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Robert Downey Jr.	attended stagedoor manor performing arts training center upstate new york teenager.parents divorced downey moved california father dropped santa monica high school moved back new york pursue acting career fulltime.downey kiefer sutherland shared screen drama roommates three years first moved hollywood pursue career acting.career – early work critical acclaim downey began building upon theater roles including shortlived offbroadway musical american passion joyce theater produced norman lear.part new younger cast hired saturday night live following year poor ratings criticism new casts comedic talents new crew dropped replaced.rolling stone magazine named downey worst snl cast member entire run stating downey fail sums everything makes snl great.
Robert Downey Jr.	year downey dramatic acting breakthrough played james spaders characters sidekick tuff turf bully john hughess weird science.considered role duckie john hughess film pretty pink first lead role molly ringwald pickup artist .comingofage films downey sometimes named member brat pack.in downey played julian wells drugaddicted rich boy whose life rapidly spirals control film version bret easton ellis novel less zero.performance described janet maslin new york times desperately moving widely praised though downey said role like ghost christmas future since drug habit resulted becoming exaggeration character real life.zero drove downey films bigger budgets names chances cybill shepherd ryan oneal air america mel gibson soapdish sally field kevin kline whoopi goldberg.in starred charlie chaplin chaplin role prepared extensively learning play violin well tennis lefthanded.
Robert Downey Jr.	personal coach order help imitate chaplins posture way carrying himself.role garnered downey academy award nomination best actor academy awards th ceremony losing al pacino scent woman.in appeared films heart souls alfre woodard kyra sedgwick short cuts matthew modine julianne moore along documentary wrote presidential campaigns titled last party .starred films marisa tomei natural born killers woody harrelson.subsequently appeared restoration richard iii home holidays two girls guy special agent john royce u.s. marshals black white .– career setbacks downey arrested numerous times charges related drugs including cocaine heroin marijuana.
Robert Downey Jr.	went drug treatment programs unsuccessfully explaining judge like shotgun mouth ive got finger trigger like taste gun metal.said addicted drugs since age eight due fact father also addict giving him.in april downey arrested possession heroin cocaine unloaded .magnum handgun speeding sunset boulevard.month later parole trespassed neighbors home influence controlled substance fell asleep one beds.received three years probation ordered undergo compulsory drug testing.
Robert Downey Jr.	missed one courtordered drug tests spend six months los angeles county jail.after downey missed another required drug test arrested again.despite downeys lawyer robert shapiro assembling team lawyers successfully defended o. j. simpson criminal trial murder downey sentenced threeyear prison term california substance abuse treatment facility state prison corcoran california.time arrest downeys film projects wrapped close release.hired provide voice devil nbc animated television series god devil bob fired failed attend rehearsals.after spending nearly year california substance abuse treatment facility state prison downey condition posting bail unexpectedly freed judge ruled collective time incarceration facilities initial arrests qualified early release.week release downey joined cast hit television series ally mcbeal playing new love interest.
Robert Downey Jr.	nominated primetime emmy award outstanding supporting actor comedy series golden globe award best supporting actor – series miniseries television film.also appeared writer singer vonda shepards ally mcbeal life album sang sting duet every breath take episode series.despite apparent success downey claimed performance series overrated said lowest point terms addictions.stage didnt give fuck whether ever acted again.january downey scheduled play role hamlet los angeles stage production directed mel gibson.before end first season ally mcbeal thanksgiving holiday downey arrested room merv griffins hotel givenchy spa palm springs california searched police responding anonymous call.
Robert Downey Jr.	downey influence controlled substance possession cocaine valium.despite fact convicted would faced prison sentence four years eight months signed appear least eight ally mcbeal episodes.in april downey parole los angeles police officer found wandering barefooted culver city.arrested suspicion influence drugs released hours later even though tests showed cocaine system.last arrest ally mcbeal executives ordered lastminute rewrites reshoots fired downey despite fact downeys character resuscitated ally mcbeals ratings.culver city arrest also cost role highprofile film americas sweethearts subsequent incarceration prompted gibson cancel hamlet production.
Robert Downey Jr.	july downey pleaded contest palm springs charges avoiding jail time.instead sent drug rehabilitation received three years probation benefiting california proposition passed year aim helping nonviolent drug offenders overcome addictions instead sending jail.the book conversations woody allen reports director woody allen wanted cast downey winona ryder film melinda melinda unable could get insurance stating couldnt get bonded.completion bonding companies would bond picture unless could insure them.heartbroken worked winona celebrity thought perfect wanted work again.always wanted work bob downey always thought huge talent.in december article people magazine entitled bad worse downeys stepmother rosemary told author alex tresnlowski downey diagnosed bipolar disorder years ago added reason hard time staying sober.
Robert Downey Jr.	hasnt tried medication intensive psychotherapy.article dr. manijeh nikakhtar los angeles psychiatrist coauthor addiction selfmedication truth claimed received letter downey time corcoran ii asking advice condition.discovered one done complete psychiatric evaluation ... asked flat thought bipolar said oh yeah.times spend lot money im hyperactive times im down.article march issue esquire downey stated wanted address whole thing bipolar receiving phone call bipolar association asking bipolar.
Robert Downey Jr.	downey denied ever said bipolar caller quoted people article downey replied dr. malibusian said said bipolar ... go well written going quote it.downey flatly denied depressed manic previous attempts diagnose kind psychiatric mood disorder always skewed guy seeing didnt know smokin crack bathroom.cant make diagnosis somebodys sober.– resurgence five years substance abuse arrests rehab relapse downey ready work toward full recovery drugs return career.discussing failed attempts control addictive behavior past downey told oprah winfrey november someone says really wonder maybe go rehab well uh youre wreck lost job wife left you.
Robert Downey Jr.	uh might want give shot.added last arrest april knew would likely facing another stint prison another form incarceration courtordered rehab said know dont think continue this.reached help ran it.reach help kind halfassed way youll get wont take advantage it.difficult overcome seemingly ghastly problems ... whats hard decide it.downey got first postrehabilitation acting job august lipsyncing video elton johns single want love.
Robert Downey Jr.	video director sam taylorwood shot takes video used last one according john downey looked completely relaxed way underplays fantastic.downey able return big screen mel gibson close friend downey since costarred air america paid downeys insurance bond film singing detective directed back school costar keith gordon.gibsons gamble paved way downeys comeback downey returned mainstream films mids gothika producer joel silver withheld salary production wrapped insurance addictive behavior.similar clauses become standard contracts since.silver getting closer downey dated assistant susan levin also got actor leading role comedy thriller kiss kiss bang bang directorial debut screenwriter shane black.after gothika downey cast number leading supporting roles including wellreceived work number semiindependent films guide recognizing saints good night good luck richard linklaters dystopian rotoscoped scanner darkly downey plays role drug addict steven shainbergs fictional biographical film diane arbus fur downeys character represented two biggest influences arbuss professional life lisette model marvin israel.downey also received great notice roles mainstream fare kiss kiss bang bang disneys poorly received shaggy dog.on november downey released debut musical album futurist sony classical designed cover art designed track listing label cd son indio.
Robert Downey Jr.	album received mixed reviews downey stated probably another album felt energy put album compensated.in downey returned television voice acting family guy episode fat guy strangler.downey previously telephoned shows production staff asked could produce assist episode creation son indio fan show.producers show accepted offer created character patrick pewterschmidt lois griffins long lost mentally disturbed brother downey.downey signed publishers harpercollins write memoir already billed candid look highs lows life career.however downey returned advance publishers canceled book without comment.in downey appeared david finchers mystery thriller zodiac based true story.played role san francisco chronicle journalist paul avery reporting zodiac killer case.
Robert Downey Jr.	–present marvel cinematic universe success critical success downey experienced throughout career appeared blockbuster film.changed downey starred two critically commercially successful films iron man tropic thunder.article ben stiller wrote downeys entry edition time offered observation downeys commercially successful summer box officeyes downey iron man really actor man ... realm box office irrelevant talent king realm actually means something always ruled finally summer gets cake let us eat way multiplex mastery full effect.downey cast title character film iron man director jon favreau explaining choice stating downey wasnt obvious choice understood makes character tick.found lot life experience tony stark.
Robert Downey Jr.	favreau insisted downey repeatedly claimed downey would iron man johnny depp pirates caribbean series lead actor could elevate quality film increase publics interest it.role downey gain pounds kilograms muscle five months look like power forge iron.iron man globally released april may grossing million worldwide receiving rave reviews cited downeys performance highlight film.october downey agreed appear iron man two iron man sequels part iron man franchise well avengers featuring superhero team stark joins based marvels comic book series avengers.first reprised role small appearance iron mans alter ego tony stark film incredible hulk part marvel studios depicting marvel universe film providing continuity among movies.after iron man downey appeared alongside ben stiller jack black stillerdirected tropic thunder.three actors play hollywood archetype – downey playing selfabsorbed multioscarwinning australian method actor kirk lazarus – star extremely expensive vietnamera film called tropic thunder.
Robert Downey Jr.	lazarus undergoes controversial skin pigmentation procedure order take role africanamerican platoon sergeant lincoln osiris required downey wear dark makeup wig.stiller downey feared downeys portrayal character could become controversialstiller says downey always stayed focused fact skewering insufferable actors african americans.trying push far within reality stiller explains.idea people would respond it.stiller screened rough cut film march scored high african americans.
Robert Downey Jr.	relieved reaction.seems people really embrace said.when asked harry smith cbss early show model lazarus downey laughed responding sadly sorryass self.released united states august tropic thunder received good reviews reviews positive average normalized score according review aggregator websites rotten tomatoes metacritic respectively.earned us million north american opening weekend retained number one position first three weekends release.film grossed million theaters release home video november .downey nominated academy award best supporting actor portrayal lazarus.opening late april film downey finished mid soloist.
Robert Downey Jr.	film delayed november release paramount pictures due studios tight endofyear release schedule.critics seen film mentioning possible academy award candidate.downey picked academy award nomination release year role tropic thunder.the first role downey accepted iron man title character guy ritchies sherlock holmes.warner bros. released december .film set several box office records united states christmas day release beating previous recordholder marley nearly finished second avatar recordsetting christmas weekend box office.
Robert Downey Jr.	sherlock holmes ended th highestgrossing film .downey golden globe best actor motion picture musical comedy hollywood foreign press association role sherlock holmes noted acceptance speech prepared remarks susan downey wife sherlock holmes producer told matt damon nominated role informant going win dont bother preparing speech.downey returned tony stark first two planned sequels iron man iron man released may .iron man grossed worldwide becoming th highestgrossing film .downeys commercial film release comedy road film due date.movie costarring zach galifianakis released november grossed worldwide making th highestgrossing movie .
Robert Downey Jr.	downeys sole film credit sequel version sherlock holmes sherlock holmes game shadows opened worldwide december .in downey reprised role tony stark avengers.film received positive reviews highly successful box office becoming third highestgrossing film time united states worldwide.film david dobkindirected dramedy judge project coproduced production company team downey opening film toronto international film festival .downey played tony stark iron man avengers age ultron captain america civil war spiderman homecoming avengers infinity war avengers endgame three scenes first avengers avengers endgame also appear first episode loki.downey hosted age a.i.youtube documentary series released .
Robert Downey Jr.	starred dolittle playing titular character depicted film thcentury welsh veterinarian communicate animals.second film team downey.box office disappointment received negative reviews critics called long lifeless.upcoming projects downey appear sports comedy drama film allstar weekend directed jamie foxx.reprise role holmes third film initially scheduled release december later put hold indefinitely according director dexter fletcher.
Robert Downey Jr.	july announced downey would costar television adaptation novelist viet thanh nguyens novel sympathizer.later revealed downey would play lewis strauss christopher nolans upcoming biographical film oppenheimer.ventures music downey sung several soundtracks films including chaplin much sun two girls guy friends lovers singing detective kiss kiss bang bang.appeared music video elton johns song want love.released cd called futurist promoting film tropic thunder costars ben stiller jack black backup singers pips gladys knight singing midnight train georgia.downeys commercially successful recording venture date combining sales radio airplay remake joni mitchell christmas song river included ally mcbeal tiein album ally mcbeal ally christmas released downeys character larry paul performs song ally mcbeal episode tis season.
Robert Downey Jr.	production company june downey wife susan opened production company called team downey.first project judge.personal life relationships family downey started dating actress sarah jessica parker meeting set firstborn.couple later separated due drug addiction.he married actress singer deborah falconer may day courtship.son indio falconer downey born september .
Robert Downey Jr.	strain marriage downeys repeated trips rehab jail finally reached breaking point midst downeys last arrest sentencing extended stay rehab falconer left downey took son her.downey falconer finalized divorce april .in downey met producer susan downey née levin executive vice president production joel silvers film company silver pictures set gothika.though susan twice turned amorous advances downey quietly strike romance production.despite susans worries romance would last completion shooting hes actor real job couples relationship continued production wrapped gothika downey proposed susan night thirtieth birthday.august couple married jewish ceremony amagansett new york.
Robert Downey Jr.	tattoo one biceps reads suzie q tribute her.downeys’ first child son named exton elias born february second daughter named avri roel born november .downey close friend mel gibson since starred air america.downey defended gibson controversy surrounding passion christ said nobodys perfect reference gibsons dui.gibson said downey one first people call offer hand friendship.said hey welcome club.
Robert Downey Jr.	lets go see work ourselves.october downey honored th american cinematheque awards downey chose gibson present award lifes work used air time say kind words gibson explain chose present award.sobriety downey says drugfree since july credited wife helping overcome drug alcohol habits along family therapy meditation twelvestep recovery programs yoga practice wing chun kung fu martial art learned eric oram also fight consultant several downeys movies.oram downeys personal fight coordinator avengers age ultron captain america civil war.december downey received full unconditional pardon governor california jerry brown prior drug convictions.
Robert Downey Jr.	oram wrote letter support downeys pardon governor brown.asked able make sobriety stick time oprah winfrey show downey said really difficult overcome seemingly ghastly problems.whats hard decide it.religious beliefs downey described religious beliefs jewish buddhist reported consulted astrologers.past downey interested christianity hare krishna movement.
Robert Downey Jr.	political views interview downey stated time prison changed political point view somewhat saying really interesting political point view always something say loud dinner tables cant go anight suite la mirage penitentiary really understand come liberal.cant.wouldnt wish experience anyone else educational informed proclivities politics ever since.however asked quote interview promote avengers age ultron denied previous statement reflected longstanding beliefs part stated wouldnt say im republican liberal democrat.downey serves board antirecidivism coalition.in january promotions film dolittle downey announced made decision adopt vegan diet response debate climate crisis stating im oneman carbon footprint nightmare colossus believes part contribute.downey previously announced opening footprint coalition organization launched reduce carbon footprints around world using advanced technology.
BankservAfrica	footprint coalition promotes technologies protect environment french insectfarming startup ynsect biobased alternative plastic manufacturer rwdc bamboo toilet paper manufacturer cloud paper.filmography awards discography studio album futurist soundtrack appearances references external links robert downey jr. imdbrobert downey jr. interview games afoot los angeles times magazinerobert downey jr interviewvolume transactions alone rated africaʼs largest automated payments clearing house.history prior establishment bankservafrica south african banking industry owned several companies provided shared services industry number different payment channels.companies operated silos need identified single structure interbank task group appointed investigate feasibility.bankservafrica founded automated clearing bureau pty limited service banking industry providing interoperability banks.december name changed bankserv group rebranded bankservafrica.
BankservAfrica	shareholders wholly owned south africas commercial banks shareholders includeabsa bank limited .firstrand limited .nedbank limited .standard bank south africa limited .dandyshelf group .consisting ofgrobankbidvest bankcapitec bankcitibankinvestec bankmercantile bankteba bank limited activities company ensures interbank transactions occur properly regulated system compliant international banking best practice standards reducing risk complexity industry.led bankservafrica trusted partner south african financial services industry integral countrys national payments system.bankservafrica licensed payments association south africa regulated south african reserve bank central banks within african countries provides services.bankservafricas saswitch brand world first saswitch allows remote atm access via institutions clients institutions atm regardless network protocol.services services comprisepayment collectionpayment switching clearing settlementpayment consultinghosting operating missioncritical systemsbusiness process outsourcingswift bureau payment solutionsdisaster recovery business continuitydual processing provided production site disaster recovery site ensure core processing continues uninterrupted disaster occur production facility.references external links official websitebankservafrica linkedin
Compact disc	august first compact disc manufactured.released october branded digital audio compact disc.the format later adapted storage data cdrom.several formats derived including writeonce audio data storage cdr rewritable media cdrw video cd vcd super video cd svcd photo cd picture cd compact discinteractive cdi enhanced music cd.standard cds diameter millimetres .designed hold minutes uncompressed stereo digital audio mb data.capacity routinely extended minutes mb arranging data closely sized disc.
Compact disc	mini cd various diameters ranging millimetres ..sometimes used cd singles storing minutes audio delivering device drivers.at time technologys introduction cd could store much data personal computer hard disk drive would typically hold mb.hard drives commonly offered much storage space thousand cds prices plummeted commodity level.worldwide sales audio cds cdroms cdrs reached billion discs.
Compact disc	billion cds sold worldwide.physical details cd made .millimetre .thick polycarbonate plastic weighs – grams.center outward components center spindle hole mm firsttransition area clamping ring clamping area stacking ring secondtransition area mirror band program data area rim.inner program area occupies radius mm.a thin layer aluminum rarely gold applied surface making reflective.
Compact disc	metal protected film lacquer normally spin coated directly reflective layer.label printed lacquer layer usually screen printing offset printing.cd data represented tiny indentations known pits encoded spiral track moulded top polycarbonate layer.areas pits known lands.pit approximately nm deep nm wide varies nm .µm length.
Compact disc	distance tracks pitch .µm.when playing audio cd motor within cd player spins disc scanning velocity .–.ms constant linear velocity clv—equivalent approximately rpm inside disc approximately rpm outside edge.track cd begins inside spirals outward disc played beginning end slows rotation rate playback.the program area .cm length recordable spiral .
Compact disc	cm .µm .km.scanning speed .ms playing time minutes mb data cdrom.
Compact disc	disc data packed slightly densely tolerated players though old ones fail.using linear velocity .ms narrower track pitch .µm increases playing time minutes data capacity mb.a cd read focusing nm wavelength near infrared semiconductor laser bottom polycarbonate layer.change height pits lands results difference way light reflected.
Compact disc	pits indented top layer disc read transparent polycarbonate base pits form bumps read.laser hits disc casting circle light wider modulated spiral track reflecting partially lands partially top bumps present.laser passes pit bump height means part light reflected peak wavelength phase light reflected land around it.causes partial cancellation lasers reflection surface.measuring reflected intensity change photodiode modulated signal read back disc.to accommodate spiral pattern data laser placed mobile mechanism within disc tray cd player.
Compact disc	mechanism typically takes form sled moves along rail.sled driven worm gear linear motor.worm gear used second shorterthrow linear motor form coil magnet makes fine position adjustments track eccentricities disk high speed.cd drives particularly manufactured philips early use swing arm similar seen gramophone.mechanism allows laser read information center edge disc without interrupt spinning disc itself.the pits lands directly represent binary data.
Compact disc	instead nonreturntozero inverted encoding used change either pit land land pit indicates change indicates series s. must least defined length pit.turn decoded reversing eighttofourteen modulation used mastering disc reversing crossinterleaved reed–solomon coding finally revealing raw data stored disc.encoding techniques defined red book originally designed cd digital audio later became standard almost cd formats cdrom.integrity cds susceptible damage handling environmental exposure.pits much closer label side disc enabling defects contaminants clear side focus playback.
Compact disc	consequently cds likely suffer damage label side disc.scratches clear side repaired refilling similar refractive plastic careful polishing.edges cds sometimes incompletely sealed allowing gases liquids enter cd corrode metal reflective layer andor interfere focus laser pits condition known disc rot.fungus geotrichum candidum found—under conditions high heat humidity—to consume polycarbonate plastic aluminium found cds.the data integrity compact discs measured using surface error scanning able measure rates different types data errors known c c cu extended finergrain error measurements known e e e e e e higher rates indicate possibly damaged unclean data surface low media quality deteriorating media recordable media written malfunctioning cd writer.error scanning reliably predict data losses caused media deteriorating.support error scanning varies among vendors models optical disc drives extended error scanning known advanced error scanning nero discspeed available plextor benq optical drives far .
Compact disc	disc shapes diameters digital data cd begins center disc proceeds toward edge allows adaptation different size formats available.standard cds available two sizes.far common millimetres .diameter minute audio capacity mb byte data capacity.discs .
Compact disc	millimetres .thick millimetres .center hole.size hole isnt random chosen joop sinjou based dutch cent coin dubbeltje.philipssony patented physical dimensions claim copyright.
Compact disc	philips decided hz mechanical resonant frequency discs whilst sony chose hz.discrepancy caused later issues cd walkman.the official philips history says capacity specified sony executive norio ohga able contain entirety beethovens ninth symphony one disc.myth according kees immink efm code format yet decided december decision adopt mm made.adoption efm june allowed percent playing time would resulted minutes mm diameter minutes disc small millimetres .in.
Compact disc	instead however information density lowered percent keep playing time minutes.mm diameter adopted subsequent formats including super audio cd dvd hd dvd bluray disc.millimetre .diameter discs mini cds hold minutes music mb.logical format audio cd logical format audio cd officially compact disc digital audio cdda described document produced formats joint creators sony philips.
Compact disc	document known colloquially red book cdda color cover.format twochannel bit pcm encoding .khz sampling rate per channel.fourchannel sound allowable option within red book format never implemented.monaural audio existing standard red book cd thus mono source material usually presented two identical channels standard red book stereo track i.e.
Compact disc	mirrored mono mp cd however audio file formats mono sound.cdtext extension red book specification audio cd allows storage additional text information e.g.album name song name artist standardscompliant audio cd.information stored either leadin area cd roughly five kilobytes space available subcode channels r w disc store megabytes.compact disc graphics special audio compact disc contains graphics data addition audio data disc.disc played regular audio cd player played special cdg player output graphics signal typically cdg player hooked television set computer monitor graphics almost exclusively used display lyrics television set karaoke performers sing along with.cdg format takes advantage channels r w. six bits store graphics information.cd extended graphics cdeg also known cdxg improved variant compact disc graphics cdg format.
Compact disc	like cdg cdeg uses basic cdrom features display text video information addition music played.extra data stored subcode channels rw.cdeg discs published.super audio cd super audio cd sacd highresolution readonly optical audio disc format designed provide higherfidelity digital audio reproduction red book.introduced developed sony philips companies created red book.
Compact disc	sacd format war dvdaudio neither replaced audio cds.sacd standard referred scarlet book standard.titles sacd format issued hybrid discs discs contain sacd audio stream well standard audio cd layer playable standard cd players thus making backward compatible.cdmidi cdmidi format used store musicperformance data upon playback performed electronic instruments synthesize audio.hence unlike original red book cdda recordings digitally sampled audio recordings.cdmidi format defined extension original red book.
Compact disc	cdrom first years existence cd medium used purely audio.however yellow book cdrom standard established sony philips defined nonvolatile optical data computer data storage medium using physical format audio compact discs readable computer cdrom drive.video cd video cd vcd view cd compact disc digital video standard digital format storing video media cd.vcds playable dedicated vcd players modern dvdvideo players personal computers video game consoles.vcd standard created sony philips matsushita jvc referred white book standard.overall picture quality intended comparable vhs video.
Compact disc	poorly compressed vcd video sometimes lower quality vhs video vcd exhibits block artifacts rather analog noise deteriorate use.× sif resolution chosen half vertical half horizontal resolution ntsc video.× similarly onequarter palsecam resolution.approximates overall resolution analog vhs tape although double number vertical scan lines much lower horizontal resolution.super video cd super video cd super video compact disc svcd format used storing video media standard compact discs.
Compact disc	svcd intended successor vcd alternative dvdvideo falls somewhere terms technical capability picture quality.svcd twothirds resolution dvd .times resolution vcd.one cdr disc hold minutes standardquality svcdformat video.specific limit svcd video length mandated specification one must lower video bit rate therefore quality accommodate long videos.usually difficult fit much minutes video onto one svcd without incurring significant quality loss many hardware players unable play video instantaneous bit rate lower kilobits per second.
Compact disc	photo cd photo cd system designed kodak digitizing storing photos cd.launched discs designed hold nearly highquality images scanned prints slides using special proprietary encoding.photo cds defined beige book conform cdrom xa cdi bridge specifications well.intended play cdi players photo cd players computer suitable software irrespective operating system.images also printed photographic paper special kodak machine.
Compact disc	format confused kodak picture cd consumer product cdrom format.cdi philips green book specifies standard interactive multimedia compact discs designed cdi players .cdi discs contain audio tracks played regular cd players cdi discs compatible cdrom drives software.cdi ready specification later created improve compatibility audio cd players cdi bridge specification added create cdi compatible discs accessed regular cdrom drives.cdi ready philips defined format similar cdi called cdi ready puts cdi software data pregap track .
Compact disc	format supposed compatible older audio cd players.enhanced music cd cd enhanced music cd also known cd extra cd plus format combines audio tracks data tracks disc putting audio tracks first session data second session.developed philips sony defined blue book.vinyldisc vinyldisc hybrid standard audio cd vinyl record.vinyl layer discs label side hold approximately three minutes music.
Compact disc	manufacture material costs cents jewel case cents cd.wholesale cost cds ..typical retail price prerecorded music cd .. average store received percent retail price record company percent artist percent manufacturer percent distributor percent.track cartridges compact cassettes cds introduced marketed higher price format succeeded even though cost produce media reduced.
Compact disc	done apparent value increased.continued phonograph records cds broken apple marketed mps .albums .. incremental cost though produce mp negligible.writable compact discs recordable cd recordable compact discs cdrs injectionmolded blank data spiral.photosensitive dye applied discs metalized lacquercoated.
Compact disc	write laser cd recorder changes color dye allow read laser standard cd player see data would standard stamped disc.resulting discs read cdrom drives played audio cd players.cdrs follow orange book standard.cdr recordings designed permanent.time dyes physical characteristics may change causing read errors data loss reading device cannot recover error correction methods.errors predicted using surface error scanning.
Compact disc	design life years depending quality discs quality writing drive storage conditions.however testing demonstrated degradation discs little months normal storage conditions.failure known disc rot several mostly environmental reasons.the recordable audio cd designed used consumer audio cd recorder.consumer audio cd recorders use scms serial copy management system early form digital rights management drm conform ahra audio home recording act.recordable audio cd typically somewhat expensive cdr due lower production volume percent ahra royalty used compensate music industry making copy.highcapacity recordable cd higherdensity recording format hold data conventional discs.
Compact disc	higher capacity incompatible recorders recording software.rewritable cd cdrw rerecordable medium uses metallic alloy instead dye.write laser case used heat alter properties amorphous vs. crystalline alloy hence change reflectivity.cdrw great difference reflectivity pressed cd cdr many earlier cd audio players cannot read cdrw discs although later cd audio players standalone dvd players can.cdrws follow orange book standard.the rewritable audio cd designed used consumer audio cd recorder without modification accept standard cdrw discs.
Compact disc	consumer audio cd recorders use serial copy management system scms early form digital rights management drm conform united states audio home recording act ahra.rewritable audio cd typically somewhat expensive cdr due lower volume b percent ahra royalty used compensate music industry making copy.copy protection red book audio specification except simple anticopy statement subcode include copy protection mechanism.known least early attempts made record companies market copyprotected nonstandard compact discs cannot ripped copied hard drives easily converted formats like flac mp vorbis.one major drawback copyprotected discs play either computer cdrom drives standalone cd players use cdrom mechanisms.
Compact disc	philips stated discs permitted bear trademarked compact disc digital audio logo violate red book specifications.numerous copyprotection systems countered readily available often free software even simply turning automatic autoplay prevent running drm executable program.see also references reading ecma international.standard ecma data interchange readonly mm optical data disks cdrom nd edition june .pohlmann kenneth c. .compact disc handbook.
Compact disc	middleton wisconsin ar editions.isbn .peek hans et al.origins successors compact disc.springer sciencebusiness media b.v. isbn .peek hans b. emergence compact disc ieee communications magazine jan. pp.–.nakajima heitaro ogawa hiroshi compact disc technology tokyo ohmsha ltd. isbn .barry robert .
Salesforce	compact disc object lessons.new york bloomsbury.isbn .external links video compact discs manufacturedcdrecordable faq exhaustive basics cdrecordablesphilips history cd cachepatent history cd player – published philips patent history cd disc – published philips sony history chapter replacement gramophone record 第章レコードに代わるものはこれだ – sony website japanesepopularized history soundfountaina media history compact disc hour podcast interviewprovides customer relationship management crm service also provides enterprise applications focused customer service marketing automation analytics application development.history company founded february former oracle executive marc benioff together parker harris dave moellenhoff frank dominguez software service saas company launched publicly september november .in june company initial public offering new york stock exchange stock symbol crm raised us million.early investors include larry ellison magdalena yesil halsey minor stewart henderson mark iscaro igor sill founding member geneva venture partners.in october salesforce announced development customer success platform tie together salesforces services including sales service marketing analytics community mobile apps.october salesforce launched facebook analytics tool businesstobusiness marketers.september salesforce partnered apple intended improving apps businesses.in february cochief executive officer keith block stepped position company.
Salesforce	marc benioff remained chairman chief executive officer.on december announced salesforce would acquire slack .billion.acquisition closed july .in february salesforce announced cfo mark hawkins would retiring position six years working company however retaining position cfo emeritus october.amy weaver selected replacement.services salesforce.coms customer relationship management crm service comprises several broad categories commerce cloud sales cloud service cloud data cloud including jigsaw marketing cloud community cloud including chatter manufacturing cloud analytics cloud app cloud vaccine cloud iot work.com customers.
Salesforce	main services salesforces main services tools case task issue management.also gives customers tracking abilities raised cases conversation features social networking web sites provides analytical tools services including email alert google search access customers entitlement contracts.also partner companies like ibm accenture saggezza help integrate salesforces cloudbased services businesses.salesforce platform salesforce platform also known force.com platform service paas allows developers create addon applications integrate main salesforce.com application.thirdparty applications hosted salesforce.coms infrastructure.force.com applications built using declarative tools backed lightning apex proprietary javalike programming language force.com well visualforce framework including xml syntax typically used generate html.
Salesforce	force.com platform typically receives three complete releases year.platform provided service developers every single development instance also receives updates.in new framework building user interfaces – lightning components – introduced beta.lightning components built using opensource aura framework support apex serverside language instead auras javascript dependency.described alternative necessarily replacement visualforce pages.as force.com platform .million registered developers.lightning base components component library built top lightning web components.
Salesforce	experience cloud experience cloud formerly community cloud provides salesforce customers ability create online web properties external collaboration customer service channel sales custom portals instance salesforce.tightly integrated sales cloud service cloud app cloud experience cloud quickly customized provide wide variety web properties.experience cloud combines functionality former salesforce customer partner portals additional features.work.com work.com previously rypple social performance management platform managers employees.allows continuous coaching realtime feedback recognition.
Salesforce	aimed sales management customer service marketing utilised human resource departments.work.com known rypple founded daniel debow david stein create simple way asking feedback anonymously work.company formed may client list included mozilla facebook linkedin gilt groupe.rypple aims get employees build manage coaching networks.in september rypple announced hired bohdan zabawskyj chief technology officer.rypple developed formalized management methodology called okr objectives key results spotify.rypple also partnered facebook create loops short feedback loops gathers feedback coworkers including praise progress goals coaching supervisors one channel.in december salesforce.com announced would acquire rypple.
Salesforce	transaction completed rypple rebranded work.com september .appexchange launched salesforce appexchange online application marketplace thirdparty applications run force.com platform.applications available free well via yearly monthly subscription models.applications available range integrations sharepoint mobile approval management.june features applications driven million installs.
Salesforce	appexchange also place customers search cloud consulting partners help implement technology organization.cloud consulting partners salesforce include large companies like ibms bluewolf accenture well smaller ones like cloudreach.mytrailhead launched salesforces mytrailhead online training platform customized specific needs customers.platform extends functionality provide users training content specific usage salesforce enables create publish training content programs.retired endoflife data.com data.com previously known jigsaw cloudbased system acquiring managing crm records within users salesforce.com account.
Salesforce	also online business directory companies business professionals built maintained accessed worldwide community million subscribers.information consisted commonly found business card.competitors included services dun bradstreetavention zoominfo.data.com made three products data.com connect data.com clean data.com prospector.april salesforce announced would retire data.com connect may .salesforce also announced wind data.com clean data.com prospector services close july .desk.com desk.com saas help desk customer support product accessible cloud.
Salesforce	desk.com owned salesforce.com previously known assistly.desk.com headquartered san francisco california.after acquired salesforce.com million assistly rebranded desk.com customer support software.desk.com saas customer service application.product differentiates salesforces service platform specifically targets small businesses.integrates variety products thirdparty applications including salesforce crm salesforce iq atlassian jira mailchimp apps.
Salesforce	desk.com also supports languages.salesforce announced retirement desk.com replacing service cloud lightning.march new desk.com licenses sold retirement date announced march .blockchain platform may salesforce launched blockchain platform based hyperledger sawtooth facilitate building blockchain network apps integrated crm.product longer available salesforces website.do.com do.com cloudbased task management system small groups businesses introduced discontinued .
Salesforce	salesforce offer reason shutting service however provided export tool save data entered within do.com interface.do.com domain sold startup .configuration salesforce users configure crm application.system tabs contacts reports accounts.tab contains associated information.
Salesforce	configuration done tab adding userdefined custom fields.configuration also done platform level adding configured applications salesforce instance adding sets customized novel tabs specific vertical functionlevel finance human resources etc.features.web services addition web interface salesforce offers soaprest web service application programming interface api enables integration systems.technologies salesforce powered model–view–controller architecture.apex apex proprietary programming language provided force.com platform developers similar java c. strongly typed objectoriented caseinsensitive programming language following dotnotation curlybrackets syntax.
Salesforce	apex used execute programmed functions processes force.com platform including custom buttons links event handlers record insertion update deletion via scheduling via custom controllers visualforce lightning experience pages.due multitenant nature platform language strictly imposed governor limitations guard code monopolizing shared resources.salesforce provides series asynchronous processing methods apex allow developers produce longerrunning complex apex code.lightning salesforce made public front end platform called lightning.componentbased framework salesforce mobile app built on.salesforce built framework releasing lightning design system html style framework default css styling built in.
Salesforce	framework allows customers build components either use internal instances sell appexchange.the salesforce lightning app builder tool rapid application development responsive web interfaces.interface allows different screens put together based lightning components.used layouts records specific applications.lightning experience released new redesigned interface salesforce processes enhancement.since apps available appexchange need lightning built classic migrate lightning classic updated salesforce.platform offers option developers employ migration techniques enable new user friendly interface switch lightning.
Salesforce	operations salesforce headquartered san francisco regional headquarters morges switzerland covering europe middle east africa singapore india covering asia pacific minus japan tokyo covering japan.major offices toronto chicago new york city london sydney dublin hyderabad vancouver san mateo california indianapolis hillsboro oregon.salesforce.com services translated different languages july customers .million subscribers.salesforce moved midwest regional headquarters indianapolis .standard poors included salesforce time fastenal sp index september following federal takeover fannie mae freddie mac removal index.
Salesforce	leadership marc benioff chairman ceo cofounder company – parker harris cofounder oversees product strategy – bret taylor president coceo – suzanne dibianca executive vice president corporate relations chief philanthropy officer – chief communications officer – amy weaver president chief financial officer – elizabeth pinkham executive vice president global real estate –tony prophet chief equality officer – stephanie buscemi chief marketing officer – cindy robbins president chief people officer –todd machtmes general counsel – culture salesforce corporate culture based concept ohana deeprooted support system nurtured inside company.in aftermath worldwide outage services salesforce chief availability officer darryn dieken placed blame individual engineer stating taken action particular employee.year another executive cynthia perry resigned discrimination workplace.on september benioff tweeted company prepared help employee wishes move state texas following abortion texas legislation announced september .finances fiscal year salesforce reported revenue us.billion increase yearoveryear constant currency.crm giant reported subscription support revenues us.
Salesforce	billion increase yearoveryear.salesforce ranked fortune list largest united states companies revenue.infrastructure salesforce migrated dell servers advanced micro devices processors running linux sun fire ek servers sparc processors running solaris .company uses momentum platform message systems allow customers send large amounts email.in salesforce announced plans build data center uk handle european citizens personal data.salesforce oracle announced nineyear partnership salesforce use oracle linux oracle exadata oracle database java platform power applications saas platform.in salesforce announced use amazon web services hosting countries restrictive data residency requirements salesforce data centers operating.
Salesforce	july first instance went live canada salesforce announcing enabled signing number canadian customers.acquisitions following list acquisitions salesforcesendia april – salesforce classickieden august – salesforce google adwordskenlet january – original product crispynews used salesforce ideaexchange dell ideastorm – relaunched salesforce ideaskoral march – salesforce contentinstranet august .million – rebranded salesforce knowledgegroupswim december – part salesforce chatterinformavores december – rebranded visual workflowjigsaw data corp. april – known data.comsitemasher june – known site.comnavajo security august activa live chat september – known salesforce live agentheroku december – millionetacts december dimdim january manymoon february – known do.comradian march mmodel metrics november rypple december – known work.comstypi may buddy media may us millionchoicepass june thinkfuse june bluetail july – part data.comgoinstant july us millionprior knowledge december entropysoft february undisclosed sum – known salesforce files connectclipboard.com may us millionexacttarget announced june – salesforce marketing cloud us.billionedgespring june – part analytics cloudrelateiq july us million – known salesforceiqtoopher april tempo may – part salesforceiqäkta september – undisclosed sum.minhash december steelbrick december us million – rebranded salesforce cpqpredictionio february metamind april implisit may demandware announced june – salesforce bc commerce cloud us.billioncoolan july quip august us millionbeyondcore august heywire september gravitytank september krux october twin prime december sequence february attic labs january cloudcraze march – salesforce bb commerce cloudmulesoft announced march – .
Salesforce	billiondatorama july rebel mail october griddable.io january mapanything april bonobo ai may tableau august – .billionclicksoftware august – .billiondiffeo november evergage february vlocity february cmo club march slack technologies december – .billion acumen solutions december – million servicetrace september criticisms subject phishing attack november successful phishing attack salesforce employee compromised contact information number salesforce customers used send highly targeted phishing emails.salesforce stated phisher tricked someone disclosing password intrusion stem security flaw salesforce.com application database.
Salesforce	phishing breach cited example crm industry needs greater security users threats spam.while crowdsourced method building business contacts proven popular recruiters marketers sales professionals also raised questions privacy sites database entered without permission person listed.data.com however make easy remove business information request noted december techcrunch.however recipients messages regard spam least one complaint receiving spam attempting remove ones address noted.attempt trademark social enterprise july salesforce applied trademark term social enterprise united states european union jamaica term widespread use describe businesses primarily social purpose.successfully challenged campaign called notinourname launched social enterprise uk resulting salesforce.com withdrawing trademark application agreeing use term future marketing.
Salesforce	‘meatpistol’ presenters let go def con def con salesforces director offensive security security engineer fired conference room floor front several attendees executive company giving talk.word rapidly spread two speakers released event.presentation initially signed company however salesforces management team unexplained sudden change heart hour event.salesforces director offensive security turned phone prior presentation unable receive communication salesforce prior presentation.reaction firings swift electronic frontier foundation providing representation fired employees members security community opining salesforce undermined credibility security community significant degree perceived security community isnt top list things care about.
Salesforce	presented meatpistol tool anticipated released opensource time presentation salesforce continues hold back releasing code developers public.terminated employees continued call company opensource software.raices donation refusal notforprofit organization refugee immigrant center education legal services raices rejected us philanthropic donation salesforce company contracts u.s. customs border protection.executive director raices jonathan ryan tweeted comes supporting oppressive inhumane illegal policies want clear right action stop reference rejected donation.salesforce ceo marc benioff responded official statement companys employees dont work cbp regarding separation families.
Salesforce	cbp customer follows tos.dont agreement ice.im proud men women protect serve country every day im proud ohana.it reported change acceptableuse policy salesforce barring customers using system sell semiautomatic guns firearms.tax avoidance december institute taxation economic policy found salesforce one companies paid effective federal tax rate less result tax cuts jobs act .findings published report based fortune companies declared profit .
Salesforce	lawsuit march salesforce faced lawsuit anonymous women claiming victims survivors sex trafficking abuse rape alleges company profited knowingly facilitated sex trafficking web site backpage.com defunct since april .lawsuit also pointed salesforce publicly promoting antihuman trafficking campaign time work backpage.salesforce ventures response financial crisis – resulting decline venture funding salesforce began investing digital companies used integrated salesforce platform.eventually became salesforce ventures headed john somorjai since various funds created focus specific areas — september sfv set salesforce fund aimed startups creating applications primarily mobile phones.december salesforce ventures announced launch japan trailblazer fund focused japanese startups.as august salesforce ventures reported investments totaling .
Federal Emergency Management Agency	billion companies covering wide range business models including ecommerce cloudcraze artificial intelligence figure eight online fraud prevention forter accounting professional services automation software financialforce many areas.five largest investments domo datavisualization software surveymonkey online survey software twilio cloudcommunication dropbox cloud storage docusign secure esignature company account nearly half portfolio.see also salesforce towersalesforce tower indianapolissalesforce marketing cloudsalesforceiq references external links business data salesforce.comimplemented two executive orders april .agencys primary purpose coordinate response disaster occurred united states overwhelms resources local state authorities.governor state disaster occurs must declare state emergency formally request president fema federal government respond disaster.exception states gubernatorial declaration requirement occurs emergency disaster takes place federal property federal asset—for example bombing alfred p. murrah federal building oklahoma city oklahoma space shuttle columbia returnflight disaster.while ontheground support disaster recovery efforts major part femas charter agency provides state local governments experts specialized fields funding rebuilding efforts relief funds infrastructure directing individuals access lowinterest loans conjunction small business administration.addition fema provides funds training response personnel throughout united states territories part agencys preparedness effort.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	history federal emergency management u.s. existed one form another years.prior series devastating fires struck port city portsmouth new hampshire early th century.th u.s. congress passed measure provided relief portsmouth merchants extending time remitting tariffs imported goods.widely considered first piece legislation passed federal government provided relief disaster.between ad hoc legislation passed times relief compensation disaster.examples include waiving duties tariffs merchants new york city great fire new york .
Federal Emergency Management Agency	collapse john t. fords theater june th congress passed legislation compensating injured building.piecemeal approach s–s start great depression president herbert hoover commissioned reconstruction finance corporation .purpose rfc lend money banks institutions stimulate economic activity.rfc also responsible dispensing federal dollars wake disaster.rfc considered first organized federal disaster response agency.the bureau public roads given authority finance reconstruction highways roads disaster.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	flood control act also gave u.s. army corps engineers authority flood control irrigation projects thus played major role disaster recovery flooding.department housing urban development – federal disaster relief recovery brought umbrella department housing urban development hud presidential reorganization plan no.federal disaster assistance administration created organizational unit within department.agency would oversee disasters incorporation fema .prior implementation reorganization plan no.e.o.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	e.o.many government agencies still involved disaster relief cases separate agencies might jockeying control jurisdiction disaster.over years congress increasingly extended range covered categories assistance several presidential executive orders same.enacting various forms legislative direction congress established category annual budgetary amounts assistance victims various types hazards disasters specified qualifications established delegated responsibilities various federal nonfederal agencies.in time expanded array agencies underwent reorganization.one first federal agencies federal civil defense administration operated within executive office president.functions administer disaster relief given president delegated housing home finance administration.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	subsequently new office office defense mobilization created.new office defense civilian mobilization managed eop office civil defense mobilization renamed former agency office civil defense department defense dod department health education welfare hew department agriculture office emergency planning oemp defense civil preparedness agency replacing ocd dod department housing urban development hud general services administration gsa upon termination oemp.these actions demonstrated years nations domestic preparedness addressed several disparate legislative actions motivated policy budgetary earmarking single unifying comprehensive strategy meet nations needs time.effort made consolidate several singular functions fema created house civil defense disaster preparedness one roof.controversial decision.fema independent agency – fema established reorganization plan no.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	activated president jimmy carter executive order april .in july carter signed executive order shifting disaster relief efforts new federallevel agency.fema absorbed federal insurance administration national fire prevention control administration national weather service community preparedness program federal preparedness agency general services administration federal disaster assistance administration activities hud.fema also given responsibility overseeing nations civil defense function previously performed department defenses defense civil preparedness agency.one disasters fema responded dumping toxic waste love canal niagara falls new york late s. fema also responded three mile island nuclear accident nucleargenerating station suffered partial core meltdown.disasters showing agency could function properly also uncovered inefficiencies.in president bill clinton appointed james lee witt fema director.agency elevated cabinet rank continued president george w. bush.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	witt initiated reforms would help streamline disaster recovery mitigation process.end cold war also allowed agencys resources turned away civil defense natural disaster preparedness.after femas creation reorganization executive orders congress continued expand femas authority assigning responsibilities it.responsibilities include dam safety national dam safety program act disaster assistance stafford disaster relief emergency assistance act earthquake hazards reduction earthquake hazards reduction act expanded executive order regarding safety requirements federal buildings executive order concerning need cost estimates seismically retrofit federal buildings emergency food shelter stewart b. mckinney homeless assistance act hazardous materials emergency planning community righttoknow act.in addition fema received authority counterterrorism nunnlugardomenici amendment weapons mass destruction act response recognized vulnerabilities u.s. sarin gas attack tokyo subway .congress funded fema combination regular appropriations emergency funding response events.fema department homeland security –present following attacks september congress passed homeland security act created department homeland security dhs better coordinate among different federal agencies deal law enforcement disaster preparedness recovery border protection civil defense.fema absorbed dhs effective march .
Federal Emergency Management Agency	result fema became part emergency preparedness response directorate department homeland security employing fulltime employees.became federal emergency management agency march remained dhs.president bush appointed michael d. brown femas director january .brown warned september femas absorption dhs would make mockery femas new motto nation prepared would fundamentally sever fema core functions shatter agency morale break longstanding effective tested relationships states first responder stakeholders.inevitable result reorganization warned brown would ineffective uncoordinated response terrorist attack natural disaster.hurricane katrina demonstrated vision unification functions another reorganization could address problems fema previously faced.final report select bipartisan committee investigate preparation response hurricane katrina released february u.s. government printing office revealed federal funding states hazards disaster preparedness needs awarded unless local agencies made purposes funding terrorism function.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	emergency management professionals testified funds preparedness natural hazards given less priority preparations counterterrorism measures.testimony also expressed opinion mission mitigate vulnerability prepare natural hazard disasters occurred separated disaster preparedness functions making nation vulnerable known hazards like hurricanes.after allegations mismanagement hurricane katrina national disaster medical system ndms transferred department homeland security department health human services pandemic allhazards preparedness act signed president george w. bush december .in fall fema took coordination ready campaign national public service advertising campaign collaboration ad council educate empower americans prepare respond emergencies including natural manmade disasters.ready campaign spanishlanguage version listo asks individuals three things build emergency supply kit make family emergency plan informed different types emergencies occur respond.campaign messages promoted television radio print outdoor web psas well brochures tollfree phone lines english spanish language websites.the postkatrina emergency management reform act added surge capacity force allows department homeland security supplement fema employees additional personnel various federal departments event agency overwhelmed.force activated hurricane sandy hurricane harvey hurricane irma hurricane maria california wildfires.the stafford act amended pets evacuation transportation standards act pets act disaster recovery reform act drra .fema put charge procuring medical supplies covid pandemic.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	organization debate homeland security act called fema remain independent agency.following failed response hurricane katrina critics called fema removed department homeland security.today fema exists major agency department homeland security.administrator federal emergency management reports directly secretary homeland security.march fema joined federal agencies programs offices becoming department homeland security.
Federal Emergency Management Agency	new department headed secretary tom ridge brought coordinated approach national security emergencies disasters – natural manmade.fema manages national flood insurance program.programs fema previously administered since internalized shifted direct dhs control.fema also home national continuity programs directorate formerly office national security coordination.onsc responsible developing exercising validating agencywide continuity government plans well overseeing maintaining continuity readiness including mount weather emergency operations center.onsc also coordinated continuing efforts federal executive agencies.fema began administering center domestic preparedness .budget fema annual budget billion used distributed different states according emergencies occur one.

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