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Well, what's on the horizon for enzyme design? | 目前設計酵素的能力到哪了呢？ | en-zh-tw |
Certainly, it will get it faster -- there are now approaches for evolving enzymes that allow researchers to go through far more samples than I just showed you. | Создание новых ферментов будет происходить быстрее. Уже существуют такие подходы, позволяющие обрабатывать гораздо больше образцов, чем я вам показал. | en-ru |
And in addition to tinkering with natural enzymes, like we've been talking about, some scientists are now trying to design enzymes from scratch, using machine learning, an approach from artificial intelligence, to inform their enzyme designs. | 효소를 자연발생시키려고 한다면, 저희가 지금까지 얘기했던 것처럼, 몇몇 과학자들이 효소를 발생시키기 위해 스크래치, 다양한 기계나, 인공지능을 이용해 효소를 발생시키려 합니다. | en-ko |
Still others are adding unnatural amino acids to the mix. | Wieder andere fügen der Mischung künstliche Aminosäuren hinzu. | en-de |
We talked about the 20 natural amino acids, the common amino acids, before -- they're adding unnatural amino acids to make enzymes with properties unlike those that could be found in nature. | 我們剛有提到 20 種 常見的天然胺基酸 那些不尋常的胺基酸並非天然的 酵素因此會擁有 自然界物質缺少的特性 | en-zh-tw |
That's a pretty neat area. | Довольно интересная область. | en-ru |
How will designed enzymes affect you in years to come? | Ce impact vor avea asupra voastră enzimele proiectate? | en-ro |
Well, I want to focus on two areas: human health and the environment. | 전 두 가지 분야를 말하고 싶습니다. 건강과 환경이죠. | en-ko |
Some pharmaceutical companies now have teams that are dedicated to designing enzymes to make drugs more efficiently and with fewer toxic catalysts. | 몇몇 제약회사들은 벌써부터 효소를 발생시키는 일에만 헌신하는 팀들이 있어 더 효과적이고 독성 또한 약한 약을 개발하고 있습니다. | en-ko |
For example, Januvia, which is a medication to treat type 2 diabetes, is made partially with enzymes. | Por exemplo, o Januvia, medicamento para o Diabetes do tipo 2, é parcialmente feito com enzimas. | en-pt-br |
The number of drugs made with enzymes is sure to grow in the future. | 含有酶的药物数量 在未来肯定会有所增长。 | en-zh-cn |
In another area, there are certain disorders in which a single enzyme in a person's body doesn't work properly. | 其他領域也是如此 有些疾病是源自 病人體內的酵素出了問題 | en-zh-tw |
An example of this is called phenylketonuria, or PKU for short. | 苯丙酮尿症就是個例子 | en-zh-tw |
People with PKU are unable to properly metabolize or digest phenylalanine, which is one of the 20 common amino acids that we've been talking about. | Pessoas com PKU são incapazes de metabolizar ou digerir a fenilalanina, que é um dos 20 aminoácidos comuns. | en-pt-br |
The consequence of ingesting phenylalanine for people with PKU is that they are subject to permanent intellectual disabilities, so it's a scary thing to have. | Wenn Menschen mit PKU Phenylalanine zu sich nehmen, führt das zu permanenten geistigen Behinderungen. Also eine furchteinflößende Erkrankung. | en-de |
Now, those of you with kids -- do you guys have kids, here, which ones have kids? | 所以家長— 這邊有多少人有小孩？ | en-zh-tw |
A lot of you. | Muitos de vocês. | en-pt-br |
So may be familiar with PKUs, because all infants in the US are required to be tested for PKU. | Então já devem ter ouvido falar dela, pois todos os bebês nos EUA têm de ser testados para a doença. | en-pt-br |
I remember when Anthony, my son, had his heel pricked to test for it. | Lembro-me de quando furaram o calcanhar do Anthony, meu filho, para o teste. | en-pt-br |
The big challenge with this is: What do you eat? | 가장 큰 문제는 뭘 먹어야 하느냐? | en-ko |
Phenylalanine is in so many foods, it's incredibly hard to avoid. | 很多食物含有苯丙胺酸，難以避免 | en-zh-tw |
Now, Anthony has a nut allergy, and I thought that was tough, but PKU's on another level of toughness. | Anthony hat eine Nussallergie, ich hielt das für schwierig, aber PKU ist eine komplett andere Ebene. | en-de |
However, new enzymes may soon enable PKU patients to eat whatever they want. | Totuși noile enzime vor putea permite pacienților cu fenilcetonurie să mănânce orice vor. | en-ro |
Recently, the FDA approved an enzyme designed to treat PKU. | Недавно FDA одобрило фермент, предназначенный для лечения ФКУ. | en-ru |
This is big news for patients, and it's actually very big news for the field of enzyme-replacement therapy more generally, because there are other targets out there where this would be a good approach. | 对病人来说是特大喜讯， 对酶替代疗法的领域 同样是特大喜讯， 因为对于其他目标病症来说， 这也可能是个好的方法。 | en-zh-cn |
So that was a little bit about health. | 여기까지가 건강에 관한 거였습니다. | en-ko |
Now I'm going to move to the environment. | 接著說說環境問題 | en-zh-tw |
When I read about the Great Pacific Garbage Patch -- by the way, that's, like, this huge island of plastic, somewhere between California and Hawaii -- and about microplastics pretty much everywhere, it's upsetting. | 태평양의 거대 쓰레기 지대에 관해 읽었을 때 이 섬이 거대한 플라스틱처럼 느껴졌어요. 캘리포니아와 하와이사이 어딘가에 있는 곳곳에 있는 미세플라스틱들에 관해 말이죠 그건 기분 좋은 일이 아닙니다 | en-ko |
Plastics aren't going away anytime soon. | Plastik wird nicht so schnell verschwinden. | en-de |
But enzymes may help us in this area as well. | Но ферменты и здесь могут нам помочь. | en-ru |
Recently, bacteria producing plastic-degrading enzymes were discovered. | 最近，人们发现了 由细菌产生的塑料降解酶， | en-zh-cn |
Efforts are already underway to design improved versions of these enzymes. | 大家也正盡力設計出 這種酵素更好的版本 | en-zh-tw |
At the same time, there are enzymes that have been discovered and that are being optimized to make non-petroleum-derived biodegradable plastics. | В то же время обнаружены ферменты, которые оптимизированы для производства биоразлагаемого пластика, не содержащего нефть. | en-ru |
Enzymes may also offer some help in capturing greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. | Enzimele pot ajuta și la captarea gazelor cu efect de seră, cum ar fi dioxidul de carbon, metanul și protoxidul de azot. | en-ro |
Now, there is no doubt, these are major challenges, and none of them are easy. | Bem, não há dúvida: esses são desafios enormes, e nenhum deles é fácil. | en-pt-br |
But our ability to harness enzymes may help us to tackle these in the future, so I think that's another area to be looking forward. | Mas nossa capacidade de usar enzimas pode nos ajudar a resolvê-los no futuro, então esperamos ansiosamente por essas soluções. | en-pt-br |
So now I'm going to get back to the demo -- this is the fun part. | Mas vou voltar à demonstração; essa é a parte divertida. | en-pt-br |
So we'll start with the chymosin samples. | Beginnen wir mit den Chymosin Proben. | en-de |
So let me get these over here. | 我拿到這邊來 | en-zh-tw |
And you can see here, this is the one that got the water, so nothing should happen to this milk. | Здесь видно, что в этой пробирке была вода, и с этим молоком ничего не произошло. | en-ru |
This is the one that got the chymosin. | Und das ist die mit dem Chymosin. | en-de |
So you can see that it totally clarified up here. | Sie sehen, sie ist komplett klar. | en-de |
There's all this curdled stuff, that's cheese, we just made cheese in the last few minutes. | La fund s-a coagulat, aceea e brânză, am făcut brânză în ultimele câteva minute. | en-ro |
So this is that reaction that people have been doing for thousands and thousands of years. | Это та самая реакция, которую люди проводят тысячелетиями. | en-ru |
I'm thinking about doing this one at our next Kids to Work Day demo but they can be a tough crowd, so we'll see. | 다음 번 진로박람회 때 해봐야겠어요. 하지만 관람객들이 꽤 거칠 겁니다. | en-ko |
(Laughter) And then the other one I want to look at is this one. | （笑声） 另外一组结果在这里。 | en-zh-cn |
So this is the enzyme for doing your laundry. | Esta é a enzima pra lavar roupa. | en-pt-br |
And you can see that it's different than the one that has the water added. | E dá pra ver que é diferente do tubo com adição de água. | en-pt-br |
It's kind of clarifying, and that's just what you want for an enzyme in your laundry, because you want to be able to have an enzyme that can be a protein chowhound, just chew them up, because you're going to get different protein stains on your clothes, like chocolate milk or grass stains, for example, and something like this is going to help you get them off. | É meio clareador, e é exatamente o que queremos na lavagem de roupas, pois queremos uma enzima que seja uma trituradora de proteínas, que as destrua, porque sempre temos manchas diferentes em nossas roupas, como achocolatado, graxa, por exemplo, e uma coisa assim vai ajudar a retirá-las. | en-pt-br |
And this is also going to be the thing that allows you to do the wash in cold water, reduce your carbon footprint and save you some money. | Благодаря ему вы сможете стирать в холодной воде, уменьшить выбросы углерода и немного сэкономить. | en-ru |
Well, we've come a long way, considering this 7,000-year journey from enzymes in cheese making to the present day and enzyme design. | 人類研究酵素有非常久的歷史 想想 7000 年前 就開始用酵素做起司 到今天設計酵素的技術 | en-zh-tw |
We're really at a creative crossroads, and with enzymes, can edit what nature wrote or write our own stories with amino acids. | Suntem de fapt la răscruce de drumuri, și cu ajutorul enzimelor, editând ce a scris natura sau creând propriile enzime din aminoacizi. | en-ro |
So next time you're outdoors on a muggy night and you see a firefly, I hope you think of enzymes. | 那么下次你在闷热潮湿的夜里 外出的时候， 当你看到一只萤火虫， 我希望你能想起酶。 | en-zh-cn |
They're doing amazing things for us today. | Уже сегодня они делают для нас изумительные вещи. | en-ru |
And by design, they could be doing even more amazing things tomorrow. | Und durch unser Eingreifen, könnten sie morgen noch fantastischere Dinge tun. | en-de |
On a cold winter night in 1916, Felix Yusupov anxiously prepared to pick up his dinner guest. | Kādā aukstā 1916. gada ziemas naktī Felikss Jusupovs bažīgi gatavojās sava vakariņu viesa uzņemšanai. | en-lv |
If all went as planned, his guest would be dead by morning, though four others had already tried and failed to finish him off. | Si tout se passait comme prévu, son invité serait mort au matin, même si quatre autres avaient déjà tenté et échoué à l'achever. | en-fr |
The Russian monarchy was on the brink of collapse, and to Yusupov and his fellow aristocrats, the holy man they’d invited to dinner was the single cause of it all. | Monarhia rusă era în pragul colapsului, iar pentru Yusupov şi colegii săi aristocraţi, omul sfânt pe care l-au invitat la cină era singurul responsabil. | en-ro |
But who was he, and how could a single monk be to blame for the fate of an empire? | Bet kas bija šis svētais, un kā gan viens vienīgs mūks varētu būt vainojams impērijas nelaimēs? | en-lv |
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin began his life in Siberia, born in 1869 to a peasant family. | 格里戈里 · 拉斯普京 出生于西伯利亚， 他在 1869 年诞生于一个乡下家庭。 | en-zh-cn |
He might have lived a life of obscurity in his small village, if not for his conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church in the 1890s. | ၁၈၉၀ နှစ်လွန်တွေမှာ ရုရှား ရှေးရိုး ခရစ်ယာန် အသင်းတော်ကိုသာ မပြောင်းခဲ့ရင် သူ့ရွာဇနပုဒ်မှာ မထင်မရှား ဘဝနဲ့ နေထိုင်ခဲ့ရလောက်တယ်။ | en-my |
Inspired by the humbled monks that wandered endlessly from holy site to holy site, he spent years on pilgrimages across Russia. | עם השראה מהנזירים הענויים שהתהלכו ללא קץ מאתר קדוש אחד לאחר, הוא בילה שנים בעליות לרגל ברחבי רוסיה. | en-he |
On his travels, strangers were captivated by Rasputin’s magnetic presence. | Seyahatlerinde, yabancılar Rasputin'in çekici varlığıyla büyülendi. | en-tr |
Some even believed he had mystical gifts of prediction and healing. | 有些人甚至相信他有 神秘的天賦，能預測和治病。 | en-zh-tw |
Despite Rasputin’s heavy drinking, petty theft, and promiscuity, his reputation as a monk quickly spread beyond Siberia and attracted both laypeople and powerful Orthodox clergymen. | Iszákossága, lopásai és szabados nemi élete ellenére szerzetesi hírneve Szibérián túlra is eljutott, és felkeltette világi és befolyásos ortodox egyházi személyek érdeklődését. | en-hu |
When he finally reached the capital, St. Petersburg, Rasputin used his charisma and connections to win favor with the imperial family’s spiritual advisor. | Cuando llegó finalmente a la capital, San Petersburgo, Rasputín hizo uso de su carisma y conexiones para ganarse el favor del consejero espiritual de la familia imperial. | en-es |
In November 1905, Rasputin was finally introduced to Russian Tsar Nicholas II. | בנובמבר 1905, רספוטין הוצג לבסוף לצאר הרוסי ניקולאי השני. | en-he |
Nicholas and his wife Alexandra devoutly believed in the Orthodox Church, as well as in mysticism and supernatural powers, and this Siberian holy man had them transfixed. | Nicholas နဲ့ သူ့ဇနီး Alexandra ဟာ ရှေးရိုး ခရစ်ယာန် အသင်းတော်အပြင် နက်နဲပြီး သဘာဝလွန်တဲ့ အစွမ်းတွေကိုလည်း သစ္စာရှိရှိ သက်ဝင်ခဲ့ကြပြီး ဆိုင်ဘေးရီးယားသား လူသူတော်က သူတို့ကို ညှို့ယူနိုင်စွမ်း ရှိခဲ့တယ်။ | en-my |
It was a particularly tumultuous period for Russia and their family. | 当时正值王朝与皇室的动荡时期， | en-zh-cn |
The monarchy was barely clinging to control after the Revolution of 1905. | Az 1905-ös forradalom után a cári család alig tudta fenntartani a hatalmát. | en-hu |
Their political struggles were only intensified by personal turmoil: Alexei, the heir to the throne, had a life-threatening blood disease called hemophilia. | Leurs difficultés politiques n'étaient qu’intensifiées par une crise personnelle : Alexei, l'héritier au trône, avait une maladie sanguine mortelle appelée hémophilie. | en-fr |
When Alexei suffered a severe medical crisis in 1912, Rasputin advised his parents to reject treatment from doctors. | Atunci când Alexei a suferit o criză medicală severă în 1912, Rasputin i-a sfătuit pe părinţii lui să refuze tratamentul medicilor. | en-ro |
Alexei’s health improved, cementing the royal family’s belief that Rasputin had magical healing powers, and guaranteeing his privileged place on the royal court. | La salud de Alekséi mejoró y esto incrementó la creencia de la familia real en que Rasputín tenía poderes curativos mágicos, lo que le aseguró un lugar privilegiado en la corte. | en-es |
Today, we know that the doctors had prescribed aspirin, a drug that worsens hemophilia. | ئەمڕۆ، ئێمە دەزانین کە دکتۆرەکان ئەسپرینیان بۆ ئەلیکسیس نووسیبوو، دەرمانێکە کە هیمۆفیلیا خراپتر دەکات. | en-ku |
After this incident, Rasputin made a prophecy: if he died, or the royal family deserted him, both their son and their crown would soon be gone. | Após esse incidente, Rasputin criou uma profecia: se ele morresse ou se a família imperial o abandonasse, o czar perderia o filho e o poder. | en-pt-br |
Outside the royal family, people had mixed views on Rasputin. | За межами королівської сім'ї у людей були змішані погляди на Распутіна. | en-uk |
On one hand, peasants regarded him as one of their own, amplifying their often-unheard voice to the monarchy. | З одного боку, селяни вважали його одним з них, тим, хто доносив до монархів їх часто непочуті голоси. | en-uk |
But nobles and clergymen came to despise his presence. | Taču augstmaņi un garīdznieki viņu nicināja. | en-lv |
Rasputin never ceased his scandalous behavior, and they were skeptical of his so-called powers and thought he was corrupting the royal family. | רספוטין מעולם לא הפסיק את ההתנהגות השערוריתית שלו, והם היו סקפטיים לגבי כוחותיו כביכול וחשבו שהוא משחית את המשפחה המלכותית. | en-he |
By the end of World War I, they were convinced the only way to maintain order was to eliminate this sham of a holy man. | Do kraja Prvog svetskog rata, bili su ubeđeni da je jedini način da održe red eliminacija ovog prevaranta od svetog čoveka. | en-sr |
With this conviction, Yusupov began to plot Rasputin’s assassination. | Ezzel a meggyőződéssel Juszupov nekilátott megtervezni a Raszputyin elleni merényletet. | en-hu |
Though the exact details remain mysterious, our best guess at how it all unfolded comes from Yusupov’s memoirs. | اگرچه جزئیات دقیق آن همچنان مخفی است، بهترین حدس ما از اینکه چطور اجرا شده از خاطرات «یوسوپوف» به دست میآید. | en-fa |
He served Rasputin a number of pastries, believing they contained cyanide. | El l-a servit pe Rasputin cu prăjituri, crezând că acestea conţin cianură. | en-ro |
But unbeknownst to Yusupov, one of his co-conspirators had a change of heart, and substituted the poison with a harmless substance. | Однако Юсупов и не догадывался, что один из сообщников в последнюю минуту передумал и вместо яда положил в пирожные безвредное вещество. | en-ru |
To Yusupov’s shock, Rasputin ate them without ill effect. | Jusupovam par pārsteigumu Rasputins kūciņas notiesāja ne aci nepamirkšķinājis. | en-lv |
In desperation, he shot Rasputin at point-blank range. | Çaresizlik içinde Rasputin'i yakın bir mesafeden vurdu. | en-tr |
But Rasputin recovered, punched his attacker, and fled. | بەڵام ڕاسپۆتین هەڵدەستێتەوە زلەیەک لە یوسوپۆڤ دەدات و هەڵدێت. | en-ku |
Yusupov and his accomplices pursued him, finally killing Rasputin with a bullet to the forehead and dumping his body in the Malaya Nevka river. | Ioussoupov et ses complices l'ont poursuivi, finissant par tuer Raspoutine d'une balle dans le front et se débarrassant de son corps dans la Neva. | en-fr |
But far from stabilizing the monarchy’s authority, Rasputin’s death enraged the peasantry. | Pero, lejos de estabilizar la autoridad de la monarquía, la muerte de Rasputín enfureció a los campesinos. | en-es |
Just as Rasputin prophesied, his murder was swiftly followed by that of the royal family. | 就像拉斯普京的预言那样， 他死后，皇室家族的死亡随之降临。 | en-zh-cn |
Whether the downfall of the Russian monarchy was a product of the monk’s curse, or the result of political tensions decades in the making, well, we may never know. | בין אם הנפילה של המונארכיה הרוסית היה תוצר של קללת הנזיר, או של מתח פוליטי שנוצר במשך עשורים, ובכן, אולי לעולם לא נדע. | en-he |
If you told me five years ago that today I'd be delivering a talk about our individual power to make a difference, I would have cringed. | Se tivessem me dito há cinco anos que hoje eu estaria dando uma palestra sobre o nosso poder individual de fazer uma diferença, eu teria hesitado. | en-pt-br |
It was my job to study huge global systems. | O meu trabalho era estudar os enormes sistemas globais. | en-pt |
I was a researcher at NASA using satellite data to study the big picture. | NASA'da uydu verileriyle önemli konular araştırıyordum. | en-tr |
You can see a lot of things from space, like every ecosystem on Earth being threatened from pretty much every angle and global inequality in air and water safety. | Vom Weltall aus kann man viel sehen, zum Beispiel wie jedes Ökosystem auf der Erde aus allen Richtungen Bedrohungen ausgesetzt ist. Und die globale Ungleichheit in Luft- und Wasserqualität. | en-de |
These kinds of things would keep me up at night. | Diese Dinge haben mich nachts nicht schlafen lassen. | en-de |
And then outside of work, I'd use this bird's-eye view while thinking about our huge social structures like education and media and health care, and it looked to me like they were all really struggling, too. | Und außerhalb der Arbeit, nutze ich Vogelperspektive um über Sozialstrukturen nachzudenken, wie Bildung, Medien und das Gesundheitssystem, und es sah so aus, als tun sie sich alle sehr schwer. | en-de |
So I felt like the world was just trapped in this huge self-amplifying system that was just spiraling towards destruction. | Sentia que o mundo estava preso neste enorme sistema auto-amplificador que se encontrava numa espiral para a destruição. | en-pt |
And of course I wanted to do something about this, and I felt so small and utterly powerless. | Tabii ki bu konuda bir şey yapmak istedim fakat çok zavallı ve çaresiz hissediyordum. | en-tr |
But I started to feel a little differently as my perspective shifted from the macro towards the micro. | Sonra perspektifimi büyük yapılardan küçük yapılara çevirince farklı hissettim. | en-tr |
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