cloud.crossplatform hybrid cloud usually powered different cpu architectures example x arm underneath.
Cloud computing	users transparently deploy scale applications without knowledge clouds hardware diversity.kind cloud emerges rise armbased systemonchip serverclass computing.hybrid cloud infrastructure essentially serves eliminate limitations inherent multiaccess relay characteristics private cloud networking.advantages include enhanced runtime flexibility adaptive memory processing unique virtualized interface models.others community cloud community cloud shares infrastructure several organizations specific community common concerns security compliance jurisdiction etc.whether managed internally thirdparty either hosted internally externally.
Cloud computing	costs spread fewer users public cloud private cloud cost savings potential cloud computing realized.distributed cloud cloud computing platform assembled distributed set machines different locations connected single network hub service.possible distinguish two types distributed clouds publicresource computing volunteer cloud.publicresource computing—this type distributed cloud results expansive definition cloud computing akin distributed computing cloud computing.nonetheless considered subclass cloud computing.volunteer cloud—volunteer cloud computing characterized intersection publicresource computing cloud computing cloud computing infrastructure built using volunteered resources.many challenges arise type infrastructure volatility resources used build dynamic environment operates in.
Cloud computing	also called peertopeer clouds adhoc clouds.interesting effort direction cloudhome aims implement cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing businessmodel incentivize contributions financial restitution.multi cloud multi cloud use multiple cloud computing services single heterogeneous architecture reduce reliance single vendors increase flexibility choice mitigate disasters etc.differs hybrid cloud refers multiple cloud services rather multiple deployment modes public private legacy.poly cloud poly cloud refers use multiple public clouds purpose leveraging specific services provider offers.
Cloud computing	differs multi cloud designed increase flexibility mitigate failures rather used allow organization achieve could done single provider.big data cloud issues transferring large amounts data cloud well data security data cloud initially hampered adoption cloud big data much data originates cloud advent baremetal servers cloud become solution use cases including business analytics geospatial analysis.hpc cloud hpc cloud refers use cloud computing services infrastructure execute highperformance computing hpc applications.applications consume considerable amount computing power memory traditionally executed clusters computers.handful companies including rhpc amazon web services univa silicon graphics international sabalcore gomput penguin computing offered high performance computing cloud.
Cloud computing	penguin demand pod cloud one first nonvirtualized remote hpc services offered payasyougo basis.penguin computing launched hpc cloud alternative amazons ec elastic compute cloud uses virtualized computing nodes.architecture cloud architecture systems architecture software systems involved delivery cloud computing typically involves multiple cloud components communicating loose coupling mechanism messaging queue.elastic provision implies intelligence use tight loose coupling applied mechanisms others.cloud engineering cloud engineering application engineering disciplines cloud computing.
Cloud computing	brings systematic approach highlevel concerns commercialization standardization governance conceiving developing operating maintaining cloud computing systems.multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions diverse areas systems software web performance information technology engineering security platform risk quality engineering.security privacy cloud computing poses privacy concerns service provider access data cloud time.could accidentally deliberately alter delete information.many cloud providers share information third parties necessary purposes law order without warrant.
Cloud computing	permitted privacy policies users must agree start using cloud services.solutions privacy include policy legislation well endusers choices data stored.users encrypt data processed stored within cloud prevent unauthorized access.identity management systems also provide practical solutions privacy concerns cloud computing.systems distinguish authorized unauthorized users determine amount data accessible entity.
Cloud computing	systems work creating describing identities recording activities getting rid unused identities.according cloud security alliance top three threats cloud insecure interfaces apis data loss leakage hardware failure—which accounted cloud security outages respectively.together form shared technology vulnerabilities.cloud provider platform shared different users may possibility information belonging different customers resides data server.additionally eugene schultz chief technology officer emagined security said hackers spending substantial time effort looking ways penetrate cloud.real achilles heels cloud infrastructure making big holes bad guys get into.
Cloud computing	data hundreds thousands companies stored large cloud servers hackers theoretically gain control huge stores information single attack—a process called hyperjacking.examples include dropbox security breach icloud leak.dropbox breached october million users passwords stolen hackers effort get monetary value bitcoins btc.passwords able read private data well data indexed search engines making information public.there problem legal ownership data user stores data cloud cloud provider profit it.many terms service agreements silent question ownership.
Cloud computing	physical control computer equipment private cloud secure equipment offsite someone elses control public cloud.delivers great incentive public cloud computing service providers prioritize building maintaining strong management secure services.small businesses dont expertise security could find secure use public cloud.risk end users understand issues involved signing cloud service persons sometimes dont read many pages terms service agreement click accept without reading.important cloud computing becoming popular required services work example intelligent personal assistant apples siri google now.
Cloud computing	fundamentally private cloud seen secure higher levels control owner however public cloud seen flexible requires less time money investment user.limitations disadvantages according bruce schneier downside limited customization options.cloud computing cheaper economics scale and—like outsourced task—you tend get want.restaurant limited menu cheaper personal chef cook anything want.fewer options much cheaper price feature bug.
Cloud computing	also suggests cloud provider might meet legal needs businesses need weigh benefits cloud computing risks.in cloud computing control back end infrastructure limited cloud vendor only.cloud providers often decide management policies moderates cloud users able deployment.cloud users also limited control management applications data services.includes data caps placed cloud users cloud vendor allocating certain amount bandwidth customer often shared among cloud users.privacy confidentiality big concerns activities.instance sworn translators working stipulations nda might face problems regarding sensitive data encrypted.
Cloud computing	due use internet confidential information employee data user data easily available thirdparty organisations people cloud computing.cloud computing beneficial many enterprises lowers costs allows focus competence instead matters infrastructure.nevertheless cloud computing proven limitations disadvantages especially smaller business operations particularly regarding security downtime.technical outages inevitable occur sometimes cloud service providers csps become overwhelmed process serving clients.may result temporary business suspension.since technologys systems rely internet individual cannot access applications server data cloud outage.
Cloud computing	emerging trends cloud computing still subject research.driving factor evolution cloud computing chief technology officers seeking minimize risk internal outages mitigate complexity housing network computing hardware inhouse.also looking share information workers located diverse areas near realtime enable teams work seamlessly matter located.since global pandemic said cloud technology jumped ahead popularity due level security data flexibility working options employees notably remote workers.example zoom grew alone.
Cloud computing	digital forensics cloud issue carrying investigations cloud storage devices cannot physically accessed generated number changes way digital evidence located collected.new process models developed formalize collection.in scenarios existing digital forensics tools employed access cloud storage networked drives although slow process generating large amount internet traffic.an alternative approach deploy tool processes cloud itself.for organizations using office e subscription option use microsofts builtin ediscovery resources although provide functionality typically required forensic process.see also references reading millard christopher .cloud computing law.oxford university press.
Cloud computing	isbn .weisser alexander .international taxation cloud computing.editions juridiques libres isbn .singh jatinder powles julia pasquier thomas bacon jean july .data flow management compliance cloud computing.ieee cloud computing.
Cloud computing	–.doi.mcc... scid .armbrust michael stoica ion zaharia matei fox armando griffith rean joseph anthony d. katz randy konwinski andy lee gunho patterson david rabkin ariel april .view cloud computing.communications acm..
Cloud computing	doi... scid .hu tunghui .prehistory cloud.mit press.isbn .mell p. september .nist definition cloud computing.
Second responder	retrieved november national institute standards technology website external links media related cloud computing wikimedia commonsinvolved preparing managing returning services cleaning sites event requiring first responders.sites may include crime scenes areas damaged fire storm wind floods earthquakes natural disasters.types services may include utility services shutdown reinstatement electrical gas sewage andor water services wireless ggwifi wireline communication services specialty construction i.e.shelter construction hazardous waste cleanup road clearing crowd control emergency services i.e.red cross first aid food services security services social services i.e.
Second responder	trauma counselors sanitation.the overriding objective designated professionals quickly enable people get back work ensure viability continuity recovery economic life public privatesector organizations.believed major event might many second responders every first responder.coordinating activities second responders communications intensive activity usually responsibility onsite incident commander.guidelines responsibilities incident commander described u.s. federal emergency management agency national incident management system nims training program.because identifying empowering second responders helps make difference lingering disruption necessary timely restoration daily life many state local governments adopting unique “second responder” identification protocol known corporate emergency access system ceas.ceas developed new york state business network emergency resources notforprofit organization pioneered emergencyidentificationcardbased capability.references
Robert Downey Jr.	career characterized critical popular success youth followed period substance abuse legal troubles resurgence commercial success later career.downey named time magazine among influential people world listed forbes hollywoods highestpaid actor.at age made acting debut fathers film pound .subsequently worked brat pack teen films weird science less zero .downey portrayed title character biopic chaplin nominated academy award best actor bafta award.following stint corcoran substance abuse treatment facility drug charges joined tv series ally mcbeal golden globe award.
Robert Downey Jr.	fired show wake drug charges .stayed courtordered drug treatment program maintained sobriety since .initially bond completion companies would insure downey mel gibson paid insurance bond film singing detective.went star black comedy kiss kiss bang bang thriller zodiac action comedy tropic thunder latter nominated academy award best supporting actor.downey gained global recognition starring tony stark iron man ten films within marvel cinematic universe beginning iron man .also played title character guy ritchies sherlock holmes earned second golden globe sequel sherlock holmes game shadows .
Robert Downey Jr.	early life family downey born manhattan new york city younger two children.father robert downey sr. actor filmmaker mother elsie ann née ford actress appeared downey sr.s films.downeys father half lithuanianjewish onequarter hungarianjewish onequarter irish descent downeys mother scottish german swiss ancestry.roberts original family name elias changed father enlist army.downey older sister allyson grew greenwich village.as child downey surrounded drugs.
Robert Downey Jr.	father drug addict allowed downey use marijuana age six incident father later said regretted.downey later stated drug use became emotional bond father dad would drugs together like trying express love way knew how.eventually downey began spending every night abusing alcohol making thousand phone calls pursuit drugs.during childhood downey minor roles fathers films.made acting debut age five playing sick puppy absurdist comedy pound seven appeared surrealist western greasers palace .age living england studied classical ballet part larger curriculum.

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