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With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou reverts to the French crown under Louis XI of France. December 26 – Battle of Westbroek: Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht. Date unknown The Constitució de l'Observança is approved by the Catalan Courts, establishing the submission of royal power to the laws of the Principality of Catalonia. Ludovico Sforza emerges as Regent of Milan (until 1499). Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tízoc. The Aztec Calendar Stone or Sun Stone is carved. Fribourg and Solothurn become Cantons of Switzerland. Births January 15 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1511) March 2 – Franz von Sickingen, German knight (d. 1523) March 7 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1536) May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (d. 1534) May 14 – Ruprecht of the Palatinate, German bishop (d. 1504) July 1 – King Christian II of Denmark, Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union (d. 1559) August 21 – Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1550) August 28 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (d. 1558) November 11 – Christoph von Scheurl, German writer (d. 1542) December 18 – Sophie of Mecklenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Duchess of Saxony (d. 1503) December 27 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Margrave of Bayreuth (d. 1527) date unknown Yan Song, Chinese prime minister (d. 1568) Antonio de Guevara, Spanish chronicler and moralist (d. 1545) Imperia La Divina, Roman courtesan (d. 1512) Deaths January 6 – Akhmat Khan, khan of the Great Horde April 30 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble (b. 1402) May 3 | succeeded by his son John (1481–1513). June 21 – The papal bull Aeterni Regis grants all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. July 24 – Fire destroys the roof and the spires of Reims Cathedral. August 29 – John II of Portugal starts to rule in his own right. September 10 – Alphonso II of Naples recaptures the city of Otranto. December 10 – With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou reverts to the French crown under Louis XI of France. December 26 – Battle of Westbroek: Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht. Date unknown The Constitució de l'Observança is approved by the Catalan Courts, establishing the submission of royal power to the laws of the Principality of Catalonia. Ludovico Sforza emerges as Regent of Milan (until 1499). Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tízoc. The Aztec Calendar Stone or Sun Stone is carved. Fribourg and Solothurn become Cantons of Switzerland. Births January 15 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1511) March 2 – Franz von Sickingen, German knight (d. 1523) March 7 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1536) May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (d. 1534) |
by the Turks, but will be Eastern Orthodox Christians. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country. The Florentine Republic begins to be dismantled, and the Medici Family comes back into power. The word masque is first used to denote a poetic drama. Possible date – Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write Commentariolus, an abstract of what will eventually become his heliocentric astronomy De revolutionibus orbium coelestium; he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514. Births January 13 – Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela, General Inquisitor of Spain (d. 1594) January 17 – Sibylle of Cleves, electress consort of Saxony (d. 1554) January 31 – Henry, King of Portugal and Cardinal (d. 1580) February 3 – John Hamilton, archbishop of St Andrews (d. 1571) February 22 – Pedro Agustín, Spanish Catholic bishop (d. 1572) March 5 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer (d. 1594) April 10 – James V of Scotland, King of Scots (d. 1542) April 23 – Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel, Chancellor of the University of Oxford (d. 1580) April 30 – George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Glatz (d. 1553) July 5 – Cristoforo Madruzzo, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578) July 25 – Diego de Covarubias y Leyva, Spanish jurist, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cuenca (d. 1577) August ? – Catherine Parr, English queen consort (d. 1548) August 27 – Friedrich Staphylus, German theologian (d. 1564) November 4 – Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (d. 1565) November 9 – Jon Simonssøn, Norwegian humanist (d. 1575) November 11 – Marcin Kromer, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. 1589) December 21 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian nobleman (d. 1530) date unknown Robert Recorde, Welsh physician and mathematician (d. 1558) Gissur Einarsson, first Lutheran bishop in Iceland (d. 1548) Deaths January 2 – Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden since 1504 (b. 1460) January 30 – Reinhard IV, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1500–1512) (b. 1473) February 2 – Hatuey, Puerto Rican Taíno chief February 22 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian merchant and cartographer, after whom the Americas are named (b. 1451) March 29 – Lucas Watzenrode, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (b. | of the League of Cambrai: Ferdinand II of Aragon sends Don Fadrique de Toledo, to complete the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia). October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. November 1 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time. December 27 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World. Date unknown António de Abreu discovers Timor Island, and reaches the Banda Islands, Ambon Island and Seram. Francisco Serrão reaches the Moluccas. Francisco Serrao and other shipwreck sailors with permission from the Ternate Sultanate build Fort Tolukko. It is one of the earliest, if not the first European style fortress in southeast Asia. Juan Ponce de León discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands. Pedro Mascarenhas discovers Diego Garcia, and reaches Mauritius in the Mascarene Islands. Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be Eastern Orthodox Christians. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country. The Florentine Republic begins to be dismantled, and the Medici Family comes back into power. The word masque is first used to denote a poetic drama. Possible date – |
surrendered to him a few days earlier. Sten Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance. September 22 – Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. October – Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies from smallpox. He is succeeded by his nephew Cuauhtémoc. October 21 (Feast of St. Ursula) – The islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon are discovered by Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes, off Newfoundland. He names them Islands of the 11,000 Virgins, in honour of Saint Ursula. October 26 – Charles V is crowned King of Germany. November 1–4 – Christian II is crowned king of Sweden. The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in Stockholm. November 7 – At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned, and tried for high treason. November 8–10 – Stockholm Bloodbath: 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading. November 28 – After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait is later named the Strait of Magellan). December 10 – Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law (see Canon Law), and his copy of the Papal bull Exsurge Domine. Date unknown The Franciscan friar Matteo Bassi is inspired to return to the primitive life of solitude and penance, as practiced by St. Francis, giving rise to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. Duarte Barbosa returns to Cananor. Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana) is given as a gift to Suleiman I on the occasion of his accession to the throne. King Manuel I creates the public mail service of Portugal, the Correio Público. Births January 7 – Peder Oxe, Danish finance minister (d. 1575) January 30 – William More, English courtier (d. 1600) February 22 – Frederick III of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (d. 1570) March 3 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (d. 1575) June 29 – Nicolás Factor, Spanish artist (d. 1583) July 27 – Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (d. 1578) August 1 – King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (d. 1572) August 10 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (d. 1537) August 21 – Bartholomäus Sastrow, German official (d. 1603) August 31 – Heinrich Sudermann, German politician (d. 1591) September 13 – William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I (d. 1598) October 5 – Alessandro Farnese, Italian cardinal (d. 1589) November 10 – Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine, Princess of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1580) December 6 – Barbara Radziwiłł, queen of Poland (d. 1551) December 24 – Martha Leijonhufvud, politically active Swedish noble (d. 1584) date unknown Patriarch Metrophanes III of Constantinople (d. 1580) Seosan, Korean monk Jean Ribault, French navigator (d. 1565) Vincenzo Galilei, Italian music theorist, lutenist, and composer (d. 1591) Aben Humeya, last independent king of Granada (d. 1568) Ijuin Tadaaki, Japanese nobleman (d. 1561) Agatha Streicher, German physician | II Fernández de Córdoba, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (d. 1578) August 1 – King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (d. 1572) August 10 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (d. 1537) August 21 – Bartholomäus Sastrow, German official (d. 1603) August 31 – Heinrich Sudermann, German politician (d. 1591) September 13 – William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I (d. 1598) October 5 – Alessandro Farnese, Italian cardinal (d. 1589) November 10 – Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine, Princess of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1580) December 6 – Barbara Radziwiłł, queen of Poland (d. 1551) December 24 – Martha Leijonhufvud, politically active Swedish noble (d. 1584) date unknown Patriarch Metrophanes III of Constantinople (d. 1580) Seosan, Korean monk Jean Ribault, French navigator (d. 1565) Vincenzo Galilei, Italian music theorist, lutenist, and composer (d. 1591) Aben Humeya, last independent king of Granada (d. 1568) Ijuin Tadaaki, Japanese nobleman (d. 1561) Agatha Streicher, German physician (d. 1581) Katarina Bengtsdotter Gylta, Swedish abbess (d. 1593) Jacques Cujas, French legal expert (d. 1590) Johannes Acronius Frisius, German doctor and mathematician (d. 1564) probable Hans Eworth, Flemish portrait painter (d. 1574) Katharina Gerlachin, German printer (d. 1592) Jorge de Montemor, Spanish novelist and poet (d. 1561) Giovanni Battista Moroni, Italian mannerist painter (d. 1578) possible Catherine Howard, Fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England, (born in between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542) Deaths January 10 – Jo Gwang-jo, Korean philosopher (b. 1482) February 3 – Sten Sture the Younger, Viceroy of Sweden (b. 1493) February 7 – Alfonsina de' Medici, née Orsini, Regent of Florence (b. 1472) April 6 – Raphael, Italian painter and architect (b. 1483) May 22 – Jan Lubrański, Polish bishop (b. 1456) June 24 – Hosokawa Sumimoto, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1489) June 29 – Moctezuma II, 9th Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, assassinated or possibly killed in a riot, 1502-1520 (b. 1466) August 6 – Kunigunde of Austria, Archduchess of Austria (b. 1465) September 3 – Ippolito |
reaches Leiden. September 7 – Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent at the siege of Szigetvár, and Selim II succeeds him as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. September 8 – The siege of Szigetvár ends in battle, with 2,300 Hungarian and Croatian defenders, including their general, Nikola Šubić Zrinski, annihilated by an army of 90,000 soldiers of the Ottoman Empire, under Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. Date unknown The Spanish gold escudo, worth 16 silver reales, is first minted during the reign of Philip II of Spain. Pope Pius V expels most prostitutes from Rome, and the Papal States. Between July 19, 1566 and July 7, 1567 – The first bridge crossing the Neretva River at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge becomes known as Stari Most ("Old Bridge"). Births January 13 – Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess Consort of Saxe-Lauenburg (1582–1619) (d. 1626) January 15 – Philipp Uffenbach, German artist (d. 1636) February 1 – Marie of the Incarnation, French Discalced Carmelite beatified nun and blessed (d. 1618) February 18 – Francesco Erizzo, Doge of Venice (d. 1646) March 1 – John Hoskins, English poet (d. 1638) March 8 – Carlo Gesualdo, Italian music composer (d. 1613) April 2 – Bartholda van Swieten, Dutch diplomat (d. 1647) May 26 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1603) June 19 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (d. 1625) June 20 – King Sigismund III Vasa, of Poland and Sweden (d. 1632) July 9 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (d. 1638) August 12 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d. 1633) August 24 – Abraham Scultetus, German theologian (d. 1625) September 1 – Edward Alleyn, English actor (d. 1626) October 13 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (d. 1643) October 15 – Sigrid of Sweden, Swedish princess (d. 1633) November 3 – Charles, Count of Soissons, French prince du sang and military commander (d. 1612) November 9 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (d. 1633) November 16 – Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (d. 1621) November 21 – Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1645) November 25 – John Heminges, English actor (d. 1630) November 26 – Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (d. 1645) December 1 – Philip of Nassau, Count of Nassau (d. 1595) December 11 – (baptised) – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (d. 1650) December 19 – George Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury, English earl (d. 1630) December 27 – Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (d. 1621) date unknown Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (d. 1625) Polyxena von Lobkowicz, politically active Czech aristocrat (d. 1642) Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (d. 1643) Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (d. 1636) James Sempill, Scottish | with 2,300 Hungarian and Croatian defenders, including their general, Nikola Šubić Zrinski, annihilated by an army of 90,000 soldiers of the Ottoman Empire, under Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. Date unknown The Spanish gold escudo, worth 16 silver reales, is first minted during the reign of Philip II of Spain. Pope Pius V expels most prostitutes from Rome, and the Papal States. Between July 19, 1566 and July 7, 1567 – The first bridge crossing the Neretva River at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge becomes known as Stari Most ("Old Bridge"). Births January 13 – Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess Consort of Saxe-Lauenburg (1582–1619) (d. 1626) January 15 – Philipp Uffenbach, German artist (d. 1636) February 1 – Marie of the Incarnation, French Discalced Carmelite beatified nun and blessed (d. 1618) February 18 – Francesco Erizzo, Doge of Venice (d. 1646) March 1 – John Hoskins, English poet (d. 1638) March 8 – Carlo Gesualdo, Italian music composer (d. 1613) April 2 – Bartholda van Swieten, Dutch diplomat (d. 1647) May 26 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1603) June 19 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (d. 1625) June 20 – King Sigismund III Vasa, of Poland and Sweden (d. 1632) July 9 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (d. 1638) August 12 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d. 1633) August 24 – Abraham Scultetus, German theologian (d. 1625) September 1 – Edward Alleyn, English actor (d. 1626) October 13 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (d. 1643) October 15 – Sigrid of Sweden, Swedish princess (d. 1633) November 3 – Charles, Count of Soissons, French prince du sang and military commander (d. 1612) November 9 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (d. 1633) November 16 – Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (d. 1621) November 21 – Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1645) November 25 – John Heminges, English actor (d. 1630) November 26 – Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (d. 1645) December 1 – Philip of Nassau, Count of Nassau (d. 1595) December 11 – (baptised) – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (d. 1650) December 19 – George Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury, English earl (d. 1630) December 27 – Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (d. 1621) date unknown Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (d. 1625) Polyxena von Lobkowicz, politically active Czech aristocrat (d. 1642) Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (d. 1643) Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (d. 1636) James Sempill, Scottish theologian (d. 1626) Lucia Quinciani, Italian composer Caterina Vitale, Maltese pharmacist (d. 1619) Deaths January 6 – Francesco |
of the fabled city of El Dorado. May 18 – The Treaty of Teusina brings to an end the Russo-Swedish War (1590–95). May 24 – The Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library. May 29 – George Somers and Amyas Preston travel to aid Raleigh's El Dorado expedition but failing to meet him instead raid the Spanish Province of Venezuela June 9 – Battle of Fontaine-Française: Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed due to his rashness. July–December July 21 – A Spanish expedition led by navigator and explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira makes the first European landing in Polynesia, on the Marquesas Islands. July 23 – The Spanish raid Cornwall, England. August 23 – Battle of Calugareni: The Wallachians, led by Michael the Brave, accomplish a great tactical victory against a vast army of Turks, led by Sinan Pasha. August 28 – Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins depart from England, on their final voyage to the Spanish Main, which ends in both of their deaths. September 2 – Battle of the Lippe (Eighty Years' War): Spanish cavalry, led by Cristóbal de Mondragón (aged over 80), defeat combined forces of the Dutch Republic and England led by Philip of Nassau (who dies of wounds received), on the banks of the river Lippe in Germany. October 26 – Battle of Giurgiu: Michael the Brave, led by Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, again defeats the Turkish army led by Sinan Pasha, pushing them on the east side of the Danube. December 9 – Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's Richard II in London. December 14 – Sultan Murad, 4th son of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire invades Ahmednagar Sultanate which is defended by Chand Bibi. Date unknown The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria. The Riksdag of the Estates at Söderköping in Sweden elects the Lutheran Duke Charles as the country's regent, in place of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Sweden. Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's plays Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream in London. Many sugar plantations in São Tomé are destroyed by a large slave uprising Births January–June January 15 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (d. 1661) January 22 – George Rudolf of Liegnitz, Polish noble (d. 1653) January 23 – Herman Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1665) February 9 – Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d. 1650) March 19 – Carlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1666) March 21 – Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian Cistercian monk and church historian (d. 1670) March 23 – Bevil Grenville, English royalist soldier (d. 1643) April 5 – John Wilson, English composer (d. 1674) April 6 Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, Prince of France (d. 1663) Pieter de Molijn, Dutch painter (d. 1661) April 12 – Miles Hobart, English politician (d. 1632) April 30 Anne Lykke, Danish noble (d. 1641) Henri II de Montmorency, French nobleman and military commander (d. 1632) May 1 – Lars Kagg, Swedish count and military Officer (d. 1661) May 3 – Aloysius Gottifredi, Italian Jesuit (d. 1652) June 9 – King Wladislaus IV of Poland (d. 1648) June 10 – Aegidius Gelenius, German heraldist (d. 1656) June 13 John Holles, 2nd | O.S.) – Combined Taungoo–Lan Na armies break the rebel Thado Dhamma Yaza's siege of Taungoo, in modern-day Myanmar. April 15 – Sir Walter Raleigh travels up the Orinoco River, in search of the fabled city of El Dorado. May 18 – The Treaty of Teusina brings to an end the Russo-Swedish War (1590–95). May 24 – The Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library. May 29 – George Somers and Amyas Preston travel to aid Raleigh's El Dorado expedition but failing to meet him instead raid the Spanish Province of Venezuela June 9 – Battle of Fontaine-Française: Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed due to his rashness. July–December July 21 – A Spanish expedition led by navigator and explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira makes the first European landing in Polynesia, on the Marquesas Islands. July 23 – The Spanish raid Cornwall, England. August 23 – Battle of Calugareni: The Wallachians, led by Michael the Brave, accomplish a great tactical victory against a vast army of Turks, led by Sinan Pasha. August 28 – Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins depart from England, on their final voyage to the Spanish Main, which ends in both of their deaths. September 2 – Battle of the Lippe (Eighty Years' War): Spanish cavalry, led by Cristóbal de Mondragón (aged over 80), defeat combined forces of the Dutch Republic and England led by Philip of Nassau (who dies of wounds received), on the banks of the river Lippe in Germany. October 26 – Battle of Giurgiu: Michael the Brave, led by Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, again defeats the Turkish army led by Sinan Pasha, pushing them on the east side of the Danube. December 9 – Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's Richard II in London. December 14 – Sultan Murad, 4th son of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire invades Ahmednagar Sultanate which is defended by Chand Bibi. Date unknown The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria. The Riksdag of the Estates at Söderköping in Sweden elects the Lutheran Duke Charles as the country's regent, in place of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Sweden. Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's plays Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream in London. Many sugar plantations in São Tomé are destroyed by a large slave uprising Births January–June January 15 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (d. 1661) January 22 – George Rudolf of Liegnitz, Polish noble (d. 1653) January 23 – Herman Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1665) February 9 – Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d. 1650) March 19 – Carlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1666) March 21 – Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian Cistercian monk and church historian (d. 1670) March 23 – Bevil Grenville, English royalist soldier (d. 1643) April 5 – John Wilson, English composer (d. 1674) April 6 Henri II d'Orléans, Duke |
of England is held in Westminster Abbey. July–December July 17 or July 19 – Sir Walter Raleigh is arrested for treason. July 25 – James I is crowned as King of England in Westminster Abbey. Ceremonies are limited because of plague. August 17 – The Accademia dei Lincei, the oldest scientific academy in the world, is founded in Rome by Federico Cesi. September 20 – Samuel Champlain arrives back in France. October – The Sangley Rebellion takes place, ending in the massacre of 20,000 Sangley Chinese in Manila. November – Rokugō rebellion: More than 1,000 rōnin rebel in support of their exiled lord, Onodera Yoshimichi, in Japan. November 17 – Sir Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason, in the converted Great Hall of Winchester Castle. He is found guilty, but his life is spared by King James I at this time, and he is returned to imprisonment in the Tower of London. December 22 – Ottoman dynasty: Sultan Mehmed III of the Ottoman Empire dies, and is succeeded by his son Ahmed I. Ongoing events Russian famine of 1601–1603. Date unknown A rebellion breaks out in Transylvania. French Huguenot Pierre de Gua is granted royal permission to settle in North America, founding the colony of Acadia. Yaqob is deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia for the first time by Za Sellase, who appoints his cousin Za Dengel to replace him. Johann Bayer publishes the star atlas Uranometria, the first to cover the entire celestial sphere. The earliest of eight companies that will eventually merge to form the Kikkoman Corporation, the ubiquitous producers of soy sauce, is founded in Japan. Births January–March January 3 – Paul Stockmann, German hymnwriter (d. 1636) January 27 Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet, English lawyer and politician, Speaker in 1660 (d. 1685) Humphrey Mackworth, English politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1654) January 30 – David Denicke, German jurist and hymnwriter (d. 1680) January – Shackerley Marmion, English dramatist (d. 1639) February 2 – Louise de Bourbon, French noble (d. 1637) February 7 – Friederich Stellwagen, German organ builder (d. 1660) February 12 – Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1639–1669) (d. 1669) March 2 – Pietro Novelli, Italian painter (d. 1647) March 13 – Ivan III Drašković, Croatian nobleman and soldier (d. 1648) March 18 – Simon Bradstreet, English colonial magistrate (d. 1697) March 21 bapt. – Samuel Luke, English politician (d. 1670) April–June April 6 – Simon Paulli, Danish physician (d. 1680) April 10 – Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (d. 1647) April 19 – Michel le Tellier, French statesman (d. 1685) April 21 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VI, King of Mysore (d. 1637) April 24 – Thomas Allen, English politician (d. 1681) May 18 – Herbert Croft, English churchman (d. 1691) June 3 – Pietro Paolini, Italian painter (d. 1681) June 17 – Joseph of Cupertino, Italian saint (d. 1663) June 24 – Maria Overlander van Purmerland, Dutch noble (d. 1678) July–September July 11 Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1686) Kenelm Digby, English privateer and alchemist (d. 1665) July 12 – Edward Benlowes, English poet (d. 1676) July 23 – Axel Lillie, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1662) July 27 – Alonso de Ovalle, Chilean priest and historian (d. 1651) August 9 – Johannes Cocceius, Dutch theologian (d. 1669) August 17 – Lennart Torstensson, Swedish Field Marshal, Privy Councillour and Governor-General (d. 1651) August 24 – Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Khan of Khiva, historian (d. 1663) September 10 – Henri | to replace him. Johann Bayer publishes the star atlas Uranometria, the first to cover the entire celestial sphere. The earliest of eight companies that will eventually merge to form the Kikkoman Corporation, the ubiquitous producers of soy sauce, is founded in Japan. Births January–March January 3 – Paul Stockmann, German hymnwriter (d. 1636) January 27 Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet, English lawyer and politician, Speaker in 1660 (d. 1685) Humphrey Mackworth, English politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1654) January 30 – David Denicke, German jurist and hymnwriter (d. 1680) January – Shackerley Marmion, English dramatist (d. 1639) February 2 – Louise de Bourbon, French noble (d. 1637) February 7 – Friederich Stellwagen, German organ builder (d. 1660) February 12 – Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1639–1669) (d. 1669) March 2 – Pietro Novelli, Italian painter (d. 1647) March 13 – Ivan III Drašković, Croatian nobleman and soldier (d. 1648) March 18 – Simon Bradstreet, English colonial magistrate (d. 1697) March 21 bapt. – Samuel Luke, English politician (d. 1670) April–June April 6 – Simon Paulli, Danish physician (d. 1680) April 10 – Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (d. 1647) April 19 – Michel le Tellier, French statesman (d. 1685) April 21 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VI, King of Mysore (d. 1637) April 24 – Thomas Allen, English politician (d. 1681) May 18 – Herbert Croft, English churchman (d. 1691) June 3 – Pietro Paolini, Italian painter (d. 1681) June 17 – Joseph of Cupertino, Italian saint (d. 1663) June 24 – Maria Overlander van Purmerland, Dutch noble (d. 1678) July–September July 11 Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1686) Kenelm Digby, English privateer and alchemist (d. 1665) July 12 – Edward Benlowes, English poet (d. 1676) July 23 – Axel Lillie, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1662) July 27 – Alonso de Ovalle, Chilean priest and historian (d. 1651) August 9 – Johannes Cocceius, Dutch theologian (d. 1669) August 17 – Lennart Torstensson, Swedish Field Marshal, Privy Councillour and Governor-General (d. 1651) August 24 – Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Khan of Khiva, historian (d. 1663) September 10 – Henri Valois, French historian (d. 1676) September 14 – John Vaughan, Welsh judge (d. 1674) September 15 – Tokugawa Yorifusa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1661) October–December October 2 – Sir John Yonge, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1663) October 20 – Simon de Vos, Flemish painter (d. 1676) November 10 – Agneta de Graeff van Polsbroek, Dutch noble (d. 1656) November 16 – Augustyn Kordecki, Polish prior of the Jasna Góra Monastery (d. 1673) November 24 – John, Count of Nassau-Idstein (1629–1677) (d. 1677) December 21 Jean de Launoy, French historian (d. 1678) Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (d. 1684) Date unknown Abel Janszoon Tasman, Dutch seafarer and explorer (d. 1659) Louis Abelly, French monk and priest (d. 1691) Margareta Brahe, Swedish noble (d. 1669) John Ashburnham, English Member of Parliament (d. 1671) Daniel Blagrave, English Member of Parliament (d. 1668) Valentin Conrart, one of the founders of the Académie française (d. 1675) Denis Gaultier, French lutenist and composer (d. 1672) Probable Aernout van der Neer, Dutch painter (d. 1677) Alexandre de Prouville, French statesman and soldier (d. 1670) William Stone, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. c. 1660) Deaths January–March January 25 – Francesco Zirano, Italian priest who was a member of the Order of Friars Minor (b. 1564) February 7 Bartholomäus Sastrow, German politician (b. 1520) Hermann Wilken, German humanist and mathematician (b. 1522) February 23 Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (b. 1519) Franciscus Vieta, French mathematician (b. 1540) February 26 – Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, spouse of Maximilian II (b. 1528) March 14 – Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1555–1603) (b. 1527) March 22 – Robert Seton, 1st Earl of Winton, Scottish peer who supported Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1553) March 24 |
Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg (b. 1559) January 17 – Faust Vrančić, Croatian inventor (b. 1551) January 28 – Karl II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Oels and Duke of Bernstadt (b. 1545) February 3 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist from the Republic of Venice (b. 1553) February 8 – Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury, English politician and earl (b. 1561) February 11 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (b. 1555) February 16 – Kaspar Ulenberg, German theologian (b. 1549) March 1 – Edward Hoby, English politician (b. 1560) March 20 – François d'Aguilon, Belgian Jesuit mathematician (b. 1567) March 21 – Pocahontas, Algonquian (Native American) princess (b. c. 1595) March 27 – George II, Duke of Pomerania, non-reigning Duke of Pomerania (b. 1582) April–June April 1 – Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure, English politician (b. 1558) April 4 – John Napier, Scottish mathematician (b. 1550) April 5 – Alonso Lobo, Spanish composer (b. 1555) May 3 – Aleixo de Menezes, Portuguese Catholic archbishop (b. 1559) May 7 David Fabricius, Frisian astronomer (b. 1564) Jacques Auguste de Thou, French historian (b. 1553) May 11 – Jean Chapeauville, Belgian theologian and historian (b. 1551) May 16 – Nicolas de Montmorency (b. 1556) May 29 – Roger Owen, English politician (b. 1573) June 20 – Raja Wodeyar I, King of Mysore (b. 1552) June 27 – Jerome Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1549) July–September July 8 – Leonora Dori, French noble (b. 1571) July 9 – John Herbert, Welsh politician (b. 1550) July 13 – Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn, Duke of Teschen (b. 1574) July 18 – Dorothea Maria of Anhalt (b. 1570) August 7 – Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (b. 1594) August 8 – Frederick IV of Fürstenberg, German noble (b. 1563) August 13 – Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss Protestant clergyman (b. 1540) August 24 – Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (b. 1586) August 28 – William Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby of Parham, English baron (b. 1584) September 9 – Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, German bishop (b. 1545) September 25 Emperor Go-Yōzei of Japan (b. 1571) Francisco Suárez, Spanish Jesuit priest (b. 1548) September 27 – Johan Ernst van Nassau-Siegen, Dutch general (b. 1582) September 30 – Charlotte de Sauve, French courtesan (b. 1551) October–December October 10 – Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician and writer (b. 1553) October 11 – François Vranck, Dutch statesman and justice (b. 1555) October 14 – Isaac Arnauld, French noble | (d. 1681) December 4 – Federico Visconti, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. 1693) December 9 – Richard Lovelace, English poet (d. 1657) December 22 – Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (d. 1680) December 23 – Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony, Crown Princess of Denmark (d. 1668) December 25 – Jean de Coligny-Saligny, French noble and army commander (d. 1686) Date unknown Paolo Casati, Italian Jesuit mathematician (d. 1707) Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama (d. 1682) Deaths January–March January 1 – Hendrik Goltzius, Dutch painter (b. 1558) January 6 – Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1561 to 1592 as the consort of Duke William (b. 1546) January 16 – Wolf Dietrich Raitenau, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg (b. 1559) January 17 – Faust Vrančić, Croatian inventor (b. 1551) January 28 – Karl II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Oels and Duke of Bernstadt (b. 1545) February 3 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist from the Republic of Venice (b. 1553) February 8 – Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury, English politician and earl (b. 1561) February 11 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (b. 1555) February 16 – Kaspar Ulenberg, German theologian (b. 1549) March 1 – Edward Hoby, English politician (b. 1560) March 20 – François d'Aguilon, Belgian Jesuit mathematician (b. 1567) March 21 – Pocahontas, Algonquian (Native American) princess (b. c. 1595) March 27 – George II, Duke of Pomerania, non-reigning Duke of Pomerania (b. 1582) April–June April 1 – Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure, English politician (b. 1558) April 4 – John Napier, Scottish mathematician (b. 1550) April 5 – Alonso Lobo, Spanish composer (b. 1555) May 3 – Aleixo de Menezes, Portuguese Catholic archbishop (b. 1559) May 7 David Fabricius, Frisian astronomer (b. 1564) Jacques Auguste de Thou, French historian (b. 1553) May 11 – Jean Chapeauville, Belgian theologian and historian (b. 1551) May 16 – Nicolas de Montmorency (b. 1556) May 29 – Roger Owen, English politician (b. 1573) June 20 – Raja Wodeyar I, King of Mysore (b. 1552) June 27 – Jerome Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1549) July–September July 8 – Leonora Dori, French noble (b. 1571) July 9 – John Herbert, Welsh politician (b. 1550) July 13 – Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn, Duke of Teschen (b. 1574) July 18 – Dorothea Maria of Anhalt (b. 1570) August 7 – Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (b. 1594) August 8 – Frederick IV of Fürstenberg, German noble (b. 1563) |
Portuguese nun (d. 1723) April 23 – Wolfgang William Romer, Dutch military engineer (d. 1713) April 26 – Frederick, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, ruling Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1655-1675) (d. 1675) April 30 – Nicolas Letourneux, French preacher, ascetical writer (d. 1686) May 31 – Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland (d. 1673) June 5 – Pu Songling, Qing Dynasty Chinese writer (d. 1715) June 9 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1705) June 15 – Bernard Lamy, French Oratorian mathematician and theologian (d. 1715) June 16 – Jacques Ozanam, French mathematician (d. 1718) June 19 – Thomas Widdrington, English politician (d. 1660) June 21 – Abraham Mignon, Dutch golden age painter (d. 1679) June 29 – Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, second wife of Philip Stanhope (d. 1665) July–September July 8 – Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I (d. 1660) July 20 – Johannes Bohn, German physician (d. 1718) August 2 – Gérard Audran, French engraver (d. 1703) August 8 – Amalia Catharina, German poet and musician (d. 1697) September 7 – Johann Jacob Schütz, German lawyer (d. 1690) September 8 – Jérôme de Gonnelieu, French Jesuit theologian (d. 1715) September 21 – Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife (d. 1701) September 23 – Date Tsunamune, Japanese daimyō of Sendai han (d. 1711) September 29 – Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (d. 1720) October–December October 11 – Louis Henry, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern, German noble (d. 1674) October 12 – Sir Roger Twisden, 2nd Baronet of England (d. 1703) October 18 – William Stanley, English Member of Parliament (d. 1670) October 20 Gérard Edelinck, Flemish engraver (d. 1707) Pieter Cornelisz van Slingelandt, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1691) October 23 – Elisabeth Pepys, English wife of Samuel Pepys (d. 1669) October 25 – Johann Ludwig Hannemann, German chemist (d. 1724) October 28 – Streynsham Master, English colonial administrator (d. 1724) November 1 – Francisco de Benavides, Spanish viceroy (d. 1716) November 4 – Carlo Mannelli, Italian violinist, castrato and composer (d. 1697) November 5 – John Verney, 1st Viscount Fermanagh, British politician (d. 1717) November 14 – Jonathan Corwin, American judge of the Salem witch trials (d. 1718) November 15 – Nicolaus Adam Strungk, German composer and violinist (d. 1700) November 18 – George Hooper, Bishop of St AsaphBishop of Bath and Wells (d. 1727) November 25 – Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Spanish Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (d. 1716) November 27 – Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland (d. 1709) December 1 – Ercole Antonio Mattioli, Italian politician (d. 1694) December 6 – Claude Fleury, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1723) December 13 – Robert Plot, English naturalist (d. 1696) December 14 (probable date) – Aphra Behn, English author (d. 1689) December 20 – Pierre Cureau de La Chambre, French churchman (d. 1693) December 22 – Inaba Masamichi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1716) December 25 – Julius Micrander, Swedish theologian (d. 1702) December 29 – William Feilding, 3rd Earl of Denbigh (d. 1685) Date unknown Marguerite de la Sablière, French salonist and polymath (d. 1693) Catherine Monvoisin, French fortune teller and poisoner (d. 1680) Deaths January 1 – Johann Wilhelm Baur, German artist (b. 1607) January 14 – Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, English lawyer and judge (b. 1578) January 25 – Robert Burton, English scholar (b. 1577) January 26 – Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, Swedish general (b. 1567) February 2 – Jeanne de Lestonnac, French saint (b. 1556) February 9 – Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1612) March 13 – Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres, French soldier (b. 1590) March 17 – Philip Massinger, English dramatist (b. 1583) March 20 – Michael Reyniersz Pauw, Dutch businessman (b. 1590) April – Uriel da Costa, Portuguese philosopher (suicide) (b. 1585) April 2 – Paul Fleming, German physician and poet (b. 1609) April 5 – Petrus Kirstenius, German physician and orientalist (b. 1577) April 7 – Wilhelm Kettler, Duke of Courland (b. 1574) April 10 – Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer (b. 1578) April 16 – Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau (b. 1579) May 29 – Elisabet Juliana Banér, Swedish noble (b. 1600) May 30 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (b. 1577) May 31 – Zeynab Begum, Safavid princess (date of birth unknown) June | (1623–1640) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. March 8–13 – Siege of Galle: Dutch troops take the strategic fortress at Galle, Sri Lanka from the Portuguese. April 13 – The Short Parliament assembles, as King Charles I of England attempts to fund the second of the Bishops' Wars. May 5 – The Short Parliament is dissolved. May 22 – The Catalan Revolt (Guerra dels Segadors) breaks out in Catalonia. July–December July 9 – John Punch, a servant of Virginia planter Hugh Gwyn, is sentenced to a life of servitude after attempting to escape, making him the "first official slave in the English colonies" July 15 – The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was inaugurated in Turku.Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia – Arppeanum (in Finnish) August 9 – Forty-one Spanish delegates to Japan at Nagasaki are beheaded. August 20 – Second Bishops' War: A Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland in England. August 28 – Second Bishops' War – Battle of Newburn: The Scottish Covenanter army led by Alexander Leslie defeats the English army near Newburn in England. September – Sebastien Manrique reaches Dhaka. October 26 – The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between the Scottish Covenanters and Charles I of England. November 3 – The English Long Parliament is summoned; it will not be dissolved for 20 years. December 1 End of the Iberian Union: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule. Date unknown The first university in Finland, the Academy of Åbo, is founded in Turku. The first book to be printed in North America (the Bay Psalm Book) is published. The first known European coffeehouse opens in Venice. Births January–March January 5 – Paolo Lorenzani, Italian composer (d. 1713) January 8 Joaquín Canaves, Spanish Catholic bishop (d. 1721) Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, German princess (d. 1709) January 10 – Élie Benoist, French Protestant minister (d. 1728) January 11 – Sir Robert Burdett, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1716) January 17 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham, prominent early American settler of Woodbridge Township (d. 1724) January 23 – Philipp von Hörnigk, German economist (d. 1714) January 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and statesman (d. 1707) |
to Switzerland. January 8 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, is appointed as the last Lord Deputy of Ireland by the English crown, and begins efforts to include more Roman Catholic Irishmen in the administration. Upon the removal of King James II in England and Scotland, the Earl of Tyrconnell loses his job and is replaced by James, who reigns briefly as King of Ireland until William III establishes his rule over the isle. January 27 – In one of the most sensational cases in England in the 17th century, midwife Mary Hobry murders her abusive husband, Denis Hobry, after he beats her up for the last time. Mary then dismembers his body and scatters the remains in a dunghill and in several outhouses (or privies) in the area. Despite a defense of justifiable homicide, Mary is convicted of murder and burned at the stake. February 7 – The Arjeplog blasphemy trial begins for Erik Eskilsson and Amund Thorsson, two practitioners of the Sami religion who had resisted Sweden's efforts at their conversion to Christianity. Eskilsson and Thorsson are acquitted of the charges after agreeing to convert to Christianity. February 11 – In India, troops under the command of Job Charnock of the East India Company, preparing to go to war against the Nawab of Bengal, Shaista Khan of the Mughal empire, destroy his fortresses located at Thana. February 12 – The Declaration of Indulgence is issued in Scotland by King James VII as one of the first steps in establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, eliminating enforcement of criminal penalties against persons who failed to conform with Anglicanism. As King James II of England, he issues a similar declaration on April 4. March 19 – The men under explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle mutiny, while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. Near what is now Navasota, Texas, Pierre Duhaut murders La Salle. April–June April 4 – King James II of England issues the Declaration of Indulgence (or Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience), suspending laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists. April 23 – Ignatius George II becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (or April 22). April 26 – The Spanish city of Guayaquil (now part of Ecuador) is attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George Hout (English) and Pierre Le Picard and Francois Groniet (French). Of more than 260 pirates, 35 are killed and 46 were wounded; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 are wounded. May 6 – Emperor Higashiyama succeeds Emperor Reigen, on the throne of Japan. June 14 – In one of the few actions on land in the Anglo-Siamese War, English sailors on the coast of Mergui in Burma (now Myeik, Myanmar) are massacred by Siamese troops. July–December July 11 – Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known as the Principia, is published by the Royal Society of London. In it, Newton describes his theory of universal gravitation, explains the laws of mechanics, and gives a formula for the speed of sound. The writing of Principia Mathematica ushers in a tidal wave of changes in thought, significantly accelerating the scientific revolution by providing new and practical intellectual tools, and becomes the foundation of modern physics. July 24 – Morean War – Battle of Patras: The Republic of Venice defeats the Ottomans, which flee in panic, allowing the Venetians to capture the fortresses of Patras, Rio, Antirrio, and Lepanto unopposed. August 12 – Great Turkish War – Battle of Mohács: The Habsburg imperial army, and allies under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, defeat the Ottoman Turks, and enable Austria to conquer most of Ottoman-occupied Hungary. September 21 – Morean War: The navy of the raids the Dalmatian coast, and attacks Ottoman Turkish strongholds in Greece. September 22– The Siege of Golconda, ordered by Emperor Aurangzeb of India's Mughal Empire against the capital of the Golconda sultanate, ends after nine months when a traitor inside the walled city, Sarandaz Khan, opens the first of several entrances into the fortress. The Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah is taken prisoner by General Mir Shahab ud-Din, and Golconda (now part of Hyderabad in the Telangana state) is September 26– Half of the Parthenon is destroyed in Athens after mortar shells are fired by Republic of Venice forces under the command of Francesco Morosini, in a battle against the Ottoman Empire for control of Athens. The strike ignites a stock of gunpowder that the Ottomans had stored inside the 2,200-year-old temple, which had been completed in 438 BC as a shrine to the goddess Athena. During the fighting September 23 and September 29 | that washes away the city of Pisco and causes severe damage to the Spanish colonial cities of Lima, Callao and Ica. October 31 &n dash; The legend of the Charter Oak begins as a successful attempt to hide the 1662 Royal Charter of the British colony (and now a U.S. state) of Connecticut] after Edmund Andros, the Governor of the Dominion of New England, makes a mission of attempting to confiscate the founding documents for the seven colonies that make up the new administrative area. After Governor Andros arrives in Hartford and comes to the tavern of Zachariah Sanford to demand the Connecticut Colony charter, Captain Joseph Wadsworth spirits the parchment away from the and hides the Charter in a hollowed out portion of a white oak tree on Wyllys Hyll until Andros is recalled to London. November 8 – Suleiman II succeeds the deposed Mehmed IV, as Ottoman Emperor. December 31 – In response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, a group of Huguenots set sail from France, and settle in the recently established Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope, where, using their native skills, they establish the first South African vineyards. Births January 27 – Johann Balthasar Neumann, German architect (d. 1753) February 4 – Joseph Effner, German architect (d. 1745) March 7 – Jean Lebeuf, French historian (d. 1760) March 16 – Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, queen consort of Frederick William I (d. 1757) May 12 – Johann Heinrich Schulze, German professor and polymath (d. 1744) June 24 – Johann Albrecht Bengel, German scholar (d. 1752) September 7 – Durastante Natalucci, Italian historian (d. 1772) October 4 – Robert Simson, Scottish mathematician (d. 1768) October 5 – Maria Maddalena Martinengo, Italian nun (d. 1737) October 21 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1759) November 7 – William Stukeley, English archaeologist (d. 1765) December 5 – Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1762) December 26 – Johann Georg Pisendel, German musician (d. 1755) date unknown Gabriel de Clieu, French naval officer and governor of Guadeloupe (1737-1752) (d. 1774) Shahzada Assadullah Khan Abdali, Persian Governor of Herat (d. 1720) Deaths January 13 – Jean Claude, French Protestant clergyman (b. 1619) January 28 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer (b. 1611) January 31 – Francisco Varo, Spanish linguist (b. 1627) February 15 – Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noblewoman (b. 1638) February 16 – Charles Cotton, English poet and writer (b. 1630) February 22 – Jean Hamon, French doctor and writer (b. 1618) February 26 – Magdalena Elisabeth of Hanau, German noblewoman (b. 1611) March 19 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (b. 1643) March 20 – Margravine Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Electress of Saxony by marriage (b. 1612) March 20 – Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein, Countess of Kaunitz and Oppersdorf (b. 1623) March 22 – Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer who established opera in France (b. 1632) March 28 – Constantijn Huygens, Dutch poet and composer (b. 1596) April 12 – Ambrose Dixon, Virginia Colony pioneer (b. c. 1628) April 16 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (b. 1628) April 20 – Richard Olmsted, Connecticut settler (b. 1612) April 23 – Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1636) April 25 – Johannes Caioni, Transylvanian Franciscan friar (b. 1629) July 19 – Laura Martinozzi, Duchess consort of Modena (b. 1639) August 9 – Niccolò Albergati-Ludovisi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1608) September 1 – Henry More, English philosopher (b. 1614) September |
for a large amount of money and sanctuary in Istanbul. December 22 – Patrick Sarsfield and 19,000 troops of the Irish Army who had been supporters of the Jacobite Rebellion leave the country and relocate to France. Date unknown Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics. The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden. Births February 27 – Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (d. 1754) March 12 – Dionisia de Santa María Mitas Talangpaz, Filipino saint (b. 1732) April 5 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768) April 9 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (d. 1761) June 17 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765) August 25 – Alessandro Galilei, Italian architect, mathematician (d. 1737) September 29 – Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (d. 1781) October 1 – Arthur Onslow, English politician (d 1768) Deaths January 13 – George Fox, English founder of the Society of Friends (b. 1624) January 17 – Richard Lower, English physician (b. 1631) January 22 – Edward Master, English politician (b. 1610) January 23 – William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1679–1691) (b. 1649) February 1 – Pope Alexander VIII (b. 1610) February 8 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611) February 19 – Sir Thomas Lee, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1635) March 5 – Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer, French postal pioneer (b. 1607) March 17 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (b. 1627) March 29 – Nicolas Talon, French Jesuit (b. 1605) April 3 – Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1607) April 23 – Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French harpsichordist and composer (b. 1629) May 11 – Colonel John Birch, English soldier (b. 1615) May 16 – Jacob Leisler, German-born American colonist (b. 1640) May 23 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer (b. 1622) May 29 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1629) June 23 – Suleiman II, Sultan, Ottoman Empire (b. 1642) July 2 – Marc'Antonio Pasqualini, Italian opera singer and composer (b. 1614) July 12 – Marquis de St Ruth, French (killed at the Battle of Aughrim) (b. | by surrendering the fortress of Gramvousa, on the island of Crete to the Ottoman Turks, in return for a large amount of money and sanctuary in Istanbul. December 22 – Patrick Sarsfield and 19,000 troops of the Irish Army who had been supporters of the Jacobite Rebellion leave the country and relocate to France. Date unknown Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics. The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden. Births February 27 – Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (d. 1754) March 12 – Dionisia de Santa María Mitas Talangpaz, Filipino saint (b. 1732) April 5 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768) April 9 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (d. 1761) June 17 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765) August 25 – Alessandro Galilei, Italian architect, mathematician (d. 1737) September 29 – Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (d. 1781) October 1 – Arthur Onslow, English politician (d 1768) Deaths January 13 – George Fox, English founder of the Society of Friends (b. 1624) January 17 – Richard Lower, English physician (b. 1631) January 22 – Edward Master, English politician (b. 1610) January 23 – William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1679–1691) (b. 1649) February 1 – Pope Alexander VIII (b. 1610) February 8 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611) February 19 – Sir Thomas Lee, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1635) March 5 – Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer, French postal pioneer (b. 1607) March 17 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (b. 1627) March 29 – Nicolas Talon, French Jesuit (b. 1605) April 3 – Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1607) April 23 – Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French harpsichordist and composer (b. 1629) May 11 – Colonel John Birch, English soldier (b. 1615) May 16 – Jacob Leisler, German-born American colonist (b. 1640) May 23 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer (b. 1622) May 29 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1629) June 23 – Suleiman II, Sultan, Ottoman Empire (b. 1642) July 2 – Marc'Antonio Pasqualini, Italian opera singer and composer (b. 1614) July 12 – Marquis de St Ruth, French (killed at the Battle of Aughrim) (b. c. 1650) July 16 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (b. 1641) July 18 – Sir John Bowyer, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1653) July 26 – Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, English politician (b. 1630) July 30 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar (b. 1639) August 2 – Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1675–1691) (b. 1646) August 14 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, Irish rebel (b. 1630) August 19 – Adam Zrinski, Croatian count and military officer (b. 1662) August 29 – Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1622) September 12 – John George III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1647) September 18 Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, Member of Parliament and House of Lords (b. 1635) Giovanni Francesco Ginetti, nephew of Cardinal Marzio Ginetti (b. 1626) October 9 – William Sacheverell, English statesman (b. 1638) October 10 – Isaac de Benserade, French poet (b. 1613) October 11 – Israel Silvestre, French topographical etcher (b. 1621) October 18 – Christian I, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, German noble (b. 1615) October 21 – Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston (b. 1620) October 30 – Hermann of Baden-Baden, Imperial field marshal and president of the Hofkriegsrat (b. 1628) November 14 – Tosa Mitsuoki, Japanese painter (b. 1617) November 15 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (b. |
fleet to be a group of merchant ships to attack. February 6 – Mustafa II (1664 – 1703) succeeds his uncle, Ahmed II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. March 10 – Almost all French Army soldiers in a column of 1,300 troops, commanded by Brigadier General Urbain Le Clerc de Juigné, are killed or captured in the Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas against a smaller Spanish Empire force led by Ramon de Sala i Saçala. The battle, taking place during the War of the Grand Alliance in what is now Catalonia sees 260 of de Juigne's troops killed and 826 becoming prisoners of war. The Spanish side suffers only seven deaths. March 7 – John Trevor, Speaker of the English House of Commons, is expelled from the House by vote of the members, after being found guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000 pounds sterling from the City of London Corporation. March 14 – Paul Foley is elected as the new Speaker of the House after the expulsion of John Trevor. March 26 – John Hungerford is expelled from the English House of Commons when members vote to find him guilty of accepting a bribe in return for using his committee chairmanship to promote the pending Orphans Bill. April–June April 17 – The House of Commons of England decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643, and states its reasoning, beginning with "Because it revives, and re-enacts, a Law which in no-wise answered the End for which it was made" The lifting of censorship creates a more open society, and an explosion of print results. Within 30 years, the number of printing houses in England increases from 20 to 103. April 22 – Sürmeli Ali Pasha is fired from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after coming into a disagreement with the new Sultan, Mustafa II. Sürmeli is initially sent into exile, but executed on the Sultan's orders on May 29. April 27 – Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700): Russia begins the Azov campaigns (1695–96) against the Ottoman Empire, with 31,000 troops departing to the Ottoman fortress at Azov on the Don River. Tsar Peter the Great marches with the troops but grants himself the rank of a bombardier sergeant within the Preobrazhenskii Regiment, with an "unwillingness to accept high rank in either army or navy until he felt he had earned it by training and experience." The Russian forces begin their siege on July 15 (July 5 O.S.) but after more than three months, the siege is discontinued and a new campaign begins on May 3, 1696, ending with the Turkish surrender on July 29. May 18 – The 7.8 magnitude Linfen earthquake in Shanxi Province, Qing Dynasty kills over 50,000 people. June 24 – The Commission of Enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland in 1692 reports to the Parliament of England, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature". July–September July 12 – The Siege of Namur begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) July 15 – The siege of the Ottoman fortress at Azaq by the Russian Army begins but is unsuccessful and is discontinued after October 2 (September 22 O.S.) July 17 – The Bank of Scotland is founded. August 8 – The Wren Building is started in Williamsburg, Virginia (completed in 1700). August 13–15 – Nine Years' War: Brussels is bombarded by French troops. September 1 – Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur, Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance, led by King William III of England, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month Siege of Namur. September 7 – English pirate Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history, with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India. September 24 – All but eight of the remaining 305 crew of the Royal Navy ship are killed when the ship founders in the Florida Keys. According to the ship's logbook, an epidemic of yellow fever began on August 1 and had killed 45 people before the hurricane struck, and left all but seven crew members too ill to walk.Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. . October–December October 11 – King William III of England dissolves Parliament in the wake of a scandal involving former Speaker of the House of Commons John Trevor and other Tory MPs. October 25 – The 48-gun English Navy ship HMS Berkeley Castle is captured by the French Navy. November 22 – The new Parliament, with 513 members of the House of Commons is opened by King William III. Commons is composed of 257 Whigs (who hold a majority of one), 203 Tories and 53 members of other parties or independents. December 31 – A window tax is imposed in England. Some windows are bricked up to avoid it. Date unknown English manufacturers call for an embargo on Indian cloth, and silk weavers picket the House of Commons of England. A £2 fine is imposed for swearing in England. After 23 years of construction, Spain completes Castillo de San Marcos to protect St. Augustine, Florida, from foreign threats. After many years of construction, the Potala Palace in Lhasa is completed. Gold is discovered in Brazil. Johanne Nielsdatter is executed for witchcraft, the last | capital market. The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the "seven ill years" of famine in Scotland are ongoing. Births February 2 – William Borlase, English naturalist (d. 1772) February 6 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1726) March 9 – Martín Sarmiento, Spanish scholar and writer (d. 1772) March 15 – Alexander Joseph Sulkowski, Polish and Saxon general (d. 1762) April 8 – Johann Christian Günther, German poet (d. 1723) May 2 – Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni, French architect and painter (d. 1766) May 3 – Henri Pitot, French engineer (d. 1771) June 6 – Adriaan Valckenier, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1737-1741) (d. 1751) July 17 – Alexandre de Gusmão, Portuguese diplomat (d. 1753) September 3 – Pietro Locatelli, Italian composer (d. 1764) September 5 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician (d. 1770) October 5 – John Glas, Scottish minister (d. 1773) November 10 – John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (d. 1771) date unknown – Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, Swedish salonnière (d. 1745) Cai Wan, politically influential Chinese poet (d. 1755) Deaths January 4 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, Marshal of France (b. 1628) January 16 – Hans Adam Weissenkircher, Austrian painter (b. 1646) January 29 – Paul Hermann, German botanist (b. 1646) February 6 – Ahmed II of Turkey (b. 1643) February 14 – Georg von Derfflinger, field marshal in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia (b. 1606) February 18 – Sir William Phips, governor of Massachusetts (b. 1650) March 5 – Henry Wharton, English writer (b. 1664) April 3 – Melchior d'Hondecoeter, Dutch painter (b. c. 1636) April 5 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (b. 1633) April 6 – Richard Busby, English clergyman (b. 1606) April 13 – Jean de La Fontaine, French writer (b. 1621) April 17 – Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican nun, writer and poet (b. 1651) April 27 – John Trenchard, English statesman (b. 1640) April 28 – Henry Vaughan, Welsh poet (b. 1621) May 9 – Lambert van Haven, Danish architect (b. 1630) May 17 – Cornelis de Heem, Dutch painter (b. 1631) May 30 – Pierre Mignard, French painter (b. 1612) June 11 – André Félibien, French architect (b. 1619) July 8 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician and physicist who developed the wave theory of light (b. 1629) July 18 – Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1634) August 2 – Mattia de Rossi, Italian painter (b. 1637) August 6 François de Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris (b. 1625) Thomas Moore, English politician (b. 1618) August 12 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, writer, and soldier (b. 1610) August 19 – Christopher Merret, English physician and scientist (b. 1614) August 20 – Giuseppe Francesco Borri, Italian alchemist (b. 1627) September – Thomas Tew, English pirate October 6 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and last Administrator of Ratzeburg (b. 1633) October 16 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, member of England's House of Lords (b. 1626) October 17 – Arthur |
so-called Bavarian Rummel had invaded Tyrol, besiege Kufstein. Fires break out on the outskirts that engulf the town, destroy it and reach the powder store of the supposedly impregnable fortress. The enormous gunpowder supplies explode and Kufstein has to surrender on 20 June. That same day the Tyrolese surrender in Wörgl; two days later Rattenberg is captured and Innsbruck is cleared without a fight on 25 June. June – The completed Icelandic census of 1703 is presented in the Althing, the first complete census of any country. July–September July 26 – After their victories at the Pontlatzer Bridge and the Brenner Pass, Tyrolese farmers drive out the Bavarian Elector, Maximilian II Emanuel, from North Tyrol and thus prevent the Bavarian Army, which is allied with France, from marching on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession. This success, at low cost, is the signal for the rebellion of the Tyrolese against Bavaria, and Elector Maximilian II Emanuel has to flee from Innsbruck. The Bavarian Army withdraws through Seefeld in Tirol back to Bavaria. July 29–31 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory, then imprisoned for four months for the crime of seditious libel after publishing his satirical political pamphlet The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) (his release is granted in mid-November). August 23 – Edirne event: Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire is dethroned. September 7 – War of the Spanish Succession: The town of Breisach is retaken for France by Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard. September 12 – War of the Spanish Succession: Habsburg Archduke Charles is proclaimed King of Spain, but never exercises full rule. October–December October 11 – Nine Roman Catholic residents of the French village of Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge are massacred by a mob of more than 800 French Huguenot Protestants, the Camisards. A reprisal against Protestants in the nearby village of Branoux is made less than three weeks later. October 23 – Hannah Twynnoy, a 24-year-old barmaid in Malmesbury, Wiltshire, becomes the first person to be killed in Great Britain by a tiger. While working at the White Lion Inn, where a group of wild animals is on exhibit, she is mauled after bothering the tiger. October 30 – More than 47 Huguenots in the village of Branoux-les-Taillades are massacred by Roman Catholic vigilantes in reprisal for the October 11 attack on nearby Sainte-Cécile, slightly more than two miles away. November 15 War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Speyerbach (in modern-day Germany) – The French defeat a German relief army, allowing the French to take the besieged town of Landau two days later, for which Tallard is made a Marshal of France. Rákóczi's War of Independence: Battle of Zvolen (in modern-day Slovakia) – The Kurucs defeat the Austrians and their allies (Denmark, Hungary and the Serbs). November 19 – The Man in the Iron Mask dies in the Bastille, in France. November 30 – Isaac Newton is elected president of the Royal Society in London, a position he will hold until his death in 1727. December 7–10 (November 26–29 O.S.) – The Great Storm of 1703, an Atlantic hurricane, ravages southern England and the English Channel, killing at least 8,000, mostly at sea. The Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth is destroyed in the storm together with its designer Henry Winstanley. December 27 – Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty, which gives preference to Portuguese wines imported into England. December 28 – Ahmed III succeeds the deposed Mustafa II as Ottoman Emperor. Date unknown French-born imposter George Psalmanazar arrives in London. Between 1702 and 1703, an epidemic of smallpox breaks out in Quebec, in which 2,000-3,000 people die (300-400 in Quebec City). </onlyinclude> Births January–March January 1 – Heinrich Sigismund von der Heyde, Prussian army commander (d. 1765) January 2 – George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley, English politician (d. 1770) January 3 – Daniel-Charles Trudaine, French administrator and civil engineer (d. 1769) January 5 James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish peer (d. 1743) Paul d'Albert de Luynes, French archbishop (d. 1788) January 8 – André Levret, French obstetrician who practised medicine in Paris (d. 1780) January 10 – Christoph Birkmann, German theologian and minister (d. 1771) January 15 Henriette Louise de Bourbon, French princess by birth, member of the House of Bourbon (d. 1772) John Brydges, Marquess of Carnarvon, English politician (d. 1727) Johann Ernst Hebenstreit, German physician and naturalist (d. 1757) January 20 – Joseph-Hector Fiocco, Belgian composer and violinist (d. 1741) January 22 – Antoine Walsh, Irish-French slave trader and Jacobite (d. 1763) January 29 – Carlmann Kolb, German priest (d. 1765) January 31 – André-Joseph Panckoucke, French author and bookseller (d. 1753) February 2 – Richard Morris, Welsh writer and editor (d. 1779) February 3 – Jean Philippe de Bela, French military figure and Basque writer and historian (d. 1796) February 4 Jean Saas, French historian and bibliographer (d. 1774) Andrew Stone, significant figure in the British royal circle, Member of Parliament (d. 1773) February 5 – Gilbert Tennent, Irish-born religious leader (d. 1764) February 8 Corrado Giaquinto, Italian Rococo painter (d. 1765) François-Pierre Rigaud de Vaudreuil, soldier in New France (d. 1779) February 13 – Robert Dodsley, English bookseller, poet, playwright and miscellaneous writer (d. 1764) February 27 – Lord Sidney Beauclerk, English politician and fortune hunter (d. 1744) March 1 – Philip Tisdall, Attorney-General for Ireland (d. 1777) March 4 – Nicolas René Berryer, French magistrate and politician (d. 1762) March 5 (N. S.) – Vasily Trediakovsky, Russian poet (d. 1768) March 10 – Peter Warren, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1752) March 21 – Georg Andreas Sorge, Thuringian organist (d. 1778) March 23 – Cajsa Warg, Swedish cookbook author (d. 1769) April–June April 8 – Benoît-Joseph Boussu, French violin | American revivalist preacher (d. 1758) October 6 – Louis de Beaufort, French-Dutch historian known for his critical approach to the history of Rome (d. 1795) October 7 – Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach, German hereditary prince (d. 1732) October 13 Andrea Belli, Maltese architect and businessman (d. 1772) Otto Thott, Danish Count (d. 1785) October 15 – Benigna Gottliebe von Trotta genannt Treyden, Duchess consort of Courland (d. 1782) October 16 Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve, French economist (d. 1781) Henry Fane of Wormsley, English politician (d. 1777) October 22 – Edward Rudge, English politician (d. 1763) October 23 – Sir Alexander Dick, 3rd Baronet, Scottish landowner and physician (d. 1785) October 28 Andreas Bjørn, Danish merchant (d. 1750) Antoine Deparcieux, French mathematician (d. 1768) October 30 – James Hill, Scottish surgeon who advocated curative excision for cancer (d. 1776) November 1 – Frederik Danneskiold-Samsøe, Danish politician (d. 1770) November 10 – Carlo Zuccari, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1792) November 17 – Adam Miller, German-born pioneer in the colony of Virginia (d. 1783) November 18 – Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo, Scottish army commander in Canada and Dominica during the Seven Years' War (d. 1765) November 22 Walter Pompe, Flemish master-sculptor (d. 1777) Balthasar Riepp, German-Austrian painter (d. 1764) November 23 – Louise Levesque, French femme de lettres (d. 1743) November 25 – Jean-François Séguier, French astronomer and botanist (d. 1784) November 26 – Theophilus Cibber, English actor and writer (d. 1758) November 27 – James De Lancey, colonial governor of the Province of New York (d. 1760) December 2 – Ferdinand Konščak, Croatian Jesuit missionary, explorer and cartographer (d. 1759) December 9 – Chester Moore Hall, British lawyer and inventor who produced the first achromatic lenses (d. 1771) December 12 – Simon Carl Stanley, Danish sculptor of English parentage (d. 1761) December 15 Johann Martin Boltzius, German born (d. 1765) Frederick Ernest of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, member of the Brandenburg-Kulmbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern (d. 1762) December 23 – Stephen Cornwallis, career British Army officer and politician (d. 1743) December 24 Aleksei Chirikov, Russian navigator (d. 1748) Christen Lindencrone, Danish landowner and supercargo of the Danish Asia Company (d. 1772)unknown date – Johann Gottlieb Graun, German Baroque/Classical era composer and violinist (d. 1771) Deaths January 9 – Úrsula Micaela Morata, Spanish writer (b. 1628) January 11 – Johann Georg Graevius, German classical scholar and critic (b. 1632) January 16 – Erik Dahlbergh, Swedish engineer, soldier and field marshal (b. 1625) February 15 – Robert Kerr, 1st Marquess of Lothian (b. 1636) February 18 Thomas Hyde, English orientalist (b. 1636) Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine (b. 1643) February 20 – John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford, British noble (b. 1686) February 28 – Sir Roger Twisden, 2nd Baronet of England (b. 1640) March 3 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (b. 1635) March 12 – Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (b. 1627) March 31 – Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (b. 1642) April 1 – Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn, Governor of Jersey (b. 1633) April 20 – Lancelot Addison, English royal chaplain (b. 1632) May 3 – Sir Richard Grobham Howe, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1621) May 6 – John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl (b. 1631) May 16 – Charles Perrault, French author (b. 1628) May 26 Louis-Hector de Callière, French politician (b. 1648) Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (b. 1633) June 14 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (b. 1625) June 19 – William Stanhope, English politician (b. 1626) July 17 – Roemer Vlacq I, Dutch naval captain (b. 1637) July 20 Changning, prince during the Qing Dynasty (b. 1657) Statz Friedrich von Fullen, German-born nobleman (b. 1638) August 10 – Fuquan (prince), Chinese Qing Dynasty prince (b. 1653) August 21 – Thomas Tryon, British hat maker (b. 1634) September 22 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician and scientist (b. 1622) September 25 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish privy councillor (b. 1658) September 29 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier (b. 1610) September 30 – Walter J. Johnson, English explorer, fur trader (b. 1611) October 3 – Alessandro Melani, Italian composer (b. 1639) October 8 – Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Royal Governor of Chile |
captures Tabriz from the Ottoman Empire, bringing an end to the Western Persia Campaign, the first major action in the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735). Tabriz becomes a permanent part of Iran. Nader leaves the city four days later to begin the Herat Campaign of 1731. August 25 – French Protestant Marie Durand is imprisoned in the Tower of Constance at Aigues-Mortes for her defiance of the Roman Catholic government, and is kept captive for the next 38 years. During her incarceration, she continues to resist converting to Catholicism as a condition of release. She is finally set free on April 14, 1768 and lives 8 more years. September 1 – A volcano erupts on Lanzarote, the easternmost of the Canary Islands and threatens the Spanish inhabitants. On Gran Canaria, the regent of the islands reports to Madrid that the flames are visible even from away. September 17 – Mahmud I (d. 1754) succeeds Ahmed III (ruled since 1703) as Ottoman Emperor. October–December October 22 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal, linking the Neva and Svir Rivers, one of the first major navigable canals constructed in Russia, is completed. November 6 – After being convicted of treason for attempting to desert the Prussian Army with Crown Prince Frederick, Hans Hermann von Katte is beheaded at the Küstrin Prison. Frederick's father, King Frederick William, forces the prince to watch the execution. December 9 – The first documented notice in North America about freemasonry is published in The Pennsylvania Gazette in an article by its publisher, Benjamin Franklin. December 27 – The Dutch East India Company ends almost 11-year effort of trying to maintain a colony around Delagoa Bay in southern Africa in modern-day Mozambique. The entire population of the settlement, Fort Lydzammheid (near modern-day Maputo) is evacuated by the ships Snuffelaar, Zeepost and Feyenoord and the group returns to Cape Town. Date unknown The Missouria tribe is all almost destroyed when hundreds are killed in an attack by the Meskwawi and Sauk. Births January 3 – Velu Nachiyar, queen regnant of Sivaganga (d. 1796) March 7 – Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, last prime minister of the French monarchy (d. 1807) April 16 – Henry Clinton, British general (d. 1795) April 26 – John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1805) May 13 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1782) May 28 – Maria Angela Ardinghelli, Italian scientific translator (d. 1825) June 21 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese | The 1730 papal conclave to elect a new Pope for the Roman Catholic church begins with 30 Cardinals, 12 days after the death of Pope Benedict XIII. By the time his successor is elected on July 12, there are 56 Cardinals. March 9 – General Nader Khan of Persia opens the first campaign of the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735), guiding the Persian Army from Shiraz and starting the Western Persia Campaign against the Ottoman Empire. March 12 – John Glas is deposed from the Church of Scotland; the Glasite sect forms around him. March 16 – The establishment by Thomas Cresap of Wright's Ferry under the authority of the Province of Pennsylvania becomes the basis for Cresap's War, a nine-year-long conflict also known as the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute; the conflict mainly centers in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and York County, Pennsylvania on either bank of the Susquehanna River. April–June April 8 – Congregation Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated. May 9 (April 28 O.S.) – The coronation of Anna of Russia as Empress of Russia takes place in Saint Petersburg. May 15 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, retires from his role in the government of Great Britain, leaving Robert Walpole as sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet (i.e., prime minister). In the new Walpole ministry, Sir William Strickland, 4th Baronet, becomes Secretary at War, and Henry Pelham is Paymaster of the Forces; Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington briefly becomes Lord Privy Seal. June 1 – Enslaved woman Sally Basset is put on trial for murder in Bermuda; she will eventually be convicted and burned at the stake. June 19 – At the urging of Sir William Gooch, the Virginia House of Burgesses passes the Virginia Tobacco Inspection Act to regulate the quality of tobacco in Virginia, 46 to 5. June 27 – French explorer Alphonse de Pontevez, commanding the frigate Le Lys, claims an Indian Ocean atoll for France and names it after himself as the Alphonse Atoll. The next day, he claims and names the St. François Atoll. July–September July 8 – 1730 Valparaíso earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.1 strikes Valparaíso, in modern-day Chile but at this time in the Viceroyalty of Peru. July 12 – The papal conclave selects Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini over Cardinal Pietro Marcellino Corradini as the successor to Pope Benedict XIII. Corsini becomes Pope Clement XII as the 246th pope. August 4 – Maria Madlener becomes the last person to be executed after the Galgeninsel witch trials in Bavaria, and is beheaded by sword. August 5 – Prince Frederick of Prussia, the eldest son of King Frederick William and a high-ranking officer, attempts to flee to England after deserting the Prussian Army and is captured along with his fellow officer Hans Hermann von Katte. Katte is executed, and Crown Prince Frederick is imprisoned at Küstrin (modern-day Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for a year before being forgiven by his father. Prince Frederick later succeeds his father as King and will be remembered as Frederick the Great. August 12 – General Nader Khan of Persia captures Tabriz from the Ottoman Empire, bringing an end to the Western Persia Campaign, the first major action in the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735). Tabriz becomes a permanent part of Iran. Nader leaves the city four days later to begin the Herat Campaign of 1731. August 25 – French Protestant Marie Durand is imprisoned in the Tower of Constance at Aigues-Mortes for her defiance of the Roman Catholic government, and is kept captive for the next 38 years. During her incarceration, she continues to resist converting to Catholicism as a condition of release. She is finally set free on April 14, 1768 and lives 8 more years. September 1 – A volcano erupts on Lanzarote, the easternmost of the Canary Islands and threatens the Spanish inhabitants. On Gran Canaria, the regent of the islands reports to Madrid that the flames are visible even from away. September 17 – Mahmud I (d. 1754) succeeds Ahmed III (ruled since 1703) as Ottoman Emperor. October–December October 22 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal, linking the Neva and Svir Rivers, one of the first major navigable canals constructed in Russia, is completed. November 6 – After being convicted of treason for attempting to desert the Prussian Army with Crown Prince Frederick, Hans Hermann von Katte is beheaded at the Küstrin Prison. Frederick's father, King Frederick William, forces the prince to watch the |
encompass all of the British North American colonies except for Georgia and Nova Scotia. The plan, to be considered by the individual colonies for ratification, provides for an inter-colonial legislature (the Grand Council) composed of between two and seven representatives for each colony, depending on population. It also provides for a "President General" who can veto Grand Council legislation, a common defense budget with colonies contributing proportionately to their representation, and an inter-colonial army whose officers would be selected by the Grand Council. July 17 – Classes begin at Columbia University, founded on October 31 as King's College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain. The college is originally located in Lower Manhattan in the Province of New York. Instruction is suspended in 1776, and the school reopens in 1784 as Columbia College. With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it is renamed Columbia University in 1896. August 6 – The British North American Province of Georgia is created. Originally established in 1732 as a place for impoverished English citizens and debt prison parolees to make a new life, is given its first royal government. Administered for 22 years by the Board of Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America, chaired by philanthropist James Oglethorpe, the colony is transferred by the Trustees to the British crown's Board of Trade and Plantations. King George II, for whom the colony was named, follows the Board's recommendation by proclaiming Georgia a royal province, and appointing Royal Navy Captain John Reynolds as the first Royal Governor. Reynolds arrives in Savannah on October 29 to take office. August 17 – Pennsylvania becomes the first of the British colonies to address Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union. With Franklin absent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's House of Representatives votes against to not consider the Plan at all, and to not refer it to the next legislative session for debate. August 19 – Lieutenant Colonel George Washington is forced to confront his first mutiny as 25 members of his Virginia militia refuse to obey orders from their officers. Washington, who is attending church services at the time, quickly suppresses the rebellion and the mutineers are imprisoned before more join. August 30 – New Hampshire settlers Susannah Willard Johnson and her family are taken hostage by the Abenaki Indians during an attack near Charlestown. Nine months pregnant at the time of their capture, Johnson gives birth two days later to a child, whom she names Elizabeth Captive Johnson. For the next two years, the family is held for ransom in Canada before she is released. In 1796, she will recount the story in a popular memoir, A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson. September 2 – A powerful earthquake strikes Constantinople shortly after 9 o'clock in the evening. A Scottish physician, Dr. Mordach Mackenzie, reports in a letter that the tremor damaged or destroyed numerous buildings and comments, "Some say there were 2000 people destroyed by this calamity, in the town and suburbs; some 900; and others reduce them to 60, who, by what I have seen, are nearer the truth." September 11 – Anthony Henday, an English explorer, becomes the first white man to reach the Canadian Rockies, after climbing a ridge above the Red Deer River near what is now Innisfail, Alberta. October–December October 24 – China's Qianlong Emperor reverses a longstanding policy that barred Chinese subjects from ever returning to China if they remained out of the country for more than three years. October 31 – What will become Columbia University is chartered as "a College in the Province of New York... in the City of New York in America... named King's College", with the charter submitted by New York's colonial governor, James De Lancey. November 28 – Denmark establishes the Renteskirverkontor, an office within the Chamber of Finance, to oversee the colonial affairs of the Danish West Indies (Dansk Vestindien). Peder Mariager, who had been a minor official of the Danish West Indies Company, becomes the first administrator. The colony, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix later is purchased by the United States from Denmark and is now the U.S. Virgin Islands . November 29 – Karim Khan Zand, the King of Persia (now Iran) recaptures the city of Shiraz from Afghan warlord Azad Khan Afghan, who had taken control of much of central Iran since 1749. December 13 – Osman III succeeds his brother Mahmud I as Ottoman Emperor; he will rule until his death in 1757. December 26 – Massachusetts becomes the third colony (after Pennsylvania and Connecticut) to reject the Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union, voting 48 to 31 to postpone consideration of the union question indefinitely. Date unknown Surveyor William Churton lays out what will become the seat of Orange County, North Carolina. The town is named Corbin Town for Francis Corbin, a member of the North Carolina governor's council. Corbin Town is renamed Childsburgh in 1759, and finally Hillsborough in 1766. Births January 15 Richard Martin, Irish founder of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (d. 1834) Jacques Pierre Brissot, French politician (d. 1795) January 30 – John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (disappeared 1829) February 2 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, French politician (d. 1838) February 6 – Andrew Fuller, Particular Baptist Theologian and minister (d. 1815) February 17 – Nicolas Baudin, French explorer (d. 1803) March 4 – Benjamin Waterhouse, American physician, medical professor (smallpox vaccine pioneer) (d. 1846) March 17 – Madame Roland (Jeanne Marie Manon Philipon), French politician (d. 1793) March 23 – Baron Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist and artillery officer (d. 1802) April 6 – Frédéric-César de La Harpe, Swiss politician and revolutionary May 23 – William Drennan, Irish physician, poet and radical politician (d. 1820) May 31 – Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, Marshal of France (d. 1818) June 4 – Franz Xaver von Zach, German scientific editor and astronomer (d. 1832) June 8 – Anna Maria Lenngren, Swedish poet, feminist and cultural figure (d. 1817) July 11 – Thomas Bowdler, English physician (d. 1825) August 9 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French architect (d. 1825) August 18 – François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat, French general (d. 1833) August 21 – William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (d. 1839) August 23 – Louis XVI of France, last king of France before the Revolution (d. 1793) September 9 – William Bligh, English sailor (d. 1817) September 20 – Emperor Paul I of Russia (d. 1801) September 26 – Joseph Proust, French chemist (d. 1826) October 9 – Jean-Baptiste Regnault, French painter (d. 1829) October 28 – John Laurens, American soldier (d. 1782) November 19 – Pedro Romero, Spanish torero (d. 1839) December 7 – Jack Jouett, American politician (d. 1822) December 9 | with Connecticut opposing. The plan approved at the meeting in Albany, New York is based on Benjamin Franklin's suggestions of "a general union of the British colonies on the continent" for a common defense policy. As amended at the assembly, the proposed union calls for the British Parliament to approve the arrangement, which would encompass all of the British North American colonies except for Georgia and Nova Scotia. The plan, to be considered by the individual colonies for ratification, provides for an inter-colonial legislature (the Grand Council) composed of between two and seven representatives for each colony, depending on population. It also provides for a "President General" who can veto Grand Council legislation, a common defense budget with colonies contributing proportionately to their representation, and an inter-colonial army whose officers would be selected by the Grand Council. July 17 – Classes begin at Columbia University, founded on October 31 as King's College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain. The college is originally located in Lower Manhattan in the Province of New York. Instruction is suspended in 1776, and the school reopens in 1784 as Columbia College. With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it is renamed Columbia University in 1896. August 6 – The British North American Province of Georgia is created. Originally established in 1732 as a place for impoverished English citizens and debt prison parolees to make a new life, is given its first royal government. Administered for 22 years by the Board of Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America, chaired by philanthropist James Oglethorpe, the colony is transferred by the Trustees to the British crown's Board of Trade and Plantations. King George II, for whom the colony was named, follows the Board's recommendation by proclaiming Georgia a royal province, and appointing Royal Navy Captain John Reynolds as the first Royal Governor. Reynolds arrives in Savannah on October 29 to take office. August 17 – Pennsylvania becomes the first of the British colonies to address Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union. With Franklin absent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's House of Representatives votes against to not consider the Plan at all, and to not refer it to the next legislative session for debate. August 19 – Lieutenant Colonel George Washington is forced to confront his first mutiny as 25 members of his Virginia militia refuse to obey orders from their officers. Washington, who is attending church services at the time, quickly suppresses the rebellion and the mutineers are imprisoned before more join. August 30 – New Hampshire settlers Susannah Willard Johnson and her family are taken hostage by the Abenaki Indians during an attack near Charlestown. Nine months pregnant at the time of their capture, Johnson gives birth two days later to a child, whom she names Elizabeth Captive Johnson. For the next two years, the family is held for ransom in Canada before she is released. In 1796, she will recount the story in a popular memoir, A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson. September 2 – A powerful earthquake strikes Constantinople shortly after 9 o'clock in the evening. A Scottish physician, Dr. Mordach Mackenzie, reports in a letter that the tremor damaged or destroyed numerous buildings and comments, "Some say there were 2000 people destroyed by this calamity, in the town and suburbs; some 900; and others reduce them to 60, who, by what I have seen, are nearer the truth." September 11 – Anthony Henday, an English explorer, becomes the first white man to reach the Canadian Rockies, after climbing a ridge above the Red Deer River near what is now Innisfail, Alberta. October–December October 24 – China's Qianlong Emperor reverses a longstanding policy that barred Chinese subjects from ever returning to China if they remained out of the country for more than three years. October 31 – What will become Columbia University is chartered as "a College in the Province of New York... in the City of New York in America... named King's College", with the charter submitted by New York's colonial governor, James De Lancey. November 28 – Denmark establishes the Renteskirverkontor, an office within the Chamber of Finance, to oversee the colonial affairs of the Danish West Indies (Dansk Vestindien). Peder Mariager, who had been a minor official of the Danish West Indies Company, becomes the first administrator. The colony, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix later is purchased by the United States from Denmark and is now the U.S. Virgin Islands . November 29 – Karim Khan Zand, the King of Persia (now Iran) recaptures the city of Shiraz from Afghan warlord Azad Khan Afghan, who had taken control of much of central Iran since 1749. December 13 – Osman III succeeds his brother Mahmud I as Ottoman Emperor; he will rule until his death in 1757. December 26 – Massachusetts becomes the third colony (after Pennsylvania and Connecticut) to reject the Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union, voting 48 to 31 to postpone consideration of the union question indefinitely. Date unknown Surveyor William Churton lays out what will become the seat of Orange County, North Carolina. The town is named Corbin Town for Francis Corbin, a member of the North Carolina governor's council. Corbin Town is renamed Childsburgh in 1759, and finally Hillsborough in 1766. Births January 15 Richard Martin, Irish founder of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (d. 1834) Jacques Pierre Brissot, French politician (d. 1795) January 30 – John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (disappeared 1829) February 2 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, French politician (d. 1838) February 6 – Andrew Fuller, Particular Baptist Theologian and minister (d. 1815) February 17 – Nicolas Baudin, French explorer (d. 1803) March 4 – Benjamin Waterhouse, American physician, medical professor (smallpox vaccine pioneer) (d. 1846) March 17 – Madame Roland (Jeanne Marie Manon Philipon), French politician (d. 1793) March 23 – Baron Jurij |
of 20,000 of the pilgrims. Those who are not killed outright die later in the desert from thirst and starvation. According to one Arabic source, the largest attack takes place on 10 Safar 1171 A.H. (October 24, 1757) October 30 – Osman III dies, and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III. October 31 – News of the massacre of Muslim pilgrims first reaches Damascus; the officials who had been in charge of protecting the pilgrimage are executed by beheading. November 5 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Rossbach: Frederick defeats the French-Imperial army under the Duc de Soubise and Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, forcing the French to withdraw from Saxony. November 10 – King Abdallah IV of Morocco dies and is succeeded by his son, who takes the throne as King Mohammed III and reigns until 1790. November 22 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Breslau: An Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine defeats the Prussian army of Wilhelm of Brunswick-Bevern, and forces the Prussians behind the Oder. December 5 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Leuthen: Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army, in what is generally considered the Prussian king's greatest tactical victory. December 6 – In Buddhist tradition, Jigme Lingpa discovers the Longchen Nyingthig terma through a meditative vision, which brings him to Boudhanath. The Longchen Nyingtig is a popular cycle of teachings in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. December 14 – Battle of Khresili: King Solomon I of Imereti defeats the Ottoman army and an allied faction of nobles, in what is now western Georgia. December 30 – James Abercrombie replaces James Mure-Campbell, 5th Earl of Loudoun as supreme commander in the American colonies. Abercrombie is replaced himself, after failing to take the fort at Ticonderoga. Date unknown Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam into the Indochina Peninsula, is concluded. Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria in English and French, making the ancient city of Baalbek, Syria known to the West. Emanuel Swedenborg claims to have witnessed the Last Judgment occurring in the spiritual world. Births January 11 – Alexander Hamilton, first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (most cited date of birth) (d. 1804) January 16 – Richard Goodwin Keats, British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1834) February 3 – Joseph Forlenze, Italian ophthalmologist (d. 1833) February 20 – John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, English philanthropist (d. 1834) April 9 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, British admiral (d. 1833) April 28 – Edmund Butcher, English Unitarian minister (d. 1822) May 6 – Veronika Gut, Swiss rebel heroine (d. 1829) May 7 – Ludwig von Brauchitsch, Prussian general (d. 1827) May 25 – Louis-Sébastien Lenormand, French chemist, physicist and inventor (d. 1837) May 30 – Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1844) June 18 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (d. 1833) June 22 – George Vancouver, British explorer (d. 1798) July 20 – Garsevan Chavchavadze, Georgian diplomat, politician (d. 1811) August 9 – Elizabeth Schuyler, wife of Alexander Hamilton, co-founder of New York's first orphanage (d. 1854) August 9 – Thomas Telford, Scottish-born civil engineer, architect (d. 1834) August 23 – Marie Magdalene Charlotte Ackermann, German actress (d. 1775) September 6 – Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, French soldier, statesman (d. 1834) September 20 – Esther de Gélieu, Swiss educator (d. 1817) October 9 – King Charles X of France (d. 1836) October 21 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione (d. 1816) November 1 – Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor (d. 1822) November 25 – Henry Brockholst Livingston, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1823) November 28 – William Blake, English poet and artist (d. 1827) December 7 – José Antonio Pareja, Spanish admiral (d. 1813) December 17 – Nathaniel Macon, American politician (d. 1837) December 25 – Benjamin Pierce, American politician (d. 1839) December 30 – Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1826) Date unknown William Bradley, British naval officer and cartographer (d. 1833) Agnes Ibbetson, English plant physiologist (d. 1823) John Leamy, Irish–American merchant (d. 1839) Deaths January 9 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist, man of letters (b. 1657) January 19 – Thomas Ruddiman, Scottish classical scholar (b. 1664) February 5 – Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton, English diplomat (b. 1678) March 1 – Edward Moore, English writer (b. 1712) March 8 – Thomas Blackwell, Scottish classical scholar (b. 1701) March 12 – Giuseppe Galli Bibiena, Italian architect/painter (b. 1696) March 14 – John Byng, British admiral (executed) (b. 1704) March 27 – Johann Stamitz, Czech-born composer (b. 1717) March 28 – Robert-François Damiens, French domestic servant, executed for the attempted assassination of Louis XV of France (b. 1715) April 4 – Spencer Phips, Acting governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1685) April 20 – Paul Alphéran de Bussan, French bishop (b. 1684) May 6 Maximilian Ulysses Count Browne, Austrian field marshal (b. 1705) Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, British politician (b. 1683) Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (b. 1684) June 28 – Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, queen consort of Frederick William I (b. 1687) July 2 – Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal of undivided India (b. 1733) July 8 – Daniel Parke Custis, American planter (b. 1711) July 23 – Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer (b. 1685) August 3 – Charles William Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1712) August 17 – Aaron Cleveland, American clergyman (b. 1715) August 28 – David Hartley, English philosopher (b. 1705) September 24 – Aaron Burr, Sr., President of Princeton University (b. 1716) October 2 – Aloysius Centurione, Italian Jesuit (b. 1686) October 17 – René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French scientist (b. 1683) October 25 – Antoine Augustin | Church, along with "all books teaching the earth's motion and the sun's immobility". Other works of heliocentrists Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Diego de Zúñiga and Paolo Foscarini remain on the list. In the wake of public unrest in France, the King's Council issues a decree that bars anyone from writing, printing anything that would tend toward émouvoir les esprits (stir up popular sentiment) against the government, with violations punishable by death. April 17 – The Spanish mission of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá is founded by Spanish missionary families on the banks of the San Saba River near present day Menard, Texas. Less than two years later, the European settlement is destroyed by the native Comanche Indians who live in the area. April 29 – Inside a house at Stratford-upon-Avon in England, a bricklayer, identified only as "Mosely", discovers the testament of John Shakespeare, father of William Shakespeare, more than 150 years after the elder's death. The finding, done while Mosely is re-tiling the roof of what is now called Shakespeare's Birthplace, starts "what remains one of the most controversial topics in Shakespeare studies" because of disagreements over its authenticity. May 1 – France and Austria sign a second treaty of alliance at Versailles, committing France to sending an additional 105,000 troops to the war against Prussia, and to pay expenses to Austria at the rate of 12 million florins annually. May 6 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Prague: Frederick the Great defeats an Austrian army, and begins to besiege the city. June 18 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Kolín: Frederick is defeated by an Austrian army under Marshal Daun, forcing him to evacuate Bohemia. June 23 – Battle of Plassey: 3,000 troops serving with the British East India Company under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah through treachery with the help of Mir Jafar, at Plassey, India, marking the first victory of the East India Company upon India. June 25 – The Duke of Devonshire resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain after being unable to conduct governmental affairs without William Pitt. June 25 – The 1755 rebellion against the Chinese Empire by Mongolian Oirat Prince Amursana is met by a Chinese army of 10,000 attackers against Amursana's 2,500 man force at their capital at Bor Tal. The rebels are able to hold out for 17 days before being routed. July–September July 2 – The Duke of Newcastle is asked to form a new government and fills the office of Prime Minister of Great Britain, vacant since his forced resignation eight months earlier. July 17 – Amursana's Mongolian rebellion against the Chinese Empire is crushed after a battle of 17 days, and the survivors flee to Russia, where Amursana unsuccessfully seeks Russian aid. July 26 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Hastenbeck: An Anglo-Hanoverian army under the Duke of Cumberland is defeated by the French under Louis d'Estrées, and forced out of Hanover. August 3–9 – French and Indian War: A French army under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm forces the English to surrender Fort William Henry. The French army's Indian allies slaughter the survivors for unclear reasons. August 11 – In the Battle of Delhi, the capital city of the Mughal Empire is retaken by Maratha Empire leader Raghunathrao from Najib ad-Dawlah, who flees to refuge in the royal palace, the Red Fort. August 30 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf: A Prussian army under Hans von Lehwaldt is defeated by the Russian army of Marshal Stepan Apraksin. September 6 – The life of Najib ad-Dawlah is spared by Raghunathrao upon the intercession of General Malhar Rao Holkar. Najib and his family are permitted to leave the Fort along with most of their property, and the Emperor Alamgir II is restored the Mughal throne as a nominal ruler. September 8 – The Convention of Klosterzeven is signed at the Lower Saxony town of Bremervörde by the Duke of Cumberland following his defeat at the July 26 Battle of Hastenbeck by the French Army Marshal, the Duke of Richelieu. The treaty provides for the Army of the Electorate of Hanover to be reduced to a token force and for the French Army to occupy Hanover and most of what is now northwest Germany. At the time, King George II of Great Britain is also the Elector of Hanover, and it is later said that "The terms proved worse than either George or his ministers had wanted or expected." September 13 – A column of troops from Sweden begins the surprise invasion of Prussia, setting up a pontoon bridge across the Peene River that marks the boundary between Swedish Pomerania and northern Prussia. After crossing at Loitz in the early morning hours, the troops march and begin the occupation of the undefended Prussian town of Demmin. Hours later, another Swedish infantry regiment charges across the border into the Prussian town of Anklam, where the city gate had been left open. September 23 – The "Raid on Rochefort" is carried out as a pre-emptive strike by Great Britain to neutralize France's Arsenal de Rochefort before the French Navy can carry out plans to invade England. Led by Royal Navy Admiral Edward Hawke, HMS Neptune and six other vessels sail in and capture the Île-d'Aix and its battery of cannons, effectively blocking the departure of any ships from the mouth of the Charante river. October–December October 4 – Bearing British flags, two French privateers sail up the Gambia River and attempt to capture the British fort on James Island, but their ruse is discovered the next day before they can stage their attack. The two ships are captured by the Royal Navy after retreating October 14 – Of the 442 men, women and children who are convicted for their roles in the Oporto riot in February, 13 men and one woman are hanged; afterward, their bodies are then quartered and the severed limbs are publicly displayed on spikes. Another 49 men and 10 women are exiled at Portuguese colonies in Africa and India, and the others are either flogged, imprisoned or pressed into service rowing galley ships. October 16 – Seven Years' War: Hungarian raiders plunder Berlin, Prussia. October 24 – 1757 Hajj caravan raid: Led by Bedouin warriors of the Beni Sakhr tribe conducts a massive assault against a caravan of thousands of Muslim travelers who are on their way back to Damascus after the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. The attack, made at Hallat Ammar after the group has been resupplied at Tabuk, leads to the annihilation of 20,000 of the pilgrims. Those who are not killed outright die later in the desert from thirst and starvation. According to one Arabic source, the largest attack takes place on 10 Safar 1171 A.H. (October 24, 1757) October 30 – Osman III dies, and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III. October 31 – News of the massacre of Muslim pilgrims first reaches Damascus; the officials who had been in charge of protecting the pilgrimage are executed by beheading. November 5 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Rossbach: Frederick defeats the French-Imperial army under the Duc de Soubise and Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, forcing the French to withdraw from Saxony. November 10 – King Abdallah IV of Morocco dies and is succeeded by his son, who takes the throne as King Mohammed III and reigns until 1790. November 22 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Breslau: An Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine defeats the Prussian army of Wilhelm of Brunswick-Bevern, and forces the Prussians behind the Oder. December 5 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Leuthen: Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army, in what is generally considered the Prussian king's greatest tactical victory. December 6 – In Buddhist tradition, Jigme Lingpa discovers the Longchen Nyingthig terma through a meditative vision, which brings him to Boudhanath. The Longchen Nyingtig is a popular cycle of teachings in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. December 14 – Battle of Khresili: King Solomon I of Imereti defeats the Ottoman army |
congregation, Essex Street Chapel, is founded in London by Theophilus Lindsey. April 19 – The premiere of Iphigénie en Aulide by Christoph Willibald Gluck sparked a huge controversy, almost a war, such as has not been seen in Paris since the Querelle des Bouffons. May 10 – Louis XVI becomes King of France, following the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. May 17 – The colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations issues the first call for an "Intercolonial Congress" that eventually is set up as the Continental Congress. May 19 – Shakers Ann Lee and eight followers sail from Liverpool, England for colonial America. June 2 – Intolerable Acts: A new Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to provide better housing for British soldiers upon demand, is passed. June 16–17 – English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) Palmerston Island in the South Pacific Ocean. June 20 (June 9 O.S.) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): Battle of Kozludzha – The Imperial Russian Army, led by Alexander Suvorov, routs numerically superior Ottoman Empire forces. June 22 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America, enlarging its territory as far south as Ohio and granting freedom of religion for Roman Catholics. July–September July 21 – Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects. August 1 – The element oxygen is discovered for the third (and last) time – the second quantitatively, following the somewhat earlier work of Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1771–1772) by Joseph Priestley, who publishes the fact in 1775, and so names the element (and usually gets all the credit, because his work was published first). August 6 – Ann Lee and the Shakers arrive in America and settle in New York. September 1 – Powder Alarm: Thomas Gage, royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, orders British soldiers to remove gunpowder from a magazine, causing Patriots to prepare for war. September 4 – English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia. September 5 – The First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia. September 15 – Yemelyan Pugachev, leader of Pugachev's Rebellion against Russia by the Yaik Cossacks, is betrayed by his own men after returning to Yaitsk (now Oral, Kazakhstan). September 21 – George Mason and George Washington found the Fairfax County Militia Association, a military unit independent of British control. September 29 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's semi-autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (written January–March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism. October–December October 10 Dunmore's War – Battle of Point Pleasant: Cornstalk is forced to make peace with Dunmore at the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, ceding Shawnee land claims south of the Ohio (modern Kentucky) to Virginia. English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) Norfolk Island in the Pacific | April 17 – The first avowedly Unitarian congregation, Essex Street Chapel, is founded in London by Theophilus Lindsey. April 19 – The premiere of Iphigénie en Aulide by Christoph Willibald Gluck sparked a huge controversy, almost a war, such as has not been seen in Paris since the Querelle des Bouffons. May 10 – Louis XVI becomes King of France, following the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. May 17 – The colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations issues the first call for an "Intercolonial Congress" that eventually is set up as the Continental Congress. May 19 – Shakers Ann Lee and eight followers sail from Liverpool, England for colonial America. June 2 – Intolerable Acts: A new Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to provide better housing for British soldiers upon demand, is passed. June 16–17 – English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) Palmerston Island in the South Pacific Ocean. June 20 (June 9 O.S.) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): Battle of Kozludzha – The Imperial Russian Army, led by Alexander Suvorov, routs numerically superior Ottoman Empire forces. June 22 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America, enlarging its territory as far south as Ohio and granting freedom of religion for Roman Catholics. July–September July 21 – Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects. August 1 – The element oxygen is discovered for the third (and last) time – the second quantitatively, following the somewhat earlier work of Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1771–1772) by Joseph Priestley, who publishes the fact in 1775, and so names the element (and usually gets all the credit, because his work was published first). August 6 – Ann Lee and the Shakers arrive in America and settle in New York. September 1 – Powder Alarm: Thomas Gage, royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, orders British soldiers to remove gunpowder from a magazine, causing Patriots to prepare for war. September 4 – English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia. September 5 – The First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia. September 15 – Yemelyan Pugachev, leader of Pugachev's Rebellion against Russia by the Yaik Cossacks, is betrayed by his own men after returning to Yaitsk (now Oral, Kazakhstan). September 21 – George Mason and George Washington found the Fairfax County Militia Association, a military unit independent of British control. September 29 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's semi-autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (written January–March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism. October–December October 10 Dunmore's War – Battle of Point Pleasant: Cornstalk is forced to make peace with Dunmore at the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, ceding Shawnee land claims south of the Ohio (modern Kentucky) to Virginia. English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean, uninhabited at this date. October 14 – The Continental Congress in America adopts the first "Declaration of Rights", with 10 principles. October 20 – Theater performances in the American colonies halt on recommendation of the Continental Congress that the member colonies "discountenance and discourage all horse racing and all kinds of gaming, cock fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions and entertainments." October 21 – The word Liberty is first displayed on a flag raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts, in defiance of British rule in Colonial America. October 25 – The Edenton Tea Party takes place in North Carolina, marking the first major gathering of women in support of the American cause. October 26 – The first Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia. November 4 – The Maryland Jockey Club follows a recommendation of the Continental Congress and cancels its race schedule. The decision sets a precedent for other jockey clubs in the |
person in the world to burn anthracite coal as residential heating fuel. February 21 The Finnish War begins as Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war. Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden, to join Napoleon's Continental System against the United Kingdom. March 1 – The slave trade is abolished by the United Kingdom in all of its colonies as the Slave Trade Act 1807 takes effect. This year, the British Royal Navy establishes the West Africa Squadron on the coast of West Africa to enforce the abolitionist Blockade of Africa. March 2 Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg. The inaugural meeting of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh. March 7 – Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil: The Portuguese royal court arrives in Rio de Janeiro, making it the centre of the Portuguese Empire. March 11 – Russian troops occupy Tampere in Finland. March 13 – Upon the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day (March 14), Denmark declares war on Sweden. March 19 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. March 22 Russian troops occupy Turku in Finland. English Wars: Battle of Zealand Point – British ships defeat those of Denmark and Norway. April–June April A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific. This causes a localized drop in marine air temperatures during this year and a worldwide drop in marine air temperature for the following decade. Prussian philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes his Addresses to the German Nation, having delivered them over the winter at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin before crowded audiences. April 6 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. April 16 – Troops under Colonel Carl von Döbeln clash with Russian troops in Pyhäjoki, Finland. May 2 – Peninsular War: Dos de Mayo Uprising – The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops. May 3 Finnish War: The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia. The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near the hill of Príncipe Pío (Goya paints the fight and the execution in 1814). May 6 – Ferdinand is forced to abdicate as King of Spain by Napoleon. This effectively ends the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) as the United Kingdom allies with Spain and Portugal against the French in the Peninsular War. June 12 – Finnish War: A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, fails. June 15 – August 14 – Peninsular War: First siege of Zaragoza – Spanish resist the French. June 19 – Finnish War: A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails. June 30 Finnish War – Battle of Turku: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians. English chemist Humphry Davy informs the Royal Society of London of his isolation and discovery of two elements by electrolysis. From lime, he has produced calcium and established that lime is calcium oxide; by heating boric acid and potassium in a copper tube, he creates a substance he calls boracium, which is eventually called boron. This year he also isolates magnesium and strontium. July–September July 5 – Wooster, Ohio, established and named for General Wooster. July 8 – Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain, during the Peninsular War. July 14 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua. July 22 – Battle of Bailén: French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces. August 1 – Peninsular War: British expeditionary force lands near Porto. August 10 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki. August 17 Peninsular War: Battle of Roliça: A British-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats an outnumbered French army under General Henri Delaborde. The Finnish War: the Battle of Alavus was fought. August 21 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vimeiro: British-Portuguese troops under Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot. September 13 – Finnish War – Battle of Jutas: Swedish forces under Lieutenant General Georg Carl von Döbeln beat the Russians, making von Döbeln a Swedish war hero. September 27 – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins. September 29 – Finnish War: A truce is declared between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland; it ends on October 19. October–December October 6 – English chemist Humphry Davy electrochemically isolates potassium from potash. October 12 – Banco do Brasil, a major Financial group in South America, founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. November 8 – 1808 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney, winning 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47. Ten of the 17 states choose their electors by popular vote, the rest choose through state legislatures. George Clinton, who is separately elected as vice president, gets six electoral votes for president. November 12 – Four large French frigates under the command of Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, including the Venus, are sent to operate from Isle de France (Mauritius) against British trade in the Indian Ocean, triggering the Mauritius campaign of 1809–11. November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808), as sultan of the Ottoman Empire. November 19 – A new truce at Olkijoki ends | the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day (March 14), Denmark declares war on Sweden. March 19 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. March 22 Russian troops occupy Turku in Finland. English Wars: Battle of Zealand Point – British ships defeat those of Denmark and Norway. April–June April A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific. This causes a localized drop in marine air temperatures during this year and a worldwide drop in marine air temperature for the following decade. Prussian philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes his Addresses to the German Nation, having delivered them over the winter at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin before crowded audiences. April 6 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. April 16 – Troops under Colonel Carl von Döbeln clash with Russian troops in Pyhäjoki, Finland. May 2 – Peninsular War: Dos de Mayo Uprising – The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops. May 3 Finnish War: The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia. The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near the hill of Príncipe Pío (Goya paints the fight and the execution in 1814). May 6 – Ferdinand is forced to abdicate as King of Spain by Napoleon. This effectively ends the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) as the United Kingdom allies with Spain and Portugal against the French in the Peninsular War. June 12 – Finnish War: A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, fails. June 15 – August 14 – Peninsular War: First siege of Zaragoza – Spanish resist the French. June 19 – Finnish War: A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails. June 30 Finnish War – Battle of Turku: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians. English chemist Humphry Davy informs the Royal Society of London of his isolation and discovery of two elements by electrolysis. From lime, he has produced calcium and established that lime is calcium oxide; by heating boric acid and potassium in a copper tube, he creates a substance he calls boracium, which is eventually called boron. This year he also isolates magnesium and strontium. July–September July 5 – Wooster, Ohio, established and named for General Wooster. July 8 – Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain, during the Peninsular War. July 14 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua. July 22 – Battle of Bailén: French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces. August 1 – Peninsular War: British expeditionary force lands near Porto. August 10 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki. August 17 Peninsular War: Battle of Roliça: A British-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats an outnumbered French army under General Henri Delaborde. The Finnish War: the Battle of Alavus was fought. August 21 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vimeiro: British-Portuguese troops under Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot. September 13 – Finnish War – Battle of Jutas: Swedish forces under Lieutenant General Georg Carl von Döbeln beat the Russians, making von Döbeln a Swedish war hero. September 27 – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins. September 29 – Finnish War: A truce is declared between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland; it ends on October 19. October–December October 6 – English chemist Humphry Davy electrochemically isolates potassium from potash. October 12 – Banco do Brasil, a major Financial group in South America, founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. November 8 – 1808 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney, winning 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47. Ten of the 17 states choose their electors by popular vote, the rest choose through state legislatures. George Clinton, who is separately elected as vice president, gets six electoral votes for president. November 12 – Four large French frigates under the command of Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, including the Venus, are sent to operate from Isle de France (Mauritius) against British trade in the Indian Ocean, triggering the Mauritius campaign of 1809–11. November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808), as sultan of the Ottoman Empire. November 19 – A new truce at Olkijoki ends fighting in Finland, and Swedish troops concede that area to Russia. November 23 – Battle of Tudela: French Marshal Lannes defeats a Spanish army. December 1 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia. December 4 – Napoleon joins his army in Spain. December 9 – At 20:34 UTC, Mercury occults Saturn (there are no observation records). December 20 Peninsular War: Second siege of Zaragoza begins. The original Covent Garden Theatre in London is destroyed by a fire, along with most of the scenery, costumes and scripts. December 22 – Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808: Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and plays piano in a marathon benefit concert, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, consisting entirely of first public performances of works by him, including Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 6, Piano Concerto No. 4 and Choral Fantasy. Date unknown Goethe's Faust, Part One (Faust. Eine Tragödie, erster Teil) is published in full in Tübingen. The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich is given the title of Royal Academy of Fine Arts by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. The Rijksmuseum moves from The Hague to Amsterdam, where it is located temporarily at the Royal Palace. |
as a town Galveston, Texas is incorporated. Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia) is founded in Alexandria, Virginia as the first high school in Virginia. Births January–June January 2 – Gustave Trouvé, French electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1902) January 8 – William A. Clark, American politician, entrepreneur (d. 1925) January 9 – John Knowles Paine, American composer (d. 1906) January 19 – Paul Cézanne, French painter (d. 1906) January 26 – Rachel Lloyd, American chemist (d. 1900) February 6 – Caroline Testman, Danish women's rights activist (d. 1919) February 11 Josiah Willard Gibbs, American physicist, chemist (d. 1903) Almon Brown Strowger, American telecommunications engineer (d. 1902) February 18 – Pascual Cervera y Topete, Spanish admiral (d. 1909) February 22 – Francis Pharcellus Church, American editor, publisher (d. 1906) March 3 – Jamsetji Tata, Indian Parsi businessman (d. 1904) March 8 – Josephine Cochrane, American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (d. 1913) March 15 – Daniel Ridgway Knight, American artist (d. 1924) March 16 Sully Prudhomme, French poet, critic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907) John Butler Yeats, Irish artist (d. 1922) March 21 – Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (d. 1881) March 23 – Julius von Hann, Austrian meteorologist (The father of modern meteorology) (d. 1921) March 25 Carlo Pellegrini, Italian caricaturist (d. 1889) Marianne Hainisch, founder, leader of the Austrian women's movement (d. 1936) March 27 – John Ballance, 14th Premier of New Zealand (d. 1893) April 3 – Karl, Freiherr von Prel, German philosopher (d. 1899) April 8 – Belle L. Pettigrew, American teacher, missionary (d. 1912) April 12 – Nikolay Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (d. 1888) April 16 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, 12th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1908) April 30 Floriano Peixoto, 2nd President of Brazil (d. 1895) Yoshitoshi, Japanese artist (d. 1892) May 14 – Frederic W. Tilton, American educator and 7th Principal of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts (d. 1918) May 21 – Mary of the Passion, French Roman Catholic religious sister, missionary, and blessed (d. 1904) June 1 – Abdyl Frashëri, Albanian politician (d.1892) June 10 – Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1912) June 17 – Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman prosecuted for Ritualist practices in the 1870s (d. 1931) June 21 – Machado de Assis, Brazilian author (d. 1908) July–December July 6 – Édouard Pottier, French admiral (d. 1903) July 8 – John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist, philanthropist (d. 1937) July 17 – Ephraim Shay, American inventor of the Shay locomotive (d. 1916) July 18 – James Surtees Phillpotts, English author (d. 1930) July 28 – Isabelle Gatti de Gamond, Italo-Belgian educationalist, feminist, and politician (d. 1905) July 31 – Ignacio Andrade, 37th President of Venezuela (d. 1925) August 4 – Walter Pater, English essayist, critic (d. 1894) August 8 – Nelson A. Miles, American general (d. 1925) August 15 – Antonín Petrof, Czech piano maker (d. 1915) September 2 – Henry George, American writer, politician, and political economist (d. 1897) September 7 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (d. 1917) September 10 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist (d. 1914) September 12 – Mary H. Graves, American minister, literary editor, writer (d. 1908) October 2 – Oscar de Négrier, French general (d. 1913) October 9 Georges Leclanché, French electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1882) Winfield Scott Schley, American admiral (d. 1911) October 11 – Jeanne Merkus, Dutch deaconess, guerilla soldier, and political activist (d. 1897) October 30 – Alfred Sisley, French Impressionist landscape painter (d. 1899) November 1 – Pál Luthár, Slovene writer in Hungary (d. 1919) November 12 – Frank Furness, American architect, soldier (d. 1912) November 18 – Emil Škoda, Czech engineer, industrialist (d. 1900) November 20 – Christian Wilberg, German painter (d. 1882) November 30 – Catherine Amanda Coburn, American journalist, newspaper editor (d. 1913) December 5 – George Armstrong Custer, American cavalry officer (d. 1876) December 7 – Sir Redvers Buller, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1908) Date unknown Avis Crocombe, English cook at Audley End House Deaths January–June January 24 – Michele Cachia, Maltese architect, military engineer (b. 1760) | Louis Daguerre. January 6 – Night of the Big Wind: Ireland is struck by the most damaging cyclone in 300 years. January 9 – The French Academy of Sciences announces the daguerreotype photography process. January 19 – British forces capture Aden. January 20 – Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru. February 11 – The University of Missouri is established, becoming the first public university west of the Mississippi River. February 24 – William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel. March 5 – Longwood University is founded in Farmville, Virginia. March 7 – Baltimore City College, the third public high school in the United States, is established in Baltimore, Maryland. March 9 – The Anti-Corn Law League is founded in Manchester, England. March 23 – The Boston Morning Post first records the use of "O.K." (oll korrect). March 26 – The first Henley Royal Regatta is held on the River Thames, in England. April–June April 9 – The world's first commercial electric telegraph line comes into operation, alongside the Great Western Railway line in England, from London Paddington station to West Drayton. April 19 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom, with its independence and neutrality guaranteed by the great powers of Europe. Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands, giving rise to a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg (the latter being joined (from September 5) to the German Confederation). April 24 – Boston University is established as the Newbury Biblical Institute in Vermont. May 7 – The Bedchamber Crisis begins in the United Kingdom, after Prime Minister Lord Melbourne announces his resignation. Queen Victoria asks several MPs to form a new government, and they insist on the condition that the Queen dismiss several of her personal attendants, the ladies of the bedchamber, for political reasons. May 12 – Socialist activist Louis Auguste Blanqui and the Société des Saisons begin an uprising against the government of France. The insurrection is suppressed, but not before 50 people are killed and 190 wounded. Blanqui is imprisoned until 1848. May 22 – Former British statesman Lord Durham, as President of the New Zealand Company, formally asks the British government for permission to colonize New Zealand, and to establish a colonial government under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom. May 23 – Turkish troops cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria, but are defeated in battle in June. June 3 – Destruction of opium at Humen begins, casus belli for Britain to open the 3-year First Opium War against Qing Dynasty China. A rapid rise in the sale of opium in China to over 40,000 chests (~) per annum results. has caused the Chinese government to dispatch scholar-official Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to deal with the growing problem of opium addiction. June 22 – Louis Daguerre receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs). June 27 - The emperor of the Sikh Empire, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, dies at 58. July–September July 1 Slaves aboard the Amistad rebel, and capture the ship. Abdülmecid I (1839–1861) succeeds Mahmud II (1808–1839) as Ottoman Emperor. July 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Battle of Ghazni: British forces capture the fortress city of Ghazni, Afghanistan. August 8 – The Fraternity of Beta Theta Pi is founded by John Reily Knox at Miami University. August 19 – The French government gives the daguerreotype "for the whole world". August 31 – The First Carlist War (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto. September 4 – Battle of Kowloon: British vessels open fire on Chinese war junks enforcing a food sales embargo on the British community in China in the first armed conflict of the First Opium War. October–December October 3 – A railway between Naples and Portici () in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is inaugurated by King Ferdinand II of Bourbon as the first line in the Italian Peninsula. October 15 – Emir Abdelkader declares a jihad against the French. November 4 – Newport Rising: Between 5,000 and 10,000 Chartist sympathisers march on Newport, Monmouthshire, to liberate Chartist prisoners; around 22 are killed when troops fire on the crowd. This is the last large-scale armed civil rebellion against authority in mainland Britain and sees the most deaths. November 11 – The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia. November 17 – Giuseppe Verdi's first |
British Museum in London, designed by Robert Smirke, and the Altes Museum in Berlin, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The Oxford Union is founded as a student debating society in England. Fort Borbon changes its name to Fuerte Olimpo. Births January–June January 1 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849) January 3 – Robert Whitehead, English engineer, inventor (d. 1905) January 8 – Alfred Russel Wallace, British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913) January 11 – Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau, French military officer and politician (d. 1878) January 27 – Édouard Lalo, French composer (d. 1892) February 15 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901) February 28 Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1883) Ernest Renan, French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892) March 3 – John George Adair, Scots-Irish businessman and landowner; also known as "Black Jack" for his eviction of 244 people in 1861; financier of JA Ranch(d. 1885) March 8 – Gyula Andrássy, 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890) March 14 – Théodore de Banville, French writer (d. 1891) March 18 – Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (d. 1883) March 23 – Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President of the United States from 1869 to 1873 (d. 1885) April 1 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914) April 3 – William M. Tweed, American political boss (d. 1878) April 4 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens, German engineer (d. 1883) April 24 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889) April 25 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861) May 2 – Emma Hardinge Britten (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899) May 9 – Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891) May 15 Youssef Bey Karam, Lebanese nationalist leader (d. 1889) Thomas Lake Harris, American poet (d. 1906) May 17 – Henry Eckford, British horticulturist (d. 1905) May 22 – Solomon Bundy, American politician (d. 1889) May 26 – William Pryor Letchworth, American businessman, philanthropist, founder of Letchworth State Park, New York July 6 – Sophie Adlersparre, Swedish feminist (d. 1895) June 21 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873) July–December July 9 (date uncertain) – Phineas Gage, improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860) July 18 Félix du Temple de la Croix, French Army Captain, aviation pioneer (d. 1890) Leonard Fulton Ross, American Civil War general (d. 1901) July 23 – Coventry Patmore, English poet (d. 1896) August 3 – Thomas Francis Meagher, American Civil War general (d. 1867) August 4 – Oliver P. Morton, American politician (d. 1877) August 5 – Eliza Tibbets, mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898) August 10 Hugh Stowell Brown, Manx preacher (d. 1886) Charles Keene, English artist, illustrator (d. 1891) August 11 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English author (d. 1901) August 13 – Goldwin Smith, English historian (d. 1910) August 14 – Karel Miry, Belgian composer (d. 1889) August 15 – Orris S. Ferry, American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875) August 23 – Nil Izvorov, Bulgarian Orthodox priest and venerable (d. 1905) September 16 – Ludwik Teichmann, Polish anatomist (d. 1895) November 1 – Lascăr Catargiu, 4-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1899) November 8 – Joseph Monier, French inventor (d. 1906) November 16 – Henry G. Davis, American politician (d. 1916) November 18 – Charles H. Bell, American politician (d. 1893) November 21 – Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech, Polish painter (d. 1905) November 25 – Henry Wirz, Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865) December 6 – Friedrich Max Müller, German Orientalist (d. 1900) December 9 – Rosalie Olivecrona, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898) December 13 – Ferdinand Büchner, German composer (d. 1906) December 22 – Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911) December 27 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917) Undated Manolache Costache Epureanu, 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1880) Julian Gutowski, Polish politician (d. 1890) Deaths January–June January 21 – Gideon Olin, American politician (b. 1743) January 22 – John Julius Angerstein, Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (b. 1735) January 26 – Edward Jenner, English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749) January 27 – Charles Hutton, English mathematician (b. 1737) February – Agnes Ibbetson, English plant physiologist (b. 1757) February 7 – Ann Radcliffe, English writer (b. 1764) February 21 – Charles Wolfe, Irish poet (b. 1791) March 1 – Pierre-Jean Garat, French Basque opera singer (b. 1764) March 5 – Magdalena Rudenschöld, Swedish conspirator (b. 1766) March 14 Charles François Dumouriez, French general (b. 1739) John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1735) March 18 Jean-Baptiste Bréval, French cellist (b. 1753) Henry Brockholst Livingston, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1757) March 19 – Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (b. 1734) April 18 – George Cabot, American politician (b. 1752) June 1 – Louis-Nicolas Davout, French marshal (b. 1770) June 19 – William Combe, English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742) July–December July 8 – Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (b. 1756) August 1 – Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier of Great Britain (b. 1758) August 7 | Constitution of 1812. October–December October 5 – Medical journal The Lancet is founded by Thomas Wakley in London. October 22 - Simón Bolívar writes to Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia to release his friend Aimé Bonpland. Otherwise, an invasion would take place. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia never answered the letter. November 3 – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at Chilton Moor in the north of England, kills 57 coal miners. November – According to tradition, William Webb Ellis invents the sport of rugby football at Rugby School in England. December 2 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States. Undated The first Anglo-Ashanti War begins. British expedition up the St. Clair River; site of Corunna surveyed as a potential capital for Upper Canada. Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers. Work begins on the British Museum in London, designed by Robert Smirke, and the Altes Museum in Berlin, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The Oxford Union is founded as a student debating society in England. Fort Borbon changes its name to Fuerte Olimpo. Births January–June January 1 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849) January 3 – Robert Whitehead, English engineer, inventor (d. 1905) January 8 – Alfred Russel Wallace, British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913) January 11 – Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau, French military officer and politician (d. 1878) January 27 – Édouard Lalo, French composer (d. 1892) February 15 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901) February 28 Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1883) Ernest Renan, French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892) March 3 – John George Adair, Scots-Irish businessman and landowner; also known as "Black Jack" for his eviction of 244 people in 1861; financier of JA Ranch(d. 1885) March 8 – Gyula Andrássy, 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890) March 14 – Théodore de Banville, French writer (d. 1891) March 18 – Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (d. 1883) March 23 – Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President of the United States from 1869 to 1873 (d. 1885) April 1 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914) April 3 – William M. Tweed, American political boss (d. 1878) April 4 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens, German engineer (d. 1883) April 24 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889) April 25 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861) May 2 – Emma Hardinge Britten (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899) May 9 – Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891) May 15 Youssef Bey Karam, Lebanese nationalist leader (d. 1889) Thomas Lake Harris, American poet (d. 1906) May 17 – Henry Eckford, British horticulturist (d. 1905) May 22 – Solomon Bundy, American politician (d. 1889) May 26 – William Pryor Letchworth, American businessman, philanthropist, founder of Letchworth State Park, New York July 6 – Sophie Adlersparre, Swedish feminist (d. 1895) June 21 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873) July–December July 9 (date uncertain) – Phineas Gage, improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860) July 18 Félix du Temple de la Croix, French Army Captain, aviation pioneer (d. 1890) Leonard Fulton Ross, American Civil War general (d. 1901) July 23 – Coventry Patmore, English poet (d. 1896) August 3 – Thomas Francis Meagher, American Civil War general (d. 1867) August 4 – Oliver P. Morton, American politician (d. 1877) August 5 – Eliza Tibbets, mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898) August 10 Hugh Stowell Brown, Manx preacher (d. 1886) Charles Keene, English artist, illustrator (d. 1891) August 11 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English author (d. 1901) August 13 – Goldwin Smith, English historian (d. 1910) August 14 – Karel Miry, Belgian composer (d. 1889) August 15 – Orris S. Ferry, American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875) August 23 – Nil Izvorov, Bulgarian Orthodox priest and venerable (d. 1905) September 16 – Ludwik Teichmann, Polish anatomist (d. 1895) November 1 – Lascăr Catargiu, 4-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1899) November 8 – Joseph Monier, French inventor (d. 1906) November 16 – Henry G. Davis, American politician (d. 1916) November 18 – Charles H. Bell, American politician (d. 1893) November 21 – Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech, Polish painter (d. 1905) November 25 – Henry Wirz, Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865) December 6 – Friedrich Max Müller, German Orientalist (d. 1900) December 9 – Rosalie Olivecrona, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898) December 13 – Ferdinand Büchner, German composer |
from January 1, 1690, | January 1, 1690, to December |
from January 1, | 1680, to December |
1st Earl of Antrim of Ireland (?-1636), nobleman and Scots-Irish politician Sir Henry Mainwaring of England (1587?–1653), pirate and English naval officer François de Malherbe of France (1555–1628), poet and literary critic Man Gui of China (?–1629), general and main commander of the Chinese army following the death of Yuan Chonghuan George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland of England (1580–1641), Member of Parliament and nobleman Ernst von Mansfeld (1580–1626), German soldier Mao Wenlong of China (1579–1629), military commander Juan de Mariana of Spain (1536–1624), Catholic priest, historian, and Monarchomach political theorist Maria Anna of Spain (1606–1646), Infanta and future Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire Marie de' Medici (1575–1642), Queen dowager of France and former regent with her son Louis XIII Michel de Marillac of France (1563–1632), Minister of Justice under Louis XIII Giambattista Marino of Naples (1569–1625), poet Gervase Markham of England (1568–1637), poet and writer Tristano Martinelli of Mantua (1555–1630), actor Enrico Martínez of Spain (?–1632), hydraulic engineer John Mason of England (1586–1635), sailor, explorer, cartographer, colonizer, and founder of New Hampshire Isaac Massa of the Netherlands (1586–1643), merchant, traveller, and diplomat Massasoit (1580?–1661), Chief of the Wampanoag Philip Massinger of England (1583–1640), playwright Tobie Matthew of England (1577–1655), Member of Parliament Maximilian I of Bavaria (1573–1651), Prince-Elector of Bavaria Cornelis Jacobszoon May of the Netherlands, explorer and first Director-general of New Netherland Cardinal Mazarin of Sicily (1602–1661), Cardinal, diplomat, and future Prime Minister of France Domenico Mazzocchi (1592–1665), Italian composer Afonso Mendes, Prelate of Ethiopia and Catholic Patriarch of Ethiopia, held position (as Catholic Patriarch) 1622–1632 Diego Carrillo de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Gelves of Spain (1570?-1631), nobleman and Viceroy of New Spain, in office 1621–1624 Adriaan Metius of the Netherlands (1571–1635), mathematician and astronomer Thomas Middleton of England (1580–1627), playwright and poet Daniël Mijtens of the Netherlands (1590–1648), painter Peter Minuit of the Netherlands (1589–1638), Director-General of New Netherland, in office 1626–1632 Francis Mitchell of England, Knight and Extortionist Miyamoto Musashi of Japan (1584?–1645), prominent samurai Francesco Molin of Venice (1575–1655), Naval commander and future Doge of Venice Giles Mompesson of England (1584–1663), corrupt politician Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester of England (1602–1671), Royalist Member of parliament and future Royalist commander during the English Civil War Richard Montagu of England (1577–1641), controversial Cleric and prelate Antoine de Montchrestien of France (1575–1621), soldier, dramatist, poet, and economist Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), Italian composer Mumtaz Mahal of India (1593–1631), Empress Consort of India (Wife of Shah Jahan) Jens Munk of Norway (1579–1628), navigator, explorer, and naval captain Bartolomé Esteban Murillo of Spain (1617–1682), painter Hugh Myddelton of Wales (1560–1631), entrepreneur, engineer, Baronet, and Member of Parliament Thomas Myddelton the Younger of Wales (1586–1666), Member of Parliament and future Parliamentary officer during the English Civil War Nemattanew (?–1622), Powhatan military commander and architect of the Jamestown Massacre Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên of Vietnam (1563–1635), Nguyễn Lord (subnational ruler of southern Vietnam), held position 1613–1635 Nheçu, Chief of the Guaraní Nur Jahan of Persia (1577–1645), Empress Consort of India (Wife of Jahangir and Stepmother of Shah Jahan) John Nutt of England, pirate Pieter Nuyts of the Netherlands (1598–1655), Governor of the Dutch colony on Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) and ambassador to Japan, held position (as governor) 1627–1629 Oldman of the Misquito Coast (?-1687), first King of the Miskito Kingdom (a British Protectorate on the eastern coasts of modern-day Nicaragua and Honduras), r. 1625–1687 Opchanacanough (1554?-1644), Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, held position 1618–1644 Martin Opitz of Silesia (1597–1639), poet William Oughtred of England (1575–1660), mathematician Owaneco (?–1626), Chief of the Mohegans John Owen of Wales (1564–1622), Epigrammatist Axel Oxenstierna of Sweden (1583–1654), Lord High Chancellor of Sweden Rodrigo Pacheco, 3rd Marquis of Cerralvo of Spain (1565?-1652), nobleman, Inquisitor, and Viceroy of New Spain, in office 1624–1635 (as Viceroy) Pedro Páez of Portugal (1564–1622), Jesuit missionary who converted Malak Sagad III Cardinal Pamphili of Rome (1574–1655), Cardinal, Nuncio, and future Pope Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (1594–1632), German field marshal Hortensio Félix Paravicino of Spain (1580–1633), Court Preacher and poet Richard Parry of Wales (1560–1623), Bishop of St Asaph and translator of the Bible into Welsh Language Vincent de Paul of France (1581–1660), Catholic Priest Pecksuot (?–1624), Massachusett Chief Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France (1580–1637), astronomer and antiquarian Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland of England (1602–1668), Member of Parliament and future soldier during the English Civil War George Percy of England (1580–1632?), explorer, author, soldier, and former governor of Virginia Richard Perkins of England (1585?-1650), actor Peter Philips of England (1560–1628), composer Michael Praetorius (1571–1621), German composer and organist Samuel Purchas of England (1575?–1626), travel writer John Pym of England (1584–1643), Member of Parliament and future Roundhead supporter during the English Civil War Francisco de Quevedo of Spain (1580–1645), nobleman, politician, and writer Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł of Lithuania (1595–1656), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), in office 1623–1656 Rembrandt of the Netherlands (1606–1669), painter and etcher Kiliaen van Rensselaer of the Netherlands (1596?–1642), merchant, member of the Dutch West India Company, and Patroon of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck Sir Thomas Roe of England (c.1581–1644), diplomat Henri de Rohan of France (1579–1638), nobleman, soldier, writer, and leader of the Huguenots. William Rowley of England (1585?-1626), playwright Peter Paul Rubens of Flanders (1577–1640), painter Johannes Rudbeckius of Sweden (1581–1646), Lutheran bishop Mulla Sadra of Persia (1571–1636), philosopher and Shiite Islamic theologian Samoset (1590?–1655), Mohegan Sagamore and first Native American to encounter with the Settlers of the Plymouth Colony. Sir Edwin Sandys (1561–1629), Colonial organizer of Virginia George Sandys (1577–1644), English traveller, colonist, and poet Lew Sapieha of Lithuania (1557–1633), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), in office 1589–1623 Johann Hermann Schein (1586–1630), German composer Christoph Scheiner (1573?-1650), German Jesuit priest, physicist and astronomer Wilhelm Schickard (1592–1635), German inventor and mathematician Julius Schiller of Bavaria (1580–1627), astronomer Heinrich Schütz of Köstritz (1585–1672), composer and organist Adam von Schwarzenberg (1583–1641), nobleman and Chancellor of Brandenburg-Prussia Alexander Seaton of Scotland (?–1649?), Mercenary in the Service of Denmark Pierre Séguier of France (1588–1672), president and mortier in the parlement of Paris and future chancellor of France Alvaro Semedo of Portugal (1585?-1658), Jesuit missionary in China Juan Pérez de la Serna (1573–1631), Archbishop of Mexico, held position 1613–1627 Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline of Scotland (1555–1622), lawyer, judge, and Lord Chancellor of Scotland Shahaji of Bijapur (1594–1664), Bijapurtan army chieftain Shahryar of India (1605–1638), Mughal Prince and Nur Jahan's (his stepmother) candidate to the throne of India Shimazu Tadatsune (1576–1638), Daimyō of Satsuma Robert Shirley of England (1581–1628), traveller, adventurer, and diplomat García de Silva Figueroa of Spain (1550–1624), Spanish ambassador to Persia John Smith (1580?–1631), English soldier, adventurer, and leader of the colonists of Jamestown in the Virginia Colony. Willebrord Snellius of the Netherlands (1580–1626), astronomer and mathematician Jakub Sobieski of Poland (1590–1646), nobleman, parliamentarian, and military leader Luis Sotelo of Spain (1574–1624), Franciscan friar and martyr Henri de Sourdis of France (1593–1645), Archbishop of Bordeaux and military commander | backed candidate to the throne of the Duchy of Mantua Ivan Cherkassky of Russia (1580?-1642), boyar and head of the Treasury, Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz, in office 1621–1622 (as Treasurer), 1622–23 (as head of the Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz) Jan Karol Chodkiewicz of Poland (1560–1621), military commander Christian the Younger of Brunswick (1599–1626), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Protestant Commander Antonio Cifra of Rome (1584–1629), composer Jan Pieterszoon Coen of the Netherlands (1587–1629), Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Sir Edward Coke of England (1552–1634), Jurist and Member of Parliament Sir John Coke of England (1563–1644), Member of Parliament and Secretary of State Nicolò Contarini of Venice (1553–1631), politician and future Doge of Venice Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar of Spain (1578–1630), nobleman and Viceroy of New Spain and Peru, in office 1612–1621 (New Spain), 1622–1629 (Peru) Gregorio Nuñez Coronel of Portugal (1548–1620), Augustinian theologian, writer, and preacher Adam de Coster of Flanders (1586–1643), painter Nathaniel Courthope of England (1585–1620), merchant navy officer Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry of England (1578–1640), Judge, Member of Parliament, and politician (specifically Soliticar General (1617–1621), Attorney General (1621–1625), and Lord Chancellor (1625–1640)) Oliver Cromwell of England (1599–1658), Member of Parliament, general, and future ruler of England-Wales, Scotland, and Ireland Sir Sackville Crowe, 1st Baronet of England (1595–1671), baronet, Treasurer of the Navy, Member of Parliament, and future ambassador Alfonso de la Cueva, marqués de Bedmar of Spain (1572–1655), diplomat and Catholic theologian Robert Cushman of England (1578–1625), Plymouth colony organizer Cyril I (1572–1638), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, held position in 1612, 1620–1623, 1623–1633, 1633–1634, 1634–1635, 1637–1638 Daišan of Manchuria (1583–1648), Manchurian prince (brother of Huang Taiji) and military commander Mir Damad of Persia (?–1631), philosopher John Danvers of England (1588–1655), courtier and politician Date Masamune of Japan (1567–1636), Daimyō of Sendai John Davies of England (1569–1626), lawyer, poet, and politician (specifically Attorney General of Ireland, Member of Parliament, and Judge) John Davies (AKA Mallwyd) of Wales (1567–1644), scholar, translator, and Anglican priest Dawar of India (?–1628), Mughal Prince Thomas Dekker of England (1572–1632), playwright and poet Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591–1655), Italian rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theorist Thomas Dempster of Scotland (1579–1625), scholar and historian Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex of England (1591–1646), nobleman and military commander Kenelm Digby of England (1603–1665), courtier, diplomat, privateer, and philosopher John Donne of England (1571?–1631), Anglican priest, poet, and philosopher Michael Drayton of England (1563–1631), poet Cornelius Drebbel of the Netherlands (1572–1633), inventor Jeremias Drexel of Bavaria (1581–1638), Catholic theologian and Court Preacher at the court of Prince-Elector Maximilian I Robert Dudley of England (1574–1649), explorer and geographer Pierre Dupuy of France (1582–1651), scholar Mar Elia Shimun X, Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church (Patriarchate then based in Salamas, in modern-day Iran. However a later Patriarch, Mar Shimun XIII Dinkha, broke the union with the Catholic Church, thus he and other Patriarchs of the Shimun line are sometimes list as Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East), held position 1600–1653 Sir John Eliot of England (1592–1632), Vice-Admiral of Devon and Member of Parliament Mar Eliyya IX, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (Patriarchate then based in Alqosh, in modern-day Iraq), held position in 1617–1660 John Endecott (1588?–1665), founder and first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Alonso Fajardo de Entenza of Spain (?-1624), governor-general of the Philippines, in office 1618–1624 Francesco Erizzo of Venice (1566–1646), diplomat and future Doge of Venice Thomas van Erpe of the Netherlands (1584–1624), Orientalist Scholar Fakhr-al-Din II (1572–1635), Lebanese prince and governor of the Ottoman province of Syria, in office (as governor) 1624–1632 Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland of England (1580–1629), nobleman and statesman John Felton of England (1595–1628), soldier and assassin of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham Nicholas Felton of England (1556–1626), academic and Anglican cleric Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria (1609–1641), nobleman, Spanish Prince (Infante), and Cardinal Ferdinand IV, Archduke of Austria (1608–1657), Habsburg Prince and future Holy Roman Emperor Domenico Fetti of Rome (1589–1623), painter Fidelis of Sigmaringen (1578–1622), Capuchin friar and Martyr William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele of England (1582–1662), nobleman and statesman Filaret (AKA Feodor Romanov) of Russia (1553–1633), Patriarch of Moscow and statesman, held position (as Patriarch) 1612–1629 John Fletcher of England (1579–1625), playwright John Ford of England (1586-1640?), playwright and poet Frederick of Denmark (1609–1670), Danish Prince and future King of Denmark and Norway Frederick V of the Palatinate/I of Bohemia (1596–1632), Prince-Elector of the Palatinate and King of Bohemia (a sub-state of the Holy Roman Empire), r. 1610–1623 (as Prince-Elector of the Palatinate) and r. 1619–1620 (as King of Bohemia) Frederick Ulrich (1591–1634), Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg, held position 1613–1634 Galileo Galilei of Tuscany (1564–1642), astronomer and physicist Gang Hong-rip of Korea, treasonous general who aided the Manchus Gaston, Duke of Orléans of France (1608–1660), French Prince (brother of Louis XIII) and commander of the aristocratic revolt at Les Ponts-de-Cé Artemisia Gentileschi of Rome (1593–1656), painter George William (1595–1640), Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia Johann Gerhard (1582–1637), German Lutheran theologian Hessel Gerritsz of the Netherlands (1581–1632), cartographer Orlando Gibbons of England (1583–1625), composer and organist Thomas Goffe of England (1591–1629), playwright Luis de Góngora of Spain (1561–1627), poet, playwright, and writer Roque González (1576–1628), Spanish-American Jesuit missionary and martyr Sir Ferdinando Gorges of England (1565–1647), colonial entrepreneur in North America and founder of Maine Ivan Tarasievich Gramotin of Russia (?–1638), diplomat and head of the Posolsky Prikaz, held position 1619–1626 Orazio Grassi (1583–1654), Italian mathematician, astronomer, and architect Richard Grenville of England (1600–1658), Anglo-Cornish soldier, Member of Parliament, and future Baronet and Royalist Commander Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke of England (1554–1628), nobleman, statesman, and writer Hugo Grotius of the Netherlands (1583–1645), philosopher and writer Jan Gruter of the Netherlands (1560–1627), scholar Mario Guiducci of Tuscany (1585–1646), lawyer and associate of Galileo Galilei during the dispute with Orazio Grassi Jean Guiton of France (1585–1654), Huguenot rebel and Admiral Edmund Gunter of England (1581–1626), mathematician John Guy (?-1629), former governor of Newfoundland and current Member of the Parliament of England Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares of Spain (1587–1645), nobleman and Chief Minister under Philip III and Philip IV, held position 1618–1643 John Hampden of England (1595–1643), Member of Parliament and future Parliamentarian commander during the English Civil War Kryštof Harant of Bohemia (1564–1621), nobleman, traveller, humanist, soldier, writer and composer William Harvey of England (1578–1657), physician who discovered the systematic circulation of blood Hasekura Tsunenaga of Japan (1571–1622), diplomat Richard Hawkins of England (1562–1622), explorer and privateer George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull of Scotland (1572–1634), nobleman, judge and Lord Chancellor of Scotland, held position (as chancellor) 1622–1634 James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle of Scotland (c.1590–1636), nobleman and diplomat Piet Pieterszoon Hein of the Netherlands (1577–1629), Vice-Admiral of the Dutch West India Company Henrietta Maria of France (1609–1669), French princess and Queen Consort of England-Wales and Scotland Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury of Wales (1583–1648), diplomat, poet, and philosopher George Herbert of Wales (1593–1633), poet, orator and Anglican priest Philip Herbert of England (1584–1649), nobleman (future Earl of Pembroke) and politician William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke of England (1580–1630), nobleman, Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall County and Chancellor of the University of Oxford, held position 1601-1630 (as Earl), 1604-1630 (as Lord Lietuent) and 1616-1630 (as Chancellor) Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas of Spain (1559–1625), historian Thomas Heywood of England (1570?-1641), playwright, actor, and author Thomas Hobbes of England (1588–1679), philosopher Heinrich Holk (1599–1633) Danish-German mercenary and commander Henricus Hondius II of the Netherlands (1597–1651), cartographer and publisher Isaiah Horowitz (1565–1630), Rabbi and Jewish mystic Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire of England (1587–1669), nobleman Constantijn Huygens of the Netherlands (1596–1687), poet, composer, and secretary under Stadtholders Frederick Henry and William II Im Gyeong Eop of Korea (1594–1646), general Sigismondo d'India (1582–1629), Italian composer Nicholas Iquan (AKA Zheng Zhilong) of China (1604–1661), pirate and Ming Dynasty admiral Menasseh Ben Israel of Portugal (1604–1657), rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer, diplomat, printer, and publisher William Jaggard of England (1568–1623), printer and publisher Jan Janszoon of the Netherlands (1570? – c.1641), Barbary Pirate Willem Janszoon of the Netherlands (1570–1630), explorer and colonial governor Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar of Spain (1583–1641), poet, scholar, and painter Jörg Jenatsch of Switzerland (1596–1639), politician and military commander Jirgalang of Manchuria (1599–1655), nobleman, general, and statesman Johann Ernst I (1594–1626), Duke of Saxe-Weimar, r. 1605–1620 Inigo Jones of England (1573–1652), architect Ben Jonson of England (1572–1637), playwright, poet, and Poet Laureate, held post in 1619–1637 Johannes Junius of Bamberg (1573–1628), Mayor of Bamberg and Bamberg witch trial suspect and victim Madam Ke of China (?–1627), adviser to the Tianqi Emperor Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), German mathematician and astronomer Hendrick de Keyser of the Netherlands (1565–1621), sculptor and architect Thomas de Keyser of the Netherlands (1596–1667), painter and architect Khosro Mirza of Kartli (1565–1658), Georgian Prince, general in the Persian army, and future King of Kartli Robert Killigrew of England (1580–1633), Member of Parliament and English Ambassador to the Netherlands Athanasius Kircher (1601?–1680), German Catholic theologian and scholar David Kirke of England (1597–1654), adventurer and English colonizer of Canada Stanisław Koniecpolski of Poland (1594?-1646), nobleman and military commander Thomas Lake of England (1567–1630), Member of Parliament and former Secretary of State Giovanni Lanfranco of Parma (1582–1647), painter William Laud of England (1573–1645), Anglican theologian and future Archbishop of Canterbury François Leclerc du Tremblay of France (1577–1638), friar and agent and adviser of Cardinal Richelieu. Marc Lescarbot of France (1570–1641), author and lawyer Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven of Scotland (1582–1661), nobleman and general in the service of Sweden Christopher Levett of England (1586–1630), explorer and naval captain Johann Liss (1590?-1629), German painter Jerónimo Lobo of Portugal (1593–1678), Jesuit missionary Lobsang Gyatso of Tibet (1617–1682), Dalai Lama and future ruler of Tibet, r. 1618–1682 (as Dalai Lama), 1642–1682 (as ruler of Tibet) Adam Loftus, 1st Viscount Loftus of Ireland (1568–1643), Lord Chancellor of Ireland, in office 1619-1639 Christen Sørensen Longomontanus of Denmark (1562–1647), astronomer Hendrick Lucifer (1583–1627), Dutch Buccaneer Charles de Luynes of France (1578–1621), Constable of France and first Duke of Luynes Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim of Ireland (?-1636), nobleman and Scots-Irish politician Sir Henry Mainwaring of England (1587?–1653), pirate and English naval officer François de Malherbe of France (1555–1628), poet and literary critic Man Gui of China (?–1629), general and main commander of the Chinese army following the death of Yuan Chonghuan George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland of England (1580–1641), Member of Parliament and nobleman Ernst von Mansfeld (1580–1626), German soldier Mao Wenlong of China (1579–1629), military commander Juan de Mariana of Spain (1536–1624), Catholic priest, historian, and Monarchomach political theorist Maria Anna of Spain (1606–1646), Infanta and future Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire Marie de' Medici (1575–1642), Queen dowager of France and former regent with her son Louis XIII Michel de Marillac of France (1563–1632), Minister of Justice under Louis XIII Giambattista Marino of Naples (1569–1625), poet Gervase Markham of England (1568–1637), poet and writer Tristano Martinelli of Mantua (1555–1630), actor Enrico Martínez of Spain (?–1632), hydraulic engineer John Mason of England (1586–1635), sailor, explorer, cartographer, colonizer, and founder of New Hampshire Isaac Massa of the Netherlands (1586–1643), merchant, traveller, and diplomat Massasoit (1580?–1661), Chief of the Wampanoag Philip Massinger of England (1583–1640), playwright Tobie Matthew of England (1577–1655), Member of Parliament Maximilian I of Bavaria (1573–1651), Prince-Elector of Bavaria Cornelis Jacobszoon May of the Netherlands, explorer and first Director-general of New Netherland Cardinal Mazarin of Sicily (1602–1661), Cardinal, diplomat, and future Prime Minister of France Domenico Mazzocchi (1592–1665), Italian composer Afonso Mendes, Prelate of Ethiopia and Catholic Patriarch of Ethiopia, held position (as Catholic Patriarch) 1622–1632 Diego Carrillo de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Gelves of Spain (1570?-1631), nobleman and Viceroy of New Spain, in office 1621–1624 Adriaan Metius of the Netherlands (1571–1635), mathematician and astronomer Thomas Middleton of England (1580–1627), playwright and poet Daniël Mijtens of the Netherlands (1590–1648), painter Peter Minuit of the Netherlands (1589–1638), |
15 François Blondel, French architect (d. 1686) Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere, Italian nobleman and Duke of Bomarzo (d. 1688) June 24 – Philip Packer, British barrister and architect (d. 1686) June 28 – Jean Le Pautre, French designer and engraver (d. 1682) July–September July 6 – Alexander Lindsay, 1st Earl of Balcarres, Scottish politician and noble (d. 1659) July 17 Willem Ogier, Flemish playwright (d. 1689) George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny, Scottish nobleman and military commander (d. 1642) July 21 – Hayashi Gahō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1688) July 22 – Johan Nieuhof, Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to Brazil (d. 1672) September 6 – Walter Hoyt, Connecticut settler (d. 1698) September 9 – Joan Cererols, Catalan musician and Benedictine monk (d. 1680) September 11 – Francesco Grue, Italian artist (d. 1673) September 14 – Peter Lely, Dutch painter (d. 1680) September 27 – Jacob Alting, Dutch linguist (d. 1679) September 29 – Michiel Sweerts, Flemish painter (d. 1664) October–December October 8 – Claude Lamoral, 3rd Prince of Ligne, Spanish general and prince (d. 1679) October 7 – Rosina Schnorr, German businessperson (d. 1679) October 31 – Mariana de Jesús de Paredes, Catholic saint, the first person to be canonized from Ecuador (d. 1645) November – Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (d. 1699) November 1 – Sir John Wittewrong, 1st Baronet, English parliamentarian (d. 1693) November 3 – Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor of India (d. 1707) November 8 – Louise de La Fayette, French courtier, friend of King Louis XIII (d. 1665) November 12 – Gottfried Welsch, German physician (d. 1690) November 16 – Johann Ludwig Schönleben, Carniolan priest (d. 1681) November 26 – Johan Frederik von Marschalck, German-born landowner, Chancellor of Norway (d. 1679) December 2 Edward Bayntun, English politician (d. 1679) Nicholas Delves, English politician (d. 1690) December 3 – Sir William Ayloffe, 3rd Baronet, officer in the Royalist army during the English Civil War (d. 1662) December 18 – Karl Kaspar von der Leyen, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1676) December 26 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, German princess, philosopher, and Calvinist (d. 1680) December 28 – Catharina Hooft, noblewoman of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1691) Date unknown Athittayawong, Ayutthayan monarch (d. 1629) Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English politician (member of the Cabal) d. 1685) Deaths January–March January 6 – Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Ferrara (b. 1564) January 19 – Jacobus Zaffius, Dutch Catholic provost (b. 1535) January 24 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English peer and traitor (b. 1564) January 29 – John Dackombe, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1570) February 3 – Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (b. 1573) February 10 – Feliks Kryski, Grand Chancellor of Poland (b. 1562) February 14 – Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1560) February 20 – Philip William, Prince of Orange, eldest son of William the Silent, by his first wife Anna van Egmont (b. 1554) February 25 – Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon, English baroness (b. 1552) February 27 – Anne Lyon, Countess of Kinghorne, Scottish countess (b. 1579) March 5 John, Duke of Östergötland (b. 1589) Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg and by marriage Countess of Oettingen-Oettingen (b. 1559) March 14 – Nadira Banu Begum, Mughal princess (d. 1659) March 16 – Giovanni Bembo, Doge of Venice (b. 1543) March 23 – James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, Scottish politician (b. c. 1575) March 26 – Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1606–1618) (b. 1575) March 31 – Pedro Cornejo de Pedrosa, Spanish theologian (b. 1536) April–June April – Chief Powhatan (proper name Wahunsenacawh), Algonquin (indigenous American) leader, father of Pocahontas (b. c. 1547) April 5 – Robert | Alexander Lindsay, 1st Earl of Balcarres, Scottish politician and noble (d. 1659) July 17 Willem Ogier, Flemish playwright (d. 1689) George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny, Scottish nobleman and military commander (d. 1642) July 21 – Hayashi Gahō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1688) July 22 – Johan Nieuhof, Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to Brazil (d. 1672) September 6 – Walter Hoyt, Connecticut settler (d. 1698) September 9 – Joan Cererols, Catalan musician and Benedictine monk (d. 1680) September 11 – Francesco Grue, Italian artist (d. 1673) September 14 – Peter Lely, Dutch painter (d. 1680) September 27 – Jacob Alting, Dutch linguist (d. 1679) September 29 – Michiel Sweerts, Flemish painter (d. 1664) October–December October 8 – Claude Lamoral, 3rd Prince of Ligne, Spanish general and prince (d. 1679) October 7 – Rosina Schnorr, German businessperson (d. 1679) October 31 – Mariana de Jesús de Paredes, Catholic saint, the first person to be canonized from Ecuador (d. 1645) November – Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (d. 1699) November 1 – Sir John Wittewrong, 1st Baronet, English parliamentarian (d. 1693) November 3 – Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor of India (d. 1707) November 8 – Louise de La Fayette, French courtier, friend of King Louis XIII (d. 1665) November 12 – Gottfried Welsch, German physician (d. 1690) November 16 – Johann Ludwig Schönleben, Carniolan priest (d. 1681) November 26 – Johan Frederik von Marschalck, German-born landowner, Chancellor of Norway (d. 1679) December 2 Edward Bayntun, English politician (d. 1679) Nicholas Delves, English politician (d. 1690) December 3 – Sir William Ayloffe, 3rd Baronet, officer in the Royalist army during the English Civil War (d. 1662) December 18 – Karl Kaspar von der Leyen, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1676) December 26 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, German princess, philosopher, and Calvinist (d. 1680) December 28 – Catharina Hooft, noblewoman of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1691) Date unknown Athittayawong, Ayutthayan monarch (d. 1629) Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English politician (member of the Cabal) d. 1685) Deaths January–March January 6 – Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Ferrara (b. 1564) January 19 – Jacobus Zaffius, Dutch Catholic provost (b. 1535) January 24 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English peer and traitor (b. 1564) January 29 – John Dackombe, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1570) February 3 – Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (b. 1573) February 10 – Feliks Kryski, Grand Chancellor of Poland (b. 1562) February 14 – Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1560) February 20 – Philip William, Prince of Orange, eldest son of William the Silent, by his first wife Anna van Egmont (b. 1554) February 25 – Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon, English baroness (b. 1552) February 27 – Anne Lyon, Countess of Kinghorne, Scottish countess (b. 1579) March 5 John, Duke of Östergötland (b. 1589) Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg and by marriage Countess of Oettingen-Oettingen (b. 1559) March 14 – Nadira Banu Begum, Mughal princess (d. 1659) March 16 – Giovanni Bembo, Doge of Venice (b. 1543) March 23 – James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, Scottish politician (b. c. 1575) March 26 – Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1606–1618) (b. 1575) March 31 – Pedro Cornejo de Pedrosa, Spanish theologian (b. 1536) April–June April – Chief Powhatan (proper name Wahunsenacawh), Algonquin (indigenous American) leader, father of Pocahontas (b. c. 1547) April 5 – Robert Barker, English politician (b. 1563) April 14 – Giovanni Battista Zuccato, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop |
Luís. October 27 – Ratifications are exchanged in London on the first London Naval Treaty signed in April, modifying the Washington Naval Treaty of 1925. Its arms limitation provisions go into effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Japanese Empire, France, and Italy.) November November 2 – Haile Selassie is crowned emperor of Ethiopia. November 3 – Getúlio Vargas becomes president of Brazil. November 15 – Jean Harlow has her first major film role, in Howard Hughes' epic war film Hell's Angels. Her platinum hair and sensual persona cause an immediate sensation, turning her into one of the decade's most iconic and discussed film stars. November 25 An earthquake in the Izu Peninsula of Japan kills 223 people, and destroys 650 buildings. Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary in England, achieves the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using penicillin. December December – All adult Turkish women are given the right to vote in elections. December 2 – Great Depression: President Herbert Hoover goes before the United States Congress to ask for a $150 million public works program, to help create jobs and to stimulate the American economy. December 7 – The television station W1XAV in Boston broadcasts video and audio from the radio orchestra program The Fox Trappers. This broadcast also includes the first television commercial in the United States, an advertisement for the I. J. Fox Furriers Company, which sponsored the telecast. December 19 – Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, Indonesia, erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing 1,300 people. December 24 – In London, inventor Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his device to project pictures on clouds. December 29 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan. December 31 – The Papal encyclical Casti connubii, issued by Pope Pius XI, stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits Roman Catholics from using any form of artificial birth control, and reaffirms the Catholic prohibition on abortion. Date unknown Bernhard Schmidt invents the Schmidt camera. Births January January 1 Gaafar Nimeiry, 4th President of Sudan (d. 2009) Ty Hardin, American actor (d. 2017) Frederick Wiseman, American director and producer January 3 Robert Loggia, American actor (d. 2015) Ahmed Osman, Prime Minister of Morocco January 4 – Don Shula, American football coach (d. 2020) January 5 – M. R. Srinivasan, Indian nuclear scientist January 6 "Professor Tanaka" (Charles Kalani, Jr.), American wrestler and actor (d. 2000) Oscar Camilión, Argentine lawyer and diplomat (d. 2016) Vic Tayback, American actor (d. 1990) January 9 – Pavel Kolchin, Soviet Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2010) January 10 – Roy E. Disney, Disney executive (d. 2009) January 11 – Rod Taylor, Australian actor (d. 2015) January 12 Tim Horton, Canadian hockey player, co-founder of Tim Hortons fast food chain (d. 1974) Jennifer Johnston, Irish novelist Glenn Yarbrough, American singer (d. 2016) January 15 – Hédi Baccouche, Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2020) January 16 – Mary Ann McMorrow, American judge (d. 2013) January 19 – Tippi Hedren, American actress January 20 – Buzz Aldrin, American pilot, astronaut (Apollo 11), second person to set foot on the Moon January 21 – Mainza Chona, Zambian politician and diplomat (d. 2001) January 23 Derek Walcott, West Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) Roderick Walcott, West Indian playwright (d. 2000) William R. Pogue, American astronaut (d. 2014) January 24 – Terence Bayler, New Zealand actor (d. 2016) January 25 – Ruth Kligman, American artist (d. 2010) January 26 – Napoleon Abueva, Filipino artist (d. 2018) January 27 – Bobby Bland, African-American R&B musician (d. 2013) January 30 Gene Hackman, American actor and novelist Magnus Malan, South African soldier, Minister of Defence in the 1980s (d. 2011) February February 1 Shahabuddin Ahmed, 12th President of Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad, 10th President of Bangladesh (d. 2019) February 2 – Ruth M. Kirk, American politician (d. 2011) February 3 – Mani Krishnaswami, Carnatic music vocalist from Tamil Nadu, India (d. 2002) February 4 – Jim Loscutoff, American basketball player (d. 2015) February 7 – Ikutaro Kakehashi, Japanese engineer and entrepreneur (d. 2017) February 8 – Alejandro Rey, Argentine-American actor (d. 1987) February 10 – Robert Wagner, American actor February 13 Ernst Fuchs, Austrian painter (d. 2015) Israel Kirzner, English-born American economist, author and academic February 15 – Bruce Dawe, Australian poet (d. 2020) February 17 – Ruth Rendell, British author (d. 2015) February 19 John Frankenheimer, American film director (d. 2002) K. Viswanath, Indian actor, director and screenwriter February 22 – Marni Nixon, American vocalist (d. 2016) February 23 – Goro Shimura, Japanese mathematician (d. 2019) February 27 – Joanne Woodward, American actress February 28 – Leon Cooper, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March March 2 – Tom Wolfe, American author, journalist (d. 2018) March 3 Heiner Geißler, German politician (d. 2017) Ion Iliescu, 2-time President of Romania K. S. Rajah, Singaporean Senior Counsel, Judicial Commissioner of the Supreme Court (d. 2010) March 6 Allison Hayes, American actress (d. 1977) Lorin Maazel, French-born American orchestral conductor (d. 2014) March 7 Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, English photographer, royal spouse (d. 2017) Daphne Osborne, English botanist (d. 2006) March 8 – Douglas Hurd, English politician March 9 (or 19) – Ornette Coleman, American jazz saxophonist (d. 2015) March 13 – Liz Anderson, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2011) March 14 Irma Adelman, Romanian-born economist (d. 2017) Helga Feddersen, German actress (d. 1990) March 15 Alba Arnova, Italian-Argentine ballerina, actress (d. 2018) Zhores Alferov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) Shadi Abdel Salam, Egyptian film director, screenwriter and costume and set designer (d. 1986) March 17 – James Irwin, American astronaut (d. 1991) March 18 – Adam Cardinal Maida, American Roman Catholic prelate; Archbishop of Detroit (1990–2009) March 19 – Gualtiero Marchesi, Italian chef and restaurateur (d. 2017) March 20 – Thomas Stafford Williams, New Zealand cardinal March 22 Sir Lynden Pindling, 1st Prime Minister of the Bahamas (d. 2000) Pat Robertson, American televangelist, motivational speaker, author and television host Stephen Sondheim, American composer and lyricist (d. 2021) March 24 David Dacko, 1st President of the Central African Republic (d. 2003) Steve McQueen, American actor (d. 1980) March 26 – Sandra Day O'Connor, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States March 27 – Daniel Spoerri, Romanian-Swiss artist and writer March 28 Robert Ashley, American composer (d. 2014) Jerome Isaac Friedman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March 29 Anerood Jugnauth, Mauritian politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Mauritius, and 4th President of Mauritius (d. 2021) John Marshall, Australian swimmer (d. 1957) Naser Malek Motiei, Iranian actor, director (d. 2018) March 30 John Astin, American actor Rolf Harris, Australian entertainer March 31 Julián Herranz Casado, Spanish cardinal Susan Weil, American artist April April 1 – Grace Lee Whitney, American actress (Star Trek) (d. 2015) April 3 Lawton Chiles, American politician, U.S. Senator (Florida), 41st Governor of Florida (d. 1998) Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany (d. 2017) April 5 Mary Costa, American opera singer and actress Pierre Lhomme, French cinematographer (d. 2019) April 6 – Pampero Firpo, Argentinian/American professional wrestler (d. 2020) April 7 Vilma Espín, Cuban revolutionary, feminist, and chemical engineer (d. 2007) Andrew Sachs, German-born British actor (d. 2016) April 8 – Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma (d. 2010) April 9 – F. Albert Cotton, American chemist (d. 2007) April 10 Claude Bolling, French jazz pianist and composer (d. 2020) Dolores Huerta, American labor leader and civil rights activist Frank Lary, American baseball player (d. 2017) Spede Pasanen, Finnish television personality (d. 2001) April 11 Nicholas F. Brady, American politician and businessman Anton LaVey, American author, musician, and occultist (d. 1997) April 12 – John Landy, Australian athlete and politician (d. 2022) April 14 – Bradford Dillman, American actor and author (d. 2018) April 15 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland April 16 – Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (d. 2003) April 19 – Dick Sargent, American actor and gay activist (d. 1994) April 21 – Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (d. 1989) April 24 Richard Donner, American film director and producer (d. 2021) José Sarney, 31st President of Brazil April 25 – Paul Mazursky, American director and writer (d. 2014) April 26 – Roger Moens, Belgian athlete and sportscaster April 28 James Baker, former United States Secretary of State Carolyn Jones, American actress (d. 1983) April 29 Jean Rochefort, French actor (d. 2017) Irv Weinstein, American broadcaster, television news anchor (d. 2017) Mahmud of Terengganu, 16th Sultan of Terengganu (d. 1998) April 30 – Félix Guattari, French psychotherapist, philosopher, semiologist, and activist (d. 1992) May May 1 Ethel Ayler, American actress (d. 2018) Probosutedjo, Indonesian businessman (d. 2018) Little Walter, African-American blues singer, musician, and songwriter (d. 1968) May 3 – Juan Gelman, Argentine poet, writer (d. 2014) May 4 – Roberta Peters, American soprano (d. 2017) May 5 – Michael J. Adams, American aviator, aeronautical engineer, and astronaut (d. 1967) May 8 Heather Harper, Northern Irish soprano (d. 2019) Gary Snyder, American poet, essayist and translator May 9 – Joan Sims, English actress (d. 2001) May 11 – Edsger W. Dijkstra, Dutch computer scientist (d. 2002) May 13 Vernon Shaw, 5th President of Dominica (d. 2013) Mike Gravel, American politician, former Senator of Alaska and Presidential candidate (d. 2021) May 14 – María Irene Fornés, Cuban-American playwright (d. 2018) May 15 Jasper Johns, American painter Grace Ogot, Kenyan author, nurse, journalist, politician and diplomat (d. 2015) May 17 – María Luisa Mendoza, Mexican journalist, novelist and politician (d. 2018) May 19 – Lorraine Hansberry, African-American playwright (d. 1965) May 20 – James McEachin, American actor May 21 – Malcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2015) May 22 Kenny Ball, British jazz trumpeter, singer and bandleader (d. 2013) Harvey Milk, American politician and gay rights activist (d. 1978) May 25 – Sonia Rykiel, French fashion designer (d. 2016) May 27 John Barth, American writer Muhammad Lafir, Sri Lankan snooker player (d. 1981) May 28 – Edward Seaga, Jamaican politician, 5th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2019) May 31 Ruslan Stratonovich, Russian physicist, engineer (d. 1997) Clint Eastwood, American actor, director, and producer June June 1 – Edward Woodward, English actor and singer (d. 2009) June 2 – Pete Conrad, American astronaut, moonwalker and commander of Apollo 12 (d. 1999) June 3 Marion Zimmer Bradley, American writer (d. 1999) George Fernandes, Indian politician (d. 2019) June 4 Morgana King, American jazz singer, actress (d. 2018) Viktor Tikhonov, Soviet ice hockey player and coach (d. 2014) June 6 – Frank Tyson, English cricketer (d. 2015) June 8 – Robert Aumann, German-born mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences June 9 Barbara, French singer (d. 1997) Jordi Pujol, 126th President of the Government of Catalonia June 10 – Grace Mirabella, American journalist, editor of Vogue 1971-88 (d. 2021) June 11 Neale Lavis, Australian equestrian (d. 2019) Charles Rangel, African-American politician June 12 Jim Nabors, American actor, musician and comedian (d. 2017) Son Sen, Cambodian politician and war criminal (d. 1997) June 14 – Charles McCarry, American spy and novelist (d. 2019) June 16 – Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. 2016) June 19 – Gena Rowlands, American actress June 20 Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor (d. 2017) Juan Alberto Melgar Castro, Honduran military ruler (d. 1987) June 21 – Gerald Kaufman, British Labour politician (d. 2017) June 22 Yury Artyukhin, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1998) Sa'dun Hammadi, 33rd Prime Minister of Iraq (d. 2007) June 23 John Elliott, British historian Anthony Thwaite, English poet, critic, and academic (d. 2021) June 24 Claude Chabrol, French film director (d. 2010) Herb Klein, American businessman, attorney and politician June 26 Wolfgang Schwanitz, German Leader of the Office for National Security, Head of the Stasi (d. 2022) Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi, Pakistani economist and caretaker prime minister (d. 2016) Jackie Fargo, American wrestler, trainer (d. 2013) June 27 – Ross Perot, American computer billionaire, politician (d. 2019) June 28 William C. Campbell, Irish-American biologist, parasitologist, Nobel Prize laureate Itamar Franco, President of Brazil (d. 2011) Horacio Gómez Bolaños, Mexican actor (d. 1999) June 29 Robert Evans, American producer (d. 2019) Viola Léger, American-Canadian actress and politician June 30 Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad, Syrian bishop (d. 2018) Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi Arabian politician (d. 2021) July July 1 – Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, Bolivian politician and businessman July 2 Sylve Bengtsson, Swedish Olympic footballer (d. 2005) Ahmad Jamal, American jazz pianist and composer Carlos Menem, President of Argentina (d. 2021) July 3 Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (d. 2004) Ferdinando Riva, Swiss football forward (d. 2014) N. Venkatachala, Indian judge (d. 2019) July 4 George Steinbrenner, American businessman and baseball team owner (d. 2010) Yuriy Tyukalov, Russian rower (d. 2018) July 6 George Armstrong, Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. 2021) Françoise Mallet-Joris, Belgian writer (d. 2016) M. Balamuralikrishna, Indian Carnatic vocalist, multi-instrumentalist, playback singer, composer and actor (d. 2016) July 7 Theodore McCarrick, American Roman Catholic cardinal Biljana Plavšić, Bosnian politician and war criminal July 9 Slavko Dacevski, Macedonian football player and manager Patricia Newcomb, American producer and publicist July 11 Jack Alabaster, New Zealand cricketer Harold Bloom, American literary critic (d. 2019) July 14 – Polly Bergen, American actress (d. 2014) July 15 Einosuke Akiya, Japanese Buddhist leader Jacques Derrida, Algerian-born French literary critic (d. 2004) Stephen Smale, American mathematician July 17 Sigvard Ericsson, Swedish speed skater (d. 2019) Ray Galton, English scriptwriter (d. 2018) Sir William Heseltine, Australian Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II July 19 – David Rubadiri, Malawian diplomat, academic, poet, playwright and novelist (d. 2018) July 20 Alex Sánchez, Costa Rican football player Oleg Anofriyev, Soviet-Russian actor, singer, songwriter, film director and poet (d. 2018) July 21 Gene Littler, American professional golfer (d. 2019) Helen Merrill, American jazz vocalist Anand Bakshi, Indian poet/lyricist (d. 2002) July 24 – Jacqueline Brookes, American actress (d. 2013) July 25 Murray Chapple, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1985) Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010) Mitzi Shore, American comedy club owner (d. 2018) July 28 Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (d. 2014) Jean Roba, Belgian comics author (d. 2006) August August 1 Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist (d. 2002) Lawrence Eagleburger, United States Secretary of State (d. 2011) Károly Grósz, 51st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1996) Geoffrey Holder, Trinidadian-American dancer, choreographer and actor (d. 2014) August 4 Enrico Castellani, Italian painter (d. 2017) Ali al-Sistani, Iranian Shia Ayatollah August 5 – Neil Armstrong, American astronaut, first human to set foot on the Moon, commander of Apollo 11 (d. 2012) August 6 – Abbey Lincoln, American singer (d. 2010) August 9 Carmen Balcells, Spanish literary agent (d. 2015) Jacques Parizeau, French-Canadian politician (d. 2015) August 10 – Luigi De Filippo, Italian actor (d. 2018) August 12 – George Soros, Hungarian-born investor August 13 – Don Ho, American singer and entertainer (d. 2007) August 14 Earl Weaver, American professional baseball player and manager (d. 2013) Liz Fraser, English actress (d. 2018) August 15 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan trade unionist, educationist, Pan Africanist, author and independence activist (probable; d. 1969) August 16 Robert Culp, American actor (d. 2010) Leslie Manigat, 34th President of Haiti (d. 2014) Flor Silvestre, Mexican singer, actress and equestrienne (d. 2020) Tony Trabert, American tennis player and commentator (d. 2021) August 17 – Ted Hughes, English poet (d. 1998) August 18 – Rafael Pineda Ponce, Honduran educator and politician (d. 2014) August 19 – Frank McCourt, Irish-American writer (d. 2009) August 20 – Jan Olszewski, 3rd Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2019) August 21 Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002) Filippo Illuminato, Italian partisan, Gold Medal of Military Valour (d. 1943) August 22 – Gylmar dos Santos Neves, Brazilian footballer (d. 2013) August 23 – Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (d. 2016) August 24 – Sultanah Bahiyah, Sultanah of | American economy. December 7 – The television station W1XAV in Boston broadcasts video and audio from the radio orchestra program The Fox Trappers. This broadcast also includes the first television commercial in the United States, an advertisement for the I. J. Fox Furriers Company, which sponsored the telecast. December 19 – Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, Indonesia, erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing 1,300 people. December 24 – In London, inventor Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his device to project pictures on clouds. December 29 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan. December 31 – The Papal encyclical Casti connubii, issued by Pope Pius XI, stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits Roman Catholics from using any form of artificial birth control, and reaffirms the Catholic prohibition on abortion. Date unknown Bernhard Schmidt invents the Schmidt camera. Births January January 1 Gaafar Nimeiry, 4th President of Sudan (d. 2009) Ty Hardin, American actor (d. 2017) Frederick Wiseman, American director and producer January 3 Robert Loggia, American actor (d. 2015) Ahmed Osman, Prime Minister of Morocco January 4 – Don Shula, American football coach (d. 2020) January 5 – M. R. Srinivasan, Indian nuclear scientist January 6 "Professor Tanaka" (Charles Kalani, Jr.), American wrestler and actor (d. 2000) Oscar Camilión, Argentine lawyer and diplomat (d. 2016) Vic Tayback, American actor (d. 1990) January 9 – Pavel Kolchin, Soviet Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2010) January 10 – Roy E. Disney, Disney executive (d. 2009) January 11 – Rod Taylor, Australian actor (d. 2015) January 12 Tim Horton, Canadian hockey player, co-founder of Tim Hortons fast food chain (d. 1974) Jennifer Johnston, Irish novelist Glenn Yarbrough, American singer (d. 2016) January 15 – Hédi Baccouche, Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2020) January 16 – Mary Ann McMorrow, American judge (d. 2013) January 19 – Tippi Hedren, American actress January 20 – Buzz Aldrin, American pilot, astronaut (Apollo 11), second person to set foot on the Moon January 21 – Mainza Chona, Zambian politician and diplomat (d. 2001) January 23 Derek Walcott, West Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) Roderick Walcott, West Indian playwright (d. 2000) William R. Pogue, American astronaut (d. 2014) January 24 – Terence Bayler, New Zealand actor (d. 2016) January 25 – Ruth Kligman, American artist (d. 2010) January 26 – Napoleon Abueva, Filipino artist (d. 2018) January 27 – Bobby Bland, African-American R&B musician (d. 2013) January 30 Gene Hackman, American actor and novelist Magnus Malan, South African soldier, Minister of Defence in the 1980s (d. 2011) February February 1 Shahabuddin Ahmed, 12th President of Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad, 10th President of Bangladesh (d. 2019) February 2 – Ruth M. Kirk, American politician (d. 2011) February 3 – Mani Krishnaswami, Carnatic music vocalist from Tamil Nadu, India (d. 2002) February 4 – Jim Loscutoff, American basketball player (d. 2015) February 7 – Ikutaro Kakehashi, Japanese engineer and entrepreneur (d. 2017) February 8 – Alejandro Rey, Argentine-American actor (d. 1987) February 10 – Robert Wagner, American actor February 13 Ernst Fuchs, Austrian painter (d. 2015) Israel Kirzner, English-born American economist, author and academic February 15 – Bruce Dawe, Australian poet (d. 2020) February 17 – Ruth Rendell, British author (d. 2015) February 19 John Frankenheimer, American film director (d. 2002) K. Viswanath, Indian actor, director and screenwriter February 22 – Marni Nixon, American vocalist (d. 2016) February 23 – Goro Shimura, Japanese mathematician (d. 2019) February 27 – Joanne Woodward, American actress February 28 – Leon Cooper, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March March 2 – Tom Wolfe, American author, journalist (d. 2018) March 3 Heiner Geißler, German politician (d. 2017) Ion Iliescu, 2-time President of Romania K. S. Rajah, Singaporean Senior Counsel, Judicial Commissioner of the Supreme Court (d. 2010) March 6 Allison Hayes, American actress (d. 1977) Lorin Maazel, French-born American orchestral conductor (d. 2014) March 7 Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, English photographer, royal spouse (d. 2017) Daphne Osborne, English botanist (d. 2006) March 8 – Douglas Hurd, English politician March 9 (or 19) – Ornette Coleman, American jazz saxophonist (d. 2015) March 13 – Liz Anderson, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2011) March 14 Irma Adelman, Romanian-born economist (d. 2017) Helga Feddersen, German actress (d. 1990) March 15 Alba Arnova, Italian-Argentine ballerina, actress (d. 2018) Zhores Alferov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) Shadi Abdel Salam, Egyptian film director, screenwriter and costume and set designer (d. 1986) March 17 – James Irwin, American astronaut (d. 1991) March 18 – Adam Cardinal Maida, American Roman Catholic prelate; Archbishop of Detroit (1990–2009) March 19 – Gualtiero Marchesi, Italian chef and restaurateur (d. 2017) March 20 – Thomas Stafford Williams, New Zealand cardinal March 22 Sir Lynden Pindling, 1st Prime Minister of the Bahamas (d. 2000) Pat Robertson, American televangelist, motivational speaker, author and television host Stephen Sondheim, American composer and lyricist (d. 2021) March 24 David Dacko, 1st President of the Central African Republic (d. 2003) Steve McQueen, American actor (d. 1980) March 26 – Sandra Day O'Connor, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States March 27 – Daniel Spoerri, Romanian-Swiss artist and writer March 28 Robert Ashley, American composer (d. 2014) Jerome Isaac Friedman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate March 29 Anerood Jugnauth, Mauritian politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Mauritius, and 4th President of Mauritius (d. 2021) John Marshall, Australian swimmer (d. 1957) Naser Malek Motiei, Iranian actor, director (d. 2018) March 30 John Astin, American actor Rolf Harris, Australian entertainer March 31 Julián Herranz Casado, Spanish cardinal Susan Weil, American artist April April 1 – Grace Lee Whitney, American actress (Star Trek) (d. 2015) April 3 Lawton Chiles, American politician, U.S. Senator (Florida), 41st Governor of Florida (d. 1998) Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany (d. 2017) April 5 Mary Costa, American opera singer and actress Pierre Lhomme, French cinematographer (d. 2019) April 6 – Pampero Firpo, Argentinian/American professional wrestler (d. 2020) April 7 Vilma Espín, Cuban revolutionary, feminist, and chemical engineer (d. 2007) Andrew Sachs, German-born British actor (d. 2016) April 8 – Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma (d. 2010) April 9 – F. Albert Cotton, American chemist (d. 2007) April 10 Claude Bolling, French jazz pianist and composer (d. 2020) Dolores Huerta, American labor leader and civil rights activist Frank Lary, American baseball player (d. 2017) Spede Pasanen, Finnish television personality (d. 2001) April 11 Nicholas F. Brady, American politician and businessman Anton LaVey, American author, musician, and occultist (d. 1997) April 12 – John Landy, Australian athlete and politician (d. 2022) April 14 – Bradford Dillman, American actor and author (d. 2018) April 15 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland April 16 – Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (d. 2003) April 19 – Dick Sargent, American actor and gay activist (d. 1994) April 21 – Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (d. 1989) April 24 Richard Donner, American film director and producer (d. 2021) José Sarney, 31st President of Brazil April 25 – Paul Mazursky, American director and writer (d. 2014) April 26 – Roger Moens, Belgian athlete and sportscaster April 28 James Baker, former United States Secretary of State Carolyn Jones, American actress (d. 1983) April 29 Jean Rochefort, French actor (d. 2017) Irv Weinstein, American broadcaster, television news anchor (d. 2017) Mahmud of Terengganu, 16th Sultan of Terengganu (d. 1998) April 30 – Félix Guattari, French psychotherapist, philosopher, semiologist, and activist (d. 1992) May May 1 Ethel Ayler, American actress (d. 2018) Probosutedjo, Indonesian businessman (d. 2018) Little Walter, African-American blues singer, musician, and songwriter (d. 1968) May 3 – Juan Gelman, Argentine poet, writer (d. 2014) May 4 – Roberta Peters, American soprano (d. 2017) May 5 – Michael J. Adams, American aviator, aeronautical engineer, and astronaut (d. 1967) May 8 Heather Harper, Northern Irish soprano (d. 2019) Gary Snyder, American poet, essayist and translator May 9 – Joan Sims, English actress (d. 2001) May 11 – Edsger W. Dijkstra, Dutch computer scientist (d. 2002) May 13 Vernon Shaw, 5th President of Dominica (d. 2013) Mike Gravel, American politician, former Senator of Alaska and Presidential candidate (d. 2021) May 14 – María Irene Fornés, Cuban-American playwright (d. 2018) May 15 Jasper Johns, American painter Grace Ogot, Kenyan author, nurse, journalist, politician and diplomat (d. 2015) May 17 – María Luisa Mendoza, Mexican journalist, novelist and politician (d. 2018) May 19 – Lorraine Hansberry, African-American playwright (d. 1965) May 20 – James McEachin, American actor May 21 – Malcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2015) May 22 Kenny Ball, British jazz trumpeter, singer and bandleader (d. 2013) Harvey Milk, American politician and gay rights activist (d. 1978) May 25 – Sonia Rykiel, French fashion designer (d. 2016) May 27 John Barth, American writer Muhammad Lafir, Sri Lankan snooker player (d. 1981) May 28 – Edward Seaga, Jamaican politician, 5th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2019) May 31 Ruslan Stratonovich, Russian physicist, engineer (d. 1997) Clint Eastwood, American actor, director, and producer June June 1 – Edward Woodward, English actor and singer (d. 2009) June 2 – Pete Conrad, American astronaut, moonwalker and commander of Apollo 12 (d. 1999) June 3 Marion Zimmer Bradley, American writer (d. 1999) George Fernandes, Indian politician (d. 2019) June 4 Morgana King, American jazz singer, actress (d. 2018) Viktor Tikhonov, Soviet ice hockey player and coach (d. 2014) June 6 – Frank Tyson, English cricketer (d. 2015) June 8 – Robert Aumann, German-born mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences June 9 Barbara, French singer (d. 1997) Jordi Pujol, 126th President of the Government of Catalonia June 10 – Grace Mirabella, American journalist, editor of Vogue 1971-88 (d. 2021) June 11 Neale Lavis, Australian equestrian (d. 2019) Charles Rangel, African-American politician June 12 Jim Nabors, American actor, musician and comedian (d. 2017) Son Sen, Cambodian politician and war criminal (d. 1997) June 14 – Charles McCarry, American spy and novelist (d. 2019) June 16 – Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. 2016) June 19 – Gena Rowlands, American actress June 20 Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor (d. 2017) Juan Alberto Melgar Castro, Honduran military ruler (d. 1987) June 21 – Gerald Kaufman, British Labour politician (d. 2017) June 22 Yury Artyukhin, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1998) Sa'dun Hammadi, 33rd Prime Minister of Iraq (d. 2007) June 23 John Elliott, British historian Anthony Thwaite, English poet, critic, and academic (d. 2021) June 24 Claude Chabrol, French film director (d. 2010) Herb Klein, American businessman, attorney and politician June 26 Wolfgang Schwanitz, German Leader of the Office for National Security, Head of the Stasi (d. 2022) Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi, Pakistani economist and caretaker prime minister (d. 2016) Jackie Fargo, American wrestler, trainer (d. 2013) June 27 – Ross Perot, American computer billionaire, politician (d. 2019) June 28 William C. Campbell, Irish-American biologist, parasitologist, Nobel Prize laureate Itamar Franco, President of Brazil (d. 2011) Horacio Gómez Bolaños, Mexican actor (d. 1999) June 29 Robert Evans, American producer (d. 2019) Viola Léger, American-Canadian actress and politician June 30 Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad, Syrian bishop (d. 2018) Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi Arabian politician (d. 2021) July July 1 – Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, Bolivian politician and businessman July 2 Sylve Bengtsson, Swedish Olympic footballer (d. 2005) Ahmad Jamal, American jazz pianist and composer Carlos Menem, President of Argentina (d. 2021) July 3 Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (d. 2004) Ferdinando Riva, Swiss football forward (d. 2014) N. Venkatachala, Indian judge (d. 2019) July 4 George Steinbrenner, American businessman and baseball team owner (d. 2010) Yuriy Tyukalov, Russian rower (d. 2018) July 6 George Armstrong, Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. 2021) Françoise Mallet-Joris, Belgian writer (d. 2016) M. Balamuralikrishna, Indian Carnatic vocalist, multi-instrumentalist, playback singer, composer and actor (d. 2016) July 7 Theodore McCarrick, American Roman Catholic cardinal Biljana Plavšić, Bosnian politician and war criminal July 9 Slavko Dacevski, Macedonian football player and manager Patricia Newcomb, American producer and publicist July 11 Jack Alabaster, New Zealand cricketer Harold Bloom, American literary critic (d. 2019) July 14 – Polly Bergen, American actress (d. 2014) July 15 Einosuke Akiya, Japanese Buddhist leader Jacques Derrida, Algerian-born French literary critic (d. 2004) Stephen Smale, American mathematician July 17 Sigvard Ericsson, Swedish speed skater (d. 2019) Ray Galton, English scriptwriter (d. 2018) Sir William Heseltine, Australian Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II July 19 – David Rubadiri, Malawian diplomat, academic, poet, playwright and novelist (d. 2018) July 20 Alex Sánchez, Costa Rican football player Oleg Anofriyev, Soviet-Russian actor, singer, songwriter, film director and poet (d. 2018) July 21 Gene Littler, American professional golfer (d. 2019) Helen Merrill, American jazz vocalist Anand Bakshi, Indian poet/lyricist (d. 2002) July 24 – Jacqueline Brookes, American actress (d. 2013) July 25 Murray Chapple, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1985) Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010) Mitzi Shore, American comedy club owner (d. 2018) July 28 Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (d. 2014) Jean Roba, Belgian comics author (d. 2006) August August 1 Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist (d. 2002) Lawrence Eagleburger, United States Secretary of State (d. 2011) Károly Grósz, 51st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1996) Geoffrey Holder, Trinidadian-American dancer, choreographer and actor (d. 2014) August 4 Enrico Castellani, Italian painter (d. 2017) Ali al-Sistani, Iranian Shia Ayatollah August 5 – Neil Armstrong, American astronaut, first human to set foot on the Moon, commander of Apollo 11 (d. 2012) August 6 – Abbey Lincoln, American singer (d. 2010) August 9 Carmen Balcells, Spanish literary agent (d. 2015) Jacques Parizeau, French-Canadian politician (d. 2015) August 10 – Luigi De Filippo, Italian actor (d. 2018) August 12 – George Soros, Hungarian-born investor August 13 – Don Ho, American singer and entertainer (d. 2007) August 14 Earl Weaver, American professional baseball player and manager (d. 2013) Liz Fraser, English actress (d. 2018) August 15 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan trade unionist, educationist, Pan Africanist, author and independence activist (probable; d. 1969) August 16 Robert Culp, American actor (d. 2010) Leslie Manigat, 34th President of Haiti (d. 2014) Flor Silvestre, Mexican singer, actress and equestrienne (d. 2020) Tony Trabert, American tennis player and commentator (d. 2021) August 17 – Ted Hughes, English poet (d. 1998) August 18 – Rafael Pineda Ponce, Honduran educator and politician (d. 2014) August 19 – Frank McCourt, Irish-American writer (d. 2009) August 20 – Jan Olszewski, 3rd Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2019) August 21 Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002) Filippo Illuminato, Italian partisan, Gold Medal of Military Valour (d. 1943) August 22 – Gylmar dos Santos Neves, Brazilian footballer (d. 2013) August 23 – Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (d. 2016) August 24 – Sultanah Bahiyah, Sultanah of Kedah (d. 2003) August 25 Sir Sean Connery, Scottish actor (James Bond) (d. 2020) Georgiy Daneliya, Russian film director and screenwriter (d. 2019) August 27 – Gholamreza Takhti, Iranian wrestler (d. 1968) August 28 Windsor Davies, Welsh actor (d. 2019) Ben Gazzara, American actor (d. 2012) Irinej, Serbian Patriarch, 45th Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church (d. 2020) August 30 Warren Buffett, American billionaire entrepreneur Xernona Clayton, American civil rights activist and broadcasting executive Paul Poupard, French cardinal September September 1 – Charles Correa, Indian architect (d. 2015) September 3 – Cherry Wilder, New Zealand novelist (d. 2002) September 4 – Norman Dorsen, American civil rights activist (d. 2017) September 6 – Salvatore De Giorgi, Italian cardinal September 7 King Baudouin I of Belgium (d. 1993) Sonny Rollins, African-American jazz saxophonist September 8 Mario Adorf, German actor Jeannette Altwegg, English figure skater (d. 2021) September 9 – Frank Lucas, African-American drug trafficker (d. 2019) September 11 – Renzo Montagnani, Italian actor (d. 1997) September 12 – Akira Suzuki, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate September 13 Bola Ige, Nigerian politician (d. 2001) Jimmy McLane, American Olympic swimmer (d. 2020) September 16 – Anne Francis, American actress (d. 2011) September 17 Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny, First Lady of Ivory Coast David Huddleston, American actor (The Big Lebowski) (d. 2016) Edgar Mitchell, American astronaut (d. 2016) Thomas P. Stafford, American astronaut September 20 – Kenneth Mopeli, Chief Minister of QwaQwa bantustan (d. 2014) September 23 – Ray Charles, African-American singer, musician and actor (d. 2004) September 24 – John Young, American astronaut (d. 2018) September 25 – Shel Silverstein, American author, poet and humorist (d. 1999) September 26 Philip Bosco, American actor (d. 2018) Fritz Wunderlich, German tenor singer (d. 1966) September 29 Colin Dexter, English detective fiction writer (d. 2017) Billy Strange, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012) Richard Bonynge, Australian pianist and conductor October October 1 Richard Harris, Irish actor, singer (d. 2002) Philippe Noiret, French actor (d. 2006) October 2 – Dave Barrett, Canadian politician (d. 2018) October 4 – Andrej Marinc, Slovenian politician October 5 Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009) Reinhard Selten, German economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) October 6 Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (d. 2000) Richie Benaud, Australian cricketer and commentator (d. 2015) October 8 – Tōru Takemitsu, Japanese composer (d. 1996) October 10 Yves Chauvin, Belgian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) Harold Pinter, English playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008) October 14 Schafik Handal, Salvadoran politician (d. 2006) Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1997) October 17 – Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (d. 2003) October 18 – Frank Carlucci, American politician (d. 2018) October 19 Ron Joyce, Canadian businessman (d. 2019) Jody Lawrance, American actress (d. 1986) October 20 – Leila Seth, Indian judge (d. 2017) October 24 Ahmad Shah of Pahang, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d. 2019) The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson), American singer (d. 1959) October 27 – Francisca Aguirre, Spanish poet (d. 2019) October 28 – Bernie Ecclestone, English motor racing tycoon October 29 Omara Portuondo, Cuban singer and dancer Niki de Saint Phalle, French artist (d. 2002) October 30 Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1956) Timothy Findley, Canadian author (d. 2002) October 31 – Michael Collins, American astronaut (d. 2021) November November 5 – Hans Mommsen, German historian (d. 2015) November 6 – Derrick Bell, American law professor (d. 2011) November 11 Mildred Dresselhaus, American scientist and educator (d. 2017) Mabandla Dlamini, 3rd Prime Minister of Swaziland Alevtina Kolchina, Soviet Olympic cross-country skier November 13 – Richard A. |
Empire Winter/Spring: The Caesar Maximian defeats the Bagaudae rebellion in Gaul. He then defeats a Germanic invasion into Gaul, defeating an army of Burgundians and Alemanni and another army of Chaibones and Heruli. Emperor Diocletian campaigns successfully against Sarmatian raids. The future emperor Constantius defeats the 'Bosporian Sarmatians'. April 1 – Diocletian rewards Maximian by elevating him to co-emperor, giving him the title Augustus. Summer: Carausius, commander of the Classis Britannica, is accused of piracy by Maximian and is sentenced to death. He responds by declaring himself emperor of Britain and Northwestern Gaul. His forces consist of the newly built Roman fleet and three legions in Britain. The Carausian Revolt is supported by Gaulish merchant | rewards Maximian by elevating him to co-emperor, giving him the title Augustus. Summer: Carausius, commander of the Classis Britannica, is accused of piracy by Maximian and is sentenced to death. He responds by declaring himself emperor of Britain and Northwestern Gaul. His forces consist of the newly built Roman fleet and three legions in Britain. The Carausian Revolt is supported by Gaulish merchant ships and Frankish mercenaries. Asia Tuoba Chuo succeeds his brother Tuoba Xilu as chieftain of the Tuoba clan. Chaekgye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. Births Deaths Crispin and Crispinian, Roman cobblers and martyrs Domnina of Anazarbus, Christian martyr and saint Mark and Marcellian, Christian martyrs (approximate date) Tuoba Xilu, chieftain of the Tuoba clan (modern Mongolia) References |
October 29 – Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after British Admiral Lord Hood by Lt. William Broughton of the Vancouver Expedition, who spots the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River. November 6 War of the First Coalition: Battle of Jemappes – Austrian armies under the command of Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen are defeated in Belgium (at this time part of the Austrian Netherlands) by the French Army led by General Charles François Dumouriez. The second United States presidential election is held. Incumbent President George Washington receives all 132 electoral votes for president, and incumbent Vice-President John Adams is re-elected with 77 of 132 votes, with George Clinton receiving 50. November 19 – France's National Convention passes a resolution pledging French support for the overthrow of the governments of other nations. December 3 – George Washington is re-elected President of the United States. December 26 – The trial of Louis XVI of France begins. Date unknown Tipu Sultan invades Kerala, India, but is repulsed. Hungarian astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach publishes The Tables of the Sun, an essential early work for navigation. Claude Chappe successfully demonstrates the first semaphore line, between Paris and Lille. Scottish engineer William Murdoch begins experimenting with gas lighting. George Anschutz constructs the first blast furnace in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, one of the earliest works of feminist literature, is published in London. Barthélemy Catherine Joubert, future French general, becomes sub-lieutenant. Johann Georg Albrechtsberger becomes Kapellmeister in Vienna. The State Street Corporation is founded, in Boston, Massachusetts. The Insurance Company of North America (later Chubb) is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Shiloh Meeting House, predecessor of Shiloh United Methodist Church in Lynchburg, Virginia, is founded. The first written examinations in Europe are held at the University of Cambridge in England. Births January–June January 12 – Johann Arfvedson, Swedish chemist (d. 1841) February 10 – Frederick Marryat (Captain Marryat), English novelist and naval officer (d. 1848) February 15 – Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United States (d. 1866) February 17 – Karl Ernst von Baer, German naturalist (d. 1876) February 29 – Gioachino Rossini, Italian composer (d. 1868) March 3 – Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler, German church historian (d. 1854) March 4 Isaac Lea, American conchologist, geologist and publisher (d. 1886) Samuel Slocum, American inventor (d. 1861) March 7 – John Herschel, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1871) April 1 – Karl Gottlob Zumpt, German scholar (d. 1849) April 2 – Francisco de Paula Santander, President of Colombia (d. 1840) April 4 – Thaddeus Stevens, American politician (d. 1868) April 23 – Thomas Romney Robinson, Irish astronomer, physicist (d. 1882) April 25 – John Keble, English churchman, poet (d. 1866) May 10 – Willie Person Mangum, American politician (d. 1861) May 13 – Pope Pius IX (b. Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti), Italian churchman (d. 1878) May 15 – James Mayer de Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1868) May 17 – Anne Isabella Milbanke, English wife of Lord Byron (d. 1860) May 18 – Margaret Ann Neve, Guernesiaise supercentenarian (d. 1903) May 21 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, French engineer, scientist (d. 1843) June 13 – William Austin Burt, American inventor (Father of the typewriter), (d. 1858) June 16 – John Linnell, English painter (d. 1882) June 21 – Ferdinand Christian Baur, German theologian (d. 1860) July–December July 7 – William Henry Smith, British businessman (d. 1865) July 10 George M. Dallas, American Senator, 11th Vice President of the United States (d. 1864) Captain Frederick Marryat, British author (d. 1848) July 27 – Maria Quitéria, Brazilian national heroine (d. 1853) August 4 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (d. 1822) August 13 – Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1849) August 18 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1878) August 22 – John Church Hamilton, American historian (d. 1882) August 26 – Manuel Oribe, 2nd President of Uruguay (d. 1857) September 2 – Vicente Ramón Roca, 3rd President of Ecuador (d. 1858) September 19 – William Backhouse Astor, Sr., American business tycoon (d. 1875) September 26 – William Hobson, first Governor of New Zealand (d. 1842) October 29 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, explorer, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, Australia (d. 1855) November 4 – Carlos Antonio López, president of Paraguay (d. 1862) November 10 – Samuel Nelson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1873) November 11 – Mary Anne Evans, wife of Benjamin Disraeli (d. 1872) November 28 – Victor Cousin, French philosopher (d. 1867) December 1 – Nikolai Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (d. 1856) December 5 – Andrés de Santa Cruz, Peruvian military officer, seventh President of Peru and President of Bolivia (d. 1865) December 6 – William II of the Netherlands (d. 1849) date unknown – Nodira, Uzbek poet and stateswoman (d. 1842) Deaths January–June January 17 – George Horne, British academic and Bishop of Norwich (b.1730) February 15 – John Witherspoon, Scottish American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1723) February 23 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (b. 1723) March 1 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1747) Jean Godin | (d. 1848) February 15 – Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United States (d. 1866) February 17 – Karl Ernst von Baer, German naturalist (d. 1876) February 29 – Gioachino Rossini, Italian composer (d. 1868) March 3 – Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler, German church historian (d. 1854) March 4 Isaac Lea, American conchologist, geologist and publisher (d. 1886) Samuel Slocum, American inventor (d. 1861) March 7 – John Herschel, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1871) April 1 – Karl Gottlob Zumpt, German scholar (d. 1849) April 2 – Francisco de Paula Santander, President of Colombia (d. 1840) April 4 – Thaddeus Stevens, American politician (d. 1868) April 23 – Thomas Romney Robinson, Irish astronomer, physicist (d. 1882) April 25 – John Keble, English churchman, poet (d. 1866) May 10 – Willie Person Mangum, American politician (d. 1861) May 13 – Pope Pius IX (b. Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti), Italian churchman (d. 1878) May 15 – James Mayer de Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1868) May 17 – Anne Isabella Milbanke, English wife of Lord Byron (d. 1860) May 18 – Margaret Ann Neve, Guernesiaise supercentenarian (d. 1903) May 21 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, French engineer, scientist (d. 1843) June 13 – William Austin Burt, American inventor (Father of the typewriter), (d. 1858) June 16 – John Linnell, English painter (d. 1882) June 21 – Ferdinand Christian Baur, German theologian (d. 1860) July–December July 7 – William Henry Smith, British businessman (d. 1865) July 10 George M. Dallas, American Senator, 11th Vice President of the United States (d. 1864) Captain Frederick Marryat, British author (d. 1848) July 27 – Maria Quitéria, Brazilian national heroine (d. 1853) August 4 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (d. 1822) August 13 – Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1849) August 18 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1878) August 22 – John Church Hamilton, American historian (d. 1882) August 26 – Manuel Oribe, 2nd President of Uruguay (d. 1857) September 2 – Vicente Ramón Roca, 3rd President of Ecuador (d. 1858) September 19 – William Backhouse Astor, Sr., American business tycoon (d. 1875) September 26 – William Hobson, first Governor of New Zealand (d. 1842) October 29 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, explorer, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, Australia (d. 1855) November 4 – Carlos Antonio López, president of Paraguay (d. 1862) November 10 – Samuel Nelson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1873) November 11 – Mary Anne Evans, wife of Benjamin Disraeli (d. 1872) November 28 – Victor Cousin, French philosopher (d. 1867) December 1 – Nikolai Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (d. 1856) December 5 – Andrés de Santa Cruz, Peruvian military officer, seventh President of Peru and President of Bolivia (d. 1865) December 6 – William II of the Netherlands (d. 1849) date unknown – Nodira, Uzbek poet and stateswoman (d. 1842) Deaths January–June January 17 – George Horne, British academic and Bishop of Norwich (b.1730) February 15 – John Witherspoon, Scottish American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1723) February 23 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (b. 1723) March 1 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1747) Jean Godin des Odonais, French cartographer and naturalist (b. 1713) March 1 – Angelo Emo, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1731) March 3 – Robert Adam, Scottish architect and designer (b. 1728) March 10 – John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1713) March 23 – Luís António Verney, Portuguese philosopher and pedagogue (b. 1713) March 29 – King Gustav III of Sweden (assassinated) (b. 1746) April 3 – Sir George Pocock, British admiral (b. 1706) April 4 – James Sykes, American politician (b. 1725) April 14 – Maximilian Hell, Slovakian astronomer (b. 1720) April 23 – Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, German theologian, adventurer (b. 1741) April 30 – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (b. 1718) May 10 – John Stevens, American delegate to the |
a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus is sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where he later dies from starvation. August 23 – Odoacer, age 43, is proclaimed rex Italiae ("king of Italy") by his troops. He leads his Ostrogoth army into the Po Valley, and advances to Ravenna while plundering the countryside. August 28 – Orestes is arrested by Odoacer near Piacenza, and swiftly executed. September 4 – Romulus Augustulus, Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer at Ravenna. Odoacer spares the boy's life and gives him a pension of 6,000 solidi, but exiles him to the "Castellum Lucullanum" (Castel dell'Ovo), on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples. This event will later be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Rome, and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages. Julius Nepos, de jure ruler, becomes legally the last "Western Roman Emperor." He governs Dalmatia (Balkans), Morocco, and Northwest Gaul until his death in 480, but has no effective power on the Italian Peninsula. Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseilles, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians. The Visigoths under King Euric march into Italy, and suffer defeat against the forces of Odoacer. Emperor Zeno concludes a peace treaty between the Goths and Odoacer surrenders the newly conquered territory in Gaul. Euric pledges himself to undertake no further hostilities. The Roman Senate petitions Zeno to recognize Nepos as deposed and take the sole emperorship himself, abolishing the 81 year-long east/west division of the empire and recognizing Odoacer's authority in Italy. Zeno declines the first request, but names Odoacer Patricius, investing his rule with Imperial legitimacy. Winter – Zeno recognizes the full extent of the Vandal Kingdom, including all of western Africa, the | the countryside. August 28 – Orestes is arrested by Odoacer near Piacenza, and swiftly executed. September 4 – Romulus Augustulus, Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer at Ravenna. Odoacer spares the boy's life and gives him a pension of 6,000 solidi, but exiles him to the "Castellum Lucullanum" (Castel dell'Ovo), on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples. This event will later be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Rome, and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages. Julius Nepos, de jure ruler, becomes legally the last "Western Roman Emperor." He governs Dalmatia (Balkans), Morocco, and Northwest Gaul until his death in 480, but has no effective power on the Italian Peninsula. Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseilles, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians. The Visigoths under King Euric march into Italy, and suffer defeat against the forces of Odoacer. Emperor Zeno concludes a peace treaty between the Goths and Odoacer surrenders the newly conquered territory in Gaul. Euric pledges himself to undertake no further hostilities. The Roman Senate petitions Zeno to recognize Nepos as deposed and take the sole emperorship himself, abolishing the 81 year-long east/west division of the empire and recognizing Odoacer's authority in Italy. Zeno declines the first request, but names Odoacer Patricius, investing his rule with Imperial legitimacy. Winter – Zeno recognizes |
and the future site of the capital of the United States. The move comes after the bill is narrowly approved on July 1 by the Senate, 14 to 12, and on July 9 by the House, 32 to 29. At the same time, plans are made to move the national capital from New York to Philadelphia until the Potomac River site can be completed. July 26 – Alexander Hamilton's Assumption Bill, giving effect to his First Report on the Public Credit, is passed in the United States Congress, allowing the federal government to assume the consolidated debts of the U.S. states. July 27 – The Convention of Reichenbach is signed between Prussia and Austria. July 31 – Inventor Samuel Hopkins becomes the first to be issued a U.S. patent (for an improved method of making potash). August 4 – A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service), the forerunner of the Coast Guard. August 14 – The Treaty of Värälä ends the Russo-Swedish War. September 25 – The Peking Opera is born, when the Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing, in honor of the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday. September 30 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor starts to rule. October–December October to December - Vincent Ogé leads a free black's rebellion in Saint-Domingue agitating for civil rights. The rebellion is suppressed and Ogé executed. October 7 – Commissioners appointed by the New York legislature announce the successful conclusion of negotiations between New York and Vermont, concerning disputed real-estate claims, and the consent of New York's legislature to the admission to the Union of the state of Vermont as the 14th State (which was formed within what New York claimed as its territory, under an Order in Council, that King George III issued on July 20, 1764). October 10 – At least 3,000 people die in Algeria when an earthquake and tsunami strikes the city of Oran. The city is destroyed and Spanish forces eventually flee in 1792. October 20 – The Harmar Campaign ends in a defeat of U.S. Army General Josiah Harmar and Colonel John Hardin by the Western Confederacy of Indians, led by Chief Mihšihkinaahkwa of the Miami tribe and Weyapiersenwah of the Shawnee at Kekionga (now Fort Wayne, Indiana). November 24 – France's Constituent Assembly passes a law requiring all Roman Catholic priests to swear an oath of acceptance of the new French Constitution. November 27 – U.S. President George Washington and his wife, Martha Washington, arrive in the new temporary U.S. capital, Philadelphia, and take up residence at the President's House located at 524 Market Street. December 2 – Holy Roman Empire forces recapture Brussels, bringing an end to the short-lived United States of Belgium and restoring the Austrian Netherlands.Jeff Wallenfeldt, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Britanncia Educational Publishing, 2013) p93 December 6 – The United States Congress opens its first session in the new temporary U.S. capital in Philadelphia. December 10 – The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars begin in New South Wales, Australia, as a result of deterioration in relations and increasing colonization. December 11 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92): During Alexander Suvorov's storm of Izmail, 26,000 Turkish soldiers lose their lives. December 17 – The Aztec calendar stone is discovered at El Zócalo, Mexico City. December 22 – The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies. December 26 – Louis XVI of France gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution. Births January 5 – Melchor Múzquiz, 5th President of Mexico (d. 1844) January 18 – Qi Shan, Manchu Qing official (d. 1854) January 27 – Juan Álvarez, interim president of Mexico, 1855 (d. 1867) March 3 – John Austin, English jurist (d. 1859) March 29 – John Tyler, 10th President of the United States (d. 1862) April 21 – Manuel Blanco Encalada, Spanish-Chilean admiral and politician, 1st President of Chile (d. 1876) May 20 – Micajah Thomas Hawkins, American politician (d. 1858) May 23 – Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer (d. 1842) June 1 – Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian playwright (d. 1836) June 13 – José Antonio Páez, 19th President of Venezuela (d. 1873) June 24 – Helena Ekblom, Swedish preacher (d. 1859) July 13 – Anna Sofia Sevelin, Swedish opera singer (d. 1871) September 6 – John Green Crosse, English surgeon (d. 1850) October 14 – Thursday October Christian I, Pitcairn Islander and son of Fletcher Christian (d. 1831) October 21 – Alphonse de Lamartine, French poet and politician November 12 – Letitia Christian Tyler, First Lady of the United States (d. 1842) November 17 – August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician, astronomer (d. 1868) November 21 – Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, British admiral (d. 1858) December 8 Richard Carlile, English social reformer, press advocate (d. 1843) Friederike Lienig, Latvian entomologist (d. 1855) August Meineke, German Classical scholar (d. 1870) December 16 – Leopold I of Belgium (d. 1865) December 19 – William Edward Parry, English Arctic explorer (d. 1855) December 23 – Jean-François Champollion, French Egyptologist (d. 1832) December 31 – Antonie Adamberger, Austrian stage actress (d. 1867) date Unknown Lone Horn, Miniconjou chief (d. 1875) James Moore Wayne, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1867) Deaths January 5 – Jacob Christian Schäffer, German inventor, botanist and professor (b. 1718) January 13 – Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (b. 1712) January 15 – John Landen, English mathematician (b. 1719) January 20 – John Howard (prison reformer), English philanthropist (b. 1726) January 25 – Meriwether Smith, American Continental Congressman for Virginia (b. 1730) January 31 – Thomas Lewis, Irish-born Virginia settler (b. 1718) February 5 – William Cullen, Scottish physician, chemist (b. 1710) February 15– Juan Albano Pereira Márquez, godfather and tutor of Bernardo O'Higgins (b. 1728) February 18 – Elisabeth of Württemberg, Archduchess of Austria (b. 1767) February 20 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1741) Leonard Lispenard, American politician (b. 1714) March 4 – Henry Wisner, American Continental Congressman for New York (b. 1720) March 12 András Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1710) William Grayson, American Continental Congressman and United States Senator for Virginia (b. 1740) April 6 – Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1719) April 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American scientist, statesman (b. 1706) April 29 – Charles-Nicolas Cochin, French artist (b. 1715) May 4 – Matthew Tilghman, American Continental Congressman for Maryland (b. 1718) May 9 – William Clingan, American Continental Congressman for Pennsylvania (b. c.1721) May 16 – Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, English politician (b. 1720) May 20 – Nathan Miller, American Continental Congressman for Rhode Island (b. 1743) May 21 – Thomas Warton, English poet (b. 1728) May 23 – George Montagu, 1st Duke of | rowing craft are sunk and 22 are taken. July 10 — The U.S. House of Representatives votes, 32-29 to approve creating the District of Columbia from portions of Maryland and Virginia for the eventual seat of government and national capital. July 12 – French Revolution: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed. This completes the destruction of the monastic orders, legislating out of existence all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships. July 14 – French Revolution: Citizens of Paris celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation, in the Fête de la Fédération. July 16 – U.S. President George Washington signs the Residence Act into law, establishing a site along the Potomac River as the District of Columbia and the future site of the capital of the United States. The move comes after the bill is narrowly approved on July 1 by the Senate, 14 to 12, and on July 9 by the House, 32 to 29. At the same time, plans are made to move the national capital from New York to Philadelphia until the Potomac River site can be completed. July 26 – Alexander Hamilton's Assumption Bill, giving effect to his First Report on the Public Credit, is passed in the United States Congress, allowing the federal government to assume the consolidated debts of the U.S. states. July 27 – The Convention of Reichenbach is signed between Prussia and Austria. July 31 – Inventor Samuel Hopkins becomes the first to be issued a U.S. patent (for an improved method of making potash). August 4 – A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service), the forerunner of the Coast Guard. August 14 – The Treaty of Värälä ends the Russo-Swedish War. September 25 – The Peking Opera is born, when the Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing, in honor of the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday. September 30 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor starts to rule. October–December October to December - Vincent Ogé leads a free black's rebellion in Saint-Domingue agitating for civil rights. The rebellion is suppressed and Ogé executed. October 7 – Commissioners appointed by the New York legislature announce the successful conclusion of negotiations between New York and Vermont, concerning disputed real-estate claims, and the consent of New York's legislature to the admission to the Union of the state of Vermont as the 14th State (which was formed within what New York claimed as its territory, under an Order in Council, that King George III issued on July 20, 1764). October 10 – At least 3,000 people die in Algeria when an earthquake and tsunami strikes the city of Oran. The city is destroyed and Spanish forces eventually flee in 1792. October 20 – The Harmar Campaign ends in a defeat of U.S. Army General Josiah Harmar and Colonel John Hardin by the Western Confederacy of Indians, led by Chief Mihšihkinaahkwa of the Miami tribe and Weyapiersenwah of the Shawnee at Kekionga (now Fort Wayne, Indiana). November 24 – France's Constituent Assembly passes a law requiring all Roman Catholic priests to swear an oath of acceptance of the new French Constitution. November 27 – U.S. President George Washington and his wife, Martha Washington, arrive in the new temporary U.S. capital, Philadelphia, and take up residence at the President's House located at 524 Market Street. December 2 – Holy Roman Empire forces recapture Brussels, bringing an end to the short-lived United States of Belgium and restoring the Austrian Netherlands.Jeff Wallenfeldt, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Britanncia Educational Publishing, 2013) p93 December 6 – The United States Congress opens its first session in the new temporary U.S. capital in Philadelphia. December 10 – The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars begin in New South Wales, Australia, as a result of deterioration in relations and increasing colonization. December 11 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92): During Alexander Suvorov's storm of Izmail, 26,000 Turkish soldiers lose their lives. December 17 – The Aztec calendar stone is discovered at El Zócalo, Mexico City. December 22 – The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies. December 26 – Louis XVI of France gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution. Births January 5 – Melchor Múzquiz, 5th |
and the other by Nehemiah Bourne; the result is inconclusive. June 13 – George Fox preaches to a large crowd on Firbank Fell in England, leading to the establishment of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). July–December August 26 – First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Plymouth – A fleet from the England attacks an outward-bound convoy of the United Provinces, escorted by 23 men-of-war and six fire ships, commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter; the Dutch escape. September 7–11 – Guo Huaiyi Rebellion: A peasant revolt against colonial rule in Dutch Formosa is suppressed. October 2 – The Great Fire of Oulu destroyed almost all of the houses of the town’s bourgeoisie, the provision warehouses and the drawbridge of Oulu Castle, in the town of Oulu, Finland. October 8 – First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of the Kentish Knock – In a battle fought near the shoal called the Kentish Knock in the North Sea, about from the mouth of the River Thames, the Dutch are forced to withdraw. December 10 – First Anglo-Dutch War: Defeat at the Battle of Dungeness causes the Commonwealth of England to reform its navy. Births January 2 Sir Gilbert Heathcote, 1st Baronet, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1733) Michel Chamillart, French statesman (d. 1721) January 7 – Pavao Ritter Vitezović, Croatian historian (d. 1713) January 8 – Wilhelm Homberg, Dutch alchemist (d. 1715) January 11 – Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Germany (d. 1714) January 13 – Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English politician (d. 1694) January 16 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician (d. 1699) January 17 – Claude-Guy Hallé, French painter (d. 1736) February 6 – Francesco Pignatelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1734) February 13 Anton Domenico Gabbiani, Italian painter (d. 1726) August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (d. 1689) February 14 – Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard, Marshal of France (d. 1728) March 1 – Louis de Sabran, British theologian (d. 1732) March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685) March 10 – Giacomo Serpotta, Italian artist (d. 1732) March 12 – Johann Heinrich Ernesti, German philosopher, theologian (d. 1729) March 14 – Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate, German princess (d. 1730) March 20 – Leon Bazyli Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian politician (d. 1686) March 21 – Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye, Anglo-Irish nobleman (d. 1740) March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born Massachusetts judge (d. 1730) April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740) April 9 Jean Le Fèvre (astronomer), French astronomer (d. 1706) Christian Ulrich I, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (d. 1704) April 13 – Thomas Ward (author), English writer (d. 1708) April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719) April 25 Boris Sheremetev, Russian noble (d. 1719) Giovanni Battista Foggini, Italian artist (d. 1725) April 28 – Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt, regent and composer (d. 1712) May 1 – John King (Rector of Chelsea), English churchman (d. 1732) May 2 – Abraham Hinckelmann, German Protestant theologian (d. 1695) May 7 – Edward Northey (barrister), British barrister and politician (d. 1723) May 11 – Johann Philipp d'Arco, Austrian soldier (d. 1704) May 14 Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege, German noblewoman (d. 1693) Johann Philipp Förtsch, German opera composer (d. 1732) May 20 – Ichijō Kaneteru, Japanese court noble (d. 1705) May 27 – Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, wife to Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (d. 1722) June 1 – Juan Ferreras, Spanish priest (d. 1735) June 23 – Jan Brokoff, German sculptor (d. 1718) August 3 – Samuel Western, English politician (d. 1699) August 15 John Grubb, American politician (d. 1708) John Wise (clergyman), American Christian clergyman (d. 1725) August 26 – Tsarevna Marfa Alekseyevna of Russia (d. 1707) August 31 – Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, only child of Duke Charles II (d. 1708) September 4 Jean Orry, French economist (d. 1719) Tokugawa Tsunanari, Japanese daimyō (d. 1699) September 8 – Luisa Roldán, Spanish artist (d. 1706) September 10 – Jan Sladký Kozina, Czech revolutionary (d. 1695) September 12 – Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental (d. 1697) October 11 – Nathaniel Higginson, English politician (d. 1708) October 16 Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1718) Jan Mortel, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1719) October 29 – Jan Wyck, Dutch military painter (d. 1702) November 1 – William Lowndes, English politician (d. 1724) November 3 – Louis, Duke of Rohan, French noble (d. 1727) November 4 – Marc-René de | (d. 1699) January 17 – Claude-Guy Hallé, French painter (d. 1736) February 6 – Francesco Pignatelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1734) February 13 Anton Domenico Gabbiani, Italian painter (d. 1726) August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (d. 1689) February 14 – Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard, Marshal of France (d. 1728) March 1 – Louis de Sabran, British theologian (d. 1732) March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685) March 10 – Giacomo Serpotta, Italian artist (d. 1732) March 12 – Johann Heinrich Ernesti, German philosopher, theologian (d. 1729) March 14 – Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate, German princess (d. 1730) March 20 – Leon Bazyli Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian politician (d. 1686) March 21 – Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye, Anglo-Irish nobleman (d. 1740) March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born Massachusetts judge (d. 1730) April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740) April 9 Jean Le Fèvre (astronomer), French astronomer (d. 1706) Christian Ulrich I, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (d. 1704) April 13 – Thomas Ward (author), English writer (d. 1708) April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719) April 25 Boris Sheremetev, Russian noble (d. 1719) Giovanni Battista Foggini, Italian artist (d. 1725) April 28 – Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt, regent and composer (d. 1712) May 1 – John King (Rector of Chelsea), English churchman (d. 1732) May 2 – Abraham Hinckelmann, German Protestant theologian (d. 1695) May 7 – Edward Northey (barrister), British barrister and politician (d. 1723) May 11 – Johann Philipp d'Arco, Austrian soldier (d. 1704) May 14 Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege, German noblewoman (d. 1693) Johann Philipp Förtsch, German opera composer (d. 1732) May 20 – Ichijō Kaneteru, Japanese court noble (d. 1705) May 27 – Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, wife to Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (d. 1722) June 1 – Juan Ferreras, Spanish priest (d. 1735) June 23 – Jan Brokoff, German sculptor (d. 1718) August 3 – Samuel Western, English politician (d. 1699) August 15 John Grubb, American politician (d. 1708) John Wise (clergyman), American Christian clergyman (d. 1725) August 26 – Tsarevna Marfa Alekseyevna of Russia (d. 1707) August 31 – Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, only child of Duke Charles II (d. 1708) September 4 Jean Orry, French economist (d. 1719) Tokugawa Tsunanari, Japanese daimyō (d. 1699) September 8 – Luisa Roldán, Spanish artist (d. 1706) September 10 – Jan Sladký Kozina, Czech revolutionary (d. 1695) September 12 – Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental (d. 1697) October 11 – Nathaniel Higginson, English politician (d. 1708) October 16 Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1718) Jan Mortel, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1719) October 29 – Jan Wyck, Dutch military painter (d. 1702) November 1 – William Lowndes, English politician (d. 1724) November 3 – Louis, Duke of Rohan, French noble (d. 1727) November 4 – Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721), French politician (d. 1721) November 9 – Marie Anne d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1656) November 10 – Johann Ernst Glück, German theologian, translator (d. 1705) December 2 – Karolina of Legnica-Brieg, Silesian noblewoman (d. 1707) December 9 Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician and botanist (d. 1723) Robert Rochfort, Irish politician (d. 1727) December 10 – Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, German nobleman (d. 1692) December 20 – Samuel Bradford, English churchman, Whig politician (d. 1731) December 25 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713) Deaths January 19 – Vilem Slavata of Chlum, Czech nobleman (b. 1572) January 30 – Georges de La Tour, French Baroque painter (b. 1593) February 7 – Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (b. 1582) February 28 – Arcangela Tarabotti, Venetian nun and feminist (b. 1604) March 12 – Aloysius Gottifredi, Italian Jesuit (b. 1595) March 17 – Benjamin Bramer, German mathematician (b. 1588) April 13 – Georges Fournier, French Jesuit mathematician and geographer (b. 1595) April 17 – Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1608) April 19 – Jesper Brochmand, Danish bishop (b. 1585) April 21 – Pietro Della Valle, Italian traveller (b. 1586) April 26 – Jean-Pierre Camus, French Catholic bishop (b. 1584) May 11 (bur.) – Eva Ment, Dutch culture personality (b. 1606) May 10 Jacques Buteux, French missionary (b. 1600) Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force, Marshal of France (b. 1558) June 3 – Marek Sobieski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (b. 1628) June 9 Anna Sophie of Anhalt, German noblewoman (b. 1584) Jean Dolbeau, French missionary (b. 1586) June 18 – John Casimir, Count |
the Northern Cape, his first posting in Africa. July 5 – Thomas Cook arranges his first railway excursion, in England. July 17 – The first edition of the humorous magazine Punch is published in London. July 18 (Sunday) Emperor Pedro II of Brazil is crowned in Rio de Janeiro. The sixth bishop of Calcutta, Daniel Wilson, and Dr. James Taylor, Civil Surgeon at Dhaka, establish the first modern educational institution on the Indian subcontinent, Dhaka College. July 20 – The Mercantile Agency (ancestor of Dun & Bradstreet) is founded in New York City, by Lewis Tappan. August 11 – Frederick Douglass speaks in front of the Anti-Slavery Convention in Nantucket, Massachusetts. August 16 – U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House, in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history. August 20–October 16 – The Niger expedition of 1841 begins sailing up the Niger River by paddle steamers, under the auspices of the British Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and the Civilisation of Africa; it is largely abortive, due to the high incidence of disease among the crews. September 24 – Sarawak is broken away from Brunei, and becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom; James Brooke is appointed rajah. October–December October 10 – First Opium War: Battle of Chinhai – British capture a Chinese garrison. October 13 – First Opium War: British occupy Ningbo. October 16 – Queen's University is founded in Kingston, Ontario, by Rev. Thomas Liddell, who carries a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria, and becomes the school's first principal. October 30 – A fire at the Tower of London destroys its Grand Armoury, and causes a quarter of a million pounds' worth of damage. November – The settlement of Dallas, Texas is founded by John Neely Bryan. November 13 – Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he (Braid) eventually calls hypnotism. December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia. December 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War: At a meeting with the Afghan general Akbar Khan, British diplomat Sir William Hay Macnaghten is shot dead at close quarters. Date unknown John Augustus develops the concept of probation in Boston, Massachusetts. Ongoing First Opium War (1839–42) First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) Births January–June January 8 Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Muslim scholar, 1st Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Islam (d. 1914) Kate Stone, American diarist (d. 1907) January 14 – Berthe Morisot, French painter (d. 1895) January 15 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, English-Canadian politician, soldier (d. 1908) January 23 | of Brazil (d. 1913) February 16 – Armand Guillaumin, French painter, lithographer (d. 1927) February 24 – Carl Gräbe, German chemist (d. 1927) February 25 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (d. 1919) March 1 – Luigi Luzzatti, Italian financier, economist, philosopher, and jurist, 20th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1927) March 8 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1935) March 15 – Pietro Bonilli, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. 1935) April 3 – Hermann Carl Vogel, German astrophysicist, astronomer (d. 1907) April 9 – William George Aston, British consular official (d. 1911) April 13 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (d. 1905) May 10 – James Gordon Bennett Jr., American newspaper publisher (d. 1918) May 15 – Clarence Dutton, American geologist (d. 1912) June 1 – Edward Lyon Buchwalter, Union captain in the American Civil War, businessman, and banker (d. 1933) July–December July 2 – Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev, Russian chemist (d. 1910) July 5 – Mary Arthur McElroy, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1917) August 6 – Florence Baker, Hungarian-born explorer (d. 1916) August 14 – Joaquín Vara de Rey y Rubio, Spanish general (d. 1898) August 24 – Anna Hierta-Retzius, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1924) August 25 – Emil Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917) August 28 – Louis Le Prince, French inventor, Father of Cinematography (d. 1890) September 8 Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (d. 1904) Charles J. Guiteau, American lawyer, assassin of James A. Garfield (d. 1882) September 10 – Yamaji Motoharu, Japanese general (d. 1897) September 28 – Georges Clemenceau, French statesman (d. 1929) October 4 – Prudente de Morais, 3rd President of Brazil (d. 1902) October 7 – King Nicholas I of Montenegro (d. 1921) October 16 – Prince Itō Hirobumi, 4-time Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1909) November 6 Nelson W. Aldrich, Senator from Rhode Island (d. 1915) Armand Fallières, 9th President of France (d. 1931) November 9 – King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (d. 1910) November 13 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (d.1913) November 20 – Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 7th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1919) December 6 – Frédéric Bazille, French painter (d. 1870) December 20 – Ferdinand Buisson, French pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1932) Date unknown Arousyak Papazian, Armenian actress, writer (d. 1907) Deaths January–June January 15 – Johann Jacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot, Baltic-German naturalist, traveller (b. 1792) January 20 – Jørgen Jørgensen, Danish adventurer (b. 1780) February 12 – Sir Astley Cooper, British surgeon and anatomist (b. 1768) February 17 – Ferdinando Carulli, Italian guitarist (b. 1770) March 1 – Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno, French marshal (b. 1764) March 12 – Richard Roberts, captain of (b. 1803) March 16 – Félix Savart, French physicist (b. 1791) April 4 – William Henry Harrison, American military officer and politician, 9th President of the United States (b. 1773) April 10 – William Lloyd, Welsh Anglican priest turned schoolteacher, Methodist preacher (b. 1771) April 28 – Peter Chanel, French Roman Catholic priest, missionary, and saint (martyred) (b. 1803) April 30 – Peter Andreas Heiberg, Danish author, philologist (b. 1758) May 13 – Maria Madeline Taylor, Australian stage actor (b. 1805) May 16 – Marie |
The Income Tax Act establishes the first peacetime income tax in the United Kingdom; 7 pence in the pound, for incomes over 150 pounds. May 19 – Dorr Rebellion: Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island, but are repulsed. June 4 – In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into a British military base in Grahamstown, to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban (he had left 11 days earlier). The British army dispatches a relief force. June 13 – Queen Victoria becomes the first reigning British monarch to travel by train, on the Great Western Railway between Slough and London Paddington station. June 18 – A primary school system is established in Sweden. June – James Nasmyth patents the steam hammer in the United Kingdom. July–September July 8 – A total solar eclipse occurs in Asia. July 13 – The Tri-Kap fraternity is founded at Dartmouth College (the oldest local fraternity in the United States). August 4 – The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part, of the Peninsula of East Florida. August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains. August 10 – The Mines Act 1842 becomes law, prohibiting underground work for all women and boys under 10 years old in the United Kingdom. August 14 – American Indian Wars: United States general William J. Worth declares the Second Seminole War to be over. August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty between Britain and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War, and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony until 1997. September – Wesleyan University is established in Ohio. September 16–17 – The Treaty of Chushul ends the Sino-Sikh War. October–December October 5 – Josef Groll brews the first pilsner beer in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). October 29 – The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane. November 26 – The University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana (United States) is established by Father Edward Sorin, of the Roman Catholic Congregation of Holy Cross. December 7 – The New York Philharmonic, founded by Ureli Corelli Hill, performs its first concert. December 20 – The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, is established. Date unknown The Polynesian islands of Tahiti and Tahuata are declared a protectorate of France. The New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland. Dzogchen Monastery, in Sichuan, China, is almost completely destroyed by an earthquake. English palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur. Julius von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent. Pentonville Prison in London begins to function. Pickelhaube helmet introduced in the Prussian Army. The Sons of Temperance is founded in New York City. Beecham's Pills, as predecessor of Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK) founded in Lancashire, England. Founding of: Cumberland University (in Lebanon, Tennessee). Hollins University (in Roanoke, Virginia by Charles Cocke). Villanova University (in Villanova, Pennsylvania by the Augustinian order). Indiana University Maurer School of Law at Indiana University Bloomington. Delft University of Technology (in Delft, Netherlands). Births January–June January 11 – William James, American psychologist, philosopher (d. 1910) January 15 – Mary MacKillop, first Australian saint (d. 1909) February 3 – Sidney Lanier, American writer (d. 1881) February 7 – Alexandre Ribot, 46th Prime Minister of France (d. 1923) February | British military base in Grahamstown, to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban (he had left 11 days earlier). The British army dispatches a relief force. June 13 – Queen Victoria becomes the first reigning British monarch to travel by train, on the Great Western Railway between Slough and London Paddington station. June 18 – A primary school system is established in Sweden. June – James Nasmyth patents the steam hammer in the United Kingdom. July–September July 8 – A total solar eclipse occurs in Asia. July 13 – The Tri-Kap fraternity is founded at Dartmouth College (the oldest local fraternity in the United States). August 4 – The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part, of the Peninsula of East Florida. August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains. August 10 – The Mines Act 1842 becomes law, prohibiting underground work for all women and boys under 10 years old in the United Kingdom. August 14 – American Indian Wars: United States general William J. Worth declares the Second Seminole War to be over. August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty between Britain and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War, and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony until 1997. September – Wesleyan University is established in Ohio. September 16–17 – The Treaty of Chushul ends the Sino-Sikh War. October–December October 5 – Josef Groll brews the first pilsner beer in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). October 29 – The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane. November 26 – The University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana (United States) is established by Father Edward Sorin, of the Roman Catholic Congregation of Holy Cross. December 7 – The New York Philharmonic, founded by Ureli Corelli Hill, performs its first concert. December 20 – The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, is established. Date unknown The Polynesian islands of Tahiti and Tahuata are declared a protectorate of France. The New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland. Dzogchen Monastery, in Sichuan, China, is almost completely destroyed by an earthquake. English palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur. Julius von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent. Pentonville Prison in London begins to function. Pickelhaube helmet introduced in the Prussian Army. The Sons of Temperance is founded in New York City. Beecham's Pills, as predecessor of Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK) founded in Lancashire, England. Founding of: Cumberland University (in Lebanon, Tennessee). Hollins University (in Roanoke, Virginia by Charles Cocke). Villanova University (in Villanova, Pennsylvania by the Augustinian order). Indiana University Maurer School of Law at Indiana University Bloomington. Delft University of Technology (in Delft, Netherlands). Births January–June January 11 – William James, American psychologist, philosopher (d. 1910) January 15 – Mary MacKillop, first Australian saint (d. 1909) February 3 – Sidney Lanier, American writer (d. 1881) February 7 – Alexandre Ribot, 46th Prime Minister of France (d. 1923) February 11 Erik Gustaf Boström, 2-Time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1907) Maria Louise Eve, American author (d. 1900) February 23 – Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher (d. 1906) February 24 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet, composer (d. 1918) February 25 – Karl May, German writer (d. 1912) March 2 – Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer, patron of the arts after whom the Carlsberg brewery was named (d. 1914) March 5 – A. Viola Neblett, American activist, suffragist, women's rights pioneer (d. 1897) March 10 – Mykola Lysenko, Ukrainian composer (d. 1912) March 18 – Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet (d. 1898) March 25 – Susan Augusta Pike Sanders, American teacher, clubwoman, author; national president of the Woman's Relief Corps (d. 1931) March 26 – Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, French occultist (d. 1909) March 30 – John Fiske, American philosopher (d. 1901) April 2 – Dominic Savio, Italian adolescent student of John Bosco (d. 1857) April 17 – Maurice Rouvier, Prime Minister of France (d. 1911) May 4 – Marietta Bones, American suffragist, social reformer, philanthropist (d. 1901) May 7 – Isala Van Diest, Belgian physician (d. 1916) May 8 – Emil Christian Hansen, Danish fermentation physiologist (d. 1909) May 13 – Sir Arthur Sullivan, English composer (d. 1900) June 11 – Carl von Linde, German scientist, engineer (d. 1934) June 12 – Rikard |
becomes an autonomous duchy as part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown. Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is first marked on the world map by Muhammad al-Idrisi. Africa Normans conduct a series of raids in North Africa, including Annaba (modern Algeria) and the Nile Delta. England October 25 – King Stephen dies after a short illness at Dover. He is succeeded by Henry of Anjou, the son of Queen Matilda. December 19 – The 21-year-old Henry II is crowned as sole ruler of England along with his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. The Bull Ring, a commercial market centre, is founded by Peter de Bermingham at Birmingham. By topic Art and Culture January 15 – Muhammad al-Idrisi, Arab geographer and cartographer, completes his atlas of the world, the Tabula Rogeriana'', which will remain one of the most accurate maps until the Age of Discovery. Religion December 3 – Pope Anastasius IV dies after a 17-month pontificate. He is succeeded by Adrian IV (the only English pope in history) as the 169th pope of the Catholic Church. Births November 2 – Constance I, queen of Sicily (d. 1198) November 11 – Sancho I, king of Portugal (d. 1211) Agnes of Austria, queen of Hungary (d. 1182) Benoît de Sainte-Maure, French poet (d. 1173) Gyeong Dae-seung, Korean military leader (d. 1183) Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Japanese general (d. 1184) Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri, Ayyubid general (d. | short illness at Dover. He is succeeded by Henry of Anjou, the son of Queen Matilda. December 19 – The 21-year-old Henry II is crowned as sole ruler of England along with his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. The Bull Ring, a commercial market centre, is founded by Peter de Bermingham at Birmingham. By topic Art and Culture January 15 – Muhammad al-Idrisi, Arab geographer and cartographer, completes his atlas of the world, the Tabula Rogeriana'', which will remain one of the most accurate maps until the Age of Discovery. Religion December 3 – Pope Anastasius IV dies after a 17-month pontificate. He is succeeded by Adrian IV (the only English pope in history) as the 169th pope of the Catholic Church. Births November 2 – Constance I, queen of Sicily (d. 1198) November 11 – Sancho I, king of Portugal (d. 1211) Agnes of Austria, queen of Hungary (d. 1182) Benoît de Sainte-Maure, French poet (d. 1173) Gyeong Dae-seung, Korean military leader (d. 1183) Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Japanese general (d. 1184) Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri, Ayyubid general (d. 1233) Robert II, count of Dreux and Braine (d. 1218) Sohrevardi, Persian philosopher (d. 1191) Vsevolod III, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1212) Deaths February 2 – Viacheslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1083) February 20 – Wulfric of Haselbury, English miracle worker February 26 – Roger II, king of Sicily (b. 1095) March 8 – Stephen of Obazine, French priest (b. 1085) April 1 or April 15 – Al-Zafir, Fatimid caliph (b. 1133) April 3 – Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar, Fatimid vizier June 8 – William of York, English archbishop June 9 – Geoffrey of Canterbury, English abbot July 20 – Bernard of Hildesheim, German bishop July 21 – Elizabeth of Hungary, Polish duchess September 4 – Gilbert de la Porrée, French theologian October 25 – Stephen, king of England (b. 1096) November 13 |
Council of Tours: Albigensians are named and condemned as heretics. Loccum Abbey in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house, by Cornwall. The Guanfuchang salt-fields (官富場) in Hong Kong (nowadays To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Bay, Kwun Tong and Lam Tin districts) are first officially operated by the Song dynasty. The first stone of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral is set by Pope Alexander III. The Thousand Pillar Temple is constructed by Rudra Deva in India. The Notre-Dame Cathedral is laid in the | Yoshitoki, Kamakura regent (d. 1224) As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ruler of Syria (d. 1181) Ibn al-Qabisi (d. 1235) Deaths January 14 – King Ladislaus II of Hungary (b. 1131) February 10 – King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130) date unknown Constance of Antioch, ruler of Antioch (b. 1127) - or possibly early 1164 Abd al-Mu'min, founder of the Almohad Empire (b. 1094) Dahui Zonggao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk |
began on January 1, 1160, and ended on December 31, 1169. Significant | decade of the Julian Calendar which began on |
impose the death sentence and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.) Date unknown Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of Alsace. The first Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau. Johann Pachelbel writes his Canon in D Major Births January 23 – Joseph Ames, English author (d. 1759) February 14 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (d. 1737) February 23 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767) April 9 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (d. 1754) April 23 – Anna Canalis di Cumiana, morganatic spouse of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy (d. 1769) June 22 – Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (d. 1754) September 22 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (d. 1747) October 19 – John Abernethy, Irish Protestant minister (d. 1740) date unknown – Bulleh Shah, Sufi poet (d. 1757) date unknown – Julianna Géczy, Hungarian heroine (d. 1714) approximate – Edward Teach (Blackbeard), English pirate (d. 1718) Deaths January–June January 2 John Jolliffe, English politician and businessman (b. 1613) Trunajaya, Maduran prince and rebel leader, murdered (b. 1649) January 18 – John Hervey, English courtier and politician (b. 1616) January 20 – Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (b. 1625) January 23 – Capel Luckyn, English Member of Parliament (b. 1622) February – Ralph Davenant, English rector and founder of Davenant Foundation School February 11 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, German princess, philosopher and Calvinist (b. 1618) February 17 Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (b. 1599) Frans Post, Dutch painter (b. 1612) Jan Swammerdam, Dutch scientist (b. 1637) February 22 – Catherine Monvoisin, French fortune teller and poisoner (b. c. 1640) February 27 – Philippe Balthazar de Gand, French noble (b. 1616) March 14 – René Le Bossu, French critic (b. 1631) March 17 William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton, English politician (b. 1631) François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (b. 1613) March 23 – Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (b. 1615) April 1 – David Denicke, German jurist and hymnwriter (b. 1603) April 3 – Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosale, founder of the Maratha Empire (b. 1630) April 19 – Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen (1671–1680) (b. 1647) April 25 Louise of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess suo jure of Oława and Wołów (1672–1680) (b. 1631) Simon Paulli, Danish physician (b. 1603) April 29 – Nicolas Cotoner, Spanish 61st Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1608) May 29 – Abraham Megerle, Austrian composer and organist (b. 1607) May 31 – Joachim Neander, German Calvinist clergyman (b. 1650) June 4 Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, administrator of the archbishopric of Magdeburg (b. 1614) Tokugawa Ietsuna, Japanese Tokugawa shōgun (b. 1641) June 18 – Samuel Butler, English poet (b. 1612) June 10 Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (b. 1635) Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643) July–December July 26 John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (b. 1647) Sir Hugh Smith, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1632) July 30 – Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (b. 1634) August 19 – John Eudes, French missionary (b. 1601) August 20 – William Bedloe, English informer (b. 1650) August 22 – John George II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1613) August 24 Ferdinand Bol, Dutch painter, etcher and draftsman (b. 1616) Thomas Blood, thief of the English Crown Jewels (b. 1618) August 25 – Symeon of Polotsk, Belarusian churchman and poet (b. 1629) August 27 – Joan Cererols, Catalan musician and Benedictine monk (b. 1618) August 28 – Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (b. 1617) September 1 – Anna Sophia I, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Dutch abbess (b. 1619) September 2 – Per Brahe the Younger, Swedish soldier and statesman (b. 1602) September 3 Anna Elisabeth of Anhalt-Bernburg, duchess consort of Württemberg-Bernstadt (b. 1647) Paul Ragueneau, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1608) September 9 – Henry Marten, English regicide (b. 1602) September 10 – Baldassare Ferri, Italian castrato (b. 1610) September 11 Roger Crab, English Puritan political writer (b. 1621) Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. 1596) September 26 – John Dury, Scottish-born Calvinist minister (b. 1596) September 30 – Johann Grueber, Austrian Jesuit missionary and astronomer (b. 1623) October 4 – Pierre-Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder (b. 1609) October 13 – Lelio Colista, Italian composer and lutenist (b. 1629) | Duke of Saxe-Gotha, who had died in 1675. The oldest son, Frederick, receives Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. The rest is divided among Albert (Duke of Saxe-Coburg); Bernhard (Saxe-Meiningen); Henry (Saxe-Römhild); Christian (Saxe-Eisenberg); Ernest (Saxe-Hildburghausen); and John Ernest (Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld). March 24 – The Earl of Shaftesbury informs the Privy Council of England that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were about to launch a rebellion, backed by France. The investigation leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett. March 25 – Troops sent by the Sultan of Morocco, Ismail Ibn Sharif, begin a blockade of the port of Tangier, occupied by the England and located on the North African coast. Palmes Fairborne is dispatched to defend Tangier as the colonial governor and commander-in-chief of English forces. March 27 – The London Penny Post delivery service begins operations after being created by Robert Murray and William Dockwra, with a policy of delivering letters to any part of London or its suburbs for the price of one English penny. March 30 – A total eclipse of the Sun takes place and is visible over central Africa, with totality over the Opala Territory in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. April–June April 21 – Prince Rajaram Bhosle, the 10-year-old son of the Shivaji, the Chhatrapati (Emperor) of the Maratha Empire in India, is installed on the throne as the new Emperor, less than three weeks after the death of his father. Sambhaji Bhosle, the eldest son of Shivaji, learns the news while imprisoned at Panhala and makes plans to escape prison and take over the throne. April 27 – Prince Sambhaji and fellow prisoners kill the commander of the Panhala prison and take control of the fort, as he makes plans to become ruler of the Maratha Empire. April 30 – The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England. May 6 – King Charles XI of Sweden marries Princess Elonora, daughter of the late King Frederick III of Denmark and sister of King Christian V. May – The volcano Krakatoa erupts, probably on a relatively small scale. June 4 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi becomes the new Shōgun of Japan upon the death of his older brother, Tokugawa Ietsuna, who had been shōgun for 29 years. June 10 – England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty. June 16 – Sambhaji Bhosle and his troops capture Raigad, the capital of the Maratha Empire and Sambhaji becomes the new Chhatrapati or Emperor. Sambhaji deposes his younger brother Rajaram I and places Rajaram and Rajaram's mother under house arrest. June 22 – The Sanquhar Declaration, written by Richard Cameron, leader of the Covenanters who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by King Charles, is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire. June 30 – During the Spanish Inquisition, and auto-da-fé takes place in the Plaza Mayor in Madrid. The event is commemorated painted by painter Francisco Rizi three years later. June – Elizabeth Cellier, an English Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government. July–September July 8 – The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts. August 10 – A Pueblo medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is now the U.S. state of New Mexico, choosing the campaign to being before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards. August 20 (August 10 Old Style) – The settlement of Karlskrona in Sweden is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there. August 21 – In the Pueblo Revolt, the native Pueblo people capture Santa Fe (now in New Mexico) from the Spanish colonists. August 24 – Comédie-Française is founded by decree of Louis XIV of France as La maison de Molière in Paris. September 15 – A four month truce between England and Morocco expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at Tangier. A treaty is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory. September 21 – Spanish troops make a counterattack on Santa Fe in what is now the U.S. state of New Mexico, allowing the remaining Spanish troops in the besieged city to flee to El Paso. September 30 – Robert Boyle, having rediscovered the process of manufacturing phosphorus from bone ash, deposits his summary of the directions with The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. Boyle's assistant, Ambrose Godfrey, later develops Boyle's discovery to produce phosphorus commercially. October–December October 9 – A massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake destroys part of Málaga and other cities in the province of the same name. October 29 – At the request of King Charles XI of Sweden, the Riksdag in Sweden enacts the Great Reduction, returning fiefs which had been granted to the Swedish nobility to the Crown. The nation becomes an absolute monarchy under the rule of Charles. November 14 – The Great Comet of 1680 is first sighted. November 17 – Whigs organize processions to burn effigies of the Pope in London. December 17 (December 7 O.S.) – The trial for treason of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford before his fellow members of the House of Lords having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.) Date unknown Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of Alsace. The first Portuguese governor is appointed to |
territory of Mexico, later the New Mexico Territory in the United States, and then the U.S. State of New Mexico. Births January–March January 23 – François Mansart, French architect (d. 1666) March 12 – Guillaume Colletet, French writer (d. 1659) March 13 – Johannes Loccenius, German historian (d. 1677) March 15 – Redemptus of the Cross, Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (d. 1638) March 25 Ralph Corbie, Irish Jesuit (d. 1644) Robert Trelawney, English politician (d. 1643) March 26 – Sir William Lewis, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1677) April–June April 9 – Johann Crüger, German composer of well-known hymns (d. 1662) April 11 – William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German nobleman (d. 1662) April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Italian astronomer (d. 1671) April 23 – Maarten Tromp, officer and later admiral in the Dutch navy (d. 1653) April 28 – Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester, English politician (d. 1653) May 23 – Claude Mellan, French painter and engraver (d. 1688) June 4 – Åke Henriksson Tott, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1640) June 19 – Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1663 until his death (d. 1677) July–September July 6 – Kirsten Munk, Danish noble, spouse of King Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1658) July 29 – Henricus Regius, Dutch philosopher (d. 1679) July 31 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian high-Baroque sculptor active in Rome (d. 1654) August 7 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish civil servant (d. 1672) September 11 – Imre Thurzó, Hungarian noble (d. 1621) September 23 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Holy Roman Empress, married to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1655) September 24 – Giovanni Francesco Busenello, Italian librettist (d. 1659) September 27 – Robert Blake, English admiral (d. 1657) October–December October 14 – Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy, Marshal of France (d. 1685) October 17 – Jørgen Knudsen Urne, Danish noble (d. 1642) October 19 – Isaac Commelin, Dutch historian (d. 1676) October 27 – Lars Stigzelius, Swedish Lutheran archbishop (d. 1676) November 3 – Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (1600–1654) (d. 1654) November 4 – Ernst Adalbert von Harrach, Austrian Catholic cardinal (d. 1667) November 7 – Francisco de Zurbarán, Spanish painter (d. 1664) November 28 – Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (d. 1667) December 7 – Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor (d. 1680) December 20 – Ottavio Farnese, Italian noble (d. 1643) December 22 – Henri de La Trémoille, French general and noble (d. 1674) December 24 – Margaret Stuart, Scottish princess (d. 1600) Date unknown Bonaventura Cavalieri, Italian mathematician (d. 1647) Marmaduke Langdale, Royalist in the English Civil War (d. 1661) Baldassarre Longhena, Venetian architect (d. 1682) Jean Nicolet, French explorer (d. 1642) William Strode, English parliamentarian (d. 1645) Guðríður Símonardóttir, Icelandic woman known as a victim of the Turkish abductions (d. 1682) probable Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Tréville and French officer (d. 1672) Mary Bankes, Royalist in the English Civil War, defender of Corfe Castle (d. 1661) Deaths January 8 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg, Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia (b. 1525) January 9 – Jasper Heywood, English Jesuit classicist and translator (b. 1553) January 16 – Tsar Feodor I of Russia (b. 1557) February 10 – Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland (b. 1573) March 4 or March 5 – Lucas Maius, Lutheran Reformation pastor, theologian and playwright (b. 1522) March 28 – Michele Bonelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1541) April 8 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (b. 1532) April 10 – Jacopo Mazzoni, Italian philosopher (b. 1548) April 19 Hans Fugger, German businessman (b. 1531) Rokkaku Yoshikata, Japanese daimyō (b. 1521) May 3 – Anna Guarini, Italian singer (b. 1563) May 18 – Philipp of Bavaria, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1576) June – Emery Molyneux, English maker of globes and instruments (date | fleet of Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck, three ships under Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck land on the island which they name Mauritius, after Maurice, Prince of Orange, and sight the dodo. December 16 (November 19 (lunar calendar)) – Battle of Noryang: An allied Korean and Chinese fleet under Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin and Chinese Admiral Chen Lin defeats the Japanese navy, ending the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98). December 21 – Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelantaro, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile; all Spanish cities south of the Bío Bío River eventually fall victim to the Destruction of the Seven Cities by the Mapuches, and all conquest of Mapuche territories by Europeans practically ceases, until the later 19th century Occupation of Araucanía. Date unknown Carnival – Jacopo Peri's Dafne, the earliest known modern opera, is premièred at the Palazzo Corsini, Florence. Pentecost – Calvinist congregations in Zürich introduce music into their services. The Parliament of England passes the Vagabonds Act, that allows transportation of convicts to colonies. Illustrations of Ottoman Turkish and European riflemen, with detailed illustrations of their firearms, appear in Zhao Shizhen's book Shenqipu in this year, during the Ming Dynasty of China. The Spanish establish themselves in El Piñal, a trading port on the coast of China in the Pearl River Delta. New Mexico is founded as the Kingdom of Nuevo México as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Kingdom eventually became a territory of Mexico, later the New Mexico Territory in the United States, and then the U.S. State of New Mexico. Births January–March January 23 – François Mansart, French architect (d. 1666) March 12 – Guillaume Colletet, French writer (d. 1659) March 13 – Johannes Loccenius, German historian (d. 1677) March 15 – Redemptus of the Cross, Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (d. 1638) March 25 Ralph Corbie, Irish Jesuit (d. 1644) Robert Trelawney, English politician (d. 1643) March 26 – Sir William Lewis, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1677) April–June April 9 – Johann Crüger, German composer of well-known hymns (d. 1662) April 11 – William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German nobleman (d. 1662) April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Italian astronomer (d. 1671) April 23 – Maarten Tromp, officer and later admiral in the Dutch navy (d. 1653) April 28 – Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester, English politician (d. 1653) May 23 – Claude Mellan, French painter and engraver (d. 1688) June 4 – Åke Henriksson Tott, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1640) June 19 – Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1663 until his death (d. 1677) July–September July 6 – Kirsten Munk, Danish noble, spouse of King Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1658) July 29 – Henricus Regius, Dutch philosopher (d. 1679) July 31 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian high-Baroque sculptor active in Rome (d. 1654) August 7 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish civil servant (d. 1672) September 11 – Imre Thurzó, Hungarian noble (d. 1621) September 23 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Holy Roman Empress, married to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1655) September 24 – Giovanni Francesco Busenello, Italian librettist (d. 1659) September 27 – Robert Blake, English admiral (d. 1657) October–December October 14 – Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy, Marshal of France (d. 1685) October 17 – Jørgen Knudsen Urne, Danish noble (d. 1642) October 19 – Isaac Commelin, Dutch historian (d. 1676) October 27 – Lars |
Africa, with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board. June June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declares independence from the French Empire. June 15 – The Duchess of Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, "the most famous ball in history". June 16 Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Quatre Bras: Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw. June 18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Waterloo: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively defeat Napoleon. June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July). June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme on its way to Paris. July July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England). July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy. August August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government." August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. September September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years. September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo. October October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams. October 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France. October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. November November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention, the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp), November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands. November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil. November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna. December December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near the Jardin du Luxembourg. December 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published. December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston. Date unknown The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands. The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins. In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in England from this year. Births January–June January 11 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (d. 1891) January 15 – Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann, German photographer (d. 1901) January 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872) January 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d. 1848) February 2 – Mathilde Esch, Austrian genre painter (d. 1904) February 3 – Edward James Roye, 5th President of Liberia (d. 1872) February 10 – Constantin Bosianu, 4th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1882) February 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874) March 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886) March 11 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879) March 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896) April 1 Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898) Edward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880) April 6 – Robert Volkmann, German composer (d. 1883) April 24 – Anthony Trollope, English author (d. 1882) May 11 – Richard Ansdell, English painter, engraver (d. 1885) May 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian Federation (d. 1896) June 18 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, Bavarian general (d. 1881) June 30 – Wilhelm von Ramming, Austrian general (d. 1876) July–December July 26 – Robert Remak, German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (d. 1865) August 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial governor (d. 1901) August 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator (d. 1888) August 26 – Bernard Jauréguiberry, French admiral and statesman (d. 1887) October 16 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of | the South Atlantic Ocean. September September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years. September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo. October October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams. October 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France. October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. November November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention, the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp), November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands. November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil. November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna. December December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near the Jardin du Luxembourg. December 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published. December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston. Date unknown The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands. The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins. In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in England from this year. Births January–June January 11 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (d. 1891) January 15 – Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann, German photographer (d. 1901) January 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872) January 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d. 1848) February 2 – Mathilde Esch, Austrian genre painter (d. 1904) February 3 – Edward James Roye, 5th President of Liberia (d. 1872) February 10 – Constantin Bosianu, 4th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1882) February 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874) March 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886) March 11 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879) March 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896) April 1 Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898) Edward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880) April 6 – Robert Volkmann, German composer (d. 1883) April 24 – Anthony Trollope, English author (d. 1882) May 11 – Richard Ansdell, English painter, engraver (d. 1885) May 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian Federation (d. 1896) June 18 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, Bavarian general (d. 1881) June 30 – Wilhelm von Ramming, Austrian general (d. 1876) July–December July 26 – Robert Remak, German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (d. 1865) August 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial governor (d. 1901) August 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator (d. 1888) August 26 – Bernard Jauréguiberry, French admiral and statesman (d. 1887) October 16 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905) October 23 – João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe, Brazilian magistrate, politician (d. 1889) October 31 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (d. 1897) September 12 – Richard S. Rust, American abolitionist (d. 1906) November 2 – George Boole, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1864) November 5 – Luís Carlos Martins Pena, Brazilian playwright (d. 1848) November 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (d. 1902) November 20 – Maria Cederschiöld, Swedish deaconess (d. 1892) December 2 – Juan Javier Espinosa, 9th President of Ecuador (d. 1870) December 8 – Adolph Menzel, German artist, painter (d. 1905) December 10 – Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace, English computer pioneer, daughter of Lord Byron (d. 1852) December 13 – Pálné Veres, Hungarian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1895) December 21 – Thomas Couture, French painter (d. 1879) December 30 – Joseph Toynbee, English otologist (d. 1866) December 31 – George Meade, American general (d. 1872) Date unknown William Farquharson Burnett, British commodore (d. 1863) Deaths January–June January 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1778) January 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, politically active British courtesan, lover of Horatio Nelson (b. 1765) January 24 – Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet, British East India Company official (b. 1752) February 9 – Ellen Hutchins, Irish botanist (b. 1785) |
and XV Apollinaris) on the western side and a fourth (X Fretensis) on the Mount of Olives to the east. He puts pressure on the food and water supplies of the inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover and then refusing them egress. About April 21 – Titus opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem, concentrating his attack on the city's Third Wall (HaHoma HaShlishit) to the northwest. The Roman army begins trying to breach the wall using testudos, mantlets, siege towers, and battering rams. 7th of Artemisios (7th of Iyar, about May 6) – The Third Wall of Jerusalem collapses and the Jews withdraw from Bezetha to the Second Wall, where the defences are unorganized. 12th of Artemisios (12th of Iyar, about May 11) – Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. The Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans start building a circumvallation; all trees within 90 stadia (ca. fifteen kilometres) of the city are cut down. 21st of Artemisios (about May 20 or 21) – A "certain prodigious and incredible phenomenon", "chariots and troops" seen running in the clouds around Jerusalem Pentecost (Shavuot, 6th of Sivan, about June 4) – Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem feel a quaking and hear "a sound as of a great multitude saying, Let us remove hence". 17th of Panemos (17th of Tammuz), about July 14) – Sacrifices cease in the temple. 24th of Panemos (about July 20) – Romans set fire to a cloister after the capture of the Fortress of Antonia, north of the Temple Mount. The Romans are drawn into street fighting with the Zealots. 10th of Loios (9th or | mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with the 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes. Sextus Julius Frontinus is praetor of Rome. Legio II Adiutrix is created from marines of Classis Ravennatis. Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Gallia Narbonensis. 14th of Xanthikos (14th of Nisan, about April 14) – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus surrounds the Jewish capital, with three legions (V Macedonica, XII Fulminata and XV Apollinaris) on the western side and a fourth (X Fretensis) on the Mount of Olives to the east. He puts pressure on the food and water supplies of the inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover and then refusing them egress. About April 21 – Titus opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem, concentrating his attack on the city's Third Wall (HaHoma HaShlishit) to the northwest. The Roman army begins trying to breach the wall using testudos, mantlets, siege towers, and battering rams. 7th of Artemisios (7th of Iyar, about May 6) – The Third Wall of Jerusalem collapses and the Jews withdraw from Bezetha to the Second Wall, where the defences are unorganized. 12th of Artemisios (12th of Iyar, about May 11) – Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. The Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans start building a circumvallation; all trees within 90 stadia (ca. fifteen kilometres) of the city are cut down. 21st of Artemisios (about May 20 or 21) – A "certain prodigious and incredible phenomenon", "chariots and troops" seen running in the clouds around Jerusalem Pentecost (Shavuot, 6th of Sivan, about June 4) – Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem feel a quaking and hear "a sound as of a great multitude saying, Let us remove hence". 17th of Panemos (17th of Tammuz), about July 14) – Sacrifices cease in the temple. 24th of Panemos (about July 20) – Romans set fire to a cloister after the capture of the Fortress of Antonia, north of the Temple Mount. The Romans are drawn into street fighting with the Zealots. 10th of Loios (9th or 10th of Av, about August 4) – Titus destroys the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Roman troops are stationed in Jerusalem and abolish the Jewish high priesthood and Sanhedrin. This becomes known as the Fall of Jerusalem, a conclusive event in the First Jewish–Roman War (the Jewish Revolt), which began in 66 AD. Following this event, the Jewish religious leadership moves from Jerusalem to Jamnia (present day Yavne), and |
The 1630s decade ran | to December 31, 1639. |
Dutch theologian (d. 1708) February 16 – Shubael Dummer, American Congregational church minister (d. 1692) March 1 – Giacinto Camillo Maradei, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Policastro (d. 1705) March 8 – Robert Kerr, 1st Marquess of Lothian (d. 1703) March 13 – Ulrik Huber, Dutch philosopher (d. 1694) March 25 – Henric Piccardt, Dutch lawyer (d. 1712) April–June April 6 – Noël Bouton de Chamilly, Marshal of France (d. 1715) April 10 – Balthasar Kindermann, German poet (d. 1706) April 13 – Hendrik van Rheede, Dutch botanist (d. 1691) April 29 – Esaias Reusner, German lutenist and composer (d. 1679) May 6 – Laura Mancini, French court beauty (d. 1657) May 17 – Edward Colman, English Catholic courtier under Charles II (d. 1678) May 22 – Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1687) May 27 – Thormodus Torfæus, Icelandic historian (d. 1719) June 3 – John Hale, Beverly minister (d. 1700) June 15 Sir Thomas Slingsby, 2nd Baronet of England (d. 1688) Charles de La Fosse, French painter (d. 1716) June 21 – Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, French noble (d. 1721) June 29 – Thomas Hyde, English orientalist (d. 1703) July–September July 2 – Daniel Speer, German Baroque composer and writer (d. 1709) July 12 – Count Ferdinand Edzard of East Frisia, German nobleman (d. 1668) July 31 – Josias II, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen, major general in Brunswick and co-ruler of Waldeck-Wildungen (d. 1669) August 25 – Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French military man, brother of Madame de Montespan (d. 1688) September 5 – Ignace-Gaston Pardies, French physicist (d. 1673) September 24 – Francesco Vaccaro, Italian painter (d. 1675) September 25 – Ferdinand Joseph, Prince of Dietrichstein, German prince (d. 1698) September 28 – Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Prussian royal consort (d. 1689) September 29 – Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1715) October–December October 6 – George Frederick, Count of Erbach-Breuberg, Count of Erbach and Breuberg (1653) (d. 1653) October 15 – John Strangways, English politician (d. 1676) October 23 – Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, queen consort of King Charles X of Sweden (d. 1715) October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1679) November 1 – Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (d. 1711) November 2 – Edward Colston, Bristol-born English slave trader (d. 1721) November 6 Princess Catherine Beatrice of Savoy, daughter of the Duke of Savoy (d. 1637) Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, wife of Ferdinand Maria (d. 1676) November 11 – Yan Ruoqu, Chinese scholar (d. 1704) November 14 – Pierre du Cambout de Coislin, French prelate (d. 1706) November 30 Johannes Fabritius, Dutch painter (d. 1693) Adriaen van de Velde, Dutch | (d. 1705) December 27 – William Whitelock, English gentleman, Member of Parliament (d. 1717) date unknown Mary Rowlandson, American author and captive during King Philip's War (d. 1711) George Etherege, English playwright (d. 1692) Deaths January 11 – Dodo Knyphausen, Swedish military leader (b. 1583) January 16 – Queen Inyeol, Korean royal consort (b. 1594) January 19 – Daniel Schwenter, German Orientalist (b. 1585) January 26 – Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, French diplomat (b. 1552) February 13 – Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg, duchess consort and later regent of Württemberg (b. 1584) February 16 – Tokuhime, Japanese noble (b. 1559) February 22 – Santorio Santorio, Italian physician (b. 1561) March 11 – Christoph Grienberger, Austrian astronomer (b. 1561) March 24 – Johanna Sibylla of Hanau-Lichtenberg, countess consort of Wied-Runkel and Isenburg (b. 1564) April 6 – Philipp Uffenbach, German artist (b. 1566) April 18 – Julius Caesar, English judge (b. c.1557) April 23 – John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1590) May 23 – Agatha Marie of Hanau, German noblewoman (b. 1599) June 7 – Frederik Coning, Dutch member of the Haarlem schutterij (b. 1594) June 9 – Antoine de Paule, French-born 56th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c.1551) June 13 – George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, Scottish politician (b. 1562) June 21 – Justus de Harduwijn, Dutch Catholic priest and poet (b. 1582) June 27 – Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (b. 1567) July – Elijah Loans, rabbi and kabbalist (b. 1555) July 20 – Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł, Polish prince (b. 1589) August 6 – Countess Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1568) August 8 – Simon Louis, Count of Lippe-Detmolt (1627–1636) (b. 1610) August 25 – Bhai Gurdas, Sikh religious figure (b. 1551) September 6 – Paul Stockmann, German hymnwriter (b. 1603) September 17 – Stefano Maderno, Italian sculptor (b. 1576) September 19 – Franz von Dietrichstein, German Catholic bishop (b. 1570) October 1 – Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (b. 1568) October 11 – Johann Albrecht Adelgrief, German self-proclaimed prophet who was executed for witchcraft October 19 Marcin Kazanowski, Polish military leader (b. c. 1564) Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, England (1627–1628) (b. 1565) December 9 |
it was known as year 94 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 660 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for | prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events Extreme solar particle event comparable with the event detected at AD 774/775 February 11 - The accession date of the first Emperor of Japan, Emperor Jimmu, converted from the Japanese imperial year as calculated by the dates in the Nihon Shoki. Births Deaths Duke Cheng of |
to war if necessary. Date unknown The Russian Empire changes its flag. William M. Tweed begins his 13-year term as "Boss" of Tammany Hall. The haute couture firm of Worth and Bobergh is established in Paris. The Miners Association is established in Cornwall, England, UK. Feudalism and serfdom in Bulgaria are abolished in the Ottoman Empire (practically in 1880). Squibb Pharmacy, as predecessor of Bristol-Myers Squibb, a pharmaceutical brand on worldwide, founded in New York, United States. Births January–June January 7 – Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Russian-born advocate of the Hebrew language (d. 1922) January 10 – Heinrich Zille, German illustrator, photographer (d. 1929) January 11 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (d. 1947) January 13 – Oskar Minkowski, Lithuanian physician (d. 1931) January 21 – Anna Bowman Dodd, American author (d. 1929) January 22 – Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard, English soldier, explorer and colonial administrator (d. 1945) January 25 – Lillie Eginton Warren, American speech therapy pioneer (d. 1926) January 27 – Neel Doff, Dutch-born French author (d. 1942) January 28 – Eugène Dubois, Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist (d. 1940) February 15 – John Joseph Montgomery, American glider pioneer (d. 1911) February 18 – Wilhelm Schmidt, German pioneer of superheated steam for use in locomotives (d. 1924) February 19 – Charles Alexander Eastman, Native American author, physician, reformer, helped found the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1939) February 24 – Alphonse Jacques de Dixmude, Belgian general (d. 1928) March 6 – Samuel Untermyer, American lawyer (d. 1940) March 9 – Gustav Stickley, American furniture designer, architect (d. 1942) March 10 – Kōkichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (d. 1954) March 15 – Liberty Hyde Bailey, American botanist (d. 1954) March 18 – Rudolf Diesel, German inventor, automotive pioneer (d. 1913) March 23 – Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941) March 27 – Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer, German physician, bacteriologist (d. 1945) March 28 – Joséphin Péladan, French novelist (d. 1918) March 30 – DeWolf Hopper, American actor, singer, comedian, and theatrical producer (d. 1935) April 3 – Mary Harrison McKee, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1930) April 19 – May Robson, Australian-born American actress (d. 1942) April 23 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947) April 30 – Mary Dimmick Harrison, 2nd wife of President Benjamin Harrison (d. 1948) May 8 – Heinrich Berté, Austrian operetta composer (d. 1924) May 21 – Édouard Goursat, French mathematician (d. 1936) May 26 – Horace Smith-Dorrien, British general (d. 1930) June 5 – Carl Swartz, 14th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1926) June 8 Charlotte Scott, English mathematician (d. 1931) Florence Hull Winterburn, American children's author (unknown year of death) June 12 – Harry Johnston, British explorer, botanist, artist, colonial administrator, linguist (d. 1927) June 16 King Gustaf V of Sweden (d. 1950) William D. Boyce, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1929) Isabel Grimes Richey, American poet (d. 1910) June 20 Charles W. Chesnutt, African-American author, essayist, political activist (d. 1932) Paul Maistre, French general (d. 1922) Alexander Ragoza, Russian general and Ukrainian politician (d. 1919) June 28 – Otis Skinner, American film actor (d. 1943) July–December July 9 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (d. 1942) July 14 – Emmeline Pankhurst, English suffragette, mother of Christabel, Sylvia and Adela Pankhurst (d. 1928) July 16 – Petar Bojović, Serbian field marshal (d. 1945) July 21 – Maria Christina of Austria, queen consort of Spain, second wife of Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1929) July 28 – José Luis Tamayo, 20th President of Ecuador (d. 1947) August 1 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (d. 1884) August 2 – Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, queen consort, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1934) August 10 – Georgi Todorov, Bulgarian general (d. 1934) August 11 – Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician, pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | January 11 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (d. 1947) January 13 – Oskar Minkowski, Lithuanian physician (d. 1931) January 21 – Anna Bowman Dodd, American author (d. 1929) January 22 – Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard, English soldier, explorer and colonial administrator (d. 1945) January 25 – Lillie Eginton Warren, American speech therapy pioneer (d. 1926) January 27 – Neel Doff, Dutch-born French author (d. 1942) January 28 – Eugène Dubois, Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist (d. 1940) February 15 – John Joseph Montgomery, American glider pioneer (d. 1911) February 18 – Wilhelm Schmidt, German pioneer of superheated steam for use in locomotives (d. 1924) February 19 – Charles Alexander Eastman, Native American author, physician, reformer, helped found the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1939) February 24 – Alphonse Jacques de Dixmude, Belgian general (d. 1928) March 6 – Samuel Untermyer, American lawyer (d. 1940) March 9 – Gustav Stickley, American furniture designer, architect (d. 1942) March 10 – Kōkichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (d. 1954) March 15 – Liberty Hyde Bailey, American botanist (d. 1954) March 18 – Rudolf Diesel, German inventor, automotive pioneer (d. 1913) March 23 – Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941) March 27 – Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer, German physician, bacteriologist (d. 1945) March 28 – Joséphin Péladan, French novelist (d. 1918) March 30 – DeWolf Hopper, American actor, singer, comedian, and theatrical producer (d. 1935) April 3 – Mary Harrison McKee, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1930) April 19 – May Robson, Australian-born American actress (d. 1942) April 23 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947) April 30 – Mary Dimmick Harrison, 2nd wife of President Benjamin Harrison (d. 1948) May 8 – Heinrich Berté, Austrian operetta composer (d. 1924) May 21 – Édouard Goursat, French mathematician (d. 1936) May 26 – Horace Smith-Dorrien, British general (d. 1930) June 5 – Carl Swartz, 14th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1926) June 8 Charlotte Scott, English mathematician (d. 1931) Florence Hull Winterburn, American children's author (unknown year of death) June 12 – Harry Johnston, British explorer, botanist, artist, colonial administrator, linguist (d. 1927) June 16 King Gustaf V of Sweden (d. 1950) William D. Boyce, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1929) Isabel Grimes Richey, American poet (d. 1910) June 20 Charles W. Chesnutt, African-American author, essayist, political activist (d. 1932) Paul Maistre, French general (d. 1922) Alexander Ragoza, Russian general and Ukrainian politician (d. 1919) June 28 – Otis Skinner, American film actor (d. 1943) July–December July 9 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (d. 1942) July 14 – Emmeline Pankhurst, English suffragette, mother of Christabel, Sylvia and Adela Pankhurst (d. 1928) July 16 – Petar Bojović, Serbian field marshal (d. 1945) July 21 – Maria Christina of Austria, queen consort of Spain, second wife of Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1929) July 28 – José Luis Tamayo, 20th President of Ecuador (d. 1947) August 1 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (d. 1884) August 2 – Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, queen consort, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1934) August 10 – Georgi Todorov, Bulgarian general (d. 1934) August 11 – Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician, pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930) August 13 – G. E. M. Skues, Newfoundland-born British inventor of nymph fly fishing (d. 1949) August 15 – E. Nesbit, English children's novelist (d. 1924) August 18 – Thomas S. Rodgers, American admiral (d. 1931) August 19 Alfred Dyke Acland, British military officer (d. 1937) Ellen Willmott, English horticulturalist (d. 1934) August 21 – Ethlyn T. Clough, American newspaper owner, editor, and manager (d. 1936) August 27 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (d. 1932) August 30 – Ignaz Sowinski, Polish architect (d. 1917) September 1 Andrew Jackson Zilker, American philanthropist (d. 1934) Carl Auer von Welsbach, Austrian chemist and inventor (d. 1929) September 15 – Emma Augusta Sharkey, American dime novelist (d. 1902) September 16 Carl August Ehrensvärd, Swedish admiral and politician (d. 1944) Bonar Law, Canadian-born Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1923) September 21 – Shimamura Hayao, Japanese admiral (d. 1923) October 3 – Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (d. 1924) October 12 – John L. Sullivan, American heavyweight boxing champion (d. 1918) October 15 – William Sims, American admiral (d. 1936) October 19 – George Albert Boulenger, Belgian naturalist (d. 1937) October 25 – Take Ionescu, 29th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1922) October 27 Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1919) Saitō Makoto, Japanese admiral, 19th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936) November 10 – Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, German prince (d. 1928) November 20 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940) November 23 – Albert Ranft, Swedish theatre director, actor (d. 1938) November 26 – Katharine Drexel, American Roman Catholic saint (d. 1955) November 30 – Jagadish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist (d. 1937) December 18 – Kata Dalström, Swedish politician (d. 1923) December 19 – Adolf Schiel, German-born officer in Boer armed forces (d. 1903) December 22 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924) December 25 – Herman P. Faris, American temperance movement leader (d. 1936) December 27 – Juan Luis Sanfuentes, 16th President of Chile (d. 1930) Deaths January–June January |
– Stella Maris Church, Sliema on Malta becomes a parish, seceding from the Parish of St. Helen's in Birkirkara. Date unknown U.S. arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of the Chaco region. Otto von Bismarck abandons his Kulturkampf, and forces through legislation outlawing the Social Democrats. The 10-year Nauruan Tribal War breaks out. Yellow fever in the Mississippi Valley kills over 13,000. Foundation of: Nainital Cantonment. The Buchan School, Isle of Man. The Johns Hopkins University Press, America's oldest university press. Geiger (corporation), formed as Geiger Brothers. The following English Association football clubs: Everton Football Club, formed as St Domingo. Grimsby Town F.C., formed as Grimsby Pelham. Ipswich Town Football Club, formed as amateur club Ipswich A.F.C. They will not turn professional until 1936. Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that will become Manchester United. West Bromwich Albion F.C., formed as West Bromwich Strollers F.C. Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is published complete in book form in Moscow. Lester Allan Pelton produces the first operational Pelton wheel. The last confirmed Cape lion dies. E. Remington and Sons, in the United States, introduce their No. 2 typewriter, the first with a shift key, enabling production of lower as well as upper case characters. In Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, the much studied stele of the Roman legionary Caius Largennius is discovered. Kawasaki Tsukiji Shipyard, as predecessor of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, a motorbike, helicopters, rolling stock and shipbuilding in Japan, was founded. Births January–March January 4 A. E. Coppard, English short story writer and poet (d. 1957) Augustus John, Welsh-born painter (d. 1961) January 6 – Carl Sandburg, American poet and historian (d. 1967) January 9 – John B. Watson, American psychologist (d. 1958) January 11 – Theodoros Pangalos, Greek general, politician and President of Greece (d. 1952) January 12 – Ferenc Molnár, Hungarian-born author (d. 1952) January 16 – Harry Carey, American actor (d. 1947) January 20 – Finlay Currie, Scottish actor (d. 1968) January 22 – Constance Collier, English stage, screen actress (d. 1955) January 23 – Rutland Boughton, English composer (d. 1960) January 25 – Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-born television pioneer (d. 1975) February 1 – Milan Hodža, Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (d. 1944) February 2 – Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer, architect (d. 1955) February 3 – Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1943) February 5 – André Citroën, French automobile manufacturer (d. 1935) February 8 – Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher (d. 1965) February 14 – Kōki Hirota, 21st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948) February 16 Giacomo "James" Colosimo, Italian-born American gangster (d. 1920) Selim Palmgren, Finnish composer (d. 1951) February 18 – Kate Gordon, American psychologist (d. 1963) February 21 – The Mother (Mirra Alfassa), multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of Auroville, India (d. 1973) February 26 – Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano (d. 1930) February 28 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (d. 1929) March 4 Egbert Van Alstyne, American songwriter, pianist (d. 1951) Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (d. 1947) Arishima Takeo, Japanese novelist, short-story writer and essayist (d. 1923) March 5 – P. D. Ouspensky, Russian mathematician (d. 1947) March 7 – Boris Kustodiev, Soviet painter and designer (d. 1927) March 16 Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1944) Clemens August Graf von Galen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1946) March 20 – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (d. 1927) March 22 – Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (d. 1919) March 26 – Henry Gullett, Australian politician (d. 1940) March 31 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946) April–June April 1 – C. Ganesha Iyer, Ceylon Tamil Philologist (d. 1958) April 4 – Stylianos Lykoudis, Greek admiral (d. 1958) April 6 Erich Mühsam, German author (d. 1934) Vicente Mejía Colindres, 23rd President of Honduras (d. 1966) April 24 – Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (d. 1958) April 28 Lionel Barrymore, American actor (d. 1954) Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (d. 1951) April 30 – Władysław Witwicki, Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (d. 1948) May 2 – Roy Atwell, American actor, comedian and composer (d. 1962) May 3 – Jean Chiappe, French civil servant (d. 1940) May 10 – Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929) May 13 – Julia Dean, American stage and film actress (d. 1952) May 16 – Taylor Holmes, American actor (d. 1959) May 21 – Glenn H. Curtiss, American aviation pioneer (d. 1930) May 22 – The Great Gama, Punjabi wrestler (d. 1960) May 25 – Bill Robinson, African-American tap dancer (d. 1949) May 27 – Anna Cervin, Swedish artist (d. 1972) May 28 – Paul Pelliot, French sinologist (d. 1945) June 1 – John Masefield, English poet, novelist (d. 1967) June 3 – Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer, pioneer (d. 1946) | Alstyne, American songwriter, pianist (d. 1951) Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (d. 1947) Arishima Takeo, Japanese novelist, short-story writer and essayist (d. 1923) March 5 – P. D. Ouspensky, Russian mathematician (d. 1947) March 7 – Boris Kustodiev, Soviet painter and designer (d. 1927) March 16 Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1944) Clemens August Graf von Galen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1946) March 20 – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (d. 1927) March 22 – Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (d. 1919) March 26 – Henry Gullett, Australian politician (d. 1940) March 31 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946) April–June April 1 – C. Ganesha Iyer, Ceylon Tamil Philologist (d. 1958) April 4 – Stylianos Lykoudis, Greek admiral (d. 1958) April 6 Erich Mühsam, German author (d. 1934) Vicente Mejía Colindres, 23rd President of Honduras (d. 1966) April 24 – Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (d. 1958) April 28 Lionel Barrymore, American actor (d. 1954) Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (d. 1951) April 30 – Władysław Witwicki, Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (d. 1948) May 2 – Roy Atwell, American actor, comedian and composer (d. 1962) May 3 – Jean Chiappe, French civil servant (d. 1940) May 10 – Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929) May 13 – Julia Dean, American stage and film actress (d. 1952) May 16 – Taylor Holmes, American actor (d. 1959) May 21 – Glenn H. Curtiss, American aviation pioneer (d. 1930) May 22 – The Great Gama, Punjabi wrestler (d. 1960) May 25 – Bill Robinson, African-American tap dancer (d. 1949) May 27 – Anna Cervin, Swedish artist (d. 1972) May 28 – Paul Pelliot, French sinologist (d. 1945) June 1 – John Masefield, English poet, novelist (d. 1967) June 3 – Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer, pioneer (d. 1946) June 5 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923) June 10 – William Skelly, American oil magnate (d. 1957) June 12 – James Oliver Curwood, American writer, conservationist (d. 1927) June 20 – Will Mastin, American vaudevillian (d. 1975) June 22 – John Burton Cleland, Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (d. 1971) June 27 – He Xiangning, Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician, painter and poet (d. 1972) July–September July 1 – Gino Meneghetti, Italian thief (d. 1976) July 3 – George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer, composer, actor and writer (d. 1942) July 8 - Jimmy Quinn, Scottish footballer (d. 1945) July 10 – Otto Freundlich, German painter, sculptor (d. 1943) July 12 Claude C. Bloch, American admiral (d. 1967) Peeter Põld, Estonian pedagogical scientist, politician (d. 1930) July 16 – Andreas Hermes, German agricultural scientist, politician (d. 1964) July 17 – Mabel Van Buren, American actress (d. 1947) July 20 – Denis Eden, English painter (d. 1949) July 24 – Edward Plunkett, Baron Dunsany, Irish author (d. 1957) August 1 Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1961) José Pedro Montero, 27th President of Paraguay (d. 1927) Eva Tanguay, Canadian-born vaudeville performer (d. 1947) August 2 – Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, Princess of Sweden (d. 1958) August 4 – Ernest Lundeen, American lawyer, politician (d. 1940) August 9 – Eileen Gray, Irish architect, furniture designer (d. 1976) August 10 – Alfred Döblin, German writer (d. 1957) August 13 – Harold Clarke Goddard, American professor, Shakespearean scholar (d. 1950) August 19 – Manuel L. Quezon, 2nd President of the Philippines (d. 1944) August 20 – Maria Assunta Pallotta, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1905) August 27 – Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian general, anti-Bolshevik leader (d. 1928) August 28 – George Whipple, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976) August 31 – Frank Jarvis, American athlete (d. 1933) September 2 – Werner von Blomberg, German field marshal (d. 1946) September 5 – Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (d. 1913) September 9 – Sergio Osmena, 4th President of the Philippines (d. 1961) September 13 – Matilde Moisant, American pilot (d. 1964) September 14 – Ion Farris, American politician, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (d. 1934) September 18 Robert Brooke-Popham, British air chief marshal (d. 1953) James O. Richardson, American admiral (d. 1974) September 20 – Upton Sinclair, American writer (d. 1968) September 22 – Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1967) September 24 – C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (d. 1947) September 28 – Jirō Tamon, Japanese general (d. 1934) October–December October 1 – Othmar Spann, Austrian philosopher, economist (d. 1950) October 2 – Richard Spikes, African-American inventor (d. 1963) October 9 – Robert Warwick, American stage, screen actor (d. 1964) October 12 – Karl Buresch, 9th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1936) October 15 – Paul Reynaud, Prime Minister of France (d. 1966) October 16 – Maxie Long, American athlete (d. 1959) October 17 – Louise Dresser, American actress (d. 1965) October 29 – Alexander von Falkenhausen, German general (d. 1966) October 30 – Arthur Scherbius, German |
Ray, American singer (d. 1990) Otto Stich, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 2012) January 13 – Sydney Brenner, South African biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) January 15 – Kirti Nidhi Bista, Nepali politician, three times prime minister (d. 2017) January 17 – Eartha Kitt, African-American singer, actress, activist and author (d. 2008) January 20 – Qurratulain Hyder, Indian journalist and academic (d. 2007) January 23 – Fred Williams, Australian painter and printmaker (d. 1982) January 25 – Antônio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian composer (d. 1994) January 26 – José Azcona del Hoyo, 26th President of Honduras (d. 2005) January 28 Per Oscarsson, Swedish actor (d. 2010) Ronnie Scott, English jazz saxophonist (d. 1996) January 29 Edward Abbey, American environmentalist (d. 1989) Lewis Urry, Canadian inventor (d. 2004) January 30 – Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986) February 1 – Galway Kinnell, American poet (d. 2014) February 2 – Stan Getz, American musician (d. 1991) February 3 – Kenneth Anger, American actor, director and screenwriter February 7 – Juliette Gréco, French singer, actress (d. 2020) February 8 – George Taliaferro, American football player (d. 2018) February 10 – Leontyne Price, African-American soprano February 15 – Harvey Korman, American actor, comedian (d. 2008) February 17 – John Selfridge, American mathematician (d. 2010) February 18 – John Warner, American politician (d. 2021) February 20 Roy Cohn, American lawyer, anti-Communist (d. 1986) Sidney Poitier, Bahamian-American actor, film director (d. 2022) February 21 – Hubert de Givenchy, French fashion designer (d. 2018) February 22 Emil Bobu, Romanian Communist activist, politician (d. 2014) Guy Mitchell, American singer and actor (d. 1999) February 23 – Mirtha Legrand, Argentine actress and television presenter February 24 – Emmanuelle Riva, French actress (d. 2017) February 25 – Ralph Stanley, American bluegrass banjo player, vocalist (d. 2016) February 27 – Peter Whittle, New Zealand mathematician (d. 2021) March–April March 1 George O. Abell, American astronomer, professor at UCLA, science popularizer, and skeptic (d. 1983) Harry Belafonte, Jamaican-American musician, actor, and civil rights activist March 2 – Roger Walkowiak, French road bicycle racer (d. 2017) March 4 – Dick Savitt, American tennis player March 5 – Jack Cassidy, American stage, screen and television actor (d. 1976) March 6 Gordon Cooper, American astronaut (d. 2004) Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014) March 8 – Stanisław Kania, Polish communist politician (d. 2020) March 10 – Jupp Derwall, German football player and manager (d. 2007) March 12 Raúl Alfonsín, former President of Argentina (d. 2009) Sudharmono, 5th Vice President of Indonesia (d. 2006) March 16 Vladimir Komarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1967) Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American author, politician, and statesman (d. 2003) Dick Beals, American voice actor, puppeteer and broadcaster (d. 2012) March 17 – Roberto Suazo Córdova, President of Honduras (d. 2018) March 18 – John Kander, American composer March 21 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician (d. 2016) March 25 – Tina Anselmi, Italian politician (d. 2016) March 27 Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor (d. 2007) Karl Stotz, Austrian football player (d. 2017) March 29 – John Vane, British pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) March 31 César Chávez, American labor activist, United Farm Workers founder (d. 1993) William Daniels, American actor April 2 – Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer (d. 2006) April 3 – Éva Székely, Hungarian swimmer (d. 2020) April 5 – Thanin Kraivichien, Thai lawyer and politician, Prime Minister 1976–77 April 6 Gerry Mulligan, American musician (d. 1996) Fethia Mzali, Tunisian teacher and politician (d. 2018) April 9 – Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby union player and selector (d. 2019) April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) April 11 – Abd al-Majid al-Rafei, Lebanese politician (d. 2017) April 12 – Alvin Sargent, American screenwriter (d. 2019) April 14 – Alan MacDiarmid, New Zealand chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) April 15 – Robert Mills, American physicist (d. 1999) April 16 – Pope Benedict XVI April 17 – Margot Honecker, East German politician (d. 2016) April 18 Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (d. 2008) Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 1st Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2013) Charles Pasqua, French businessman, politician (d. 2015) April 20 Phil Hill, American race car driver (d. 2008) Karl Alexander Müller, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate April 24 Josy Barthel, Luxembourgish athlete (d. 1992) Trudi Birger, German Holocaust survivor and writer (d. 2002). April 25 – Albert Uderzo, French author and illustrator (d. 2020) April 27 Coretta Scott King, African-American civil rights leader, wife of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (d. 2006) Yao Xian, Chinese general (d. 2018) April 29 – Dorothy Manley, English athlete (d. 2021) May–June May 1 Greta Andersen, Danish Olympic swimmer Rusli Noor, 8th Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Albert Zafy, 3rd President of Madagascar (d. 2017) May 4 – Marella Agnelli, Italian art collector and socialite (d. 2019) May 5 – Pat Carroll, American actress May 9 – Manfred Eigen, German biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2019) May 10 – Nayantara Sahgal, Indian author May 11 – Mort Sahl, Canadian-born comedian and political commentator (d. 2021) May 13 – Herbert Ross, American film director (d. 2001) May 14 Herbert W. Franke, Austrian scientist, author Frank Miller, Canadian politician, Premier of Ontario 1985 (d. 2018) May 20 – David Hedison, American actor (d. 2019) May 22 – George Andrew Olah, Hungarian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) May 25 – Robert Ludlum, American author (d. 2001) May 26 Jacques Bergerac, French actor (d. 2014) Endel Tulving, Estonian-Canadian psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist May 30 – Clint Walker, American actor (d. 2018) June 3 – Boots Randolph, American saxophone player (d. 2007) June 6 – Elijah Mudenda, Zambian politician, prime minister 1975-77 (d. 2008) June 8 Pavel Kharin, Soviet Olympic canoeist Jerry Stiller, American comedian, actor (d. 2020) June 10 – László Kubala, Hungarian football player and manager (d. 2002) June 13 Slim Dusty, Australian country singer (d. 2003) Yoshiro Hayashi, Japanese politician (d. 2017) Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician (d. 1991) June 16 – Ya'akov Hodorov, Israeli footballer (d. 2006) June 20 – Bernard Cahier, French photojournalist (d. 2008) June 23 – Bob Fosse, American choreographer, director (d. 1987) June 24 – Martin Lewis Perl, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014) June 27 – Cino Tortorella, Italian television presenter (d. 2017) June 28 Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) Boris Shilkov, Soviet speed skater (d. 2015) June 30 – Shirley Fry Irvin, American tennis player (d. 2021) July–August July 1 Chandra Shekhar, 8th Prime Minister of India (d. 2007) Mirghani Alnasri, Sudanese politician Leo Klejn, Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist (d. 2019) July 3 – Salome Þorkelsdóttir, Icelandic politician July 4 Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress Neil Simon, American playwright, screenwriter and author (d. 2018) July 6 – Janet Leigh, American actress (d. 2004) July 9 – Red Kelly, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019) July 10 Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician (d. 2018) David Dinkins, African-American Mayor of New York City (1989–93) (d. 2020) July 11 Theodore H. Maiman, American inventor, physicist who developed the laser (d. 2007) Gregorio Salvador Caja, Spanish linguist (d. 2020) July 13 – Simone Veil, French lawyer and politician (d. 2017) July 15 Håkon Brusveen, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2021) Nan Martin, American actress (d. 2010) Carmen Zapata, American actress (d. 2014) July 18 – Kurt Masur, German conductor (d. 2015) July 20 Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Russian historian and human rights activist (d. 2018) Michael Gielen, Austrian conductor and composer (d. 2019) July 22 – Hsing Yun, Chinese Buddhist monk July 24 – Zara Mints, Slavic literary scientist active in the University of Tartu (d. 1990) July 28 – John Ashbery, American poet and critic (d. 2017) August 2 – Andreas Dückstein, Austrian chess player August 6 Arturo Armando Molina, President of El Salvador (d. 2021) Theodor Wagner, Austrian footballer and manager (d. 2020) August 7 – Dušan Čkrebić, Serbian politician, President 1984-86 August 8 – Giuseppe Moioli, Italian rower August 9 Marvin Minsky, American computer scientist, Turing Award winner (Artificial intelligence) (d. 2016) Robert Shaw, British actor (d. 1978) August 11 – Stuart Rosenberg, American director (d. 2007) August 12 – Elgen Long, American aviator, world record holder and researcher August 13 – David Padilla , 53rd President of Bolivia (d. 2016) August 18 – Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States August 21 – Thomas S. Monson, 16th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2018) August 23 Dick Bruna, Dutch artist, graphic designer (d. 2017) Philippe Mestre, French high-ranking civil servant, media executive and politician (d. 2017) Martial Solal, French jazz pianist and composer August 24 – Harry Markowitz, American economist August 25 – Althea Gibson, African-American tennis player (d. 2003) August 26 Jill Amos, New Zealand politician and community leader (d. 2017) B. V. Doshi, Indian architect September–October September 2 – Trude Beiser, Austrian alpine skier September 5 – Paul Volcker, American economist, academic (d. 2019) September 7 – Claire L'Heureux-Dubé, Canadian lawyer, jurist September 8 – Marguerite Frank, American-French mathematician September 10 – Sachiko, Princess Hisa, Japanese princess (d. 1928) September 12 Mathé Altéry, French soprano and actress Freddie Jones, English actor (d. 2019) September 13 – Laura Cardoso, Brazilian actress September 16 Peter Falk, American actor (Columbo) (d. 2011) Sadako Ogata, Japanese diplomat, former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2019) September 19 Harold Brown, American nuclear physicist, 14th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2019) Rosemary Harris, English actress Nick Massi, American musician and singer (The Four Seasons) (d. 2000) September 23 – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese politician (d. 1971) September 25 Carl Braun, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010) Sir Colin Davis, English conductor (d. 2013) Val Jellay, Australian actress (d. 2017) September 29 Josefina Echánove, Mexican actress, model and journalist (d. 2020) Adhemar Ferreira da Silva, Brazilian athlete (d. 2001) September 30 – W. S. Merwin, American poet (d. 2019) October 1 Tom Bosley, American actor (d. 2010) Márta Kurtág, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2019) October 4 – Margaret Varner Bloss, American athlete October 6 – Paul Badura-Skoda, Austrian pianist (d. 2019) October 7 – Al Martino, American singer, actor (d. 2009) October 8 – César Milstein, Argentine scientist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recipient (d. 2002) October 10 – Dana Elcar, American actor, director (d. 2005) October 11 Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 2005) William Perry, American mathematician, engineer and businessman October 13 Lee Konitz, American jazz composer, alto saxophonist (d. 2020) Turgut Özal, 8th President, 26th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 1993) October 14 – Sir Roger Moore, English actor (d. 2017) October 16 – Günter Grass, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) October 18 – George C. Scott, American actor (Patton) (d. 1999) October 19 – Pierre Alechinsky, Belgian painter October 22 – Oscar Furlong, Argentine basketball player, and tennis player and coach (d. 2018) October 23 – Leszek Kołakowski, Polish philosopher (d. 2009) October 25 Jorge Batlle, President of Uruguay (d. 2016) Barbara Cook, American singer and actress (d. 2017) October 27 Dominick Argento, American composer and educator | Picture Arts and Sciences, which will create the Academy Awards, is founded in the United States. May 12 – British police officers raid the office of the Soviet trade delegation in London. May 17 – U.S. Army aviation pioneer Major Harold Geiger dies in the crash of his Airco DH.4 airplane, at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania. May 18 – Bath School disaster: A series of violent attacks by a school official results in 45 deaths, mostly of children, in Bath Township, Michigan, United States. May 20 – By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of Ibn Saud over the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the future Saudi Arabia. May 20–21– Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic airplane flight, from New York City to Paris, France, in his single-engined aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis. May 22 – The 7.6 Gulang earthquake affects Gansu in northwest China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), leaving over 40,000 dead. May 23 – Nearly 600 members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers view a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone Building in New York City, just over a year after John Logie Baird of Scotland had first demonstrated an electromechanical system to members of the Royal Society in London. May 24 – The United Kingdom cuts its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union due to revelations of espionage and underground agitation. June June – The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau begins to form in the Sunda Strait of Indonesia. June 4 – Yugoslavia severs diplomatic relations with Albania. June 4–6 – Clarence Chamberlin and Charles Albert Levine take off from Roosevelt Field, New York, and fly to Eisleben, Germany, in the Wright-Bellanca WB-2 Columbia aircraft Miss Columbia, two weeks after Charles Lindbergh's historic solo flight. June 9 – The Soviet Union executes 20 people for alleged espionage in retaliation for the assassination two days earlier of Pyotr Voykov, the Soviet ambassador to Poland, at the railway station in Warsaw. Voykov had been shot by 19-year-old Boris Kowerda, an exiled Russian, in retaliation for having signed the death warrants in 1918 for Tsar Nicholas II and the Russian Imperial Family. June 13 Léon Daudet, the leader of the French monarchists, is arrested in France. A ticker tape parade is held for aviator Charles Lindbergh down Fifth Avenue in New York City. June 18 – The Association football club Persebaya Surabaya is founded in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). June 28 – Spanish airline Iberia is established. June 29 – Solar eclipse of June 29, 1927: A total eclipse of the sun takes place over Wales, northern England, southern Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northmost Finland, and the northmost extremes of Russia. June 29–July 1 – Commander Richard E. Byrd, Bernt Balchen, George Noville and Bert Acosta take off from Roosevelt Field, New York, in the Fokker Trimotor airplane America, and cross the Atlantic to the coast of France, having to ditch there because of bad weather; all four men survive the emergency landing. July July 1 – The Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration (FDIA) is established as a United States federal agency. July 10 – Timothy Coughlan, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle, members of the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army, shoot dead Kevin O'Higgins, Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State and Minister for Justice, as O'Higgins is walking to Mass in Dublin. July 11 – The 1927 Jericho earthquake strikes Palestine, killing around 300 people; it is the largest ever recorded in this part of the Middle East. The effects are especially severe in Nablus, but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and Transjordan, such as Amman, Salt, Jordan, and Lydda. July 13 (Wednesday, Tamuz 13, 5687): 12:30 – Rebbe Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn is freed from the imprisonment which began on June 15 (Wednesday, Sivan 15, 5687) at 02:15 in exile, in the Russian town of Kostroma. July 15 – July Revolt of 1927: After police in Vienna fire on an angry crowd, 85 protesters (mostly members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria) and 5 policemen are left dead; more than 600 people are injured. July 24 – The Menin Gate is dedicated as a war memorial at Ypres, Belgium. August August 1 – The Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army is formed, during the Nanchang Uprising. August 2 U.S. President Calvin Coolidge announces, "I do not choose to run for president in 1928." American electrical engineer Harold Stephen Black invents the negative-feedback amplifier. August 7 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York. August 10 – The Mount Rushmore Park is rededicated in the United States. President Calvin Coolidge promises national funding for the proposed carving of the presidential figures. August 22 – 200 people demonstrate in Hyde Park, London, against the death sentences on Italian American anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti. Other protests are held across the world at this time. August 23 – Sacco and Vanzetti are executed in Charlestown State Prison in Boston, Massachusetts. August 24–25 – The 1927 Nova Scotia hurricane hits the Atlantic Provinces of Canada, causing massive damage and at least 56 deaths. August 26 – Paul R. Redfern leaves Brunswick, Georgia, flying his Stinson Detroiter "Port of Brunswick", to attempt a solo nonstop flight to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He later crashes in the Venezuelan jungle, but the crash site is never found. September September – The Autumn Harvest Uprising occurs in China. September 7 The University of Minas Gerais is founded in Brazil. The first fully electronic television system is achieved by Philo Farnsworth. September 18 – The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as CBS) is formed in the United States, and goes on the air with 47 radio stations. September 25 – A treaty signed by the League of Nations Slavery Commission abolishes all types of slavery. September 27 – The East St. Louis Tornado kills 79 and injures 550, the 2nd costliest and at least 24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history. October October – Niels Bohr presents his theoretical principle of complementarity at the Fifth Solvay Conference on Physics October 4 – Carving of the sculptures at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota begins. October 6 – The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson, premieres at the Warner Theater in New York City. Although not the first sound film, and containing very little recorded speech, it is the first to become a box-office hit, popularizing "talkies" (although silent films continue to be made for some time). October 8 – The "Murderers' Row" team of the New York Yankees complete a four-game sweep of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series baseball championship in the United States. October 9 – The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in Veracruz. October 18 – The first flight of Pan American Airways takes off from Key West, Florida, bound for Havana, Cuba. October 25 – The Italian ocean liner Principessa Mafalda capsizes off Porto Seguro, Brazil; at least 314 people are killed. October 27 Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands opens the Maas–Waal Canal in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. At 5:50 a.m. a ground fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of Worthington to collapse into a large chasm located in Ontario. Nobody is injured in the incident, as the area has been evacuated the night before after a mine foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine. November November 1 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (the 5th government). November 3–4 – Great Vermont Flood of 1927: Floods devastating Vermont cause the "worst natural disaster in the state's history". November 4 – Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen return to Washington, D.C., having completed a two-year journey of 11,356 miles to all 48 of the states of the U.S. (of this time). November 12 Mahatma Gandhi makes his only visit to Ceylon. Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union. The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic, as the first vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River, linking New Jersey with New York City. November 14 – Pittsburgh gasometer explosion: Three Equitable Gas storage tanks in the North Side of Pittsburgh explode, killing 26 people and causing damage estimated between $4.0 million and $5.0 million. November 21 – The Columbine Mine massacre: Colorado state police open fire on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing 6. December December – The Communist Party Congress condemns all deviation from the general party line in the USSR. December 1 – Chiang Kai-shek marries Soong Mei-ling in Shanghai. December 2 – Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as its new automobile in the United States. December 3 – Putting Pants on Philip, the first Laurel and Hardy film, is released. December 11 Gamma Sigma Fraternity becomes the first high school fraternity to become international with Alpha Zeta Chapter in Niagara Falls, Ontario Canada December 14 – Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom. December 15 – Marion Parker, 12, is kidnapped in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on December 19, prompting the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, William Edward Hickman, who is arrested on December 22 in Oregon. December 17 United States Navy submarine is accidentally rammed and sunk by United States Coast Guard cutter John Paulding off Provincetown, Massachusetts, killing everyone aboard despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine. Australian cricketer Bill Ponsford makes 437 runs to break his own world record for the highest first-class cricket score at Melbourne Cricket Ground. December 19 – Three members of the revolutionary movement for Indian independence – Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh and Ashfaqulla Khan – are executed by the British Raj. Rajendra Nath Lahiri had been executed two days before. December 20 – Letalski center Maribor is established in Maribor; it will be the oldest surviving operating major flying club in the Balkans. December 27 – Kern and Hammerstein's musical play, Show Boat, based on Edna Ferber's novel, opens on Broadway and then goes on to become the first great classic of the American musical theater. December 29 – Eruption of the Perboewatan and Danan undersea volcanoes near Krakatoa, create the foundation for Anak Krakatau Island. December 30 – The first Asian commuter metro line, the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, opens in Japan. Births January–February January 1 Maurice Béjart, French-Swiss dancer, choreographer and director (d. 2007) Vernon L. Smith, American economist, Nobel laureate January 2 – Robert Alt, Swiss bobsledder (d. 2017) January 4 – Barbara Rush, American actress January 10 Johnnie Ray, American singer (d. 1990) Otto Stich, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 2012) January 13 – Sydney Brenner, South African biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019) January 15 – Kirti Nidhi Bista, Nepali politician, three times prime minister (d. 2017) January 17 – Eartha Kitt, African-American singer, actress, activist and author (d. 2008) January 20 – Qurratulain Hyder, Indian journalist and academic (d. 2007) January 23 – Fred Williams, Australian painter and printmaker (d. 1982) January 25 – Antônio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian composer (d. 1994) January 26 – José Azcona del Hoyo, 26th President of Honduras (d. 2005) January 28 Per Oscarsson, Swedish actor (d. 2010) Ronnie Scott, English jazz saxophonist (d. 1996) January 29 Edward Abbey, American environmentalist (d. 1989) Lewis Urry, Canadian inventor (d. 2004) January 30 – Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986) February 1 – Galway Kinnell, American poet (d. 2014) February 2 – Stan Getz, American musician (d. 1991) February 3 – Kenneth Anger, American actor, director and screenwriter February 7 – Juliette Gréco, French singer, actress (d. 2020) February 8 – George Taliaferro, American football player (d. 2018) February 10 – Leontyne Price, African-American soprano February 15 – Harvey Korman, American actor, comedian (d. 2008) February 17 – John Selfridge, American mathematician (d. 2010) February 18 – John Warner, American politician (d. 2021) February 20 Roy Cohn, American lawyer, anti-Communist (d. 1986) Sidney Poitier, Bahamian-American actor, film director (d. 2022) February 21 – Hubert de Givenchy, French fashion designer (d. 2018) February 22 Emil Bobu, Romanian Communist activist, politician (d. 2014) Guy Mitchell, American singer and actor (d. 1999) February 23 – Mirtha Legrand, Argentine actress and television presenter February 24 – Emmanuelle Riva, French actress (d. 2017) February 25 – Ralph Stanley, American bluegrass banjo player, vocalist (d. 2016) February 27 – Peter Whittle, New Zealand mathematician (d. 2021) March–April March 1 George O. Abell, American astronomer, professor at UCLA, science popularizer, and skeptic (d. 1983) Harry Belafonte, Jamaican-American musician, actor, and civil rights activist March 2 – Roger Walkowiak, French road bicycle racer (d. 2017) March 4 – Dick Savitt, American tennis player March 5 – Jack Cassidy, American stage, screen and television actor (d. 1976) March 6 Gordon Cooper, American astronaut (d. 2004) Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014) March 8 – Stanisław Kania, Polish communist politician (d. 2020) March 10 – Jupp Derwall, German football player and manager (d. 2007) March 12 Raúl Alfonsín, former President of Argentina (d. 2009) Sudharmono, 5th Vice President of Indonesia (d. 2006) March 16 Vladimir Komarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1967) Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American author, politician, and statesman (d. 2003) Dick Beals, American voice actor, puppeteer and broadcaster (d. 2012) March 17 – Roberto Suazo Córdova, President of Honduras (d. 2018) March 18 – John Kander, American composer March 21 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician (d. 2016) March 25 – Tina Anselmi, Italian politician (d. 2016) March 27 Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor (d. 2007) Karl Stotz, Austrian football player (d. 2017) March 29 – John Vane, British pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) March 31 César Chávez, American labor activist, United Farm Workers founder (d. 1993) William Daniels, American actor April 2 – Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer (d. 2006) April 3 – Éva Székely, Hungarian swimmer (d. 2020) April 5 – Thanin Kraivichien, Thai lawyer and politician, Prime Minister 1976–77 April 6 Gerry Mulligan, American musician (d. 1996) Fethia Mzali, Tunisian teacher and politician (d. 2018) April 9 – Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby union player and selector (d. 2019) April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) April 11 – Abd al-Majid al-Rafei, Lebanese politician (d. 2017) April 12 – Alvin Sargent, American screenwriter (d. 2019) April 14 – Alan MacDiarmid, New Zealand chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) April 15 – Robert Mills, American physicist (d. 1999) April 16 – Pope Benedict XVI April 17 – Margot Honecker, East German politician (d. 2016) April 18 Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (d. 2008) Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 1st Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2013) Charles Pasqua, French businessman, politician (d. 2015) April 20 Phil Hill, American race car driver (d. 2008) Karl Alexander Müller, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate April 24 Josy Barthel, Luxembourgish athlete (d. 1992) Trudi Birger, German Holocaust survivor and writer (d. 2002). April 25 – Albert Uderzo, French author and illustrator (d. 2020) April 27 Coretta Scott King, African-American civil rights leader, wife of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (d. 2006) Yao Xian, Chinese general (d. 2018) April 29 – Dorothy Manley, English athlete (d. 2021) May–June May 1 Greta Andersen, Danish Olympic swimmer Rusli Noor, 8th Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Albert Zafy, 3rd President of Madagascar (d. 2017) May 4 – Marella Agnelli, Italian art collector and socialite (d. 2019) May 5 – Pat Carroll, American actress May 9 – Manfred Eigen, German biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2019) May 10 – Nayantara Sahgal, Indian author May 11 – Mort Sahl, Canadian-born comedian and political commentator (d. 2021) May 13 – Herbert Ross, American film director (d. 2001) May 14 Herbert W. Franke, Austrian scientist, author Frank Miller, Canadian politician, Premier of Ontario 1985 (d. 2018) May 20 – David Hedison, American actor (d. 2019) May 22 – George Andrew Olah, Hungarian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) May 25 – Robert Ludlum, American author (d. 2001) May 26 Jacques Bergerac, French actor (d. 2014) Endel Tulving, Estonian-Canadian psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist May 30 – Clint Walker, American actor (d. 2018) June 3 – Boots Randolph, American saxophone player (d. 2007) June 6 – Elijah Mudenda, Zambian politician, prime minister 1975-77 (d. 2008) June 8 Pavel Kharin, Soviet Olympic canoeist Jerry Stiller, American comedian, actor (d. 2020) June 10 – László Kubala, Hungarian football player and manager (d. 2002) June 13 Slim Dusty, Australian country singer (d. 2003) Yoshiro Hayashi, Japanese politician (d. 2017) Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician (d. 1991) June 16 – Ya'akov Hodorov, Israeli footballer (d. 2006) June 20 – Bernard Cahier, French photojournalist (d. 2008) June 23 – Bob Fosse, American choreographer, director (d. 1987) June 24 – Martin Lewis Perl, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014) June 27 – Cino Tortorella, Italian television presenter (d. 2017) June 28 Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) Boris Shilkov, Soviet speed skater (d. 2015) June 30 – Shirley Fry Irvin, American tennis player (d. 2021) July–August July 1 Chandra Shekhar, 8th Prime Minister of India (d. 2007) Mirghani Alnasri, Sudanese politician Leo Klejn, Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist (d. 2019) July 3 – Salome Þorkelsdóttir, Icelandic politician July 4 Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress Neil Simon, American playwright, screenwriter and author (d. 2018) July 6 – Janet Leigh, American actress (d. 2004) July 9 – Red Kelly, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019) July 10 Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician (d. 2018) David Dinkins, African-American Mayor of New York City (1989–93) (d. 2020) July 11 Theodore H. Maiman, American inventor, physicist who developed the laser (d. 2007) Gregorio Salvador Caja, Spanish linguist (d. 2020) July 13 – Simone Veil, French lawyer and politician (d. 2017) July |
when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate. Asia Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje. By topic Arts and Sciences Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history, in the style of Tacitus, covering the years AD 96–378. Religion The Serapeum in Alexandria, one of the largest Greek temples in Egypt, is destroyed by a Christian mob. The precise date is disputed, with 391 sometimes given as the moment of final destruction. Theophilus becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. Pope Siricius issues the Directa Decretal, proclaiming the primacy of Rome and the priestly obligation of celibacy. Priscillian, Spanish bishop, is accused | Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate. Asia Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje. By topic Arts and Sciences Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history, in the style of Tacitus, covering the years AD 96–378. Religion The Serapeum in Alexandria, one of the largest Greek temples in Egypt, is destroyed by a Christian mob. The precise date is disputed, with 391 sometimes given as the moment of final destruction. Theophilus becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. Pope Siricius issues the Directa Decretal, proclaiming the primacy of Rome and the priestly obligation of celibacy. Priscillian, Spanish bishop, is accused of Manichaeism and magic, and beheaded at Trier . He becomes the first person in |
Mercia overruns a large portion of Somerset, and wrests the county from Wessex control (approximate date). Asia Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh. The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass.Kennedy (2007), p. 285 The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades. By topic Literature Bede, Anglo-Saxon monk and historian, completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum at the monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth. Religion February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church. A Moorish raiding party under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi invades deep into Burgundy, and plunders the monastery of Luxeuil Abbey, located in the Haute-Saône, massacring most of the community. November 1 – Synod of Rome: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine of Saint Peter. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as a heresy. Births Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 788) Ōtomo no Otomaro, Japanese general and Shōgun (d. 809) Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire | (approximate date). Asia Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh. The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass.Kennedy (2007), p. 285 The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades. By topic Literature Bede, Anglo-Saxon monk and historian, completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum at the monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth. Religion February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church. A Moorish raiding party under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi invades deep into Burgundy, and plunders the monastery of Luxeuil Abbey, located in the Haute-Saône, massacring most of the community. November 1 – Synod of Rome: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine of Saint Peter. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as a heresy. |
papacy of Rome. Britain Vikings raid Bangor (modern Wales) for the second time, and plunder the bishopric (approximate date). Japan Zenpuku-ji, one of the oldest Tokyo temples, is founded by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kūkai. By topic Religion February 11 – Pope Paschal I dies after a 7-year reign, and is succeeded by Eugene II, as the 99th pope of the Catholic Church. Births Al-Tirmidhi, Persian scholar | was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe Battle of Roncevaux Pass: The Basques and Banu Qasi defeat a Frankish expedition, led by Counts Aznar and Ebles, in the Pyrenees. Iñigo Arista revolts against the Frankish Empire, and establishes the Kingdom of Pamplona, with the support of the Caliphate of Córdoba. November 11 – The Constitutio Romana establishes the authority of the Holy Roman Emperors over the papacy of Rome. Britain Vikings raid Bangor (modern Wales) for the second time, and plunder the bishopric (approximate date). Japan Zenpuku-ji, one |
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's army of over 14,000, ending the Ethiopian–Adal war. March King Gustav Vasa's troops crush the forces of Swedish peasant rebel Nils Dacke in battle, ending the uprising. Dacke escapes, but is captured and killed in the summer. Consolidating Act of Welsh Union: The Parliament of England establishes counties and regularises parliamentary representation in Wales. April – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan, revives the Little War in Hungary. May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in Nuremberg, offering mathematical arguments for the existence of the heliocentric universe, denying the geocentric model. Copernicus dies on May 24 in Frombork, at the age of 70. June – Andreas Vesalius publishes De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body), revolutionising the science of human anatomy. July–December July 1 – The Treaty of Greenwich is signed between England and Scotland (repudiated by Scotland December 11). July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth and last of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding. This month, the Parliament of England passes the Third Succession Act, restoring the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth I of England, Henry's daughters, to the line of succession to the English throne. July 25 – August 10 – Siege of Esztergom: Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan, besieges and takes Esztergom in Hungary. August 6–22 – Siege of Nice: Ottoman Empire and French forces (under the Franco-Ottoman alliance), led by Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, besiege and take Nice. August 25 – Led by the Chinese pirate Wang Zhi, the first Europeans and firearms arrive in Japan in Tanegashima island in southern Kyushu including Portuguese traders António Mota, António Peixoto, Francisco Zeimoto, and presumably Fernão Mendes Pinto. September – October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army. September – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent captures the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár. The city will be occupied by the Ottoman Empire for 145 years. September 9 – Mary Stuart is crowned the Queen of Scots in Stirling at nine months old. Date unknown Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies. Mikael Agricola publishes Abckiria. The Lighthouse of Genoa is completed in present form. Indians in the Spanish Empire are declared free, against the wishes of local settlers. Births January | ending the uprising. Dacke escapes, but is captured and killed in the summer. Consolidating Act of Welsh Union: The Parliament of England establishes counties and regularises parliamentary representation in Wales. April – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan, revives the Little War in Hungary. May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in Nuremberg, offering mathematical arguments for the existence of the heliocentric universe, denying the geocentric model. Copernicus dies on May 24 in Frombork, at the age of 70. June – Andreas Vesalius publishes De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body), revolutionising the science of human anatomy. July–December July 1 – The Treaty of Greenwich is signed between England and Scotland (repudiated by Scotland December 11). July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth and last of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding. This month, the Parliament of England passes the Third Succession Act, restoring the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth I of England, Henry's daughters, to the line of succession to the English throne. July 25 – August 10 – Siege of Esztergom: Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan, besieges and takes Esztergom in Hungary. August 6–22 – Siege of Nice: Ottoman Empire and French forces (under the Franco-Ottoman alliance), led by Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, besiege and take Nice. August 25 – Led by the Chinese pirate Wang Zhi, the first Europeans and firearms arrive in Japan in Tanegashima island in southern Kyushu including Portuguese traders António Mota, António Peixoto, Francisco Zeimoto, and presumably Fernão Mendes Pinto. September – October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army. September – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent captures the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár. The city will be occupied by the Ottoman Empire for 145 years. September 9 – Mary Stuart is crowned the Queen of Scots in Stirling at nine months old. Date unknown Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies. Mikael Agricola publishes Abckiria. The Lighthouse of Genoa is completed in present form. Indians in the Spanish Empire are declared free, against the wishes of local settlers. Births January 18 (baptized) – Alfonso Ferrabosco, Italian composer (d. 1588) January 31 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1616) February 4 – Johannes Heurnius, Dutch physician (d. 1601) February 4 – Giovanni Francesco Fara, Italian writer (d. 1591) February 16 – Kanō Eitoku, Japanese painter (d. 1590) February 18 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1608) February 25 – Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, |
in which thousands die. February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League. February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army. April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants. April 12 – Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers in Songhai; Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day. April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded. May – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden appears to be over, when the king accepts an offer made by the rebels, but violence flares up again the following year. June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded. July–December July 25 – The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded. August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie. August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion. October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed. October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control. November – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo. December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City. December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City. Date unknown Andrea Alciato publishes the first part of his Emblemata. Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán. The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg. Kõpu Lighthouse is completed. An enormous drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism instead of dying by starvation. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas. A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany. Births January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish son of Claus Bille and Lisbeth Ulfstand (d. | – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584) June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584) July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574) July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595) September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595) September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598) September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589) Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594) October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601) October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585) October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586) October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581) November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604) November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607) November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612) November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613) December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568) December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591) December 9 – Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553) December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577) date unknown Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575) António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595) John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607) Deaths January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462) January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460) February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452) March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440) May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456) May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of |
Italian possessions of the French throne, and Austria and the Duchy of Savoy trade Sicily for Sardinia. May 25 – The British privateer Speedwell, captained by George Shelvocke, is wrecked on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra, the same island where Alexander Selkirk was marooned for five years; the island off of the coast of Chile is now called Robinson Crusoe Island. The crew is marooned for five months but is able to build a boat from timbers salvaged from the wreck, and is able to escape the island on October 6. June 1 – British silversmiths are once again allowed to use sterling silver after 24 years of being limited to a higher quality Britannia silver. June 11 – The British Parliament approves the Bubble Act (officially the Royal Exchange and London Assurance Corporation Act 1719), prohibiting the formation of joint-stock companies without prior approval by royal charter. June 19 – At Burhanpur (in what is now the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh), the Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad survives an attempted ambush by Mughal Empire forces dispatched by the Sayyid brothers (Syed Abdullah Khan and Syed Husain Ali Khan Barha) and goes on to establish a rival state in southern India. June 25 – The "South Sea Bubble", the phenomenal growth of the South Sea Company, reaches its peak as South Sea stock is priced at £1,060 a share. By the end of September, as panic sales are made, the price falls to £150. July–September July 12 – Under the authority of the Bubble Act, the Lords Justices in Great Britain attempt to curb some of the excesses of the stock markets during the "South Sea Bubble". They dissolve a number of petitions for patents and charters, and abolish more than 80 joint-stock companies of dubious merit, but this has little effect on the creation of "Bubbles", ephemeral joint-stock companies created during the hysteria of the times. July 14 – (July 3 O.S.) The Treaty of Frederiksborg is signed between Denmark and Sweden, ending the Great Northern War. July 27 – The Battle of Grengam takes place in the Ledsund strait between the island communities of Föglö and Lemland. It was the last major naval battle in the Great Northern War that took place in the Åland Islands, marking the end of Russian and Swedish offensive naval operations in Baltic waters. August 14 – The Spanish Villasur expedition, which set out on June 16 from New Mexico, with the intention of checking French influence on the Great Plains of North America, ends in failure, as it is ambushed by a Pawnee and Otoe force. September 30 – "South Sea Bubble": The English stock market crashes, with dropping prices for stock in the South Sea Company. October–December October 8 – Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha, one of the powerful Sayyid brothers of the Mughal Empire in India, is stabbed to death by Turkish nobleman Haider Beg Dughlat after Dughlat distracts him by giving him a petition to read. The assassination is ordered by Nizam ul-Mulk in retaliation for Sayyid Hussain's attempted ambush on June 19. October 15 – Muhammad Ibrahim, a grandson of the late Emperor Bahadur Shah I, is freed from prison by conspirators and declared the Mughal Emperor as a rival of his brother Muhammad Shah, beginning a 32-day reign that is described as being "like a drop of dew upon a blade of grass". November 13 – India's Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah defeats his brother, pretender Muhammad Ibrahim in a battle at Hasanpur (in Uttar Pradesh). Ibrahim is returned to incarceration, kept at the citadel of Shahjahanabad, now part of Delhi. November 16 – Pirate "Calico Jack" Rackham is brought to trial at Spanish Town in Jamaica; he is hanged at Port Royal two days later. December | to the Italian possessions of the French throne, and Austria and the Duchy of Savoy trade Sicily for Sardinia. May 25 – The British privateer Speedwell, captained by George Shelvocke, is wrecked on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra, the same island where Alexander Selkirk was marooned for five years; the island off of the coast of Chile is now called Robinson Crusoe Island. The crew is marooned for five months but is able to build a boat from timbers salvaged from the wreck, and is able to escape the island on October 6. June 1 – British silversmiths are once again allowed to use sterling silver after 24 years of being limited to a higher quality Britannia silver. June 11 – The British Parliament approves the Bubble Act (officially the Royal Exchange and London Assurance Corporation Act 1719), prohibiting the formation of joint-stock companies without prior approval by royal charter. June 19 – At Burhanpur (in what is now the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh), the Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad survives an attempted ambush by Mughal Empire forces dispatched by the Sayyid brothers (Syed Abdullah Khan and Syed Husain Ali Khan Barha) and goes on to establish a rival state in southern India. June 25 – The "South Sea Bubble", the phenomenal growth of the South Sea Company, reaches its peak as South Sea stock is priced at £1,060 a share. By the end of September, as panic sales are made, the price falls to £150. July–September July 12 – Under the authority of the Bubble Act, the Lords Justices in Great Britain attempt to curb some of the excesses of the stock markets during the "South Sea Bubble". They dissolve a number of petitions for patents and charters, and abolish more than 80 joint-stock companies of dubious merit, but this has little effect on the creation of "Bubbles", ephemeral joint-stock companies created during the hysteria of the times. July 14 – (July 3 O.S.) The Treaty of Frederiksborg is signed between Denmark and Sweden, ending the Great Northern War. July 27 – The Battle of Grengam takes place in the Ledsund strait between the island communities of Föglö and Lemland. It was the last major naval battle in the Great Northern War that took place in the Åland Islands, marking the end of Russian and Swedish offensive naval operations in Baltic waters. August 14 – The Spanish Villasur expedition, which set out on June 16 from New Mexico, with the intention of checking French influence on the Great Plains of North America, ends in failure, as it is ambushed by a Pawnee and Otoe force. September 30 – "South Sea Bubble": The English stock market crashes, with dropping prices for stock in the South Sea Company. October–December October 8 – Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha, one of the powerful Sayyid brothers of the Mughal Empire in India, is stabbed to death by Turkish nobleman Haider Beg Dughlat after Dughlat distracts him by giving him a petition to read. The assassination is ordered by Nizam ul-Mulk in retaliation for Sayyid Hussain's attempted ambush on June 19. October 15 – Muhammad Ibrahim, a grandson of the late Emperor Bahadur Shah I, is freed from prison by conspirators and declared the Mughal Emperor as a rival of his brother Muhammad Shah, beginning a 32-day reign that is described as |
and Spanish forces. December 8 – The Great New Orleans Fire (1794) burns over 200 buildings in the French Quarter. December 23 – St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans is dedicated. Date unknown The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, is formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire. The Oban distillery is built in Scotland. Births January 7 – Eilhard Mitscherlich, German chemist (d. 1863) February 11 – Charlotta Eriksson, Swedish actor (d. 1862) February 20 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (d. 1869) February 21 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and President of Mexico (d. 1876) March 5 Robert Cooper Grier, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1870) Joseph Livesey, English temperance movement campaigner (d. 1884) April 10 – Matthew Calbraith Perry, American commodore (d. 1858) April 11 – Edward Everett, American politician (d. 1865) May 17 – Anna Brownell Jameson, British writer (d. 1860) May 24 – William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (d. 1866) May 27 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1877) June 16 – María Trinidad Sánchez, heroine of the Dominican War of Independence (d. 1846) July 5 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist, inventor (d. 1851) July 7 – Frances Stackhouse Acton, British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (d. 1881) July 18 – Feargus O'Connor, Irish political radical, Chartist leader (d. 1855) July 28 – Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1868) August 8 – Francesco Puccinotti, Italian pathologist (d. 1872) September 24 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power, French marine biologist (d. 1871) November 3 – William Cullen Bryant, American poet (d. 1878) November 10 – Robert Towns, merchant, founder of Townsville, Queensland, Australia (d. 1873) Date unknown Caroline Howard Gilman, American author (d. 1888) Gustafva Lindskog, Swedish athlete (d. 1851) Deaths January 4 – Nicolas Luckner, Marshal of France (executed) (b. 1722) January 6 Pierre Bouchet, French physician (b. 1752) Maurice d'Elbée, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1752) January 8 – Justus Möser, German statesman (b. 1720) January 11 – Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich, English peeress (b. 1717) January 16 – Edward Gibbon, English historian (b. 1737) January 28 – Henri de la Rochejaquelein, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1772) January 31 – Mariot Arbuthnot, British admiral (b. 1711) February 10 – Jacques Roux, French priest (b. 1752) February 12 – Mahadaji Shinde, Maratha emperor of India (1764–1794) March 24 – Jacques Hébert, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1757) March 28 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher and political scientist (died in prison) (b. 1743) April 5 Georges Danton, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1759) Camille Desmoulins, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1760) Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1759) Fabre d'Églantine, French dramatist, revolutionary (executed) (b. 1750) François Joseph Westermann, French Revolutionary leader and general (executed) (b. 1751) April 13 Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1763) Lucile Duplessis, wife of Camille Desmoulins (executed) (b. 1770) April 18 – Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1714) April 23 – Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (executed) (b. 1721) April 27 James Bruce, Scottish explorer (b. 1730) Sir William Jones, British philologist (b. 1746) May 8 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (executed) (b. 1743) May 10 – Élisabeth of France, French princess (executed) (b. 1764) May 17 – Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 9th Baronet (b. 1752) May 27 – Mary Palmer, English writer (b. 1716) June 14 – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (b. 1718) June 17 – Marguerite-Élie Guadet, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1753) June 18 François Buzot, French Revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. 1760) James Murray, British military officer, administrator June 19 – Richard Henry Lee, 12th President of the Continental Congress (b. 1732) June 25 – Jean-Olivier Briand, French-born Catholic bishop of Quebec (b. 1715) June 27 Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Austrian statesman (b. 1711) Philippe de Noailles, French soldier (executed) (b. 1715) Victor de Broglie, French soldier (executed) (b. 1756) July 13 – James Lind, British pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy (b. 1716) July 17 – John Roebuck, English inventor (b. 1718) July 23 – Alexandre de Beauharnais, French politician and general (executed) (b. 1760) July 25 André Chénier, French writer (executed) (b. 1762) Joseph Frye, American general (b. 1712) July 28 Maximilien Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1758) Augustin Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1763) Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1767) Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette, French general (executed) (b. 1753) François Hanriot, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1761) August 6 – Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst, British politician (b. 1714) August 14 – Jacoba van den Brande, Dutch cultural personality (b. 1735) August 17 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach, politically active Electress of Bavaria (b. 1721) September 1 – Catherine Théot, French visionary (b. 1716) September 4 – John Hely-Hutchinson, Irish statesman (b. 1724) September 15 – Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1725) September 16 – Hester Bateman, English silversmith (bap. 1708) September 25 – Paul Rabaut, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1718) October 21 Francis Light, founder of the British colony of Penang (b. 1740) Antoine Petit, French physician (b. 1722) November 3 – François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal, statesman (b. 1715) November 9 – Thomas Walker, distinguished Virginia physician, explorer (b. 1715) November 15 Countess | French Revolution's Reign of Terror. August – Colombian Antonio Nariño is denounced as a traitor after he translates and publishes the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. August 1 – Aristocrats in Sweden gather to mourn the demise of coffee after the beverage is forbidden by royal decree. August 20 – Battle of Fallen Timbers in Northwestern Ohio: American troops under the command of General Anthony Wayne (nicknamed "Mad Anthony") defeat Native American tribes of the Western Confederacy. August 21 – British troops capture Corsica following the bombardment by Nelson. August 29 – Stonyhurst College is finally established as a Roman Catholic school in Lancashire, England, having had several European locations. September 10 – The University of Tennessee is established at Knoxville. September 23 – France occupies Aachen. September 28 – Austria, Britain and Russia ally against France. October–December October 2 – Battle of Aldenhoven between French forces and those of Austria. October 4 – In the first and only instance of an incumbent United States president leading men into battle, George Washington arrives at Carlisle, Pennsylvania to guide the U.S. Army's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. The rebels soon disperse and the insurrection collapses by the end of the month. October 10 – Battle of Maciejowice: Forces of the Russian Empire defeat Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising; Tadeusz Kościuszko is wounded and captured. October 22 – Fort Wayne founded in what is now the U.S. state of Indiana. November 4 – Battle of Praga: Russian General Alexander Suvorov storms Warsaw in the war against the Polish Kościuszko Uprising and captures Praga, one of its suburbs, killing many civilians. November 14 – The first recorded meeting of the Franklin Literary Society is held at Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College). November 19 – The United States and Great Britain sign the Jay Treaty (coming into effect 1796), which attempts to clear up some issues left over from the American Revolutionary War and secures a decade of peaceful trade between the two nations. Britain agrees to evacuate border forts in the Northwest Territory (roughly the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi) and thereby end British support for the Indians. November 20 – Battle of St-Laurent-de-la-Muga fought between French and Spanish forces. December 8 – The Great New Orleans Fire (1794) burns over 200 buildings in the French Quarter. December 23 – St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans is dedicated. Date unknown The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, is formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire. The Oban distillery is built in Scotland. Births January 7 – Eilhard Mitscherlich, German chemist (d. 1863) February 11 – Charlotta Eriksson, Swedish actor (d. 1862) February 20 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (d. 1869) February 21 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and President of Mexico (d. 1876) March 5 Robert Cooper Grier, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1870) Joseph Livesey, English temperance movement campaigner (d. 1884) April 10 – Matthew Calbraith Perry, American commodore (d. 1858) April 11 – Edward Everett, American politician (d. 1865) May 17 – Anna Brownell Jameson, British writer (d. 1860) May 24 – William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (d. 1866) May 27 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1877) June 16 – María Trinidad Sánchez, heroine of the Dominican War of Independence (d. 1846) July 5 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist, inventor (d. 1851) July 7 – Frances Stackhouse Acton, British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (d. 1881) July 18 – Feargus O'Connor, Irish political radical, Chartist leader (d. 1855) July 28 – Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1868) August 8 – Francesco Puccinotti, Italian pathologist (d. 1872) September 24 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power, French marine biologist (d. 1871) November 3 – William Cullen Bryant, American poet (d. 1878) November 10 – Robert Towns, merchant, founder of Townsville, Queensland, Australia (d. 1873) Date unknown Caroline Howard |
Buenos Aires. August 2 – In Quito, Ecuador, 200 citizens are slaughtered in the Royal barracks and the surrounding streets, by royalist troops. August 6 – The city of Santa Cruz de Mompox, in modern-day Colombia, declares independence from the Spanish Empire. August 20–27 – Battle of Grand Port: The French totally defeat a Royal Navy frigate squadron attempting to blockade a harbour on Isle de France (Mauritius). August 21 – Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden, by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates. September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor, with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, and Astor's men establish the fur-trading town of Astoria. September 16 – Grito de Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes the Mexican War of Independence. September 18 – Chile forms its First National Junta, which is the country's first step towards its independence. September 22 - Manuel Belgrano prepares his invasion to the Provincia del Paraguay. September 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne. October–December October – King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane. October 12 – First Oktoberfest: Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida. November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion. Steeve Coupeau, The History of Haiti (Greenwood, 2008) p49 November 17 – Anglo-Swedish War (1810–12): Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom. November 23 – English actress Sarah Booth debuts at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London. November 29–December 3 – Invasion of Isle de France: British forces force the French to surrender Isle de France (Mauritius). December 20 – Manuel Belgrano crosses the Paraná River to Itapúa Department, starting his invasion of Paraguay. December 22 – British ship of the line is wrecked on Texel in the West Frisian Islands with the loss of 500 lives. December 27 – Chartered British East Indiaman Elizabeth is wrecked off Dunkirk with the loss of more than 360 lives, many of them lascar seamen. Date unknown Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad, in present-day Mali. Ching Shih and Cheung Po Tsai surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government. The first steamboat sails on the Ohio River. The General Union of Spinners organizes a strike action, to raise wages in the smaller UK cotton centres to the Manchester level. The Saint Petersburg main military engineering school becomes the first engineering higher learning institution in the Russian Empire, after the addition of officers' classes, and the application of a five-year term of teaching. Friedrich Krupp establishes a steel foundry in Essen. Rocky Point Manor is built in Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Moose become extinct in the Caucasus. 18,000 Angolans are sold at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Palm oil | The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne. October–December October – King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane. October 12 – First Oktoberfest: Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida. November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion. Steeve Coupeau, The History of Haiti (Greenwood, 2008) p49 November 17 – Anglo-Swedish War (1810–12): Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom. November 23 – English actress Sarah Booth debuts at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London. November 29–December 3 – Invasion of Isle de France: British forces force the French to surrender Isle de France (Mauritius). December 20 – Manuel Belgrano crosses the Paraná River to Itapúa Department, starting his invasion of Paraguay. December 22 – British ship of the line is wrecked on Texel in the West Frisian Islands with the loss of 500 lives. December 27 – Chartered British East Indiaman Elizabeth is wrecked off Dunkirk with the loss of more than 360 lives, many of them lascar seamen. Date unknown Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad, in present-day Mali. Ching Shih and Cheung Po Tsai surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government. The first steamboat sails on the Ohio River. The General Union of Spinners organizes a strike action, to raise wages in the smaller UK cotton centres to the Manchester level. The Saint Petersburg main military engineering school becomes the first engineering higher learning institution in the Russian Empire, after the addition of officers' classes, and the application of a five-year term of teaching. Friedrich Krupp establishes a steel foundry in Essen. Rocky Point Manor is built in Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Moose become extinct in the Caucasus. 18,000 Angolans are sold at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Palm oil sales from West Africa to Britain reach 1,000 tons. 4,500 chests of opium are sold in China. Sake Dean Mahomed opens the Hindoostanee Coffee House, the first Indian restaurant in London. Dominique Vivant Denon assists the Hermitage Museum in the acquisition of Rosso Fiorentino's Madonna and Child with Cherubs in Paris Births January–June January 3 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-French geographer (d. 1897) January 13 – Ernestine Rose, Polish-born feminist (d. 1892) January 29 – Ernst Kummer, German mathematician (d. 1893) February 5 – Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist (d. 1880) February 8 – Eliphas Levi, French writer (d. 1875) March 1 – Frédéric Chopin, Polish composer, pianist (d. 1849) March 2 – Pope Leo XIII (b. Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci) (d. 1903) March 10 – Samuel Ferguson, Northern Irish poet, artist (d. 1886) March 28 – Alexandre Herculano, Portuguese writer and historian (d. 1877) April 8 – Hégésippe Moreau, French writer and poet (d. 1838) May 2 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer (d. 1874) May 23 – Margaret Fuller, American journalist, literary critic and feminist (drowning) (d.1850) May 24 – Abraham Geiger, German rabbi, founder of European Reform Judaism (d. 1874) May 31 – Horatio Seymour, 18th Governor of New York, 1868 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886) June 8 – Robert Schumann, German composer and pianist (d. 1856) June 9 – Carl Otto Nicolai, German composer and conductor (d. 1849) June 14 – Ward Hunt, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886) July–December July 5 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (d. 1891) July 20 – Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, Prussian field marshal (d. 1900) July 21 – Henri Victor Regnault, French chemist, physicist (d. 1878) August 4 – Maurice de Guérin, French poet (d. |
1812 – Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario. July 7 – Walter Scott's Waverley, his first prose fiction and one of the first significant historical novels in English, is published anonymously by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh, selling out in two days. July 13 – The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia. July 19 – July 20 – War of 1812 – Siege of Prairie du Chien: British troops and Native Americans besiege and capture the frontier settlement. July 19 – War of 1812 – Battle of Rock Island Rapids: British-allied tribes ambush and defeat an American expedition in Illinois. July 22 – War of 1812 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the U.S. government and Native American tribes. July 25 George Stephenson tests his first locomotive Blücher successfully in England. War of 1812 – Battle of Lundy's Lane: Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 18.00 hours; Americans retreat to Fort Erie. July 26 – The Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) begins with a Swedish attack. July 28 – The revived Ligurian Republic is dissolved. July 29 – Swedish–Norwegian War: The invasion of Hvaler ends in a Swedish victory. July 30 – The Great fire of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria destroys the town and 907 buildings. August 1– The Grand Jubilee of 1814 is held in Britain, celebrating the hundredth anniversary of the Hanoverian Succession August 2 – Swedish–Norwegian War: Battle of Lier ends in a Norwegian victory. August 4 War of 1812 – Battle of Mackinac Island results in a British victory over an American invasion. Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – Battle of Fredrikstad ends in a Swedish victory. War of 1812 – The British Siege of Fort Erie begins. August 5 – Swedish–Norwegian War: the Battle of Matrand ends in a Norwegian victory. August 7 – Pope Pius VII decrees the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, reestablishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia. August 9 Creek War – The Treaty of Fort Jackson is signed, ending the Creek War. Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – Battle of Langnes ends in a Norwegian victory. August 12 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (although the judge petitions for reprieve). August 13 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed in London, returning most possessions of the Dutch Empire acquired by the United Kingdom since 1803 to the Netherlands, although Britain retains the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice (later consolidated as British Guiana). In addition, the British cede the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra, in exchange for the settlement of Cochin, India. August 13 – September 6 – War of 1812 – Engagements on Lake Huron result in British victory. August 14 Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – The Battle of Kjølberg Bridge ends in Swedish victory. Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – The Convention of Moss is signed, ending the Swedish–Norwegian War. August 24 – War of 1812 – Burning of Washington: British troops, after defeating American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol and Presidential Mansion. August 26 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Las Tres Acequias ends in victory for the forces of Jose Miguel Carrera. August 31 – War of 1812 – Battle of Caulk's Field: American militia defeats British landing. September 1 – War of 1812 – Sinking of HMS Avon by the USS Wasp. September 2 – War of 1812 – Raid on Alexandria ends in a British victory. September 3 – War of 1812 – Battle of Hampden ends in a British victory. September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada. September 12 – War of 1812 – Battle of North Point: An American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore. September 13 – War of 1812: The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The British failure at the Battle of Baltimore is a turning point in the war, and the American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem (later set to music as) The Star-Spangled Banner. September 21 – War of 1812: – British Siege of Fort Erie fails. September 27 War of 1812: – Battle of Fayal ends in an American victory over the British. Hadži-Prodan's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins. October–December October 17 – London Beer Flood: A large vat full of porter owned by Meux's Brewery of London bursts, demolishing buildings and killing 8 people. October 19 – War of 1812: – Battle of Cook's Mills: U.S. forces defeat the British in Upper Canada. November 1 – The Congress of Vienna formally opens in Austria to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with the European powers agreeing upon the redrawing of national borders following the victory over France; it will last until June 9, 1815. November 4 – King Charles XIII of Sweden becomes King of Norway, as Charles II . November 7 – War of 1812: Andrew Jackson seizes Pensacola, Florida. December 15 – War of 1812: The Hartford Convention is convened, by members of the American Federalist Party. December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, formally ending the war. December 25 – Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society preaches the first sermon in New Zealand, probably in the Māori language, at Oihi. Date unknown The world's first complex machine mass-produced from interchangeable parts, Eli Terry's wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the production line in Plymouth, Connecticut. Births January–June January 1 William Bigler, American politician (d. 1880) Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (d. 1864) January 27 – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (d. 1879) February 9 – Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886) February 18 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician, temperance activist (d. 1900) March 9 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 1861) March 17 – Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands (d. 1854) April 3 – Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901) April 21 – Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906) May 7 – Henriette Hansen, Norwegian ballerina, singer and actor (d. 1892) May 12 – Adolf von Henselt, German composer (d. 1889) May 26 Wilhelm Engerth, Austrian architect, engineer (d. 1884) Heinrich Geißler, German physicist (d. 1879) May 30 – Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876) June 21– Paweł Bryliński, Polish sculptor (d. 1890) July–December July 3 – Ferdinand Didrichsen, Danish botanist, physicist (d. 1887) July 19 Samuel Colt, American gun maker (d. 1862) Ludwig von Gablenz, Austrian general (d. 1874) August 8 – Esther Morris, American suffragist, judge (d. 1902) August 10 – Henri Nestlé, German-born Swiss chocolate magnate (d. 1890) August 13 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (d. 1874) August 23 | Río de la Plata (covering nearly all of modern-day Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay), surrenders the city of Montevideo to independence fighters, led by General Carlos María de Alvear. June 21 – The secret Eight Articles of London are signed between the Great Powers, uniting the Low Countries under William I of the Netherlands. June 28 – War of 1812 – Sinking of HMS Reindeer by USS Wasp. July–September July 3 – War of 1812 – Capture of Fort Erie by the Americans under Major General Jacob Brown. July 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario. July 7 – Walter Scott's Waverley, his first prose fiction and one of the first significant historical novels in English, is published anonymously by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh, selling out in two days. July 13 – The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia. July 19 – July 20 – War of 1812 – Siege of Prairie du Chien: British troops and Native Americans besiege and capture the frontier settlement. July 19 – War of 1812 – Battle of Rock Island Rapids: British-allied tribes ambush and defeat an American expedition in Illinois. July 22 – War of 1812 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the U.S. government and Native American tribes. July 25 George Stephenson tests his first locomotive Blücher successfully in England. War of 1812 – Battle of Lundy's Lane: Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 18.00 hours; Americans retreat to Fort Erie. July 26 – The Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) begins with a Swedish attack. July 28 – The revived Ligurian Republic is dissolved. July 29 – Swedish–Norwegian War: The invasion of Hvaler ends in a Swedish victory. July 30 – The Great fire of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria destroys the town and 907 buildings. August 1– The Grand Jubilee of 1814 is held in Britain, celebrating the hundredth anniversary of the Hanoverian Succession August 2 – Swedish–Norwegian War: Battle of Lier ends in a Norwegian victory. August 4 War of 1812 – Battle of Mackinac Island results in a British victory over an American invasion. Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – Battle of Fredrikstad ends in a Swedish victory. War of 1812 – The British Siege of Fort Erie begins. August 5 – Swedish–Norwegian War: the Battle of Matrand ends in a Norwegian victory. August 7 – Pope Pius VII decrees the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, reestablishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia. August 9 Creek War – The Treaty of Fort Jackson is signed, ending the Creek War. Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – Battle of Langnes ends in a Norwegian victory. August 12 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (although the judge petitions for reprieve). August 13 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed in London, returning most possessions of the Dutch Empire acquired by the United Kingdom since 1803 to the Netherlands, although Britain retains the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice (later consolidated as British Guiana). In addition, the British cede the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra, in exchange for the settlement of Cochin, India. August 13 – September 6 – War of 1812 – Engagements on Lake Huron result in British victory. August 14 Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – The Battle of Kjølberg Bridge ends in Swedish victory. Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) – The Convention of Moss is signed, ending the Swedish–Norwegian War. August 24 – War of 1812 – Burning of Washington: British troops, after defeating American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol and Presidential Mansion. August 26 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Las Tres Acequias ends in victory for the forces of Jose Miguel Carrera. August 31 – War of 1812 – Battle of Caulk's Field: American militia defeats British landing. September 1 – War of 1812 – Sinking of HMS Avon by the USS Wasp. September 2 – War of 1812 – Raid on Alexandria ends in a British victory. September 3 – War of 1812 – Battle of Hampden ends in a British victory. September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada. September 12 – War of 1812 – Battle of North Point: An American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore. September 13 – War of 1812: The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The British failure at the Battle of Baltimore is a turning point in the war, and the American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem (later set to music as) The Star-Spangled Banner. September 21 – War of 1812: – British Siege of Fort Erie fails. September 27 War of 1812: – Battle of Fayal ends in an American victory over the British. Hadži-Prodan's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins. October–December October 17 – London Beer Flood: A large vat full of porter owned by Meux's Brewery of London bursts, demolishing buildings and killing 8 people. October 19 – War of 1812: – Battle of Cook's Mills: U.S. forces defeat the British in Upper Canada. November 1 – The Congress of Vienna formally opens in Austria to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with the European powers agreeing upon the redrawing of national borders following the victory over France; it will last until June 9, 1815. November 4 – King Charles XIII of Sweden becomes King of Norway, as Charles II . November 7 – War of 1812: Andrew Jackson seizes Pensacola, Florida. December 15 – War of 1812: The Hartford Convention is convened, by members of the American Federalist Party. December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, formally ending the war. December 25 – Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society preaches the first sermon in New Zealand, probably in the Māori language, at Oihi. Date unknown The world's first complex machine mass-produced from interchangeable parts, Eli Terry's wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the production line in Plymouth, Connecticut. Births January–June January 1 William Bigler, American politician (d. 1880) Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (d. 1864) January 27 – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (d. 1879) February 9 – Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886) February 18 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician, temperance activist (d. 1900) March 9 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 1861) March 17 – Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands (d. 1854) April 3 – Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901) April 21 – Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906) May 7 – Henriette Hansen, Norwegian ballerina, singer and actor (d. 1892) May 12 – Adolf von Henselt, German composer (d. 1889) May 26 Wilhelm Engerth, Austrian architect, engineer (d. 1884) Heinrich Geißler, German physicist (d. 1879) May 30 – Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876) June 21– Paweł Bryliński, Polish sculptor (d. 1890) July–December July 3 – Ferdinand Didrichsen, Danish botanist, physicist (d. 1887) July 19 Samuel Colt, American gun maker (d. 1862) Ludwig von Gablenz, Austrian general (d. 1874) August 8 – Esther Morris, American suffragist, judge (d. 1902) August 10 – Henri Nestlé, German-born Swiss chocolate magnate (d. 1890) August 13 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (d. 1874) August 23 – James Roosevelt Bayley, American bishop (d. 1877) August 28 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer (d. 1873) September 2 – Ernst Curtius, German archaeologist, historian (d. 1896) September 3 – James Joseph Sylvester, English mathematician (d. 1897) September 6 – George-Étienne Cartier, Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1873) September 7 – William Butterfield, British architect (d. 1900) September 8 – Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer, historian (d. 1874) September 27 – Daniel Kirkwood, American astronomer (d. 1895) October 1 – Josefina Deland, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1890) October 4 – Jean-François Millet, French painter (d. 1875) October 7 – Susanna Dickinson, survivor of |
are victorious against those from other parts of the Kenya coast. Births January 6 – Melchora Aquino, Filipino revolutionary hero (d. 1919) January 13 – Victor de Laprade, French poet, critic (d. 1883) February 3 – William Fraser Tolmie, Scottish-Canadian scientist, politician (d. 1886) February 7 – Charles Dickens, English writer (d. 1870) February 11 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1883) February 15 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, American jeweler, co-founder of Tiffany & Co. (d. 1902) February 16 – Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President of the United States (d. 1875) February 18 – Nils Johan Berlin, Swedish chemist, professor (d. 1891) February 29 – Sir James Milne Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (d. 1880) March 1 Nicolae Crețulescu, 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1900) Augustus Pugin, English-born architect (d. 1852) March 6 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watch manufacturer (d. 1895) March 22 – Stephen Pearl Andrews, American anarchist, abolitionist (d. 1886) April 14 – George Grey, 11th Premier of New Zealand (d. 1898) April 20 – Pauline Åhman, Swedish harpist (d. 1904) April 22 – Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-born orientalist (d. 1894) April 23 – Frederick Whitaker, English-New Zealand lawyer, politician, 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891) April 27 Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (d. 1883) William W. Snow, American politician (d. 1886) April 29 – Emilie Högquist, Swedish dramatic star (d. 1846) May 6 – Madame Restell, American abortionist (d. 1878) May 7 – Robert Browning, English poet (d. 1889) May 12 – Edward Lear, English artist, poet (d. 1888) June 9 – Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (d. 1910) June 13 – Gustavus H. Scott, American admiral (d. 1882) June 14 – Fernando Wood, American politician, U.S. House of Representatives from New York and 2-time Mayor of New York City (d. 1881) July 2 – Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower (d. 1870) July 8 – Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (b. 1905) August 8 – John Rodgers, American admiral (d. 1882) August 25 Percival Drayton, United States Navy officer (d. 1865) Nikolay Zinin, Russian organic chemist (d. 1880) August 27 – Bertalan Szemere, 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1869) September 2 – William Fox, 2nd Premier of New Zealand (d. 1893) September 18 – Herschel Vespasian Johnson, American politician (d. 1880) October 12 – Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist (d. 1888) October 20 – Austin Flint I, American cardiologist (d. 1886) November 14 – Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (d. 1878) November 19 – Edmond Jurien de La Gravière, French admiral, naval historian, and biographer (d. 1892) December 6 – Ana María Martínez de Nisser, Colombian heroine, writer (d. 1872) December 8 – Henry Varnum Poor, American financial analyst (d. 1905) December 14 – Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, British Viceroy of India (d. 1862) December 17 – Vilhelm Petersen, Danish painter (d. 1880) December 24 – Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist (d. 1894) Date unknown Louis du Couret, French explorer, military officer, and writer (d. | destruction of an invader." October–December October 9 – War of 1812: American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, and . October 12 – The capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg. October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir Isaac Brock (who dies during the battle). October 18–20 – Second Battle of Polotsk – Russians attack and defeat a Franco-Bavarian force in Belarus. October 19 – Napoleon begins his retreat from Moscow. October 23 – Malet coup of 1812: General Claude François de Malet attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris. October 24 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Maloyaroslavets: An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results. November 3 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Vyazma: The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated. November 5 – U.S. presidential election, 1812: James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton. November 10 – 1812 United Kingdom general election: The Tory Party is victorious, under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool. November 15–18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Krasnoi: Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes. December 8 – The M6.9–7.5 San Juan Capistrano earthquake affects Alta California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong) to IX (Violent), killing 40 parishioners at Mission San Juan Capistrano. December 14 – The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia. December 20 – The first volume of Grimms' Fairy Tales is published in Germany. December 29 – War of 1812: defeats the British frigate , off the coast of Brazil. December 30 – The Convention of Tauroggen is signed. Date unknown The Bishop James Madison Society is founded at the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. The Woodford Reserve Bourbon whiskey distillery, established in 1780 along Glenn's Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky, passes to the control of Oscar Pepper. The Ranikot Fort is reconstructed in Sindh. Approximate date – Battle of Shela: The people of Lamu Island are victorious against those from other parts of the Kenya coast. Births January 6 – Melchora Aquino, Filipino revolutionary hero (d. 1919) January 13 – Victor de Laprade, French poet, critic (d. 1883) February 3 – William Fraser Tolmie, Scottish-Canadian scientist, politician (d. 1886) February 7 – Charles Dickens, English writer (d. 1870) February 11 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1883) February 15 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, American jeweler, co-founder of Tiffany & Co. (d. 1902) February 16 – Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President of the United States (d. 1875) February 18 – Nils Johan Berlin, Swedish chemist, professor (d. 1891) February 29 – Sir James Milne Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (d. 1880) March 1 Nicolae Crețulescu, 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1900) Augustus Pugin, English-born architect (d. 1852) March 6 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watch manufacturer (d. 1895) March 22 – Stephen Pearl Andrews, American anarchist, abolitionist (d. 1886) April 14 – George Grey, 11th Premier of New Zealand (d. 1898) April 20 – Pauline Åhman, Swedish harpist (d. 1904) April 22 – Solomon |
first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, her London home. August 16 – The Dutch sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War. September 19 – First Carlist War: Battle of Aranzueque – The liberal forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain are victorious, ending the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real. September 28 – Samuel Morse files a caveat for a patent for the telegraph. October–December October 10–13 – The French army besieges and captures Constantine in French Algeria. October 30 – The Tsarskoye Selo Railway, the first in the Russian Empire, opens between Saint Petersburg Tsarskoselsky station and Zarskoje Selo (modern-day Pushkin), engineered by Franz Anton von Gerstner. October 31 – World's leading consumer goods brand, Procter & Gamble is founded in Ohio, United States. November 7 – American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois. November 8 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later Mount Holyoke College, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts. November 17 – An earthquake in Valdivia, south-central Chile, causes tsunamies that led to significant destruction along Japan's coast. November–December – In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion, and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion. December 17 – Fire breaks out in the Winter Palace, in Saint Petersburg, Russia killing 30 guards December 29 – The Caroline Affair, on the Niagara River, becomes the basis for the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence in international relations. Date unknown Sylvain Charles Valée and French troops capture Skikda, Algeria. Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype. The 5th century B.C. Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany. The Olney Friends School is founded in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. The first electric locomotive built is a battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Atlanta was charted as the railway terminal of Marthasville Births January–June January 2 – Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910) January 7 – Thomas Henry Ismay, English shipowner (White Star Line) (d. 1899) February 5 Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (d. 1899) Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (d. 1917) February 13 – Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer (d. 1914) February 20 – Samuel Swett Green, American librarian, advocate (d. 1918) February 24 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (d. 1916) March 1 – William Dean Howells, American writer, historian, editor, and politician (d. 1920) March 3 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (d. 1918) March 7 – Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882) March 18 – Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (d. 1908) March 22 – Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione (d. 1899) March 23 – Sir Charles Wyndham, English actor, theatrical manager (d. 1919) March 27 – Kate Fox, American medium (d. 1892) April 5 – Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (d. 1909) April 17 – J. P. Morgan, American financier, banker (d. 1913) April 21 – Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1922) April 27 – Queen Cheorin, Korean queen (d. 1878) April 29 – Georges Ernest Boulanger, French general, politician (d. 1891) May 5 Anna Maria Mozzoni, Italian feminist, founder of the Italian women's movement (d. 1920) Theodor Rosetti, 16th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1923) May 7 – | Gamble begin selling their first manufactured goods (soap and candles) in Cincinnati, Ohio. April 24–26 – The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and destruction of more than 9000 houses. May – W. F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patent a system of electrical telegraph. May 10 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City. June 5 – The settlement of Houston is incorporated, by the Republic of Texas. June 11 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees. June 20 – Queen Victoria, 18, accedes to the throne of the United Kingdom, on the death of her uncle William IV without legitimate heirs (she will reign for more than 63 years). Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passes to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which has persisted since 1714. July–September July – Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire. July 13 – Queen Victoria moves from Kensington Palace into Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, her London home. August 16 – The Dutch sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War. September 19 – First Carlist War: Battle of Aranzueque – The liberal forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain are victorious, ending the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real. September 28 – Samuel Morse files a caveat for a patent for the telegraph. October–December October 10–13 – The French army besieges and captures Constantine in French Algeria. October 30 – The Tsarskoye Selo Railway, the first in the Russian Empire, opens between Saint Petersburg Tsarskoselsky station and Zarskoje Selo (modern-day Pushkin), engineered by Franz Anton von Gerstner. October 31 – World's leading consumer goods brand, Procter & Gamble is founded in Ohio, United States. November 7 – American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois. November 8 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later Mount Holyoke College, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts. November 17 – An earthquake in Valdivia, south-central Chile, causes tsunamies that led to significant destruction along Japan's coast. November–December – In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion, and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion. December 17 – Fire breaks out in the Winter Palace, in Saint Petersburg, Russia killing 30 guards December 29 – The Caroline Affair, on the Niagara River, becomes the basis for the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence in international relations. Date unknown Sylvain Charles Valée and French troops capture Skikda, Algeria. Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype. The 5th century B.C. Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany. The Olney Friends School is founded in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. The first electric locomotive built is a battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Atlanta was charted as the railway terminal of Marthasville Births January–June January 2 – Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910) January 7 – Thomas Henry Ismay, English shipowner (White Star Line) (d. 1899) February 5 Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (d. 1899) Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (d. 1917) February 13 – Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer (d. 1914) February 20 – Samuel Swett Green, American librarian, advocate (d. 1918) February 24 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (d. 1916) March 1 – William Dean Howells, American writer, historian, editor, and politician (d. 1920) March 3 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (d. 1918) March 7 – Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882) March 18 – Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (d. 1908) March |
(d. 1910) April 15 – Henry James, American novelist (d. 1916) April 17 – Camillo Sitte, Austrian architect (d. 1903) April 18 – Josiah Wood, Canadian lawyer, entrepreneur, mayor, parliamentarian, and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the province of New Brunswick (d. 1927) April 21 – Walther Flemming, German biologist (d. 1905) April 22 – George I. Alden, American mechanical engineer and achademic innovator (d. 1926) April 25 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, third child of Queen Victoria (d. 1878) April 29 – Pedro Américo, Brazilian novelist, poet, scientist, art theorist, essayist, philosopher, politician and professor (d. 1905) April 30 – Edward Colborne Baber, English orientalist (d. 1890) May May 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer (d. 1922) May 3 – William Lyne Wilson, American politician (d. 1900) May 4 – Eugène Revillout, French Egyptologist (d. 1913) May 5 – William George Beers, Canadian dentist (d. 1900) May 6 – Grove Karl Gilbert, American geologist (d. 1918) May 7 – Léon Melchissédec, French baritone (d. 1925) May 8 – Rudolf Mosse, German publisher (d. 1920) May 9 – Anton von Werner, German painter (d. 1915) May 10 – Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish novelist (d. 1920) May 12 – Thomas William Rhys Davids, English scholar (d. 1922) May 13 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Belgian politician (d. 1913) May 15 – Georges Hartmann, French music publisher and dramatist (d. 1900) May 16 – Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, English politician (d. 1928) May 19 – Axel Gudbrand Blytt, Norwegian botanist and geologist (d. 1898) May 20 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1914) May 21 Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) Louis Renault, French jurist, educator, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918) May 22 – Adolf Aron Baginsky, German professor of diseases (d. 1918) May 23 – Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Russian admiral and politician (d. 1917) May 25 – Paul Scheffer-Boichorst, German historian (d. 1902) May 27 – Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis, son of Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1879) May 28 – Joyce Emmerson Preston Muddock, British journalist (d. 1934) May 29 Émile Pessard, French composer (d. 1917) Patrick Craigie, British agricultural statistician (d. 1930) May 30 – Louis Boehmer, German-American agronomist (d. 1896) May 31 – Fredrikke Marie Qvam, Norwegian humanitarian leader, feminist and liberal politician (d. 1938) June June 1 Henry Faulds, Scottish physician, missionary and fingerprinting pioneer (d. 1930) Saigō Jūdō, Japanese general, admiral, and politician (d. 1902) June 3 – King Frederick VIII of Denmark (d. 1912) June 4 – Charles Conrad Abbott, German archaeologist (d. 1919) June 5 – Samuel Garman, American zoologist (d. 1927) June 6 – Russell J. Waters, U.S. Representative from California (d. 1911) June 7 – Susan Blow, American educator (d. 1916) June 8 – Kálmán Széll, 13th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1915) June 9 Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) Wilhelm Dames, German paleontologist (d. 1898) June 10 – Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Austrian composer (d. 1900) June 11 – Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, Portuguese naval commander and politician (d. 1923) June 12 – David Gill, Scottish astronomer (d. 1914) June 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German American composer (d. 1897) June 14 – Richard Otto Zöpffel, Baltic German church historian and theologian (d. 1891) June 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (d. 1907) June 16 – David Popper, Bohemian cellist and composer (d. 1913) June 18 – René Pénicaud, French politician (d. 1899) June 19 – Charles-Édouard Lefebvre, French composer (d. 1917) June 23 – Otto Kuntze, German botanist (d. 1907) June 24 – Andreas Ascharin, Baltic-German chessmaster (d. 1896) June 25 – Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Member of the Hohenzollern Sigmaringen family (d. 1904) June 28 – Julius Runge, German landscape artist (d. 1922) June 29 – Charles Warren Stone, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d. 1912) June 30 – Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat, scholar (d. 1928) July July 7 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1926) July 17 – Sir Penn Symons, British general (d. 1899) July 19 – Francis J. Higginson, United States Navy admiral (d. 1931) July 29 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901) August August – Joseph Abbott, Australian wool-broker and politician (d. 1903) August 1 – Robert Todd Lincoln, American politician, businessman, first son of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (d. 1926) August 4 – Florimond Van Duyse, Belgian lawyer, composer and musicologist (d. 1910) August 5 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish violinist and composer (d. 1927) August 7 – Charles Warren Stoddard, American author (d. 1909) August 8 – Alfred Duclos DeCelles, Canadian journalist (d. 1925) August 9 – Adolf Mayer, German agricultural chemist (d. 1942) August 10 – Joseph McKenna, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1926) August 11 – Louis Gathmann, German American inventor (d. 1917) August 12 – Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Prussian field marshal (d. 1916) August 15 – Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major, Scottish-born Swiss physician (d. 1923) August 17 – Mariano Rampolla, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1913) August 18 – Moritz Brasch, German philosopher (d. 1895) August 19 – C. I. Scofield, American theologian (d. 1921) August 20 – Christina Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano (d. 1921) August 21 – Marion McCarrell Scott, American educator (d. 1922) August 22 – John M. Thome, American astronomer (d. 1908) August 23 – William Southam, Canadian newspaper publisher (d. 1932) August 24 – Ernst Wülcker, German archivist and lexicographer (d. 1895) August 26 – Victor Gardthausen, German ancient historian (d. 1925) August 27 – Wilhelm Wisser, German dialectologist (d. 1935) August 28 – August Sedláček, Czech historian (d. 1926) August 29 – Alfred Agache, French painter (d. 1915) August 30 – Carl Theodor Albrecht, German astronomer (d. 1915) August 31 – Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1919) September September 1 – William Ziegler, American industrialist (d. 1905) September 2 – Richard Alsop Wise, American educator (d. 1900) September 4 Charles Dilke, British statesman (d. 1911) Jabez Balfour, English businessman and fraudster (d. 1916) September 5 – Friedrich Reusch, German sculptor (d. 1906) September 6 – Alexander Fok, Russian general (d. 1926) September 7 – Otto von Diederichs, German admiral (d. 1918) September 9 – Oscar Montelius, Swedish archaeologist (d. 1921) September 10 – William Gill, English explorer (d. 1882) September 11 – Adolf Wach, German jurist (d. 1926) September 12 – Daniel F. Davis, American politician and 37th governor of Maine (d. 1897) September 14 – Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, and women's rights activist (d. 1924) September 16 – George Brettingham Sowerby III, British conchologist, publisher, illustrator (d. 1921) September 17 – William Elliot Griffis, American Congregationalist minister (d. 1928) September 18 – Charles Valentine Riley, British-born American entomologist and artist (d. 1895) September 19 Homer D. Call, American politician (d. 1929) François-Xavier-Ovide Méthot, Quebec political figure (d. 1908) September 20 – Julius Lessing, German art historian (d. 1908) September 21 – Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville, French politician (d. 1924) September 22 – Pietro Respighi, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1913) September 23 – Emily Warren Roebling, American engineer (d. 1903) September 24 – Carl Constantin Platen, German physician (d. 1899) September 25 Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, American geologist (d. 1928) Melville Reuben Bissell, American entrepreneur (d. 1889) September 26 – Joseph Furphy, Australian novelist (d. 1912) September 27 – Gaston Tarry, French mathematician (d. 1913) September 29 – Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (d. 1882) September 30 – Hector Clare Cameron, Scottish surgeon (d. 1928) October October 2 – James Whitney, Canadian politician (d. 1914) October 4 – Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas, Palestinian Catholic nun, canonized (d. 1927) October 9 – Christian Christiansen, Danish physicist (d. 1917) October 10 – François C. Antoine Simon, 18th president of Haiti (d. 1923) October 12 – Émile Louis Ragonot, French entomologist (d. 1895) October 13 – René de Lespinasse, French historian (d. 1922) October 14 – Marcus Beck, early proponent of the germ theory of disease (d. 1893) October 15 – Herbert W. Ladd, American politician and governor of Rhode Island (d. 1913) October 16 – Johann Friedrich Ahlfeld, German obstetrician and gynecologist (d. 1929) October 17 – Lot Thomas, American state court judge (d. 1905) October 19 – Albert Viger, French politician (d. 1926) October 20 – Victor de Stuers, Dutch artist (d. 1916) October 22 – Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (d. 1916) October 23 – René de Lespinasse, French historian (d. 1922) October 24 – Caroline Brown Buell, American activist (d. 1927) October 25 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (d. 1891) October 26 – Henry Trimen, British botanist (d. 1896) October 28 Dezső Bánffy, 12th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1911) Herman Bendell, Physician and last Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Arizona Territory (d. 1932) October 29 – John Miller 1st governor of North Dakota (d. 1908) October 31 – Henri Regnault, French painter (d. 1871) November November 3 – Isaac S. Struble, American politician (d. 1913) November 4 – Theodor Gartner, Austrian linguist (d. 1925) November 5 – Harry Rawson, English explorer and 21st governor of New South | purchases for $900 the land that will become Abbeville, Louisiana, a town founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia. August 1 – Brazil becomes the second country, after Great Britain, to issue nationally valid postage stamps, with the release of its Bull's Eye series. August 19 – Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Black Cat" is first published in The Saturday Evening Post. August 15 – Tivoli Gardens, one of the oldest amusement parks in the world still intact, opens in Copenhagen, Denmark. September – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program. September 2 – The Economist newspaper is first published in London (preliminary issue dated August). September 4 – Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil marries Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, in a state ceremony in Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. September 15 (Sept. 3, O.S.) – A Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal Constitution from the state, which has been governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign business interests. October–December October 3 – Elling Eielsen was ordained as the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States. October 16 Søren Kierkegaard's philosophical book Fear and Trembling is first published. William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative. October 30 – Fuerte Bulnes, the first Chilean settlement in the strait of Magellan, is founded. November 17 – The city of Shanghai opens for trade with foreigners for the first time, welcoming a party of traders from the United Kingdom. November 25 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, and kills 69 people in the village of Bronte. November 28 - Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually as La Ku'oko'a (Independence Day) December 9 – Bishop's University is founded as Bishop's College by Bishop George Jehoshaphat Mountain in Lennoxville, Quebec, for the education of members of the Church of England. December 13 – Basutoland becomes a British protectorate. December 17 – Charles Dickens's novella A Christmas Carol is first published in London, England. Released on December 19, it sells out by Christmas Eve. December 21 – The first total solar eclipse of Saros 139 occurs over southern Asia. December – The world's first Christmas cards, commissioned by Sir Henry Cole in London from the artist John Callcott Horsley, are sent. Date unknown James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat. The steam powered rotary printing press is invented, by Richard March Hoe in the United States. Saint Louis University School of Law becomes the first law school west of the Mississippi River. Births January January 1 – Nikolai Lodyzhensky, Russian composer (d. 1916) January 2 – Gabriel Compayré, French scholar (d. 1913) January 3 – Elzéar Abeille de Perrin, French entomologist (d. 1910) January 5 – Victor Brooke, Anglo-Irish naturalist and baronet (d. 1891) January 6 – John Coit Spooner, American politician (d. 1919) January 8 Frederick Abberline, Chief Inspector of the London Metropolitan Police, investigator in the Jack the Ripper murders (d. 1929) John H. Moffitt, American politician (d. 1926) Karl Eduard Heusner, Vice-Admiral of the German Imperial Navy (d. 1891) January 9 – Darius D. Hare, U.S. representative from Ohio (d. 1897) January 10 Frank James, American outlaw (d. 1915) Carroll S. Page, American lawyer, businessman and politician (d. 1925) January 11 – Adolf Eberle, German painter (d. 1914) January 13 – David Ferrier, Scottish neurologist (d. 1928) January 15 – William H. Harries, Representative in the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota (d. 1921) January 16 – George E. Gard, American sheriff (d. 1904) January 17 – Anton Thraen, German astronomer (d. 1902) January 18 – Fernand Pelez, French painter (d. 1913) January 20 – Paul Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1924) January 21 – Émile Levassor, French engineer (d. 1897) January 22 – Friedrich Blass, German scholar (d. 1907) January 24 – Evald Tang Kristensen, Danish author (d. 1929) January 25 – Hermann Schwarz, German mathematician (d. 1921) January 26 – Erdmann Encke, German sculptor (d. 1896) January 28 – Mihkel Veske, Estonian poet (d. 1891) January 29 William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (d. 1901) Henry Carrington Bolton, American chemist and bibliographer (d. 1903) February February 1 – John Isaac Thornycroft, English shipbuilder (d. 1928) February 2 – Knute Nelson, American politician (d. 1923) February 3 – William Cornelius Van Horne, American entrepreneur (d. 1915) February 6 – Frederic W. H. Myers, British poet (d. 1901) February 7 – John B. Babcock, U.S. Army officer (d. 1909) February 9 William Taylor Thornton, governor of New Mexico (d. 1916) Nathan Goff Jr., U.S. representative from West Virginia (d. 1920) February 10 – Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais, French entomologist and zoologist (d. 1918) February 13 – Georg von Rosen, Swedish painter (d. 1923) February 14 – Louis Diémer, French pianist (d. 1919) February 15 – Russell Conwell, American Baptist minister (d. 1925) February 16 – Henry M. Leland, American machinist, inventor, engineer and automotive entrepreneur (d. 1932) February 17 – Aaron Montgomery Ward, American department store founder (d. 1913) February 19 – Adelina Patti, Spanish opera singer (d. 1919) February 20 – Theodor Höijer, Finnish architect (d. 1910) February 22 – Rudolf Montecuccoli, Austro-Hungarian admiral (d. 1922) February 24 – Teófilo Braga, Portuguese writer, playwright and politician (d. 1924) February 25 – Karl Gussow, German painter (d. 1907) February 27 – Thomas Hammond, American politician (d. 1909) February 28 – Đorđe Simić, Serbian politician (d. 1921) March March 2 – Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, (d. 1911) March 3 Aleksander Sochaczewski, Polish painter (d. 1923) William Chandler Roberts-Austen, English metallurgist (d. 1902) March 4 – John Barr, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1909 March 6 – Arthur Napoleão dos Santos, Portuguese composer (d. 1925) March 7 Joseph James Cheeseman, Liberian politician, 12th President of Liberia (d.1896) Tsuboi Kōzō, Japanese admiral (d. 1898) Edwin H. Conger, American lawyer, banker and diplomat (d. 1907) March 8 – Arthur Brown, U.S. senator from Utah (d. 1906) March 9 – Abraham Abraham, American businessman (d. 1911) March 10 – James D. Richardson, American politician (d. 1914) March 11 – Harald Høffding, Danish philosopher and theologian (d. 1931) March 12 – Ludwig Dahn, German actor (d. 1898) March 14 – Léon Dehon, French Roman Catholic priest, founder of Priests of the Sacred Heart (d. 1925) March 15 – Arichi Shinanojō, Japanese admiral (d. 1919) March 16 – Louis Gregh, French composer (d. 1915) March 17 – Henry Ware Lawton, American general (d. 1899) March 18 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, Belgian politician (d. 1917) March 22 – Hiram Y. Smith, American politician (d. 1894) March 23 – Joseph F. Johnston, American politician (d. 1913) March 24 – James A. Mount, 24th governor of Indiana (d. 1901) March 26 – Johann Sioly, Austrian composer (d. 1911) March 27 – George Frederick Leycester Marshall, English naturalist (d. 1934) March 28 – Hippolyte Berteaux, French painter (d. 1926) March 31 – Bernhard Förster, German teacher (d. 1889) April April 1 – Étienne Blanchard, Canadian politician (d. 1918) April 2 – Karl Koester, German pathologist (d. 1904) April 3 – Knut Ekwall, Swedish painter (d. 1912) April 4 – William Henry Jackson, American explorer and photographer (d. 1942) April 7 Ernest Munier-Chalmas, French geologist (d. 1903) John Mount Batten, British soldier and landowner (d. 1916) April 8 – Asger Hamerik, Danish composer (d. 1923) April 9 – Samuel W. Pennypacker, American politician and 23rd governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1916) April 11 – Johannes Minckwitz, German chess player (d. 1901) April 13 – Thomas Pennington Lucas, Scottish-born Australian medical practitioner, naturalist, author, philosopher and utopianist (d. 1917) April 14 – Gustave Huberti, Flemish composer (d. 1910) April 15 – Henry James, American novelist (d. 1916) April 17 – Camillo Sitte, Austrian architect (d. 1903) April 18 – Josiah Wood, Canadian lawyer, entrepreneur, mayor, parliamentarian, and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the province of New Brunswick (d. 1927) April 21 – Walther Flemming, German biologist (d. 1905) April 22 – George I. Alden, American mechanical engineer and achademic innovator (d. 1926) April 25 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, third child of Queen Victoria (d. 1878) April 29 – Pedro Américo, Brazilian novelist, poet, scientist, art theorist, essayist, philosopher, politician and professor (d. 1905) April 30 – Edward Colborne Baber, English orientalist (d. 1890) May May 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer (d. 1922) May 3 – William Lyne Wilson, American politician (d. 1900) May 4 – Eugène Revillout, French Egyptologist (d. 1913) May 5 – William George Beers, Canadian dentist (d. 1900) May 6 – Grove Karl Gilbert, American geologist (d. 1918) May 7 – Léon Melchissédec, French baritone (d. 1925) May 8 – Rudolf Mosse, German publisher (d. 1920) May 9 – Anton von Werner, German painter (d. 1915) May 10 – Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish novelist (d. 1920) May 12 – Thomas William Rhys Davids, English scholar (d. 1922) May 13 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Belgian politician (d. 1913) May 15 – Georges Hartmann, French music publisher and dramatist (d. 1900) May 16 – Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, English politician (d. 1928) May 19 – Axel Gudbrand Blytt, Norwegian botanist and geologist (d. 1898) May 20 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1914) May 21 Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) Louis Renault, French jurist, educator, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918) May 22 – Adolf Aron Baginsky, German professor of diseases (d. 1918) May 23 – Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Russian admiral and politician (d. 1917) May 25 – Paul Scheffer-Boichorst, German historian (d. 1902) May 27 – Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis, son of Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1879) May 28 – Joyce Emmerson Preston Muddock, British journalist (d. 1934) May 29 Émile Pessard, French composer (d. 1917) Patrick Craigie, British agricultural statistician (d. 1930) May 30 – Louis Boehmer, German-American agronomist (d. 1896) May 31 – Fredrikke Marie Qvam, Norwegian humanitarian leader, feminist and liberal politician (d. 1938) June June 1 Henry Faulds, Scottish physician, missionary and fingerprinting pioneer (d. 1930) Saigō Jūdō, Japanese general, admiral, and politician (d. 1902) June 3 – King Frederick VIII of Denmark (d. 1912) June 4 – Charles Conrad Abbott, German archaeologist (d. 1919) June 5 – Samuel Garman, American zoologist (d. 1927) June 6 – Russell J. Waters, U.S. Representative from California (d. 1911) June 7 – Susan Blow, American educator (d. 1916) June 8 – Kálmán Széll, 13th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1915) June 9 Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) Wilhelm Dames, German paleontologist (d. 1898) June 10 – Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Austrian composer (d. 1900) June 11 – Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, Portuguese naval commander and politician (d. 1923) June 12 – David Gill, Scottish astronomer (d. 1914) June 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German American composer (d. 1897) June 14 – Richard Otto Zöpffel, Baltic German church historian and theologian (d. 1891) June 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (d. 1907) June 16 – David Popper, Bohemian cellist and composer (d. 1913) June 18 – René Pénicaud, French politician (d. 1899) June 19 – Charles-Édouard Lefebvre, French composer (d. 1917) June 23 – Otto Kuntze, German botanist (d. |
United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal. February 3 – Battle of Caseros, Argentina: The Argentine provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes, allied with Brazil and members of Colorado Party of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops under Juan Manuel de Rosas. February 11 – The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street, London. February 14 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient. February 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, is established in South Bend, Indiana. February 19 – Phi Kappa Psi fraternity was founded in Canonsburg, PA at Jefferson College. February 25 – sinks near Cape Town, British Cape Colony. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive, after troops stand firm on the deck, so as not to overwhelm the lifeboats containing women and children. March 1 – Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. March 2 – The first American experimental steam fire engine is tested. March 4 – Phi Mu sorority is founded in Macon, Georgia. March 17 – Annibale De Gasparis discovers in Naples the asteroid Psyche from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte. March 18 – Henry Wells and William Fargo created Wells Fargo & Company. March 20 – Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is published in book form in Boston. April–June April 1 – The Second Anglo-Burmese War begins. April 18 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin. May 19 – Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted. June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan. July–September July 1 – American statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda. July 5 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech, "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?", in Rochester, New York. July 28 – Henry Clay steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, claims several lives, including Stephen Allen. August 3 – The first American intercollegiate athletic event, the Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, is held. September 11 – Revolution of 11 September 1852 in Argentina: Buenos Aires Province declares independence. September 19 – Annibale de Gasparis discovers the asteroid Massalia from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte in Naples. September 24 – French engineer Henri Giffard makes the first airship trip, from Paris to Trappes. October–December October 7 – After learning that U.S. President Fillmore has sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry, to open trade with Japan, Nicholas I of Russia sends Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin to lead the Pallada on a similar mission (Putyatin arrives on August 21, 1853, one month after Perry). October 16 – After nearly five years' imprisonment in France, former Algerian Emir Abdelkader El Djezairi is released by orders of then-president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. October 23 – The conjecture of the four color theorem is first proposed, as student Francis Guthrie of University College London presents the question of proving, mathematically, that no more than four colors are needed to give separate colors to bordering shapes on a map (the theorem is not proven for almost 123 years, until 1976). October 31 – General Joaquin Solares of Guatemala leads an invasion of neighboring Honduras, beginning a war that lasts until February 13, 1856. November – Leo Tolstoy's debut novel Childhood is published under the initials L. N., in this month's issue of the Saint Petersburg literary journal Sovremennik (and later in book form). November 2 – 1852 U.S. presidential election: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia. November 4 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister. November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster opens in London. November 21–22 – The New French Empire is confirmed by plebiscite: 7,824,000 for, 253,000 against. November 23 – The first roadside pillar boxes in the | first president is Horace Mann). Mills College is founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in Benicia, California. The French Catholic De La Salle Brothers arrive from Europe in Singapore, aboard La Julie, and sail up to Penang in the Straits Settlements, to found the first Lasallian educational institutions in Asia. Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary, produces the first translation of the Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, which is published with the parallel text of the Syriac Peshitta, by the American Bible Society. Births January–June January 8 – James Milton Carroll, American Baptist pastor, leader, historian and author (d. 1931) January 11 – Constantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1926) January 18 – Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère, French admiral (d. 1924) January 20 – José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican political engraver and printmaker (d. 1913) January 26 – Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, Italian-born explorer of Africa (d. 1905) February 5 – Terauchi Masatake, 9th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1919) February 16 – Charles Taze Russell (Pastor Russell), American Protestant reformer, evangelist, forerunner of Jehovah's Witnesses (d. 1916) February 26 – John Harvey Kellogg, American Adventist doctor and health reformer (d. 1943) March 1 – Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (d. 1923) April–June April 1 – Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (d. 1911) April 13 – Frank Winfield Woolworth, American merchant, businessman (d. 1919) April 22 – William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912) May 1 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934) May 2 – Max von Gallwitz, German general (d. 1937) May 4 – Alice Pleasance Liddell, inspiration for the English children's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (d. 1934) May 11 – Charles W. Fairbanks, 26th Vice President of the United States (d. 1918) May 13 – Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov, Buryat Buddhist leader (d. 1927) May 14 Émile Fayolle, French general (d. 1928) Alton B. Parker, American judge, Democratic political candidate (d. 1926) May 22 – Moritz von Auffenberg, Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d. 1928) May 31 Aleksei Aleksandrovich Bobrinsky, Soviet historian and politician (d. 1927) Julius Richard Petri, German bacteriologist (d. 1921) June 13 – Anna Whitlock, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1930) June 24 – Victor Adler, Austrian politician (d. 1918) June 25 Antoni Gaudí, Spanish modernist architect (d. 1926) Friedrich Loeffler, German bacteriologist (d. 1915) June 30 – Karl Petrovich Jessen, Russian admiral (d. 1918) July–September July 9 – Grigore C. Crăiniceanu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1935) July 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, 18th President of Argentina (d. 1933) July 15 – Josef Josephi, Polish-born singer and actor (d. 1920) July 20 Theo Heemskerk, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1932) Maria Brace Kimball, American elocutionist (d. 1933) July 31 – Charles Lanrezac, French general (d. 1925) August 4 – Catharine van Tussenbroek, Dutch physician (d. 1925) Charles Coborn, British singer (d. 1945) August 23 – Clímaco Calderón, 15th President of Colombia (d. 1913) August 30 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911) September 6 – Schalk Willem Burger, Boer military leader, lawyer, politician, and statesman, acting President of the South African Republic (1900-1902) (d. 1918) September 8 – Gojong, 26th king of the Korean Joseon dynasty, first emperor of Korea (d. 1919) September 10 – Hans Niels Andersen, Danish businessman, founder of the East Asiatic Company (d. 1937) September 12 – H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1928) September 28 John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British field marshal, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in World War I (d. 1925) Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907) September 29 – Ijuin Gorō, Japanese admiral (d. 1921) September 30 – Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in England (d. 1924) October–December October 2 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916) October 9 – Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919) October 11 - Mary Isabella Macleod, North American pioneer (d. 1933) October 16 – Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (d. 1913) October 17 – George Egerton, British admiral (d. 1940) November 1 – Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (d. 1920) November 3 – Prince Mutsuhito of Japan, the future Emperor Meiji (d. 1912) November 7 – Johan Ramstedt, 9th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1935) November 8 – Eva Kinney Griffith, American activist and writer (d. 1918) November 11 – Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1925) November 22 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924) November 26 – Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, 16th and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan, admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy (d. 1933) December 10 – Felix Graf von Bothmer, German general (d. 1937) December 15 Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908) Reginald F. Nicholson, United States Navy admiral (d. 1939) December 19 – Albert A. Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931) December 21 – George Callaghan, British admiral (d. 1920) Date unknown Emma Eliza Bower, American physician, club-woman, and newspaperwoman (d. 1937) Liu Buchan, Chinese admiral (d. 1895) Gef, supposed Indian-born Manx talking mongoose (presumed |
guided tours. June 4 – French President Charles de Gaulle visits Algeria. June 8 – The is launched; she will be the largest Lake freighter for more than a dozen years. June 15 – Pizza Hut is founded by Dan and Frank Carney, in Wichita, Kansas. June 16 – Imre Nagy and other leaders of the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956 are hanged for treason, following secret trials. June 20 – The iron barque Omega of Callao, Peru (built in Liverpool, 1887), sinks on passage carrying guano from the Pachacamac Islands for Huacho, the world's last full-rigged ship trading under sail alone. June 27 – The Peronist Party becomes legal again in Argentina. June 29 – Brazil beats Sweden 5–2 in the final game, to win the football World Cup in Sweden. June 30 – The Ifni War ends in Spanish Sahara. July July – The plastic hula hoop is first marketed in the United States. July 3 – 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement is signed in Washington, D.C. July 5 – Gasherbrum I, the 11th highest mountain in the world, is first ascended. July 7 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law. July 9 – 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami: A 7.8 strike-slip earthquake in Southeast Alaska causes a landslide that produces a megatsunami. The runup from the waves reaches on the rim of Lituya Bay. July 10 – The first parking meters are installed in Britain. July 11 – Count Michael Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde, direct descendant of Samuel Aba, King of Hungary, age 60, is pistol-whipped and murdered over a few hectares of land by Czechoslovak Communists, during the collectivization process at his residence in Olcsvar, Slovakia. July 12 The Beatles, at this time known as The Quarrymen, pay 17 shillings and 6 pence to have their first recording session where they record Buddy Holly's "That'll Be the Day" and "In Spite of All the Danger", a song written by Paul McCartney and George Harrison. Henri Cornelis becomes Governor-General of the Belgian Congo, the last Belgian governor prior to independence. July 14 – July 14 Revolution in Iraq: King Faisal is killed. Abd al-Karim Qasim assumes power. July 15 – In Lebanon, 5,000 United States Marines land in the capital Beirut in support of the pro-Western government. July 24 – Fourteen life peerages, the first under the Life Peerages Act 1958, are created in the United Kingdom. July 26 Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched in the United States. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom announces that she is giving her son and heir apparent The Prince, Charles, the customary title of Prince of Wales. The announcement is made at the end of the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, held in Cardiff. July 29 – The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). July 31 – The Tibetan resistance movement against rule by China receives support from the United States Central Intelligence Agency. August August 3 – The nuclear-powered submarine becomes the first vessel to cross the North Pole under water. August 6 – Australian athlete Herb Elliott clips almost 3 seconds off the world record for the mile run at Santry Stadium, Dublin, recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds. August 12 – The Federal Switchblade Act is enacted in the United States. August 14 – KLM Flight 607-E, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, crashes into the sea with 99 people aboard. August 17 – The first Thor-Able rocket is launched, carrying Pioneer 0, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17. The launch fails due to a first stage malfunction. August 18 Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel Lolita is published in the United States. Brojen Das from East Pakistan swims across the English Channel in a competition, the first Bangali as well as the first Asian to ever do it. He is first among 39 competitors. August 21 – October 15 – Illinois observes the centennial of the Lincoln–Douglas debates. August 23 Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis begins, with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy. President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aviation Act, transferring all authority over aviation in the US to the newly created Federal Aviation Agency (FAA, later renamed Federal Aviation Administration). August 25 – Instant noodles go on sale for the first time in Japan. August 26 – A general strike is called in Paraguay. August 27 – Operation Argus: The United States begins nuclear tests over the South Atlantic. August 30 – September 1 – Notting Hill race riots: Riots occur between blacks and whites in Notting Hill, London, UK. September September – The University of New Orleans begins classes as the first racially integrated public university in the Southern United States. September 1 The first Cod War begins, between the United Kingdom and Iceland. Grange School is established in GRA Ikeja, Lagos. September 2 Hendrik Verwoerd becomes the 6th Prime Minister of South Africa. China's first television broadcasts start at Beijing Television Station, a predecessor of China Central Television. September 4 – Jorge Alessandri is the winner of Chile's presidential election. September 6 – Paul Robeson performs in concert at the Soviet Young Pioneer camp Artek. September 12 – Jack Kilby invents the first integrated circuit, while working at Texas Instruments. September 14 – Two rockets designed by German engineer Ernst Mohr (the first German post-war rockets) reach the upper atmosphere. September 27 Typhoon Ida kills at least 1,269 in Honshū, Japan. Hurricane Helene, the worst storm of the North Atlantic hurricane season, reaches category 4 status. September 28 – In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the Fifth Republic. September 30 – The U.S.S.R. performs a nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya. October October – GoldStar, as predecessor for LG Electronics, founded in South Korea. October 1 Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League. NASA starts operations and replaces the NACA in the United States. October 2 – Guinea declares itself independent from France. October 4 The new Constitution of France is signed into law, establishing the French Fifth Republic. British Overseas Airways Corporation uses the new De Havilland Comet jets, to become the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic. October 11 – Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of the 3 project Able space probes, becomes the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA. October 13 – Penny Coelen is crowned as Miss World 1958 during the 8th Miss World Pageant, the first South African to win the title. October 16 – The long-running BBC Television children's programme Blue Peter is first broadcast. October 17 – An Evening with Fred Astaire, the first television show recorded on color videotape, is broadcast on NBC in the United States. October 18 – Tennis for Two, a video game invented by William Higinbotham and considered to be the first pure entertainment computer game, is introduced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Visitors' Day Exhibit in the United States. October 21 – The Life Peerages Act entitles women to sit in the British House of Lords for the first time. The Baronesses Swanborough (Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading) and Wootton (Barbara Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger) are the first to take their seats. October 23 – The Nobel Committee announces Russian novelist Boris Pasternak as the winner of the 1958 Prize for Literature. October 26 – A Pan American World Airways Boeing 707 makes its first transatlantic flight. October 28 – Pope John XXIII succeeds Pope Pius XII, as the 261st pope. November November 3 The new UNESCO building, World Heritage Centre, is inaugurated in Paris. Jorge Alessandri is sworn in as President of Chile. November 10 – The bossa nova is born in Rio de Janeiro, with João Gilberto's recording of Chega de Saudade. November 10 – Harry Winston donates the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution. November 18 – En route to Rogers City, Michigan, the Lake freighter breaks up and sinks in a storm on Lake Michigan; 33 of the 35 crewmen on board perish. November 20 – The Jim Henson Company is founded as Muppets, Inc. in the United States. November 22 – 1958 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H.V. Evatt. This is the first election where television was used as a medium for communicating with voters. Evatt will eventually resign as Labor leader and will be replaced by his deputy Arthur Calwell. November 25 – French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French colonial empire. November 28 – Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French colonial empire. November 30 – Gaullists win the French parliamentary election. December December 1 Adolfo López Mateos takes office as President of Mexico. Our Lady of the Angels School fire: At least 90 students and 3 nuns are killed in a fire in Chicago. December 5 Subscriber trunk dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by the Queen, when she dials a call from Bristol to Edinburgh and speaks to the Lord Provost. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan personally inspects and opens the United Kingdom's first ever motorway, the Preston Bypass, to traffic for the first time. (The bypass becomes part of the M6 and M55 Motorways, and is significantly upgraded in the mid 1990s.) 11 months later the M1, M45 and M10 Motorways open. December 9 – The right-wing John Birch Society is founded in the United States by Robert W. Welch Jr., a retired candy manufacturer. December 14 – The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first ever to reach the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. December 15 – Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes of Bell Laboratories publish a paper in Physical Review Letters setting out the principles of the optical laser. December 16 A fire breaks out in the Vida Department Store in Bogotá, Colombia and kills 84 persons. Soviet polar pilot V. M. Perov on Li-2 rescues four Belgian polar explorers, led by Gaston de Gerlache, who have survived a plane crash in Antarctica 250 km from their base five days earlier. December 18 The United States launches SCORE, the world's first communications satellite. The Bell XV-3 Tiltrotor makes the first true mid-air transition from vertical helicopter-type flight to fully level fixed-wing flight. December 19 – A message from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower is broadcast from the SCORE satellite. December 21 – General Charles de Gaulle is elected president of France with 78.5% of the votes. December 24 – 1958 BOAC Bristol Britannia crash: A BOAC Bristol Britannia (312 G-AOVD) crashes near Winkton, England, during a test flight, killing nine people. Three crew members survive. December 28 – In American football, the Baltimore Colts beat the New York Giants 23–17 to win the NFL Championship Game, the first to go into sudden death overtime and "The Greatest Game Ever Played". December 29 – Battle of Santa Clara: Rebel troops under Camilo Cienfuegos and Che Guevara begin to invade Santa Clara, Cuba. December 30 – The Guatemalan Air Force fires on Mexican fishing boats which had strayed into Guatemalan territory, triggering the Mexico–Guatemala conflict. December 31 Tallies reveal that, for the first time, the total of passengers carried by air this year exceeds the total carried by sea in transatlantic service. After the fall of Santa Clara, Cuban President Fulgencio Batista flees the country. Date unknown Denatonium, the bitterest substance known, is discovered. It is used as an aversive agent in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking them. The Japanese 10 yen coin ceases having serrated edges after a 5-year period beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have smooth edges. The British Rally Championship in motor sport begins its first year. The PBA Tour is established by the Professional Bowlers Association at its headquarters in Seattle for ten-pin bowling. Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population), the post-war baby boom ends in the United States as an 11-year decline in the birth rate begins (the longest on record in that country). Births January January 1 Hamza Yusuf, American Islamic scholar Grandmaster Flash, African-American hip-hop/rap DJ January 2 – Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Russian pianist January 4 – Matt Frewer, Canadian-American actor (Max Headroom) January 6 – Shlomo Glickstein, Israeli tennis player January 7 – Yasmin Ahmad, Malaysian film director, writer and scriptwriter (died 2009) January 8 – Betsy DeVos, American businesswoman and politician, 11th Secretary of Education January 9 Mehmet Ali Ağca, Turkish militant, would-be assassin of Pope John Paul II Stephen Neale, British philosopher January 10 – Samira Said, Moroccan singer January 12 Arun Govil, Indian television actor Christiane Amanpour, British-Iranian journalist and television host January 13 Ricardo Acuña, Chilean tennis player Juan Pedro de Miguel, Spanish handball player (died 2016) January 15 – Boris Tadić, Serbian president January 20 – Lorenzo Lamas, American actor, martial artist and reality show participant January 21 – Hussein Saeed Mohammed, Iraqi football player January 24 – Jools Holland, British musician January 26 Anita Baker, American soul and R&B singer Ellen DeGeneres, American actress, comedian, and television host January 28 – Maitê Proença, Brazilian actress January 31 – Mamoon al-Farkh, Syrian actor and theatre director (died 2020) February February 4 – Tomasz Pacyński, Polish writer (died 2005) February 5 – Fabrizio Frizzi, Italian television presenter (died 2018) February 8 – Marina Silva, Brazilian politician February 9 Cyrille Regis, English footballer (died 2018) Walid al-Kubaisi, Norwegian-Iraqi author, journalist, translator, film director and government scholar (died 2018) February 10 Ricardo Gareca, Argentine footballer and manager Michael Weiss, jazz pianist and composer February 11 – Regina Maršíková, Czechoslovakian tennis player February 12 – Grant McLennan, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2006) February 13 – Pernilla August, Swedish actress February 14 Grant Thomas, Australian rules footballer Francisco Javier López Peña, Basque separatist February 16 Ice-T, American rapper, songwriter, and actor Andriy Bal, Ukrainian football player and coach (died 2014) Nancy Donahue, | the collectivization process at his residence in Olcsvar, Slovakia. July 12 The Beatles, at this time known as The Quarrymen, pay 17 shillings and 6 pence to have their first recording session where they record Buddy Holly's "That'll Be the Day" and "In Spite of All the Danger", a song written by Paul McCartney and George Harrison. Henri Cornelis becomes Governor-General of the Belgian Congo, the last Belgian governor prior to independence. July 14 – July 14 Revolution in Iraq: King Faisal is killed. Abd al-Karim Qasim assumes power. July 15 – In Lebanon, 5,000 United States Marines land in the capital Beirut in support of the pro-Western government. July 24 – Fourteen life peerages, the first under the Life Peerages Act 1958, are created in the United Kingdom. July 26 Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched in the United States. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom announces that she is giving her son and heir apparent The Prince, Charles, the customary title of Prince of Wales. The announcement is made at the end of the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, held in Cardiff. July 29 – The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). July 31 – The Tibetan resistance movement against rule by China receives support from the United States Central Intelligence Agency. August August 3 – The nuclear-powered submarine becomes the first vessel to cross the North Pole under water. August 6 – Australian athlete Herb Elliott clips almost 3 seconds off the world record for the mile run at Santry Stadium, Dublin, recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds. August 12 – The Federal Switchblade Act is enacted in the United States. August 14 – KLM Flight 607-E, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, crashes into the sea with 99 people aboard. August 17 – The first Thor-Able rocket is launched, carrying Pioneer 0, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17. The launch fails due to a first stage malfunction. August 18 Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel Lolita is published in the United States. Brojen Das from East Pakistan swims across the English Channel in a competition, the first Bangali as well as the first Asian to ever do it. He is first among 39 competitors. August 21 – October 15 – Illinois observes the centennial of the Lincoln–Douglas debates. August 23 Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis begins, with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy. President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aviation Act, transferring all authority over aviation in the US to the newly created Federal Aviation Agency (FAA, later renamed Federal Aviation Administration). August 25 – Instant noodles go on sale for the first time in Japan. August 26 – A general strike is called in Paraguay. August 27 – Operation Argus: The United States begins nuclear tests over the South Atlantic. August 30 – September 1 – Notting Hill race riots: Riots occur between blacks and whites in Notting Hill, London, UK. September September – The University of New Orleans begins classes as the first racially integrated public university in the Southern United States. September 1 The first Cod War begins, between the United Kingdom and Iceland. Grange School is established in GRA Ikeja, Lagos. September 2 Hendrik Verwoerd becomes the 6th Prime Minister of South Africa. China's first television broadcasts start at Beijing Television Station, a predecessor of China Central Television. September 4 – Jorge Alessandri is the winner of Chile's presidential election. September 6 – Paul Robeson performs in concert at the Soviet Young Pioneer camp Artek. September 12 – Jack Kilby invents the first integrated circuit, while working at Texas Instruments. September 14 – Two rockets designed by German engineer Ernst Mohr (the first German post-war rockets) reach the upper atmosphere. September 27 Typhoon Ida kills at least 1,269 in Honshū, Japan. Hurricane Helene, the worst storm of the North Atlantic hurricane season, reaches category 4 status. September 28 – In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the Fifth Republic. September 30 – The U.S.S.R. performs a nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya. October October – GoldStar, as predecessor for LG Electronics, founded in South Korea. October 1 Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League. NASA starts operations and replaces the NACA in the United States. October 2 – Guinea declares itself independent from France. October 4 The new Constitution of France is signed into law, establishing the French Fifth Republic. British Overseas Airways Corporation uses the new De Havilland Comet jets, to become the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic. October 11 – Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of the 3 project Able space probes, becomes the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA. October 13 – Penny Coelen is crowned as Miss World 1958 during the 8th Miss World Pageant, the first South African to win the title. October 16 – The long-running BBC Television children's programme Blue Peter is first broadcast. October 17 – An Evening with Fred Astaire, the first television show recorded on color videotape, is broadcast on NBC in the United States. October 18 – Tennis for Two, a video game invented by William Higinbotham and considered to be the first pure entertainment computer game, is introduced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Visitors' Day Exhibit in the United States. October 21 – The Life Peerages Act entitles women to sit in the British House of Lords for the first time. The Baronesses Swanborough (Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading) and Wootton (Barbara Wootton, Baroness Wootton of Abinger) are the first to take their seats. October 23 – The Nobel Committee announces Russian novelist Boris Pasternak as the winner of the 1958 Prize for Literature. October 26 – A Pan American World Airways Boeing 707 makes its first transatlantic flight. October 28 – Pope John XXIII succeeds Pope Pius XII, as the 261st pope. November November 3 The new UNESCO building, World Heritage Centre, is inaugurated in Paris. Jorge Alessandri is sworn in as President of Chile. November 10 – The bossa nova is born in Rio de Janeiro, with João Gilberto's recording of Chega de Saudade. November 10 – Harry Winston donates the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution. November 18 – En route to Rogers City, Michigan, the Lake freighter breaks up and sinks in a storm on Lake Michigan; 33 of the 35 crewmen on board perish. November 20 – The Jim Henson Company is founded as Muppets, Inc. in the United States. November 22 – 1958 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H.V. Evatt. This is the first election where television was used as a medium for communicating with voters. Evatt will eventually resign as Labor leader and will be replaced by his deputy Arthur Calwell. November 25 – French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French colonial empire. November 28 – Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French colonial empire. November 30 – Gaullists win the French parliamentary election. December December 1 Adolfo López Mateos takes office as President of Mexico. Our Lady of the Angels School fire: At least 90 students and 3 nuns are killed in a fire in Chicago. December 5 Subscriber trunk dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by the Queen, when she dials a call from Bristol to Edinburgh and speaks to the Lord Provost. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan personally inspects and opens the United Kingdom's first ever motorway, the Preston Bypass, to traffic for the first time. (The bypass becomes part of the M6 and M55 Motorways, and is significantly upgraded in the mid 1990s.) 11 months later the M1, M45 and M10 Motorways open. December 9 – The right-wing John Birch Society is founded in the United States by Robert W. Welch Jr., a retired candy manufacturer. December 14 – The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first ever to reach the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. December 15 – Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes of Bell Laboratories publish a paper in Physical Review Letters setting out the principles of the optical laser. December 16 A fire breaks out in the Vida Department Store in Bogotá, Colombia and kills 84 persons. Soviet polar pilot V. M. Perov on Li-2 rescues four Belgian polar explorers, led by Gaston de Gerlache, who have survived a plane crash in Antarctica 250 km from their base five days earlier. December 18 The United States launches SCORE, the world's first communications satellite. The Bell XV-3 Tiltrotor makes the first true mid-air transition from vertical helicopter-type flight to fully level fixed-wing flight. December 19 – A message from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower is broadcast from the SCORE satellite. December 21 – General Charles de Gaulle is elected president of France with 78.5% of the votes. December 24 – 1958 BOAC Bristol Britannia crash: A BOAC Bristol Britannia (312 G-AOVD) crashes near Winkton, England, during a test flight, killing nine people. Three crew members survive. December 28 – In American football, the Baltimore Colts beat the New York Giants 23–17 to win the NFL Championship Game, the first to go into sudden death overtime and "The Greatest Game Ever Played". December 29 – Battle of Santa Clara: Rebel troops under Camilo Cienfuegos and Che Guevara begin to invade Santa Clara, Cuba. December 30 – The Guatemalan Air Force fires on Mexican fishing boats which had strayed into Guatemalan territory, triggering the Mexico–Guatemala conflict. December 31 Tallies reveal that, for the first time, the total of passengers carried by air this year exceeds the total carried by sea in transatlantic service. After the fall of Santa Clara, Cuban President Fulgencio Batista flees the country. Date unknown Denatonium, the bitterest substance known, is discovered. It is used as an aversive agent in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking them. The Japanese 10 yen coin ceases having serrated edges after a 5-year period beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have smooth edges. The British Rally Championship in motor sport begins its first year. The PBA Tour is established by the Professional Bowlers Association at its headquarters in Seattle for ten-pin bowling. Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population), the post-war baby boom ends in the United States as an 11-year decline in the birth rate begins (the longest on record in that country). Births January January 1 Hamza Yusuf, American Islamic scholar Grandmaster Flash, African-American hip-hop/rap DJ January 2 – Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Russian pianist January 4 – Matt Frewer, Canadian-American actor (Max Headroom) January 6 – Shlomo Glickstein, Israeli tennis player January 7 – Yasmin Ahmad, Malaysian film director, writer and scriptwriter (died 2009) January 8 – Betsy DeVos, American businesswoman and politician, 11th Secretary of Education January 9 Mehmet Ali Ağca, Turkish militant, would-be assassin of Pope John Paul II Stephen Neale, British philosopher January 10 – Samira Said, Moroccan singer January 12 Arun Govil, Indian television actor Christiane Amanpour, British-Iranian journalist and television host January 13 Ricardo Acuña, Chilean tennis player Juan Pedro de Miguel, Spanish handball player (died 2016) January 15 – Boris Tadić, Serbian president January 20 – Lorenzo Lamas, American actor, martial artist and reality show participant January 21 – Hussein Saeed Mohammed, Iraqi football player January 24 – Jools Holland, British musician January 26 Anita Baker, American soul and R&B singer Ellen DeGeneres, American actress, comedian, and television host January 28 – Maitê Proença, Brazilian actress January 31 – Mamoon al-Farkh, Syrian actor and theatre director (died 2020) February February 4 – Tomasz Pacyński, Polish writer (died 2005) February 5 – Fabrizio Frizzi, Italian television presenter (died 2018) February 8 – Marina Silva, Brazilian politician February 9 Cyrille Regis, English footballer (died 2018) Walid al-Kubaisi, Norwegian-Iraqi author, journalist, translator, film director and government scholar (died 2018) February 10 Ricardo Gareca, Argentine footballer and manager Michael Weiss, jazz pianist and composer February 11 – Regina Maršíková, Czechoslovakian tennis player February 12 – Grant McLennan, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2006) February 13 – Pernilla August, Swedish actress February 14 Grant Thomas, Australian rules footballer Francisco Javier López Peña, Basque separatist February 16 Ice-T, American rapper, songwriter, and actor Andriy Bal, Ukrainian football player and coach (died 2014) Nancy Donahue, American fashion model and entrepreneur February 20 – Jamal Hamdan, Lebanese actor and voice actor February 21 Jack Coleman, American actor and screenwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter, American singer February 26 Silva Zurleva, Bulgarian journalist (died 2020) María Casal, Spanish actress Susan Helms, American astronaut February 27 Max Crivello, Italian artist Maggie Hassan, U.S. Senator from New Hampshire Nancy Spungen, American groupie and girlfriend of Sid Vicious (died 1978) February 28 – Natalya Estemirova, Russian activist (died 2009) March March 3 – Miranda Richardson, English actress March 4 – Patricia Heaton, American actress March 5 – Andy Gibb, English singer, songwriter, performer, and teen idol (died 1988) March 7 – Rik Mayall, English comedian and actor (died 2014) March 8 – Gary Numan, British singer March 10 Sharon Stone, American actress and producer Frankie Ruiz, Puerto Rican singer (died 1998) March 14 Bruno Dumont, French film director and screenwriter Albert II, Prince of Monaco March 20 – Holly Hunter, American actress March 21 – Gary Oldman, English actor and filmmaker March 24 – Roland Koch, German politician March 26 Elio de Angelis, Italian racing driver (died 1986) Hala Fouad, Egyptian actress (died 1993) March 27 – Jessica Soho, Philippine television celebrity and reporter March |
Anthony Hall fraternity is founded at Columbia University, New York City. January 30 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco. February 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party (California-bound emigrants who became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada earlier this winter; some have resorted to survival cannibalism). February 22 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista – 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day. February 25 – State University of Iowa is founded in Iowa City, Iowa. March – First known publication of the classic joke "Why did the chicken cross the road?", in The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly Magazine. March 1 The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty. Faustin Soulouque is elected President of Haiti. March 4 – The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office. March 9 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz. March 14 – Verdi's opera Macbeth premieres at the Teatro della Pergola, in Florence, Italy. March 29 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege. April–June April 5 – The world's first municipally-funded civic public park, Birkenhead Park in Birkenhead on Merseyside, England, is opened. April 15 – The Lawrence School, Sanawar is established in India. April 16 – New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief is accidentally shot by a junior British Army officer in Whanganui on New Zealand's North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign (which continues until July 23). April 25 – The , carrying Irish emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec, is wrecked off Islay, with only three survivors from more than 250 on board. May – The Architectural Association School of Architecture is founded in London. May 7 – In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association (AMA) is founded. May 8 – The Nagano earthquake leaves more than 8,600 people dead in Japan. May 8 — Bahrain's ruler Shaikh Mohamed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, signs a treaty with the British to prevent and combat the slave trade in the Arabian Gulf. May 31 – Second Treaty of Erzurum: the Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire. June – E. H. Booth & Co. Ltd, which becomes the northern England supermarket chain Booths, is founded when tea dealer Edwin Henry Booth, 19, opens a shop called "The China House" in Blackpool. June 1 – The first congress of the Communist League is held in London. June 9 – Radley College, an English public school, is founded near Oxford as a High Anglican institution. June 26 – The first passenger railway wholly within modern-day Denmark opens, from Copenhagen to Roskilde. July–September July 1 – The United States issues its first postage stamps (pictured). July 24 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. July 26 – Liberia gains independence. July 29 – The Cumberland School of Law is founded at Cumberland University, in Lebanon, Tennessee. At the end of this year, only 15 law schools exist in the United States. August 12 – Mexican–American War: U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco in Mexico. August 20 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Churubusco: U.S. troops defeat Mexican forces. August – Yale Corporation establishes the first graduate school in the United States, as Department of Philosophy and the Arts (renamed Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1892). September 14 – Mexican–American War: U.S. general Winfield Scott enters Mexico City, marking the end of organized Mexican resistance. September 30 – The Vegetarian Society is formed in the United Kingdom (it remains the oldest in the world). October–December October – The last volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java occurs. October 12 – German inventors and industrialists Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske found Siemens & Halske to develop the electrical telegraph. October 19 – Charlotte Brontë publishes Jane Eyre under the pen name of Currer Bell in England. October 31 – Theta Delta Chi is founded as a social fraternity at Union College, Schenectady, New York. November 3–29 – Sonderbund War: In Switzerland, General Guillaume-Henri Dufour's Federal Army defeats the Sonderbund (an alliance of seven Catholic cantons) in a civil war, with a total of only 86 deaths. November 4–8 – James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh. November 10 – The first brew of Carlsberg beer is finished in Copenhagen. November 17 – The Battle of Um Swayya Spring takes place near a spring in Qatar, after a Bahraini force under Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Deputy Ruler of Bahrain defeats the Al Binali tribe. The chief of the Al Binali, Isa bin Tureef, is slain in battle with over 70 fatalities from his side. December 14 – Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë publish Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, respectively, in a 3-volume set under the pen names of Ellis Bell and Acton Bell in England. December 20 – British Royal Navy steam frigate is wrecked on the Sorelle Rocks in the Mediterranean Sea with the loss of 246 lives and only eight survivors. December 21 – Emir Abdelkader surrenders to the French in Algeria. Date unknown The Great Famine continues in Ireland. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the railroad town of Goldsborough, and the Wayne county seat is moved to the new town. Welfare in Sweden takes its first step with the introduction of the 1847 års fattigvårdförordning. Cartier, a luxury brand in France, is founded. Births January January 5 – Oku Yasukata, Japanese field marshal, leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army (d. 1930) January 7 – Caspar F. Goodrich, American admiral (d. 1925) January 24 – Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (d. 1917) January 27 – Ella Maria Dietz Clymer, American actress and author (d. 1920) January 28 – Dorus Rijkers, Dutch naval hero (d. 1928) February February 3 – Warington Baden-Powell, | county seat is moved to the new town. Welfare in Sweden takes its first step with the introduction of the 1847 års fattigvårdförordning. Cartier, a luxury brand in France, is founded. Births January January 5 – Oku Yasukata, Japanese field marshal, leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army (d. 1930) January 7 – Caspar F. Goodrich, American admiral (d. 1925) January 24 – Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (d. 1917) January 27 – Ella Maria Dietz Clymer, American actress and author (d. 1920) January 28 – Dorus Rijkers, Dutch naval hero (d. 1928) February February 3 – Warington Baden-Powell, British admiralty lawyer (d. 1921) February 4 – Remus von Woyrsch, German field marshal (d. 1920) February 5 – João Maria Correia Ayres de Campos, 1st Count of Ameal, Portuguese politician and antiquarian (d. 1920) February 8 – Hugh Price Hughes, Methodist social reformer, first Superintendent of the West London Mission (d. 1902) February 11 – Thomas Alva Edison, American inventor (d. 1931) February 13 – Sir Robert McAlpine, Scottish builder (d. 1930) February 15 – Robert Fuchs, Austrian composer (d. 1927) February 16 – Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (d. 1917) February 17 – Otto Blehr, Norwegian attorney, Liberal Party politician, 7th Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1927) March March 1 – Sir Thomas Brock, English sculptor (d. 1922) March 2 Isaac Barr, Anglican clergyman, promoter of British colonial settlement schemes (d. 1937) Cayetano Arellano, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the American Civil Government (d. 1920) March 3 – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish-born American inventor (d. 1922) March 4 – Carl Josef Bayer, Austrian chemist (d. 1904) March 14 – Castro Alves, Brazilian poet (d. 1871) March 18 – William O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (d. 1914) March 23 – Edmund Gurney, British psychologist (d. 1888) March 27 Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931) Garret Barry, Irish musician (d. 1899) April April 2 – Charles Frederic Moberly Bell, British journalist, editor (d. 1911) April 10 – Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-born journalist, newspaper publisher (d. 1911) April 15 – Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter, Polish Hasidic rabbi (d. 1905) April 27 – Emma Irene Åström, Finnish teacher, Finland's first female university graduate (d. 1934) May May 7 – Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929) May 14 – Sir Frederick William Borden, Canadian politician (d. 1917) June June 8 Oleksander Barvinsky, Ukrainian politician (d. 1926) Ida Saxton McKinley, First Lady of the United States (d. 1907) June 10 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist (d. 1916) June 11 – Dame Milicent Fawcett, British suffragist (d. 1929) June 16 – Luella Dowd Smith, American educator, author, and reformer (d. 1941) July July 2 – Marcel Alexandre Bertrand, French geologist (d. 1907) July 9 – Wong Fei-hung, Chinese healer, revolutionary (d. 1925) July 19 – Alexander Meyrick Broadley, British historian (d. 1916) July 20 Lord William Beresford, Irish army officer, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1900) Max Liebermann, German painter, printmaker (d. 1935) July 25 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, biologist (d. 1888) August August 3 – John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, Canadian politician, Governor General (d. 1934) August 5 – Andrey Selivanov, Russian general and politician (d. 1917) August 21 – Hale Johnson, American temperance movement leader (d. 1902) September September 3 – Charles Stillman Sperry, American admiral (d. 1911) September 5 Jesse James, American outlaw (d. 1882) Joseph Bucklin Bishop, American journalist, publisher (d. 1928) September 17 – John I. Beggs, American businessman (d. 1925) September 22 – Enrique Almaraz y Santos, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1922) September 23 – Anandamohan Bose, Indian politician, academic and social reformer (d. 1906) September 30 – Wilhelmina Drucker, Dutch feminist (d. 1925) October October 1 – Annie Besant, English women's rights activist, writer and orator (d. 1933) October 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal, President of Germany (d. 1934) October 3 – Lilian Whiting, American journalist, editor, and author (d. 1942) October 13 Sir Arthur Dyke Acland, 13th Baronet, British politician (d. 1926) Maurice Bailloud, French general (d. 1921) October 14 – Wilgelm Vitgeft, Russian admiral (d. 1904) October 15 – Ralph Albert Blakelock, American romanticist painter (d. 1919) October 16 – Maria Pia of Savoy, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1911) October 17 – Chiquinha Gonzaga, Brazilian composer (d. 1935) October 19 – Aurilla Furber, American author, editor, and activist (d. 1898) October 20 – Mifflin E. Bell, American architect (d. 1904) October 22 – Koos de la Rey, Boer general (d. 1914) October 30 Charlie Bassett, American sheriff (d. 1896) Thomas F. Porter, American politician, 32nd Mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts (d. 1927) November November 1 – Dame Emma Albani, Canadian operatic soprano (d. 1930) November 2 – Georges Sorel, French socialist philosopher (d. 1922) November 6 – Ugo Balzani, Italian historian (d. 1916) November 7 – Lotta Crabtree, American stage actress (d. 1924) November 8 Jean Casimir-Perier, 6th President of France (d. 1907) Bram Stoker, Irish author of the Gothic novel Dracula (d. 1912) November 26 – Dagmar of Denmark, empress of Tsar Alexander III of Russia (d. 1928) November 30 – Afonso Pena, Brazilian president (d. 1909) December December 1 – Agathe Backer-Grøndahl, Norwegian pianist, composer (d. 1907) December 9 – George Grossmith, English comic writer and performer (d. 1912) December 17 Émile Faguet, French writer, critic (d. 1916) Michel-Joseph Maunoury, French general during World War I (d. 1923) December 18 – Augusta Holmès, French composer (d. 1903) December 21 - John Chard, British Officer (d. 1897) December 29 – Alexis-Xyste Bernard, Canadian Catholic bishop (d. 1923) December 30 – John Peter Altgeld, American politician, 20th Governor of Illinois (d. 1902) Deaths January–June January 19 – Charles Bent, first Governor of New Mexico Territory (b. 1799) (assassinated) February 3 – Marie Duplessis, French courtesan (b. 1824) February 5 – Luis José de Orbegoso, Peruvian general and politician, 11th and 12th President of Peru (b. 1795) March 9 – Mary Anning, British paleontologist (b. 1799) March 3 – Charles Hatchett, English chemist (b. 1765) April 21 – Barbara Spooner Wilberforce, wife |
of the same name, receives its charter from Indiana. February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. February 28 – A gun on the USS Princeton explodes while the boat is on a Potomac River cruise, killing two United States Cabinet members and several others. March 8 King Oscar I ascends to the throne of Sweden–Norway upon the death of his father, Charles XIV/III John. The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, was reopened after 45 years of closure. March 12 – The Columbus and Xenia Railroad, the first railroad planned to be built in Ohio, is chartered. March 13 – The dictator Carlos Antonio López becomes first President of Paraguay. March 21 – The Baháʼí calendar begins. March 23 – The Edict of Toleration is passed in the Ottoman Empire. April–June April 2 – The Fleet Prison for debtors in London is closed, marking a significant milestone in the country's human rights record. May 1 – The Hong Kong Police Force, the world's second and Asia's first modern, police force is established. May 23 – Persian Prophet The Báb privately announces his revelation to Mullá Husayn, just after sunset, founding the Bábí faith (later evolving into the Baháʼí Faith as the Báb intended) in Shiraz, Persia (modern-day Iran). Contemporaneously, on this day in nearby Tehran, is the birth of `Abdu'l-Bahá; the eldest Son of Bahá'u'lláh, Prophet-Founder of the Baháʼí Faith, the inception of which, the Báb's proclaims His own mission is to herald. `Abdu'l-Bahá Himself is later proclaimed by Bahá'u'lláh to be His own successor, thus being the third "central figure" of the Baháʼí Faith. May 24 – The first electrical telegram is sent by Samuel Morse from the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. to the B&O Railroad "outer depot" in Baltimore, saying "What hath God wrought". June–July – The Great Flood of 1844 hits the Missouri River and Mississippi River. June 3 – The last definitely recorded pair of great auks are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey. June 6 – George Williams sets up (in London) what is often cited as the first youth organisation in the world – "The Young Men's Christian Association", commonly known as YMCA. It will grow to a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. George Williams aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit." These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the (red) triangle—part of all YMCA logos. June 15 – Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber. June 22 – The Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity is founded. ΔΚΕ will be home to many well known VIPs, such as U.S. Presidents George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford, and Theodore Roosevelt. June 27 – Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter-Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum, are murdered in Carthage Jail, Carthage, Illinois by an armed mob, leading to a Succession crisis. John Taylor, future president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is severely injured but survives, while the fourth man inside the upper room, then-apostle Willard Richards, escapes with only a graze to his upper ear. July–September July 3 – The United States signs the Treaty of Wanghia with the Chinese Government, the first ever diplomatic agreement between China and the United States. August 8 – During a meeting held in Nauvoo, Illinois, the Quorum of the Twelve, headed by Brigham Young, is chosen as the leading body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. August 14 – Abdelkader El Djezairi is defeated at the Battle of Isly in Morocco; sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco soon repudiates his ally. August 16 – Narciso Claveria, | and landscape painter (d. 1924) February 14 – Robert Themptander, 4th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1897) February 20 Joshua Slocum, Canadian-born American seaman and adventurer (d. 1909) Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist (d. 1906) February 21 – Charles-Marie Widor, French organist, composer (d. 1937) February 26 – Horace Harmon Lurton, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1914) February 28 – French Ensor Chadwick, American admiral (d. 1919) March 10 – Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist (d. 1908) March 14 - King Umberto I of Italy (d. 1900) March 18 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer (d. 1908) March 19 – Minna Canth, Finnish writer and social activist (d. 1897) March 25 – Adolf Engler, German botanist (d. 1930) March 30 – Paul Verlaine, French poet (d. 1896) April–June April 1 – Nikolai Skrydlov, Russian admiral (d. 1918) April 13 – John Surratt, suspect in the Abraham Lincoln assassination, son of Mary Surratt (d. 1916) April 16 – Anatole France, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924) April 22 – Lewis Powell, attempted assassin of United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, conspirator with John Wilkes Booth (d. 1865) April 26 – Lizardo García, 17th President of Ecuador (d. 1937) April 28 – Katarina Milovuk, Serbian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1909) May 3 Sarah Warren Keeler, American educator of the deaf-mute (d. 1899) Kuroki Tamemoto, Japanese general (d. 1923) May 14 – Alexander Kaulbars, Russian general, explorer (d. 1925) May 19 – William M. Folger, American admiral (d. 1928) May 21 – Henri Rousseau, French artist (d. 1910) May 22 – Mary Cassatt, American painter and printmaker (d. 1926) May 23 – `Abdu'l-Bahá, Persian Baháʼí religious leader (d. 1921) June 3 – Garret Hobart, 24th Vice President of the United States (d. 1899) June 6 – Konstantin Savitsky, Russian painter (d. 1905) June 28 – John Boyle O'Reilly, Irish-born poet, journalist and fiction writer (d. 1890) June 30 – George Bengescu-Dabija, Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright, and general (d. 1916) July–September July 11 – King Peter I of Serbia (d. 1921) July 22 – William Archibald Spooner, British scholar, Anglican priest (d. 1930) July 25 – Thomas Eakins, American painter, sculptor (d. 1916) July 26 – Deodato Arellano, Filipino Propagandist (d. 1899) July 28 – Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (d. 1889) July 30 – Robert Jones Burdette, American minister, sentimental humorist (d. 1914) August 5 Ilya Repin, Russian painter, sculptor (d. 1930) Philip H. Cooper, American admiral (d. 1912) August 6 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1900) August 17 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1913) August 20 – Mutsu Munemitsu, Japanese statesman, diplomat (d. 1897) August 22 – George W. De Long, American naval officer, explorer (d. 1881) August 23 – Hamilton Disston, American land developer (d. 1896) August 25 – Ramón Auñón y Villalón, Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1925) August 29 – Edward Carpenter, English socialist poet (d. 1929) August 30 – Emily Ruete, Princess of Zanzibar (d. 1924) September 7 – Charles Romley Alder Wright, British chemist (d. 1894) September 13 – Ludwig von Falkenhausen, German general (d. 1936) September 16 – Claude-Paul Taffanel, French flutist, composer (d. 1908) September 20 – William H. Illingworth, English photographer (d. 1893) September 24 – Max Noether, German mathematician (d. 1921) September 28 – Sir Robert Stout, 2-time Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1930) September 29 – Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman, 10th President of Argentina (d. 1909) October–December October 5 – Francis William Reitz, 5th State President of the Orange Free State (d. 1934) October 11 – Henry J. Heinz, American businessman (d. 1919) October 15 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (d. 1900) October 16 – Ismail Qemali, Albanian civil servant, politician, 1st Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1919) October 22 – Louis Riel, Canadian-American leader (d. 1885) October 23 Robert Bridges, English poet (d. 1930) Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (d. 1923) October 24 – Karl Lueger, Austrian politician, Mayor of Vienna (d. 1910) October 27 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1916) November 2 – Mehmed V, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1918) November 10 – Henry Eyster Jacobs, American Lutheran theologian (d. 1932) November 11 – Marcelino Crisologo, Filipino politician, playwright, writer and poet (d. 1927) November 13 – Andrew Harper, Scottish-Australian biblical scholar, teacher (d. 1936) November 25 – Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (d. 1929) December 1 – Alexandra of Denmark, Queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (d. 1925) December 8 – Charles-Émile Reynaud, French science teacher, animation pioneer (d. 1918) December 18 – Takashima Tomonosuke, Japanese general (d. 1916) Date unknown probable – Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir of Kabul, Emir of Kandahar, Emir of Afghanistan (d. 1901) Deaths January–June January 25 – Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon, French marshal (b. 1765) January 27 – Charles Nodier, French writer (b. 1780) January 29 – Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1784) February 3 – Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough (b. 1758) February 15 – Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1757) February 27 – Nicholas Biddle, president of the Second Bank of the United States (b. 1786) March – Carlota, Cuban slave rebel leader March 6 – Gabriel Duvall, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1752) March 8 – King Charles XIV John of Sweden, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, French Napoleonic general (b. 1763) March 20 – Claude Pierre Pajol, French military leader (b. 1772) April 3 – Edward Bigge, English cleric, 1st Archdeacon of Lindisfarne (b. 1807) April 13 – Mamiya Rinzō, Japanese explorer of Sakhalin (b. 1775) April 17 – James Scarlett Abinger, English judge (b. 1769) May 18 – Richard McCarty, American politician (b. 1780) June 13 – Thomas Charles Hope, Scottish chemist, discoverer of strontium (b. 1766) June 15 – Thomas Campbell, Scottish poet (b. 1777) June 27 Hyrum Smith, American Latter Day Saint leader (b. 1800) Joseph Smith, American founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (b. 1805) July–December July 11 – Yevgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet, philosopher (b. 1800) July 27 – John Dalton, English chemist, physicist (b. 1766) July 28 – Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I, King of Naples and Spain (b. 1768) July 29 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1791) November 14 – Flora Tristan, French feminist (b. 1803) November 29 – Princess Sophia of Gloucester (b. 1773) December 2 – Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko, Polish military leader (b. 1768) December 14 – Melchor Múzquiz, 5th President of Mexico (b. |
Charles V of France is succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, Charles VI. October 2 – Caterina Visconti marries her first cousin, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, later Duke of Milan, at the Church of San Giovanni in Conca. November 3 – Charles VI of France, who succeeded his father (Charles V of France) in September, is crowned. Date unknown Sir William Walworth, a member of the Fishmongers Guild, becomes Lord Mayor of London for the second time. Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde dethrones Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde. The two hordes unite to form the Golden Horde. Karim Al-Makhdum arrives in Jolo, and builds a mosque. The Hongwu Emperor purges the chancellor of China, Hu Weiyong, and abolishes that office, as he imposes direct imperial rule over the six ministries of central government, for the Ming Empire. The last islands of Polynesia are discovered and inhabited. The Companhia das Naus is founded by King Ferdinand I of Portugal. The imposter Paul Palaiologos Tagaris, having been appointed Latin Patriarch of Constantinople by Pope Urban VI, takes up residence in his see at Chalcis. Births | Horde. Karim Al-Makhdum arrives in Jolo, and builds a mosque. The Hongwu Emperor purges the chancellor of China, Hu Weiyong, and abolishes that office, as he imposes direct imperial rule over the six ministries of central government, for the Ming Empire. The last islands of Polynesia are discovered and inhabited. The Companhia das Naus is founded by King Ferdinand I of Portugal. The imposter Paul Palaiologos Tagaris, having been appointed Latin Patriarch of Constantinople by Pope Urban VI, takes up residence in his see at Chalcis. Births February 11 – Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (d. 1459) September 8 – Saint Bernardino of Siena, Italian Franciscan missionary (d. 1444) November 27 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (d. 1416) date unknown Giovanni Berardi, Archbishop of Tarentum (d. 1449) Nguyễn Trãi, Confucian scholar (d. 1442) Anne de Bourbon, French noble (d. 1408) Jan Želivský, Hussite priest (d. 1422) probable |
great nobles, organized as the League of the Public Weal. July 18 – Former King Henry VI of England is captured by Yorkist forces. On July 24 he is imprisoned in the Tower of London. His queen consort Margaret of Anjou and Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, have fled to France. August 11 – In Sweden, Regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa, Bishop of Linköping, is succeeded as Regent by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, as Regent. Date unknown The Moroccan Revolt in Fez ousts the Maranid rulers, and leads to the killing of many Jews. Massive flooding in central and southern China motivates the initial construction of hundreds of new bridges. The main altar of St Martin's Church, Colmar is finished by painter Caspar Isenmann. Births January 1 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (d. 1523) February 4 – Frans van Brederode, Dutch rebel (d. 1490) February 6 – | and southern China motivates the initial construction of hundreds of new bridges. The main altar of St Martin's Church, Colmar is finished by painter Caspar Isenmann. Births January 1 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (d. 1523) February 4 – Frans van Brederode, Dutch rebel (d. 1490) February 6 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician (d. 1526) March 16 – Kunigunde of Austria, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1520) June 10 – Mercurino Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (d. 1530) June 24 – Isabella del Balzo, queen consort of Naples (d. 1533) July 29 – Ichijō Fuyuyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1514) August 17 – Philibert I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1482) September 11 – Bernardo Accolti, Italian poet (d. 1536) October 14 – Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (d. 1547) December 11 – Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1489) date unknown Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (d. 1513) Hector Boece, Scottish historian (d. 1536) William Cornysh, English composer (d. 1523) Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (d. 1524) probable Gil Vicente, Portuguese poet and playwright Francisco Álvares, Portuguese missionary and explorer (d. 1541)) Mette Dyre, Danish noblewoman, nominal sheriff and chancellor Johann Tetzel, German Dominican priest |
Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King Henry VIII for heresy. October 2 – Jacques Cartier reaches the island in the Saint Lawrence River, that eventually becomes Montreal. October 4 – The first complete English-language Bible is printed in Antwerp, with translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale. December – Manco Inca Yupanqui, nominally Sapa Inca, is imprisoned by the Spanish Conquistadors of Peru. Date unknown Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. Spanish forces abandon the second attempted conquest of Yucatán. The earliest (partially) preserved printed book in Estonian, a Catechism with a translation by Johann Koell from the Middle Low German Lutheran text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, for use in Tallinn. Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem. Paracelsus visits Bad Pfäfers. Births February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591) January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603) February 24 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (d. 1564) February 27 – Min Phalaung, Burmese monarch (d. 1593) February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578) March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592) March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587) May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607) June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605) June 18 – Jakub Krčín, Czech architect (d. 1604) June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596) June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573) July 4 – | the walls around Jerusalem. Paracelsus visits Bad Pfäfers. Births February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591) January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603) February 24 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (d. 1564) February 27 – Min Phalaung, Burmese monarch (d. 1593) February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578) March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592) March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587) May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607) June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605) June 18 – Jakub Krčín, Czech architect (d. 1604) June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596) June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573) July 4 – William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1592) July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609) July 22 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621) August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619) September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (d. 1612) September 18 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1551) October 16 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585) November 9 – Nanda Bayin, King of Burma (d. 1600) December 12 – Gilbert Génébrard, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1597) December 28 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578) date unknown Federico Barocci, Italian painter (d. 1612) Niels Kaas, Danish chancellor (d. 1594) James Melville of Halhill, Scottish historian (d. 1617) Thomas North, English translator (d. c. 1604) Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (d. 1596) Benedict Pereira, Spanish theologian (d. 1610) Deaths February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486) February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450) April 4 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492) May 4 (executed by Henry VIII of England): Saint John Houghton, Carthusian monk Saint Robert Lawrence, Carthusian monk Saint Augustine Webster, Prior of the London Charterhouse Saint Richard Reynolds, Bridgettine monk of Syon May 26 – Francesco Berni, Italian poet (b. 1497) June 12 – Elisabeth Wandscherer, Dutch Anabaptist June 19 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500) June 22 – John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469) July 6 – Sir Thomas More, English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. 1478) July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484) August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. |
warlord (d. 1600) Olaus Martini, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1609) Thomas Morley, English composer (d. 1602) Oda Nobutada, Japanese general (d. 1582) probable – Giovanni Gabrieli, Italian composer and organist (d. 1612) Deaths January 2 – Pontormo, Italian painter (b. 1494) January 4 – Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg, (b. 1514) January 8 – Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ("Albert the Warlike"), Prince of Bayreuth (b. 1522) March 13 – Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme, French cardinal (b. 1493) April 9 – Mikael Agricola, Finnish scholar (b. c. 1510) April 24 – Georg Rörer, German theologian (b. 1492) April 29 – Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (b. 1534) May 18 – John II, Count Palatine of Simmern, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (b. 1492) June 11 – King John III of Portugal (b. 1502) July 10 – Giovanni Battista Ramusio, Italian geographer (b. 1485) July 16 – Anne of Cleves, fourth queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1515) August 1 – Olaus Magnus, Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b. 1490) August 18 – Claude de la Sengle, 48th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1494) September 1 – Jacques Cartier, French explorer (b. 1491) September 13 – John Cheke, English classical scholar and statesman (b. 1514) September 15 – Juan Álvarez de Toledo, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1488) September 27 – Emperor Go-Nara of Japan (b. 1495) October 5 or October 6 – Kamran Mirza, Mughal prince (b. 1509) October 20 – Jean Salmon Macrin, French poet (b. 1490) October 25 – William Cavendish, English courtier (b. 1505) November 19 Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I of Poland (b. 1494) Maria de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1540) December 6 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony (b. 1502) December 13 – Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician (b. 1499) December 27 – Queen Dangyeong, Korean royal consort (b. 1487) date unknown Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Spanish historian (b. 1478) Charlotte Guillard, French printer | Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (d. 1597) May 5 – Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing, Belgian noble and army commander (d. 1590) May 31 – Tsar Feodor I of Russia (d. 1598) June 10 – Leandro Bassano, Italian painter (d. 1622) June 28 – Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel, English nobleman (d. 1595) August 16 – Agostino Carracci, Italian painter and graphical artist (d. 1602) August 19 – Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1608) August 26 – Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Margravine of Burgau (d. 1628) September 4 – Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Danish-Norwegian royal consort (d. 1631) September 11 – Joseph Calasanz, Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (d. 1648) September 16 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer (d. 1627) October 5 – Antoine Favre, Savoisian lawyer, first President of the Sovereign Senate of Savoy (d. 1624) date unknown Julius Caesar, English judge and politician (d. 1636) Giovanni Croce, Italian composer (d. 1609) Balthasar Gérard, assassin of William I of Orange (d. 1584) Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (d. 1600) Olaus Martini, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1609) Thomas Morley, English composer (d. 1602) Oda Nobutada, Japanese general (d. 1582) probable – Giovanni Gabrieli, Italian composer and organist (d. 1612) Deaths January 2 – Pontormo, Italian painter (b. 1494) January 4 – Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg, (b. 1514) January 8 – Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ("Albert the Warlike"), Prince of Bayreuth (b. 1522) March 13 – Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme, French cardinal (b. 1493) April 9 – Mikael Agricola, Finnish scholar (b. c. 1510) April 24 – Georg Rörer, German theologian (b. 1492) April 29 – Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (b. 1534) May 18 – John II, Count Palatine of Simmern, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (b. 1492) June 11 – King John III of Portugal (b. 1502) July 10 – Giovanni Battista Ramusio, Italian geographer (b. 1485) July 16 – Anne of Cleves, fourth queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1515) August 1 – Olaus Magnus, Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b. 1490) August 18 – Claude de la Sengle, 48th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1494) September 1 – Jacques Cartier, French explorer (b. 1491) September 13 – John Cheke, English classical scholar and statesman (b. 1514) September 15 – Juan Álvarez de Toledo, Spanish Catholic cardinal |
the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots. May 2 – Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Loch Leven Castle. May 13 – Battle of Langside: The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants, under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother. May 16 – Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England. May 19 – Queen Elizabeth I of England arrests Mary, Queen of Scots. May 23 – Battle of Heiligerlee: Troops under Louis of Nassau, brother of William I of Orange, defeat a smaller loyalist force under the Duke of Arenberg, in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This effectively begins the Eighty Years' War. July–December July 21 – Battle of Jemmingen: The main Spanish army of the Duke of Alva utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army, in the Northeastern Netherlands. August 18 – The Third War of Religion begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture Condé and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders. September 24 – Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (Anglo-Spanish War): In the Gulf of Mexico, a Spanish fleet forces English privateers under John Hawkins to end their campaign. September 29 – The Swedish king Eric XIV is deposed by his half-brothers John and Charles. John proclaims himself king John III the next day. October 5 – William I of Orange invades the southeastern Netherlands. October 20 – Battle of Jodoigne: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva destroy Orange's rearguard. Orange abandons his offensive. Date unknown The Russo-Turkish War begins in Astrakhan. Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shōgun, beginning the Azuchi–Momoyama period in Japan. Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire besieges and captures the massive Chittor Fort, in northern India. Polybius' The Histories are first translated into English, by Christopher Watson. Huguenots besiege Chartres. A Spanish expedition under Álvaro | de Ulúa (Anglo-Spanish War): In the Gulf of Mexico, a Spanish fleet forces English privateers under John Hawkins to end their campaign. September 29 – The Swedish king Eric XIV is deposed by his half-brothers John and Charles. John proclaims himself king John III the next day. October 5 – William I of Orange invades the southeastern Netherlands. October 20 – Battle of Jodoigne: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva destroy Orange's rearguard. Orange abandons his offensive. Date unknown The Russo-Turkish War begins in Astrakhan. Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shōgun, beginning the Azuchi–Momoyama period in Japan. Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire besieges and captures the massive Chittor Fort, in northern India. Polybius' The Histories are first translated into English, by Christopher Watson. Huguenots besiege Chartres. A Spanish expedition under Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira discovers the Solomon Islands. Álvaro I succeeds his stepfather Henrique I as ruler of the Kingdom Kongo forming the Kwilu dynasty that ruled the kingdom without interruption until May 1622 Births January 6 – Henri Spondanus, French historian (d. 1643) January 14 – Johannes Hartmann, German chemist (d. 1631) January 20 – Daniel Cramer, German theologian (d. 1637) January 28 – Gustav of Sweden, Swedish prince (d. 1607) January 30 – Countess Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1636) February 2 – Péter Révay, Hungarian historian (d. 1622) February 11 – Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (d. 1625) March 9 – Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian Jesuit and saint (d. 1591) March 16 – Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor (d. 1649) March 28 – Johannes Polyander, Dutch theologian (d. 1646) March 30 – Henry Wotton, English author and diplomat (d. 1639) April 5 – Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644) April 17 – George Brooke, English aristocrat (d. 1603) April 21 – Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1587) April 28 – Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal (d. 1630) May 9 – Guglielmo Caccia, Italian painter (d. 1625) May 11 – Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1630) May 17 – Anna Vasa of Sweden, Swedish princess (d. 1625) May 29 – Virginia de' Medici, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d. 1615) June 6 – Sophie of Brandenburg, Regent of Saxony (1591–1601) (d. 1622) June 25 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (d. 1597) July 1 – Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German Catholic bishop (d. 1623) August 27 – Hercule, Duke of |
"the best explanation of the true causes of electricity including their theory" to Switzerland's Johann Euler for his paper Disquisitio de causa physica electricitatis.<ref>"Hallerstein and Gruber's Scientific Heritage", by Stanislav Joze Juznic, in The Circulation of Science and Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science (Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, 2012) p358</ref> September 8 – The one-day Battle of Lake George is fought. French Army troops led by Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau, and Canadian colonists led by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre drive south into Britain's New York province. They are met by British Army troops under General William Johnson being supplemented by 200 Mohawk troops led by the Mohawk war chief, Theyanoguin. After Theyanouguin and other Mohawks are killed in the battle, the clan matrons of the Mohawk nation forbid the men from participating in the war against the French until a French defeat seems certain. September 16 – Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams, the new British Minister to Russia, secures an alliance signed by Empress Catherine the Great. The Russian Empire agrees to provide up to 55,000 troops to defend the Electorate of Hanover against invasion by Prussia. At the time, King George II of Great Britain is also the ruler of the German duchy; the Russian troops are provided in return for an annual payment of £600,000. September 18 – Two slaves, Mark and Phyllis, are publicly executed for the poisoning murder of their master, John Codman in front of a large crowd outside the Middlesex County Courthouse in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Phyllis is burned to death. Mark's execution by hanging is made as an example to other African slaves in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. His body is transported to Charlestown Common in what is now Somerville and displayed on a gibbet for more than 20 years. In 1798, Paul Revere mentions in his memoir that his famous ride of April 18, 1775, started when he first spotted British Army officers at a site "nearly opposite where Mark was hung in chains", I saw two men on Horse back, under a Tree". October–December October 11 – In west Africa, officials of the Dutch West India Company sign a peace agreement with officials of the Ashanti Empire at Elmina p108. In return for an annual tribute in gold, the Ashanti maintain peaceful relations with the Europeans in the Dutch Gold Coast colony and the Dutch maintain their settlement at Fort Coenraadsburg. The area is now part of the Central Region of Ghana. October 12 – Having completed the Expulsion of the Acadians from St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), the British colonial Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, issues a proclamation that his office will receive proposals from English settlers "for the peopling and cultivating as well of the lands vacated by the French, as every other part of this valuable province." October 16 – The Penn's Creek massacre is carried out by against white settlers who have moved into the Susquehanna Valley in the Pennsylvania colony, in territory also claimed by the Delaware Indians. The Delawares attack the Penn's Creek village, located near what is now Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, and kill 25 of the 26 men, women and children living there. October 17 – The Mount Katla volcano erupts in Iceland and continues ejecting ash for the next 120 days, finally ceasing on February 13. An estimated 1.5 cubic kilometers (1.5 billion cubic meters or 53 billion cubic feet) of tephra is discharged by the volcano. October 25 – Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, the fifth person to serve as the Empire's Vizier in 1755. November 1 – More than 40,000 people are killed by the 8.5 magnitude 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The tremor begins at 9:40 in the morning local time off of the Atlantic coast of Portugal and sends a tsunami that strikes the coasts of Portugal, Spain and Morocco. November 18 Corsican Constitution adopted by Corsican representatives at the Consulta generale di Corte. The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake occurs in the vicinity of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage. November 25 – King Ferdinand VI of Spain grants the Religious of the Virgin Mary in the Philippines royal protection. December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of England is destroyed by fire. December 17 – Anton, Patriarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church, is dismissed by his opponents on the Ecclesiastical Council and briefly imprisoned for 18 months before being allowed to move to Russia; in 1764, Anton is again made the Georgian Orthodox Church's leader. Date unknown Wolsey, the clothes manufacturer, is established in Leicester, England; the business celebrates its 250th anniversary in 2005. Construction of the Puning Temple complex in Chengde, China is completed, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. Construction of St Ninian's Church, Tynet, Scotland, the country's oldest surviving post-Reformation Roman Catholic clandestine church, is completed. The brine shrimp Artemia salina is first described, in Linnaeus' Systema Naturæ.</onlyinclude> Births January 25 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian anatomist (d. 1815) January 28 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, German physician, anatomist (d. 1830) February 5 – Caroline Müller, Danish operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (d. 1826) February 11 – Albert Christoph Dies, German composer (d. 1822) February 21 – Anne Grant, Scottish poet (d. 1838) March 24 – Rufus King, American lawyer, politician and diplomat (d. 1827) April 3 – Simon Kenton, American frontiersman, Revolutionary Militia General (d. 1836) April 10 – Samuel Hahnemann, German founder of homeopathy (d. 1843) April 11 – James Parkinson, English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist (d. 1824) April 16 – Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, French painter (d. 1842) May 21 – Alfred Moore, American judge and | Codman in front of a large crowd outside the Middlesex County Courthouse in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Phyllis is burned to death. Mark's execution by hanging is made as an example to other African slaves in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. His body is transported to Charlestown Common in what is now Somerville and displayed on a gibbet for more than 20 years. In 1798, Paul Revere mentions in his memoir that his famous ride of April 18, 1775, started when he first spotted British Army officers at a site "nearly opposite where Mark was hung in chains", I saw two men on Horse back, under a Tree". October–December October 11 – In west Africa, officials of the Dutch West India Company sign a peace agreement with officials of the Ashanti Empire at Elmina p108. In return for an annual tribute in gold, the Ashanti maintain peaceful relations with the Europeans in the Dutch Gold Coast colony and the Dutch maintain their settlement at Fort Coenraadsburg. The area is now part of the Central Region of Ghana. October 12 – Having completed the Expulsion of the Acadians from St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), the British colonial Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, issues a proclamation that his office will receive proposals from English settlers "for the peopling and cultivating as well of the lands vacated by the French, as every other part of this valuable province." October 16 – The Penn's Creek massacre is carried out by against white settlers who have moved into the Susquehanna Valley in the Pennsylvania colony, in territory also claimed by the Delaware Indians. The Delawares attack the Penn's Creek village, located near what is now Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, and kill 25 of the 26 men, women and children living there. October 17 – The Mount Katla volcano erupts in Iceland and continues ejecting ash for the next 120 days, finally ceasing on February 13. An estimated 1.5 cubic kilometers (1.5 billion cubic meters or 53 billion cubic feet) of tephra is discharged by the volcano. October 25 – Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, the fifth person to serve as the Empire's Vizier in 1755. November 1 – More than 40,000 people are killed by the 8.5 magnitude 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The tremor begins at 9:40 in the morning local time off of the Atlantic coast of Portugal and sends a tsunami that strikes the coasts of Portugal, Spain and Morocco. November 18 Corsican Constitution adopted by Corsican representatives at the Consulta generale di Corte. The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake occurs in the vicinity of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage. November 25 – King Ferdinand VI of Spain grants the Religious of the Virgin Mary in the Philippines royal protection. December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of England is destroyed by fire. December 17 – Anton, Patriarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church, is dismissed by his opponents on the Ecclesiastical Council and briefly imprisoned for 18 months before being allowed to move to Russia; in 1764, Anton is again made the Georgian Orthodox Church's leader. Date unknown Wolsey, the clothes manufacturer, is established in Leicester, England; the business celebrates its 250th anniversary in 2005. Construction of the Puning Temple complex in Chengde, China is completed, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. Construction of St Ninian's Church, Tynet, Scotland, the country's oldest surviving post-Reformation Roman Catholic clandestine church, is completed. The brine shrimp Artemia salina is first described, in Linnaeus' Systema Naturæ.</onlyinclude> Births January 25 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian anatomist (d. 1815) January 28 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, German physician, anatomist (d. 1830) February 5 – Caroline Müller, Danish operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (d. 1826) February 11 – Albert Christoph Dies, German composer (d. 1822) February 21 – Anne Grant, Scottish poet (d. 1838) March 24 – Rufus King, American lawyer, politician and diplomat (d. 1827) April 3 – Simon Kenton, American frontiersman, Revolutionary Militia General (d. 1836) April 10 – Samuel Hahnemann, German founder of homeopathy (d. 1843) April 11 – James Parkinson, English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist (d. 1824) April 16 – Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, French painter (d. 1842) May 21 – Alfred Moore, American judge and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1810) June 6 – Nathan Hale, American Revolutionary War captain, writer and patriot (d. 1776) June 15 |
at the Palace of Fontainebleau. December 27 – The Flushing Remonstrance is signed in New Amsterdam, at the site of the future (1862) Flushing Town Hall in New York. Date unknown The Accademia del Cimento is founded in Florence, Italy. England's first chocolate house is opened in London and introduction of tea in England while coffee is introduced to France. Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance"). Andreas Gryphius' drama, Katharina von Georgien, is published. Thomas Middleton's tragedy, Women Beware Women, is published posthumously. Births January 1 – Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II (d. 1680) January 4 – Sébastien Rale, French missionary (d. 1724) January 6 – William Bowes, English politician (d. 1707) January 11 – Elizabeth van der Woude, Dutch writer (d. 1694) January 17 – Pieter van Bloemen, Flemish painter (d. 1720) January 18 – Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Stadholder of Friesland and Groningen (d. 1696) January 21 – Francesco Cupani, Italian naturalist (d. 1710) January 26 – William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1737) January 29 – Francis Moore (astrologer), British physician and astrologer (d. 1715) February 10 – George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter, British Army general (d. 1731) February 11 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters (d. 1757) February 21 – Blaise Gisbert, French Jesuit rhetorician and critic (d. 1731) February 24 – Clopton Havers, English physician (d. 1702) February 25 – Agathe de Saint-Père, French-Canadian business entrepreneur and inventor (d. 1748) March 1 – Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian (d. 1740) March 6 – Auguste Magdalene of Hessen-Darmstadt, German noblewoman and poet (d. 1674) March 18 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian composer (d. 1743) March 19 – Jean Leclerc (theologian), Swiss theologian and biblical scholar (d. 1736) March 20 – Luigi Omodei (1607–1685), Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1706) March 24 – Arai Hakuseki, Japanese politician and writer (d. 1725) April 16 – Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English politician (d. 1710) April 16 – Otto Friedrich von der Groeben, Prussian traveller, soldier and author (d. 1728) May 8 – Martino Altomonte, Italian painter (d. 1745) May 14 – Sambhaji, Maratha ruler (d. 1689) May 25 – Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy, French Catholic priest, bishop and cardinal (d. 1737) June 10 – James Craggs the Elder, English politician (d. 1721) June 14 – Sir William Blackett, 1st Baronet, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, English politician (d. 1705) June 17 – Louis Ellies Dupin, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1719) July 8 – Abraham de Peyster, New Amsterdam/New York politician (d. 1728) July 11 – King Frederick I of Prussia (d. 1713) July 12 – Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1672) July 14 – William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven, English politician (d. 1728) July 18 – Simon Digby, 4th Baron Digby, English politician (d. 1686) July 24 – Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1712) July 24 – Jean Mathieu de Chazelles, French hydrographer (d. 1710) July 25 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714) August 7 – Henri Basnage de Beauval, French historian, lexicographer (d. 1710) August 9 – Pierre-Étienne Monnot, French artist (d. 1733) August 18 – Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect and painter (d. 1743) August 18 – Antonio Margil, Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America (d. 1726) September 14 – Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1738) September 17 – Pieter Schuyler, British colonial military leader, acting governor of New York (d. 1724) September 17 – Dudley Cullum, English politician and Baronet (d. 1720) September 21 – Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mughal prince (d. 1706) September 27 – Sofia Alekseyevna of Russia, Russian regent (d. 1704) September 29 – Heinrich of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German prince (d. 1728) October 2 – Guillaume Baudry, gunsmith and gold and silversmith in Lower Canada (d. 1732) October 4 – Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (d. 1747) October 8 – Wigerus Vitringa, Dutch painter (d. 1725) October 26 – Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt, German nobleman (d. 1690) November 6 – Joseph Denis, Canadian Rėcollet priest (d. 1736) November 12 – Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1704) November 16 – Juliane Louise of East Frisia, Princess of East Frisia (d. 1715) November 26 – Michael Bernhard Valentini, | Italian architect and painter (d. 1743) August 18 – Antonio Margil, Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America (d. 1726) September 14 – Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1738) September 17 – Pieter Schuyler, British colonial military leader, acting governor of New York (d. 1724) September 17 – Dudley Cullum, English politician and Baronet (d. 1720) September 21 – Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mughal prince (d. 1706) September 27 – Sofia Alekseyevna of Russia, Russian regent (d. 1704) September 29 – Heinrich of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German prince (d. 1728) October 2 – Guillaume Baudry, gunsmith and gold and silversmith in Lower Canada (d. 1732) October 4 – Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (d. 1747) October 8 – Wigerus Vitringa, Dutch painter (d. 1725) October 26 – Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt, German nobleman (d. 1690) November 6 – Joseph Denis, Canadian Rėcollet priest (d. 1736) November 12 – Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1704) November 16 – Juliane Louise of East Frisia, Princess of East Frisia (d. 1715) November 26 – Michael Bernhard Valentini, German naturalist (d. 1729) November 26 – William Derham, English minister and writer (d. 1735) November 28 – Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish throne (d. 1661) December 2 – Franz Anton, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (d. 1702) December 8 – Changning, prince during the Qing Dynasty (d. 1703) December 14 – Edmund Dunch (Whig), English politician (d. 1719) December 15 – Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons, Count of Soissons and Prince of Savoy (d. 1702) December 15 – Michel Richard Delalande, French composer (d. 1726) December 23 – Josiah Franklin, English-born American businessman, father of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1745) December 23 – Hannah Duston, Massachusetts Puritan mother of 8, taken captive during King William's War (d. 1736) December 28 – Domenico Rossi, Swiss-Italian architect (d. 1737) Deaths January 24 – Claude, Duke of Chevreuse (b. 1578) February 2 – Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine, French noble (b. 1608) February 7 – Cesare Dandini, Italian painter (b. 1596) February 8 – Laura Mancini, French court beauty (b. 1636) February 10 – Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter (b. 1597) February 19 – Jean Riolan the Younger, French anatomist (b. 1577) March – Edward Hopkins, colonial Connecticut politician (b. 1600) March 7 – Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (b. 1583) March 10 – Barthold Nihus, Roman Catholic priest (b. 1590) April ? – Richard Lovelace, English Cavalier poet (b. 1617) April 2 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608) Jean-Jacques Olier, French Catholic priest (b. 1608) April 29 – Sophie Elisabeth Pentz, daughter of Christian IV of Denmark (b. 1619) May 7 – Nabeshima Katsushige, Japanese daimyō (b. 1580) May 9 – William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth Colony (b. 1590) May 10 – Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Swedish soldier and politician (b. 1592) May 16 – Andrzej Bobola, Polish Jesuit missionary (b. 1591) June 3 – William Harvey, English physician (b. 1578) June 26 – Tobias Michael, German composer and cantor (b. 1592) July 17 – Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (b. 1600) August 6 – Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ukrainian Cossack Hetman (b. c. 1595) August 14 – Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian 57th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1560) August 19 – Frans Snyders, Flemish painter (b. 1579) August 7 – Robert Blake, British admiral (b. 1599) August 29 – John Lilburne, English dissenter (b. c. 1614) September 1 – Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer (b. 1588) September 7 – Arvid Wittenberg, Swedish field marshal and statesman (b. 1606) September 13 – Jacob van Campen, Dutch artist (b. 1596) September 23 – Joachim Jungius, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1587) September 27 – Olimpia Maidalchini, politically active Roman noble (b. 1591) October 4 – Prince Maurice of Savoy, Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy (b. 1593) October 23 – Domenico Massenzio, Italian baroque composer (b. 1586) November 5 – Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, French noble (b. 1596) November 10 |
days until February 28 (O.S. February 16), 1900. Events World population approaches the 1 billion milestone which it will attain in 1802. The population distribution by region: Africa: 107,000,000 Asia: 635,000,000 China: 300–400,000,000 Europe: 203,000,000 Latin America: 24,000,000 Northern America: 7,000,000 Oceania: 2,000,000 January–March January 1 Quasi-War: Action of 1 January 1800 – A naval battle off the coast of Haiti, between four United States merchant vessels escorted by naval schooner , and a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitian pirates (known as picaroons), under the command of general André Rigaud, ends indecisively. The Dutch East India Company dissolves. February 7 – A public plebiscite in France confirms Napoleon as First Consul, by a substantial majority. February 11 – Infrared radiation is discovered by astronomer Sir William Herschel. March 14 – Papal conclave, 1799–1800: cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti succeeds Pius VI as Pius VII, the 251st pope. He is crowned on March 21, in Venice. March 17 – The British Royal Navy ship of the line, , catches fire off the coast of Capraia, with the loss of 673 lives. March 20 – Alessandro Volta describes his new invention, the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, in a letter to the Royal Society of London. March 26 – British Royal Navy officer Henry Waterhouse first charts the Antipodes Islands. April–June April – Voting begins in the 1800 United States presidential election; it will last until October. The result is not announced until February 1801. April 2 Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 premieres at the Burgtheater, in Vienna. The Treaty of Constantinople establishes the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state since the Fall of the Byzantine Empire. April 6 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Genoa – General André Masséna is surrounded by 40,000 Austrian troops under Field Marshal Michael von Melas and blockaded by a strong British squadron under Lord Keith. April 24 – The U.S. Library of Congress is founded in Washington, D.C. May 14 – Second Coalition: French forces under General Louis-Alexandre Berthier are halted by 400 Austro-Piedmont soldiers, at Fort Bard in the Aosta Valley. May 15 – Napoleon and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the field artillery and baggage trains—(35,000 light artillery and infantry, 5,000 cavalry) begin crossing the Alps. He selects the shortest route through the Great St Bernard Pass, and invades after five days traversing the northern region of Italy. June 2 – The first smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland. June 3 – U.S. President John Adams moves to Washington. Because the President's Mansion is still under construction, President Adams takes up residence at Tunnicliffe's City Hotel near the unfinished U.S. Capitol Building. June 4 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Genoa – The French army is evacuated from Genoa. Marshal André Masséna is allowed to march out, with all the honours of war. A portion of his force joins General Louis-Gabriel Suchet, and the rest is conveyed in British ships to Antibes. June 14 War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Marengo – Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy. French general Jean-Baptiste Kléber is assassinated in Cairo by Syrian Kurdish Muslim student Suleiman al-Halabi. June 15 – Convention of Alessandria (Armistice of Marengo): Austria agrees to evacuate much of Italy. June 19 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Höchstädt – General Jean Victor Marie Moreau leads French forces to victory, opening the Danube passageway to Vienna. July–September July 2 – The Union with Ireland Act 1800 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain; the Irish Parliament passes similar legislation in the following month, uniting the two kingdoms and abolishing the Parliament of Ireland. July 10 – Fort William College is established by Lord Wellesley, British Governor-General of India, in Calcutta, to promote Bengali, Hindi and other vernaculars of the Indian subcontinent. August 1 – King George III gives royal assent to the second Act of Union to unite the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland (both ruled by him) into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, effective on January 1, 1801. August 30 – The plot by African-American blacksmith and slave Gabriel Prosser to seize Richmond, Virginia, and guide a slave uprising, is thwarted by a massive downpour on the evening that it is set to begin; two other slaves have revealed Prosser's plans to authorities, who have prepared to follow him to the rendezvous point and arrest the conspirators, so that "neither the geographical extent of the plot nor the number of insurgents in the conspiracy was revealed"; eventually, 25 slaves, including Prosser, will be captured, tried and hanged. September 4 – The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops, who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate. September 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War. October–December October 1 – Third Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain returns Louisiana (New Spain) to France, in return for the Tuscany area of Italy. October 7 – French privateer Robert Surcouf leads the 150-man crew of his corvette to capture the 40-gun, 437-man British East Indiaman in the Indian Ocean. November 1 U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House). Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly. November 17 – The United States Congress holds its first Washington, D.C. session. November 22 – War of the Second Coalition: Hostilites resume. December 3 War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden – The French army defeats Habsburg and Bavarian troops. United States presidential election, 1800: The Electoral College casts votes for president and Vice President that results in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring a contingent election which will select Jefferson as president. December 24 The Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise fails to kill Napoleon Bonaparte. Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris. December 25 – the Armistice of Steyr is signed between French and Imperial forces in Germany Births January–June January 1 – Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, English landowner (d. 1857) January 4 – Martha Christina Tiahahu, Moluccan freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (d. 1818) January 6 – Anna Maria Hall, Irish writer (d. 1881) January 7 – Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874) January 11 – Ányos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist, inventor of the dynamo (d. 1895) January 12 – George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, English diplomat, statesman (d. 1870) January 14 – Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1877) January 17 – Caleb Cushing, American statesman, diplomat (d. 1879) January 24 – Edwin Chadwick, English social reformer (d. 1890) January 26 Johann Gerhard Oncken, German Baptist preacher (d. 1884) Elizabeth Ann Whitney, American Mormon leader (d. 1882) January 27 – Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, English statesman (d. 1875) February 1 – Brian Houghton Hodgson, English civil servant (d. 1894) February 6 – Achille Devéria, French painter, lithographer (d. 1857) February 9 Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (d. 1844) Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter (d. 1876) March 2 – Yevgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet (d. 1844) March 3 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist, paleontologist (d. 1862) March 4 – William Price, Welsh physician, eccentric (d. 1893) March 10 Victor Aimé Huber, | the Irish Parliament passes similar legislation in the following month, uniting the two kingdoms and abolishing the Parliament of Ireland. July 10 – Fort William College is established by Lord Wellesley, British Governor-General of India, in Calcutta, to promote Bengali, Hindi and other vernaculars of the Indian subcontinent. August 1 – King George III gives royal assent to the second Act of Union to unite the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland (both ruled by him) into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, effective on January 1, 1801. August 30 – The plot by African-American blacksmith and slave Gabriel Prosser to seize Richmond, Virginia, and guide a slave uprising, is thwarted by a massive downpour on the evening that it is set to begin; two other slaves have revealed Prosser's plans to authorities, who have prepared to follow him to the rendezvous point and arrest the conspirators, so that "neither the geographical extent of the plot nor the number of insurgents in the conspiracy was revealed"; eventually, 25 slaves, including Prosser, will be captured, tried and hanged. September 4 – The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops, who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate. September 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War. October–December October 1 – Third Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain returns Louisiana (New Spain) to France, in return for the Tuscany area of Italy. October 7 – French privateer Robert Surcouf leads the 150-man crew of his corvette to capture the 40-gun, 437-man British East Indiaman in the Indian Ocean. November 1 U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House). Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly. November 17 – The United States Congress holds its first Washington, D.C. session. November 22 – War of the Second Coalition: Hostilites resume. December 3 War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden – The French army defeats Habsburg and Bavarian troops. United States presidential election, 1800: The Electoral College casts votes for president and Vice President that results in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring a contingent election which will select Jefferson as president. December 24 The Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise fails to kill Napoleon Bonaparte. Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris. December 25 – the Armistice of Steyr is signed between French and Imperial forces in Germany Births January–June January 1 – Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, English landowner (d. 1857) January 4 – Martha Christina Tiahahu, Moluccan freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (d. 1818) January 6 – Anna Maria Hall, Irish writer (d. 1881) January 7 – Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874) January 11 – Ányos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist, inventor of the dynamo (d. 1895) January 12 – George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, English diplomat, statesman (d. 1870) January 14 – Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1877) January 17 – Caleb Cushing, American statesman, diplomat (d. 1879) January 24 – Edwin Chadwick, English social reformer (d. 1890) January 26 Johann Gerhard Oncken, German Baptist preacher (d. 1884) Elizabeth Ann Whitney, American Mormon leader (d. 1882) January 27 – Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, English statesman (d. 1875) February 1 – Brian Houghton Hodgson, English civil servant (d. 1894) February 6 – Achille Devéria, French painter, lithographer (d. 1857) February 9 Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (d. 1844) Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter (d. 1876) March 2 – Yevgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet (d. 1844) March 3 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist, paleontologist (d. 1862) March 4 – William Price, Welsh physician, eccentric (d. 1893) March 10 Victor Aimé Huber, German social reformer (d. 1869) George Hudson, English railway financier (d. 1871) March 12 – Louis Prosper Gachard, Belgian man of letters (d. 1885) March 13 – Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Turkish statesman, diplomat (d. 1858) March 16 – Emperor Ninkō of Japan (d. 1846) March 17 – Rudolf Ewald Stier, German Protestant churchman, mystic (d. 1862) March 20 Braulio Carrillo Colina, Costa Rican head of state, politician (d. 1845) Gottfried Bernhardy, German philologist, literary historian (d. 1875) March 25 Alexis Paulin Paris, French scholar, author (d. 1881) Ernst Heinrich Karl von Dechen, German geologist, mineralogist (d. 1889) March 28 – Johann Georg Wagler, German herpetologist (d. 1832) April 2 – Andrzej Artur Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1874) April 4 – Tokugawa Nariaki, Japanese daimyō of Mito (d. 1860) April 10 – Henri-Gustave Delvigne, French soldier, weapon inventor (d. 1876) April 15 – James Clark Ross, British naval officer, explorer (d. 1862) April 16 Jakob Heine, German orthopaedist (d. 1879) George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British soldier (d. 1888) April 29 – Hiram Cronk, American soldier, shoemaker; last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 (d. 1905) May 1 – James Black, American bladesmith, creator of the original Bowie knife (d. 1870) May 4 – John McLeod Campbell, Scottish churchman (d. 1872) May 5 – Louis Christophe François Hachette, French publisher (d. 1864) May 6 – Roman Sanguszko, Polish noble (d. 1881) May 8 – Armand Carrel, French writer (d. 1836) May 9 John Brown, American abolitionist (d. 1859) Samuel Carter Hall, English journalist (d. 1889) May 30 – Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach, German geometer (d. 1834) June 1 – Charles Fremantle, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1869) June 2 – Nicholas P. Trist, secretary to President Andrew Jackson of the U.S. (d. 1874) June 3 – Gustaw Potworowski, Polish activist (d. 1860) June 12 – Samuel Wright Mardis, American politician (d. 1836) June 17 – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer (d. 1867) June 23 – Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician, social activist (d. 1846) June 30 – Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1873) July–December July 15 – Sidney Breese, American senator from Illinois, father of the Illinois Central Railroad (d. 1878) July 19 – Juan José Flores, 2-time President of Ecuador (d. 1864) July 21 – Constance Trotti, Belgian salonniére, culture patron (d. 1871) July 24 – Henry Shaw, American botanist (d. 1889) July 29 – George Bradshaw, English timetable publisher (d. 1853) July 31 – Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (d. 1882) August 12 – Jean-Jacques Ampère, French philologist, writer and historian (d. 1864) August 20 – Bernhard Heine, German physician, bone specialist and inventor (d. 1846) August 22 Edward Bouverie Pusey, English churchman (d. 1882) Frank Stone, English painter (d. 1859) September 1 – Giuseppe Gabriel Balsamo-Crivelli, Italian naturalist (d. 1874) September 22 – George Bentham, English botanist (d. 1884) October 14 – John Hogan, Irish sculptor (d. 1858) October 19 – Salome Sellers, American centenarian, last surviving person from the 18th century (d. 1909) October 23 – Henri Milne-Edwards, French zoologist (d. 1885) October 26 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, |
on orders of Napoleon Bonaparte. October 16 – The port of New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River are closed to American traffic by order of the city's Spanish administrator, Juan Ventura Morales, threatening the economy in the western United States, and prompting the need for the Louisiana Purchase. November 16 – The newly elected British House of Lords is inaugurated by King George III, who tells the members, "In my intercourse with foreign powers, I have been actuated by a sincere disposition of the maintenance of peace," but adds that "My conduct will be invariably regulated by a due consideration of the actual situation of Europe, and by a watchful solicitude for the permanent welfare of my people." November 23 – East Indiaman Vryheid, in the service of the Batavian Republic, is shipwrecked in a gale off Hythe, Kent, in the south of England; only 18 of 472 on board survive. December 2 – The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act in the United Kingdom comes into effect, regulating conditions for child labour in factories. Although poorly enforced, it pioneers a series of Factory Acts. Births January–June January 3 – Charles Pelham Villiers, British politician (d. 1898) January 10 – Carl Ritter von Ghega, Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (d. 1860) January 22 – Richard Upjohn, English-American architect (d. 1878) February 6 – Charles Wheatstone, English physicist, inventor (d. 1875) February 11 – Lydia Maria Child, American abolitionist author (d. 1880) February 15 – Jean-Jacques Uhrich, French general (d. 1886) February 16 – Phineas Quimby, American physician (d. 1866) February 19 – Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 1881) February 26 – Victor Hugo, French author (d. 1885) March 7 – Edwin Henry Landseer, British painter (d. 1873) March 25 – Maria Silfvan, Finnish actor (d. 1865) March 27 – Charles-Mathias Simons, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1874) April 4 – Dorothea Dix, American activist (d. 1887) April 9 – Elias Lönnrot, Finnish folklorist, philologist who created the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala (d. 1884) May 2 – Heinrich Gustav Magnus, German chemist, physicist (d. 1870) May 26 – Karl Ferdinand Ranke, German educator (d. 1876) June 12 – Harriet Martineau, British social theorist, writer (d. 1876) July–December July 5 (June 23 O.S.) – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855) July 24 – Alexandre Dumas, French author (d. 1870) July 26 – Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (d. 1855) August 4 – Joseph Bonnell, hero of the Texas Revolution (d. 1840) August 5 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (d. 1829) August 31 – Karl von Urban, Austrian field marshal (d. 1877) September 19 – Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian politician (d. 1894) September 30 – Antoine Jérôme Balard, French chemist (d. 1876) October 31 – Benoît Fourneyron, French engineer (d. 1867) November 9 – Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (d. 1837) November 19 – Solomon Foot, American politician (d. 1866) December 15 – János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1860) December 23 – Sara Coleridge, British scholar (d. 1852) Date unknown Friedrich Hohe, German lithographer, painter (d. 1870) Emma Fürstenhoff, Swedish florist (d. 1871) Deaths January–June February 2 – Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713) February 3 – Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Spanish statesman, writer (b. 1723) February 10 – Samuel Phillips, Jr., Massachusetts lieutenant governor (b. 1752) February 26 – Esek Hopkins, American Revolutionary War admiral (b. 1718) April 13 – Charles Moss, British bishop (b. 1711) April 18 – Erasmus Darwin, English physician and botanist (b. 1731) April 26 – Edmund Nelson (clergyman), English priest (b. 1722) May 9 – Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, Swedish ambassador (b. 1749) | Consul of France. September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of the French First Republic. October–December October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation. October 15 – French Army General Michel Ney enters Switzerland with 40,000 troops, on orders of Napoleon Bonaparte. October 16 – The port of New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River are closed to American traffic by order of the city's Spanish administrator, Juan Ventura Morales, threatening the economy in the western United States, and prompting the need for the Louisiana Purchase. November 16 – The newly elected British House of Lords is inaugurated by King George III, who tells the members, "In my intercourse with foreign powers, I have been actuated by a sincere disposition of the maintenance of peace," but adds that "My conduct will be invariably regulated by a due consideration of the actual situation of Europe, and by a watchful solicitude for the permanent welfare of my people." November 23 – East Indiaman Vryheid, in the service of the Batavian Republic, is shipwrecked in a gale off Hythe, Kent, in the south of England; only 18 of 472 on board survive. December 2 – The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act in the United Kingdom comes into effect, regulating conditions for child labour in factories. Although poorly enforced, it pioneers a series of Factory Acts. Births January–June January 3 – Charles Pelham Villiers, British politician (d. 1898) January 10 – Carl Ritter von Ghega, Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (d. 1860) January 22 – Richard Upjohn, English-American architect (d. 1878) February 6 – Charles Wheatstone, English physicist, inventor (d. 1875) February 11 – Lydia Maria Child, American abolitionist author (d. 1880) February 15 – Jean-Jacques Uhrich, French general (d. 1886) February 16 – Phineas Quimby, American physician (d. 1866) February 19 – Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 1881) February 26 – Victor Hugo, French author (d. 1885) March 7 – Edwin Henry Landseer, British painter (d. 1873) March 25 – Maria Silfvan, Finnish actor (d. 1865) March 27 – Charles-Mathias Simons, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1874) April 4 – Dorothea Dix, American activist (d. 1887) April 9 – Elias Lönnrot, Finnish folklorist, philologist who created the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala (d. 1884) May 2 – Heinrich Gustav Magnus, German chemist, physicist (d. 1870) May 26 – Karl Ferdinand Ranke, German educator (d. 1876) June 12 – Harriet Martineau, British social theorist, writer (d. 1876) July–December July 5 (June 23 O.S.) – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855) July 24 – Alexandre Dumas, French author (d. 1870) July 26 – Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (d. 1855) August 4 – Joseph Bonnell, hero of the Texas Revolution (d. 1840) August 5 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (d. 1829) August 31 – Karl von Urban, Austrian field marshal (d. 1877) September 19 – Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian politician (d. 1894) September 30 – Antoine Jérôme Balard, French chemist (d. 1876) October 31 – Benoît Fourneyron, French engineer (d. 1867) November 9 – Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (d. 1837) November 19 – Solomon Foot, American politician (d. 1866) December 15 – János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1860) December 23 – Sara Coleridge, British scholar (d. 1852) Date unknown Friedrich Hohe, German lithographer, painter (d. 1870) Emma Fürstenhoff, Swedish florist (d. 1871) Deaths January–June February 2 – Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713) February 3 – Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Spanish statesman, writer (b. 1723) February 10 – Samuel Phillips, Jr., Massachusetts lieutenant governor (b. 1752) February 26 – Esek Hopkins, American Revolutionary War admiral (b. 1718) April 13 – Charles Moss, British bishop (b. 1711) April 18 – Erasmus Darwin, English physician and botanist (b. 1731) April 26 – Edmund Nelson (clergyman), English priest (b. 1722) May 9 – Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, Swedish ambassador (b. 1749) May 22 – Martha Washington, first First Lady of the United States (b. 1731) July–December July 6 – Daniel Morgan, American pioneer, Congressman from Virginia, and general (b. 1736) July 22 – Xavier Bichat, French anatomist and pathologist (b. 1771) July 24 – Joseph Ducreux, French noble, portrait painter, pastelist, miniaturist, and engraver (b. 1735) July 25 – Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1719) August 10 – Franz Aepinus, German philosopher (b. 1724) August 12 – Louis Lebègue Duportail French military leader in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1743) September 19 – Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily (b. 1773) September 26 – Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist, and soldier (b. 1754) October 5 – Suzanne Bélair, Haitian national heroine (b. 1781) October 8 – Emmanuele Vitale, Maltese military leader (b.1758) October 31 – Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn, British admiral (b. 1743) November 9 – |
17 – Napoleonic Wars – Second Battle of Kulm: The Allied Coalition is victorious; Napoleon is forced to halt his advance on Teplitz, and withdraw to Leipzig. October–December October 2 – The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded (the oldest continuously existing literary society in the United States). October 5 – War of 1812 –Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada: William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle. October 14 – After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador. October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle. October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Chateauguay: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion. November 11 –War of 1812 – Battle of Crysler's Farm: An outnumbered British–Canadian force repels an American attack, forcing the Americans to give up their attempt to capture Montreal. November 21 – An independent government is restored in the Netherlands. December 8 – Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau. December 18–19 – War of 1812: British soldiers and native allies invade the United States, and are successful in the Capture of Fort Niagara, and attack Lewiston, New York. December 29 – War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York. Date unknown Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology. Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England into what is, in effect, the world's first nature reserve. Following the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of Shewa. The Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America is founded. Probable date – George E. Clymer invents the Columbian press, used to print newspapers worldwide. Births January–June January 19 – Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor (d. 1898) January 21 – John C. Frémont, American soldier, explorer (d. 1890) January 26 – Juan Pablo Duarte, founder of the Dominican Republic (d. 1876) February 8 – José Manuel Pareja, Spanish admiral (d. 1865) February 11 – Otto Ludwig, German writer (d. 1865) February 12 – James Dwight Dana, American geologist, mineralogist (d. 1895) February 15 – Frederick Holbrook, Vermont governor (d. 1909) March 14 – Joseph P. Bradley, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1892) March 15 – John Snow, English doctor, pioneer of epidemiology (d. 1858) March 16 – Gaëtan de Rochebouët, Prime Minister of France (d. 1899) March 18 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet, playwright (d. 1863) March 19 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary explorer (d. 1873) March 21 – James Strang, Mormon splinter group leader (d. 1856) March 23 – Mary Elizabeth Lee, American writer (d. 1849) March 27 – Nathaniel Currier, American illustrator (d. 1888) April 1 – Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg, German mineralogist (d. 1899) April 8 – Leah Fox, American hoax medium (d. 1890) April 17 – Mary Peters, née Bowley, English hymn writer (d. 1856) April 19 – David Settle Reid, American politician (d. 1891) April 23 – Stephen A. Douglas, American Senator from Illinois, Presidential candidate (d. 1861) May 5 – Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher (d. 1855) May 15 – Stephen Heller, Hungarian composer (d. 1888) May 21 – Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (d. 1843) May 22 – Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883) June 2 – Daniel Pollen, 9th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1896) June 8 – David Dixon Porter, American admiral (d. 1891) June 24 – Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman, reformer (d. 1887) July–December July 15 – George Peter Alexander Healy, American portrait painter (d. 1894) July 19 – Samuel M. Kier, American industrialist (d. 1874) August 5 – Ivar Aasen, Norwegian philologist (d. 1896) August 21 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist (d. 1891) August 29 – Henry Bergh, American founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (d. 1888) September 17 – John Sedgwick, Union Army General, American Civil War (d. 1864) September 24 – Gerardo Barrios, President of El Salvador (d. 1865) October 10 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (d. 1901) October 17 – Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837) November 13 Kreeta Haapasalo, Finnish kantele-player, singer and folk musician (d. 1893) Allen G. Thurman, American politician (d. 1895) November 19 – Augusta Schrumpf, Norwegian actor (d. 1900) November 25 – Marie Jules Dupré, French admiral and colonial governor (d. 1881) November 30 – Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer (d. 1888) December 19 – Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (d.1885) December 29 – Alexander Parkes, English metallurgist and inventor (d. 1890) Date unknown John Miley, American Methodist theologian (d. 1895) Deaths January–June January 1 –Gioacchino Navarro, Maltese priest and poet (b. 1748) January 6 –Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, French general (b. 1764) January 15 –Anton Bernolák, Slovak linguist (b. 1762) January 20 –Christoph Martin Wieland, German writer (b. 1733) January 24 –George Clymer, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1739) February 13 –Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (b. 1725) February 26 –Robert Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1746) March 23 | Peters, née Bowley, English hymn writer (d. 1856) April 19 – David Settle Reid, American politician (d. 1891) April 23 – Stephen A. Douglas, American Senator from Illinois, Presidential candidate (d. 1861) May 5 – Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher (d. 1855) May 15 – Stephen Heller, Hungarian composer (d. 1888) May 21 – Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (d. 1843) May 22 – Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883) June 2 – Daniel Pollen, 9th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1896) June 8 – David Dixon Porter, American admiral (d. 1891) June 24 – Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman, reformer (d. 1887) July–December July 15 – George Peter Alexander Healy, American portrait painter (d. 1894) July 19 – Samuel M. Kier, American industrialist (d. 1874) August 5 – Ivar Aasen, Norwegian philologist (d. 1896) August 21 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist (d. 1891) August 29 – Henry Bergh, American founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (d. 1888) September 17 – John Sedgwick, Union Army General, American Civil War (d. 1864) September 24 – Gerardo Barrios, President of El Salvador (d. 1865) October 10 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (d. 1901) October 17 – Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837) November 13 Kreeta Haapasalo, Finnish kantele-player, singer and folk musician (d. 1893) Allen G. Thurman, American politician (d. 1895) November 19 – Augusta Schrumpf, Norwegian actor (d. 1900) November 25 – Marie Jules Dupré, French admiral and colonial governor (d. 1881) November 30 – Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer (d. 1888) December 19 – Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (d.1885) December 29 – Alexander Parkes, English metallurgist and inventor (d. 1890) Date unknown John Miley, American Methodist theologian (d. 1895) Deaths January–June January 1 –Gioacchino Navarro, Maltese priest and poet (b. 1748) January 6 –Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, French general (b. 1764) January 15 –Anton Bernolák, Slovak linguist (b. 1762) January 20 –Christoph Martin Wieland, German writer (b. 1733) January 24 –George Clymer, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1739) February 13 –Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (b. 1725) February 26 –Robert Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1746) March 23 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain, elder sibling of King George III (b. 1737) April 3 – Friederike Brion, first great love of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (b. 1752) April 10 –Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian mathematician (b. 1736) April 19 – Benjamin Rush, Founding Father of the United States (b. 1746) April 27 –Zebulon Pike, American general (b. 1779) April 28 –Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (b. 1745) April 29 –John Andrews, American clergyman, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, considered America's first scholar (b. 1746) May 1 –Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in action) (b. 1768) May 21 – José Antonio Pareja, Spanish admiral (b. 1757) May 23 –Géraud Duroc, French general (mortally wounded in action) (b. 1772) June 6 Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (b. 1739) Antonio Cachia, Maltese architect, engineer and archaeologist (b. 1739) June 17 –Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, English sailor, politician (b. 1726) July 6 – Granville Sharp, English abolitionist (b. 1735) July 17 – Fredrica Löf, Swedish actress (b. 1760) June 28 –Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755) July–December July 29 –Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (suicide) (b. 1771) August 1 – Carl Stenborg, Swedish opera singer (b. 1752) August 11 –Henry James Pye, English poet (b. 1745) August 15 –Abigail Amelia, First born daughter of John and Abigail Adams (b. 1765) August 21 – Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, Queen consort of Sweden (born 1746) August 23 –Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born ornithologist (b. 1766) August 26 – Theodor Körner, German author, soldier (b. 1791) September 2 – Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1763) September 12 – Edmund Randolph, American politician (b. 1753)File:Thomas Lawrence John Soane.JPG|thumb|right|110px|John Soane September 13 – Hezqeyas, deposed Emperor of Ethiopia September 15 – Antoine Étienne de Tousard, French general, military engineer (b. 1752) September 22 – Rose Bertin, French fashion designer (b. 1747) October 5 – Tecumseh, |
leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England, nearly a month later, on June 20. May 22 – The city of Memphis, Tennessee, is founded. June 16 – The 7.7–8.2 Rann of Kutch earthquake kills at least 1,543 people in the modern-day Indian state of Gujarat at the Arabian Sea, causing an stretch of land to be raised as much as , creating a natural dam, the Allahbund. July–September July 1 – German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819. July 21 – Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel. July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool to discuss an investigative report of an adulterous affair involving the wife of George, Prince of Wales and regent for his ailing father. Despite reports that Princess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation. July 30 – At Edwardsville, Illinois, the United States concludes a treaty with the Kickapoo tribe, receiving their lands in return for their relocation to Missouri. August 2 – Hep-Hep riots, communal pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin at Würzburg in Bavaria; they continue until October with many Jews killed. August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States. August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule. August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: The cavalry charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester, England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries. September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation, suppressing liberal and nationalist views. October–December October – The ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii. October 13 – Treaty between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company. Cutch State entered in rule of East India Company. October 15 – Desolation Island, in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain William Smith, in the Williams. November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa. November 3 – The , commanded by Captain John D. Henley, becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton. November 19 – The Museo del Prado, one of the world's great art galleries, opens in Madrid. Initially, it has only 311 significant paintings. November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States. December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state. December 17 The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president. The new astronomical observatory of Capodimonte in Naples starts operating. The astronomer Carlo Brioschi made the first observation by measuring the position of ⍺ Cassiopeiae. Date unknown Denis Johnson invents the kick scooter. The city of Fernandina de Jagua (later Cienfuegos) is founded in Cuba. A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years. The African Slave Trade Patrol is founded, to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa. Births January–June January 1 – Arthur Hugh Clough, English poet (d. 1861) January 6 – Baldassare Verazzi, Italian painter (d. 1886) January 7 – Theresa Pulszky, European author (d. 1866) January 9 – William Powell Frith, English painter (d. 1909) February 8 Sidonija Rubido, Croatian singer (d. 1884) John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (d. 1900) February 11 – Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (d. 1890) February 14 – Christopher Latham Sholes, American inventor (d. 1890) February 20 – Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882) February 22 – James Russell Lowell, American poet, essayist (d. 1891) March 3 – Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912) March 14 – Erik Edlund, Swedish physicist, meteorologist (d. 1888) March 26 – Louise Otto-Peters, German women's rights movement activist (d. 1895) March 31 – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1901) April 4 – Queen Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853) April 11 – Charles Hallé, German pianist, conductor (d. 1895) April 18 Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban revolutionary hero (d. 1874) Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (d. 1895) April 23 – Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1901) April 28 – Ezra Abbot, American Biblical scholar (d. 1884) May 5 – Stanisław Moniuszko, Polish composer (d. 1872) May 24 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (d. 1901) May 27 George V of Hanover (d. 1878) Julia Ward Howe, American abolitionist and poet (d. 1910) May 31 Walt Whitman, American poet (d. 1892) William Worrall Mayo, English-American physician, chemist (d. 1911) June 5 – John Couch Adams, English astronomer (d. 1892) June 10 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877) | Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel. July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool to discuss an investigative report of an adulterous affair involving the wife of George, Prince of Wales and regent for his ailing father. Despite reports that Princess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation. July 30 – At Edwardsville, Illinois, the United States concludes a treaty with the Kickapoo tribe, receiving their lands in return for their relocation to Missouri. August 2 – Hep-Hep riots, communal pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin at Würzburg in Bavaria; they continue until October with many Jews killed. August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States. August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule. August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: The cavalry charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester, England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries. September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation, suppressing liberal and nationalist views. October–December October – The ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii. October 13 – Treaty between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company. Cutch State entered in rule of East India Company. October 15 – Desolation Island, in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain William Smith, in the Williams. November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa. November 3 – The , commanded by Captain John D. Henley, becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton. November 19 – The Museo del Prado, one of the world's great art galleries, opens in Madrid. Initially, it has only 311 significant paintings. November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States. December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state. December 17 The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president. The new astronomical observatory of Capodimonte in Naples starts operating. The astronomer Carlo Brioschi made the first observation by measuring the position of ⍺ Cassiopeiae. Date unknown Denis Johnson invents the kick scooter. The city of Fernandina de Jagua (later Cienfuegos) is founded in Cuba. A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years. The African Slave Trade Patrol is founded, to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa. Births January–June January 1 – Arthur Hugh Clough, English poet (d. 1861) January 6 – Baldassare Verazzi, Italian painter (d. 1886) January 7 – Theresa Pulszky, European author (d. 1866) January 9 – William Powell Frith, English painter (d. 1909) February 8 Sidonija Rubido, Croatian singer (d. 1884) John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (d. 1900) February 11 – Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (d. 1890) February 14 – Christopher Latham Sholes, American inventor (d. 1890) February 20 – Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882) February 22 – James Russell Lowell, American poet, essayist (d. 1891) March 3 – Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912) March 14 – Erik Edlund, Swedish physicist, meteorologist (d. 1888) March 26 – Louise Otto-Peters, German women's rights movement activist (d. 1895) March 31 – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1901) April 4 – Queen Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853) April 11 – Charles Hallé, German pianist, conductor (d. 1895) April 18 Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban revolutionary hero (d. 1874) Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (d. 1895) April 23 – Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1901) April 28 – Ezra Abbot, American Biblical scholar (d. 1884) May 5 – Stanisław Moniuszko, Polish composer (d. 1872) May 24 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (d. 1901) May 27 George V of Hanover (d. 1878) Julia Ward Howe, American abolitionist and poet (d. 1910) May 31 Walt Whitman, American poet (d. 1892) William Worrall Mayo, English-American physician, chemist (d. 1911) June 5 – John Couch Adams, English astronomer (d. 1892) June 10 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877) June 12 – Charles Kingsley, English clergyman, historian, and novelist (d. 1875) June 20 – Jacques Offenbach, German-born French composer (d. 1880) June 29 – Nicolae Bălcescu, Wallachian revolutionary (d. 1852) June 30 – William A. Wheeler, 19th Vice President of the United States (b. 1887) July–December July 8 – Francis Leopold McClintock, Irish explorer and admiral in |
November 16 – American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is first used by William Becknell. November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia. December 1 – History of the Dominican Republic: On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, General José Núñez de Cáceres ends the España Boba era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the Republic of Spanish Haiti. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti. December 6 – The South Orkney Islands are discovered by seal hunters George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer. December 15 – The world's first geographical society, the Société de géographie, is established in Paris. December 19 – The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland begins to erupt. Date unknown The town of Al-Ubayyid, Sudan is established. High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt. Widener University is founded in Wilmington, Delaware. Births January–June January 2 – Catherine Huggins, British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887) January 8 James Longstreet, American Confederate general (d. 1904) W. H. L. Wallace, American Civil War general (d. 1862) January 16 – John C. Breckinridge, the 14th Vice President of the United States (1857-1861) and Confederate Secretary of State in 1865 (d. 1875) February 3 – Elizabeth Blackwell, first American female physician (d. 1910) February 11 – Auguste Edouard Mariette, French Egyptologist (d. 1881) February 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861) February 19 Francis Preston Blair Jr., American politician, American Civil War officer (d. 1875) August Schleicher, German linguist (d. 1868) February 22 – Athalia Schwartz, Danish writer, journalist and educator (d. 1871) March 1 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (d. 1896) March 9 – John Watts de Peyster, American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907) March 12 – Sir John Abbott, 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1893) March 15 – William Milligan, Scottish theologian (d. 1893) March 20 – Ned Buntline (Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr.), American publisher, dime novelist and publicist (d. 1886) March 29 – Melvin Amos Halsted, American settlement founder (d. 1915) March 31 – Henry Dunning Macleod, Scottish economist (d. 1902) April 1 – Princess Anka Obrenović, Serbian princess (d. 1868) April 3 – Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale, English mystic (d. 1892) April 9 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet, writer (d. 1867) April 12 – Beauchamp Seymour, British admiral (d. 1895) May 6 Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (d. 1897) Emilie Hammarskjöld, Swedish-American musician (d. 1854) May 8 – William Henry Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1885) May 16 – Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematician (d. 1894) May 17 – Sebastian Kneipp, German naturopath (d. 1897) May 18 – Eduard von Pestel, Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908) May 24 – Juan Bautista Topete, Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885) June 2 – Ion C. Brătianu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891) June 16 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1908) June 26 – Bartolomé Mitre, Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906) July–December July 1 – Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy, French archaeologist (d. 1904) July 2 – Sir Charles Tupper, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915) July 6 – Edmund Pettus, American politician (d. 1907) July 9 George Cavendish-Bentinck, British Conservative politician (d. 1891) Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford, British parson (d. 1887) July 13 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877) July 16 – Mary Baker Eddy, American founder of Christian Science (d. 1910) July 17 – Friedrich Engelhorn, German industrialist and founder of BASF (d. 1902) July 18 – Lucy Smith Millikin, early Latter Day Saint and sister of Joseph Smith (d. 1882) July 18 – Pauline Viardot, French mezzo-soprano, composer (d. 1910) July 24 – William Poole, infamous member of New York City's Bowery Boys gang (d. 1855) July 27 – | (d. 1877) July 16 – Mary Baker Eddy, American founder of Christian Science (d. 1910) July 17 – Friedrich Engelhorn, German industrialist and founder of BASF (d. 1902) July 18 – Lucy Smith Millikin, early Latter Day Saint and sister of Joseph Smith (d. 1882) July 18 – Pauline Viardot, French mezzo-soprano, composer (d. 1910) July 24 – William Poole, infamous member of New York City's Bowery Boys gang (d. 1855) July 27 – George H. Cooper, United States Navy admiral (d. 1891) August 10 – Jay Cooke, American financier (d. 1905) August 16 – Arthur Cayley, English mathematician (d. 1895) August 21 – Louis Vuitton, French fashion designer (d. 1892) August 31 – Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician and physicist (d. 1894) September 21 – Andrei Alexandrovich Popov, Russian admiral (d. 1898) September 28 – Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, African-American minister, politician (d. 1874) October 13 – Rudolf Virchow, German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. 1902) November 7 – Andrea Debono, Maltese trader and explorer (d. 1871) November 11 – Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russian writer (d. 1881) November 30 – Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1902) December 1 – John M. B. Clitz, American admiral (d. 1897) December 12 – Gustave Flaubert, French writer (d. 1880) December 22 – Junius Brutus Booth, Jr., American actor, theatre manager (d. 1883) December 24 – Gabriel García Moreno, former President of Ecuador (d. 1875) December 25 – Clara Barton, first president of American Red Cross (d. 1912) Date unknown Giuseppe Bonavia, Maltese architect (d. 1885) Mazhar Nanautawi, Indian freedom struggle activist (d. 1885) Deaths January–June January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774) January 5 – Carlo Porta, Milanese poet (b. 1775) January 19 – Alexandru Suţu, prince of Moldavia (b. 1758) February 23 – John Keats, British poet (b. 1795) February 26 – Joseph de Maistre, French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753) March 4 – Princess Elizabeth of Clarence, daughter of William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) (b. 1820) March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737) April 10 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople (b. 1746) April 14 – Susan Carnegie, writer and founder of the first public asylum in Scotland (b. 1743) April 20 – Franz Karl Achard, German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753) April 23 – Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville, French general (b. 1752) May 2 – Hester Thrale, Welsh diarist (b. 1741) May 5 – Napoleon Bonaparte, French Emperor and general (b. 1769) May 19 – Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771) June 7 – Tudor Vladimirescu, Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780) June 17 – Martín Miguel de Güemes, Argentine military leader (b. 1785) June 19 – Peter Ochs, Swiss politician (b. 1752) June 23 – Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans, heiress, wife of Philippe Égalité (b. 1753) June 30 |
Ferdinand Cheval begins to build his Palais Idéal at Hauterives in France. April 5 – War of the Pacific: Chile formally declares war on Bolivia and Peru. April 12 – Mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, Massachusetts. April 26 – The National Park, later renamed the Royal National Park, is declared in New South Wales, Australia, the world's second oldest purposed national park. May 2 – The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español) is founded clandestinely at the Casa Labra tavern in Madrid, by printer Pablo Iglesias. May 7 – The current constitution of the State of California in the United States is ratified. May 10 – The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) is formed. May 12 – English Catholic convert John Henry Newman is elevated to Cardinal. May 14 – The first group of 463 Indian indentured labourers arrive in Fiji, aboard the Leonidas. May 26 – Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, establishing an Afghan state. May 30 – New York City's Gilmore's Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt, and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue. June 1 – Anglo-Zulu War: Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France, son of Napoléon III, is killed in Africa while attached to the British Army. June 4 – Yasukuni Shrine is officially renamed, from Tokyo Shokonsha Shrine in Japan. June 6 – William Denny and Brothers launch the world's first ocean-going steamer to be built of mild steel, the SS Rotomahana, on the River Clyde in Scotland. On October 2 they launch the first transatlantic steamer of the same material, the SS Buenos Ayrean; on December 1 she makes her maiden voyage out of Glasgow, bound for South America. June 14 – Sidney Faithorn Green, a priest in the Church of England, is tried and convicted for using Ritualist practices. June 21 – German company Linde is founded by Carl von Linde. June 30 – The 1879 Surigao earthquake measuring 7.4 causes major damage in the northern tip of Mindanao Island. July–September July 1 – American Christian Restorationist Charles Taze Russell publishes the first issue of the monthly Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence which, as The Watchtower, will become the most widely circulated magazine in the world. July 4 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Ulundi: A British victory effectively ends the war. July 8 – Led by George W. De Long, the ill-fated United States Jeannette Expedition departs San Francisco, in an attempt to reach the North Pole, by pioneering a route through the Bering Strait. August 1 – Tokio Marine was founded in Japan, the currently name was Tokio Marine Holdings. August 16 – Fulham F.C. is founded in London as a church soccer team. August 21 – Claimed apparition to local people at Knock, County Mayo, Ireland of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, Saint John the Evangelist and Jesus Christ (as the Lamb of God). September – Henry George self-publishes his major work Progress and Poverty. September 8 – A fire in The Octagon, Dunedin (New Zealand) claims 12 victims. September 19 – The Blackpool Illuminations are switched on for the first time. September 25 – A fire in Deadwood, South Dakota leaves 2,000 people homeless and 300 buildings destroyed; total loss of property is estimated at $3 million. September 29 – Meeker Massacre: Nathan Meeker and others are killed in an uprising, at the White River Ute Indian reservation in Colorado. October–December October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire on terms so unfavorable to China that its emissary is threatened with execution. October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary. October 8 – War of the Pacific: Battle of Angamos – The Chilean Navy defeats Peruvian naval forces. October 13 – The first female students are admitted to study for degrees of the University of Oxford in England, at the new Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville Hall, and with the Society of Oxford Home-Students. October 17 – Sunderland Association Football Club is formed by a group of schoolteachers in northeast England. October 22 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasts 13½ hours before burning out). October 28 – The Hall effect is discovered by Edwin Hall at Johns Hopkins University in the United States. November Land is acquired for Simmons College of Kentucky, an historically black school, established as a Baptist institution. The Age of Michael begins, according to French occultist Eliphas Levi, and Johannes Trithemius. November 4 – Thomas Edison applies for the patent for his invention, the incandescent light bulb (U.S. Patent 223,898 will be granted on January 27, 1880). November 10 – The Bell Telephone Company and Western Union reach an agreement in the United States, in which the former agrees to stay out of telegraphy, and the latter to keep out of the telephone business. December 21 – Henrik Ibsen's controversial drama A Doll's House premières at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen (having been first published on December 4 in the city). December 28 – Tay Bridge disaster: The central part of the Tay Rail Bridge at Dundee, Scotland, collapses in a storm as a train passes over it, killing 75. December 31 Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time, in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Pirates of Penzance opens at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City (following a token performance the day before for U.K. copyright reasons in Paignton, Devon). Date unknown Colonel Ahmed ‘Urabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party. The Stefan–Boltzmann law is discovered by Jozef Stefan. Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychological research laboratory, at the University of Leipzig. Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa beans to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea. The city of Kotka was founded in Kymenlaakso, Finland by separating its two islands from the old Kymi parish. Gottlob | of God). September – Henry George self-publishes his major work Progress and Poverty. September 8 – A fire in The Octagon, Dunedin (New Zealand) claims 12 victims. September 19 – The Blackpool Illuminations are switched on for the first time. September 25 – A fire in Deadwood, South Dakota leaves 2,000 people homeless and 300 buildings destroyed; total loss of property is estimated at $3 million. September 29 – Meeker Massacre: Nathan Meeker and others are killed in an uprising, at the White River Ute Indian reservation in Colorado. October–December October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire on terms so unfavorable to China that its emissary is threatened with execution. October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary. October 8 – War of the Pacific: Battle of Angamos – The Chilean Navy defeats Peruvian naval forces. October 13 – The first female students are admitted to study for degrees of the University of Oxford in England, at the new Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville Hall, and with the Society of Oxford Home-Students. October 17 – Sunderland Association Football Club is formed by a group of schoolteachers in northeast England. October 22 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasts 13½ hours before burning out). October 28 – The Hall effect is discovered by Edwin Hall at Johns Hopkins University in the United States. November Land is acquired for Simmons College of Kentucky, an historically black school, established as a Baptist institution. The Age of Michael begins, according to French occultist Eliphas Levi, and Johannes Trithemius. November 4 – Thomas Edison applies for the patent for his invention, the incandescent light bulb (U.S. Patent 223,898 will be granted on January 27, 1880). November 10 – The Bell Telephone Company and Western Union reach an agreement in the United States, in which the former agrees to stay out of telegraphy, and the latter to keep out of the telephone business. December 21 – Henrik Ibsen's controversial drama A Doll's House premières at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen (having been first published on December 4 in the city). December 28 – Tay Bridge disaster: The central part of the Tay Rail Bridge at Dundee, Scotland, collapses in a storm as a train passes over it, killing 75. December 31 Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time, in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Pirates of Penzance opens at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City (following a token performance the day before for U.K. copyright reasons in Paignton, Devon). Date unknown Colonel Ahmed ‘Urabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party. The Stefan–Boltzmann law is discovered by Jozef Stefan. Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychological research laboratory, at the University of Leipzig. Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa beans to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea. The city of Kotka was founded in Kymenlaakso, Finland by separating its two islands from the old Kymi parish. Gottlob Frege publishes Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens in Halle, a significant text in the development of mathematical logic. Births January–March January 1 – E. M. Forster, English writer (d. 1970) January 3 – Grace Coolidge, First Lady of the United States (d. 1957) January 10 – Bobby Walker, Scottish footballer (d. 1930) January 12 Ray Harroun, American race car driver (d. 1968) Calbraith Perry Rodgers, American pioneer aviator, made first transcontinental U.S. flight (d. 1912) January 13 – Melvin Jones, American founder of Lions Clubs International (d. 1961) January 20 – Ruth St. Denis, American dancer (d. 1968) January 28 Betty Kuuskemaa, Estonian actress (d. 1966) Francis Picabia, French painter, poet (d. 1953) February 6 – Magnús Guðmundsson, 3rd Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1937) February 13 – Sarojini Naidu, Indian independence activist and poet (d. 1949) February 20 – Hod Stuart, Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. 1907) February 22 J. N. Brønsted, Danish chemist (d. 1947) Norman Lindsay, Australian painter (d. 1969) February 26 – Frank Bridge, English composer (d. 1941) March 3 – József Klekl, Slovene writer, journalist (d. 1936) March 6 – William P. Cronan, 19th Naval Governor of Guam (d. 1929) March 8 – Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) March 14 – Albert Einstein, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955) March 18 – Emma Carus, American opera singer (d. 1927) March 20 – Maud Menten, Canadian biochemist and medical researcher (d. 1960) March 26 – Othmar Ammann, Swiss-born engineer (d. 1965) March 27 Sándor Garbai, Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1947) Edward Steichen, Luxembourgeois-born painter, photographer (d. 1973) March 30 – Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (d. 1954) April–June April 1 – Mary J. L. Black, Canadian librarian and suffragist (d. 1939) April 9 – Thomas Meighan, American actor (d. 1936) April 11 – Bernhard Schmidt, German-Estonian optician, inventor (d. 1935) April 16 – Gala Galaction, Romanian writer (d. 1961) April 20 Italo Gariboldi, Italian general (d. 1970) Robert Wilson Lynd, Irish essayist, writer (d. 1949) Paul Poiret, French couturier (d. 1944) April 21 – Kartini, Indonesian national heroine, women's rights activist (d. 1904) April 26 – Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959) April 29 – Sir Thomas Beecham, English conductor (d. 1961) April 30 – Richárd Weisz, Hungarian Olympic champion wrestler (d. 1945) May 6 – Bedřich Hrozný, Czech orientalist, linguist (d. 1952) May 10 – James Alexander Allan, Australian poet (d. 1967) May 11 – Ahmad Nami, Prince of the Ottoman Empire, 5th Prime Minister of Syria and 2nd President of Syria (d. 1962) May 12 George Landenberger, United States Navy Captain and the 23rd Governor of American Samoa (d. 1936) Georgia Ann Robinson, community worker, first African-American woman to be appointed a Los Angeles police officer (d. 1961) May 16 – Gustaf Aulén, Bishop of Strängnäs in the Church of Sweden (d. 1977) May 19 Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, American-born British politician, wife of Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor (d. 1964) Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor, British businessman, politician, husband of Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor (d. 1952) May 20 – Hans Meerwein, German chemist (d. 1965) May |
October – Lothair I, co-emperor and eldest son of Louis I, marries Ermengarde in Thionville (north-eastern France). She is the daughter of Count Hugh of Tours. Britain King Coenwulf of Mercia dies in Basingwerk near Holywell (Wales), while preparing for another assault on Powys, and is buried in Winchcombe Abbey. He is briefly succeeded by his son Cynehelm, but he is killed, probably fighting the Welsh, though supposedly through the treachery of his sister Cwenthryth. The Mercian throne passes to Coenwulf's brother, Ceolwulf I. Abbasid Caliphate By the time Al-Ma'mun became caliph, the Arabs and the Byzantines had settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids deep into Anatolia to capture booty. Tahir ibn Husayn, an Iranian general, is appointed to as governor of Khurasan, as a reward for supporting the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna. Caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Nu'aym ibn al-Waddah al-Azdi as the governor of Yemen in 821. Births Gao Pian, general of the Tang dynasty (d. 887) Gisela, Frankish princess, daughter of Louis the Pious Ibn Abi Asim, Muslim Sunni scholar (or 822) Ordoño I, king of Asturias (approximate date) Deaths April 7 – George the Standard-Bearer, archbishop of Mytilene (b. c. 776) May 2 – | is buried in Winchcombe Abbey. He is briefly succeeded by his son Cynehelm, but he is killed, probably fighting the Welsh, though supposedly through the treachery of his sister Cwenthryth. The Mercian throne passes to Coenwulf's brother, Ceolwulf I. Abbasid Caliphate By the time Al-Ma'mun became caliph, the Arabs and the Byzantines had settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids deep into Anatolia to capture booty. Tahir ibn Husayn, an Iranian general, is appointed to as governor of Khurasan, as a reward for supporting the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna. Caliph Al-Ma'mun appointed Nu'aym ibn al-Waddah al-Azdi as the governor of Yemen in 821. Births Gao Pian, general of the Tang dynasty (d. 887) Gisela, Frankish princess, daughter of Louis the Pious Ibn Abi Asim, Muslim Sunni scholar (or 822) Ordoño I, |
Treaty of Compiègne: King Charles the Bald cedes the Cotentin Peninsula to Salomon, duke ('king') of Brittany, after he had sent his son-in-law Pascweten to negotiate a peace. Charles orders the fortification of the cities of Tours, Le Mans and Compiègne. Bořivoj I declares himself duke (knyaz) of Bohemia, and founds the Přemyslid Dynasty (approximate date). Britain Vikings or "Danes" (the two terms were often used interchangeably at the time), comprising the Great Heathen Army, advance northward from bases in the Kingdom of East Anglia, into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria. Deira, the southernmost part of Northumbria, is conquered by the Vikings. Ivar the Boneless, one of their leaders, installs a puppet king of Northumbria, Ecgberht I. The rival monarchs of Northumbria, Ælla and Osberht, join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson. Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the blood eagle: a combined method of torture and execution. Surviving members of the | Tours, Le Mans and Compiègne. Bořivoj I declares himself duke (knyaz) of Bohemia, and founds the Přemyslid Dynasty (approximate date). Britain Vikings or "Danes" (the two terms were often used interchangeably at the time), comprising the Great Heathen Army, advance northward from bases in the Kingdom of East Anglia, into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria. Deira, the southernmost part of Northumbria, is conquered by the Vikings. Ivar the Boneless, one of their leaders, installs a puppet king of Northumbria, Ecgberht I. The rival monarchs of Northumbria, Ælla and Osberht, join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson. Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the blood eagle: a combined method of torture and execution. Surviving members of the Northumbrian court flee into the northernmost part of the kingdom, Bernicia. By topic Religion The Council of Constantinople is held (presided over by Patriarch Photius), which anathematizes the use of the Filioque clause in the Creed, |
21 – Battle of Seminara: Spanish forces under Fernando de Andrade de las Mariñas defeat the French under Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny. April 21 – Battle of Cerignola: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeat the French under Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, who is killed (considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms). May 10 – Christopher Columbus discovers the Cayman Islands, which he names Las Tortugas, after the numerous sea turtles there. May 13 – Naples is captured by the Spanish. May 20 (Feast of the Ascension) – Ascension Island is first definitively sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque. May 28 – James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor are married as per the Treaty of Perpetual Peace by Pope Alexander VI, according to Papal bull. July–December July 23 – Orbital calculations suggest that on this day, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit, remaining there for 233 years. July 30 – Saint Helena is first definitively sighted, by ships of Portuguese navigator Estêvão da Gama returning from the East. August 8 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland. August 20 – Stephen III of Moldavia concludes a treaty with Sultan Bayezid II, preserving Moldavia's self-rule at the cost of an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire. September 22 – Pope Pius III (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini) succeeds Alexander VI as the 215th pope, but dies on October 18. October 30 – Queen Isabella I of Spain prohibits violence against indigenous peoples in the New World. October 31 – Pope Julius II succeeds Pius III, as the 216th pope (some sources list November 1 as the date of election). December 29 – Battle of Garigliano, near Gaeta, Italy: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeat a French–Italian mercenary army under Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo; the French forces withdraw to Gaeta. January-February Vasco da Gama establishes India's first Portuguese fortress, at Cochin. Mariotto Albertinelli paints The Visitation. Hieronymus Bosch works on the triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights. Leonardo da Vinci probably starts work on painting the Mona Lisa in Florence. The book The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis is re-published in an English translation. The pocket handkerchief comes into general use in polite European society. From this year until 1650, sixteen million kilograms of silver and 185,000 kilograms of gold will enter the port of Seville.</onlyinclude> Births January 3 – Al-Mutahhar, Imam | final stage of English Gothic art. February 13 – Challenge of Barletta: Thirteen Italian knights defeat thirteen French knights, near Barletta. February 23 – French–Spanish Wars in Italy – Battle of Ruvo: The Spanish defeat the French. April 21 – Battle of Seminara: Spanish forces under Fernando de Andrade de las Mariñas defeat the French under Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny. April 21 – Battle of Cerignola: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeat the French under Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, who is killed (considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms). May 10 – Christopher Columbus discovers the Cayman Islands, which he names Las Tortugas, after the numerous sea turtles there. May 13 – Naples is captured by the Spanish. May 20 (Feast of the Ascension) – Ascension Island is first definitively sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque. May 28 – James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor are married as per the Treaty of Perpetual Peace by Pope Alexander VI, according to Papal bull. July–December July 23 – Orbital calculations suggest that on this day, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit, remaining there for 233 years. July 30 – Saint Helena is first definitively sighted, by ships of Portuguese navigator Estêvão da Gama returning from the East. August 8 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland. August 20 – Stephen III of Moldavia concludes a treaty with Sultan Bayezid II, preserving Moldavia's self-rule at the cost of an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire. September 22 – Pope Pius III (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini) succeeds Alexander VI as the 215th pope, but dies on October 18. October 30 – Queen Isabella I of Spain prohibits violence against indigenous peoples in the New World. October 31 – Pope Julius II succeeds Pius III, as the 216th pope (some sources list November 1 as the date of election). December 29 – Battle of Garigliano, near Gaeta, Italy: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeat a French–Italian mercenary army under Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo; the French forces withdraw to Gaeta. January-February Vasco da Gama establishes India's first Portuguese fortress, at Cochin. Mariotto Albertinelli paints The Visitation. Hieronymus Bosch works on the triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights. Leonardo da Vinci probably starts work on painting the Mona Lisa in Florence. The book The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis is re-published in an English translation. The pocket handkerchief comes into general use in polite European society. From this year until 1650, sixteen million kilograms of silver and 185,000 kilograms of gold will enter the port of Seville.</onlyinclude> Births January 3 – Al-Mutahhar, Imam of the Zaidi state of Yemen (d. 1572) January 11 – Parmigianino (Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola), Italian artist (d. 1540) January 18 – Joachim of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Münsterberg, Duke of Oels, Count of Kladsko, Bishop of Brandenburg (d. 1562) February 24 – Johann Gropper, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1559) March 4 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken, later Countess Palatine of Simmern (d. 1563) March 10 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1564) March 11 – George Harper, English politician (d. 1558) March |
defeated by the Florentine–Imperial army. August 12 – Battle of Renty: French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy, by Charles V. November – English captain John Lok voyages to Guinea. Date unknown Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku. Saadi conquer the Kingdom of Fez. Exact center year of Counter Reformation. The name of the beer brewed by New Belgium Brewing Company is based on a recipe from this date, called "1554." Luso-Chinese agreement: Portugal reaches an agreement with the Ming Dynasty of China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong. Rao Surjan Singh becomes ruler of Bundi. Births January 1 – Louis III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1593) January 9 – Pope Gregory XV (d. 1623) January 20 – King Sebastian of Portugal (d. 1578) February 8 – Marina de Escobar, Spanish nun (d. 1633) February 27 – Giovanni Battista Paggi, Italian painter (d. 1627) March – Richard Hooker, Anglican theologian (d. 1600) March 1 – William Stafford, English courtier and conspirator (d. 1612) March 18 – Josias I, Count of Waldeck, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (d. 1588) March 22 – Catherine de Parthenay, French noblewoman and mathematician (d. 1631) March 26 – Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (d. 1611) March 28 – Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (d. 1581) March 30 – Paul Laurentius, German divine (d. 1624) April – Stephen Gosson, English satirist (d. 1624) April 15 – Simon VI, Count of Lippe, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1563-1613) (d. 1613) May 20 – Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (d. 1594) June 3 – Pietro de' | Josias I, Count of Waldeck, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (d. 1588) March 22 – Catherine de Parthenay, French noblewoman and mathematician (d. 1631) March 26 – Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (d. 1611) March 28 – Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (d. 1581) March 30 – Paul Laurentius, German divine (d. 1624) April – Stephen Gosson, English satirist (d. 1624) April 15 – Simon VI, Count of Lippe, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1563-1613) (d. 1613) May 20 – Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (d. 1594) June 3 – Pietro de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1604) June 5 – Benedetto Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1621) June 21 – Joachim of Zollern, Titular Count of Hohenzollern (d. 1587) July 5 – Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France (d. 1592) October 1 – Leonardus Lessius, Jesuit theologian (d. 1623) October 3 – Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English poet (d. 1628) October 10 – Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg and Lord of Rheda (d. 1606) October 20 – Bálint Balassi, Hungarian writer and noble (d. 1594) October 28 – Enevold Kruse, Danish noble (d. 1621) October 30 – Prospero Farinacci, Italian jurist (d. 1618) November 30 – Sir Philip Sidney, English courtier and poet (d. 1586) December 17 – Ernest of Bavaria, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1612) December 19 – Philip William, Prince of Orange (d. 1618) date unknown Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (d. 1612) James Lancaster, English navigator (d. 1618) Walter Raleigh, English writer, poet, and explorer (d. 1618) Francis Throckmorton, English conspirator (d. 1584) Deaths January 2 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (b. 1537) January 11 – Min Bin, king of Arakan (b. 1493) January 16 Christiern Pedersen, Danish humanist (b. c. 1480) Ambrosius Moibanus, German theologian (b. 1494) February 12 Lord Guildford Dudley, consort of Lady Jane Grey (executed) (b. 1536) Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (executed) (b. |
February 7 – Vittoria della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1694) February 15 – Adam Pynacker, Dutch painter (d. 1673) February 21 – Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1666) February 24 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665) February 25 – Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1665) February 26 – Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, Italian Franciscan priest and author (d. 1701) February 27 – Carel Fabritius, Dutch painter (d. 1654) March 4 – Thomas Fox, English lawyer and politician (d. 1666) March 10 – Johann Rahn, Swiss mathematician (d. 1676) March 28 – Ermes di Colorêt, Italian poet, political figure (d. 1692) April–June April 5 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician and scientist (d. 1703) April 7 – Carlo Pio di Savoia, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1689) April 8 – Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1669) April 10 – Samuel Wilbur, Jr., American colonial settler of Rhode Island (d. 1697) April 11 – Jan van Vliet, Dutch linguist (d. 1666) April 12 – Johann Christian von Boyneburg, German politician (d. 1672) April 18 – Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate, German artist (d. 1709) April 23 – Sir Arthur Onslow, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688) April 30 – Giovanni Maria Morandi, Italian painter (d. 1717) May 1 Daniel Clasen, German academic (d. 1678) Sir Henry Goring, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1702) May 2 – Silvius I Nimrod, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (d. 1664) May 4 – Juan de Valdés Leal, Spanish painter and etcher (d. 1690) May 8 Capel Luckyn, English Member of Parliament (d. 1680) Claes Rålamb, Swedish statesman (d. 1698) May 9 – Jean Pecquet, French anatomist (d. 1674) May 22 – Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France (d. 1698) June 6 – Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit missionary and explorer of North America (d. 1689) June 11 – Samuel Fortrey, English author (d. 1681) June 23 – Sir Richard Cust, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1700) June 24 – Charles Worsley, English soldier and politician (d. 1656) July–September July 2 – René-François de Sluse, Walloon mathematician (d. 1685) July 14 – Sir William Airmine, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1658) July 26 – Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1632-1708) (d. 1708) July 28 – George Montagu, English politician (d. 1681) August 3 – Wolfgang Julius, Count of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, German field marshal (d. 1698) August 6 – Tjerk Hiddes de Vries, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) August 19 – James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton, English politician (d. 1681) August 24 – Samuel Lincoln, American colonial ancestor of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1690) August 27 – Jakob Thomasius, German philosopher (d. 1684) September 21 – Yamaga Sokō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1685) September 22 – Jacques Savary, successful French merchant (d. 1690) September 24 – Georg Händel, German musician (d. 1697) September 30 – Johann Sebastiani, German Baroque composer (d. 1683) October–December October 13 – Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1691) October 15 – Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, Swedish statesman and military man (d. 1686) November 8 – Charles X Gustav of Sweden (d. 1660) November 30 Thomas van Apshoven, Flemish painter (d. 1664) Robert van den Hoecke, Flemish painter (d. 1668) December 16 – Cort Adeler, Dutch seaman (d. 1675) December 21 – Tomasz Młodzianowski, Polish Jesuit, preacher and writer (d. 1686) December 22 – Emanuel Murant, Dutch painter (d. 1700) December 27 – Teofil Rutka, Polish philosopher (d. 1700) December 29 – Thomas Herle, English politician (d. 1681) Deaths January–March January 1 – Jakob Hassler, German composer (b. 1569) January 9 – Alix Le Clerc, French Roman Catholic Canoness Regular, foundress and blessed (b. 1576) January 17 – Ernst of Schaumburg, Count of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg (1601–1622) (b. 1569) January 23 – William Baffin, English explorer (b. 1584) January 26 – Khusrau Mirza, Mughal prince (b. 1587) January 31 – Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire, English noble (b. 1579) February 11 – Alfonso Fontanelli, Italian composer (b. 1557) February 19 Sir Henry Savile, English educator (b. 1549) Frans Pourbus the Younger, Flemish painter (b. 1569) | Battle of Macau: The outnumbered Portuguese forces successfully defend Macau from the Dutch fleet, keeping a Portuguese foothold in the Far East. July–December July 13 – Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V of the Palatinate cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian the Younger of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch. July 13 or July 14 – English and Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese, near Portuguese East Africa. July 18 – Eighty Years' War: Bergen op Zoom is besieged by a Spanish army, under the command of Ambrogio Spinola. August 29 – Thirty Years' War: While on their way to relieve the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in the Netherlands, the army of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick is blocked by a Spanish army, led by Gonzalo de Córdoba. In the Battle of Fleurus, Cordoba manages to fight off the Protestant assault. The next day, Cordoba surprises the retreating Protestant army with his cavalry, resulting in the destruction of most of the Protestant army. September 5 – Armand Jean du Plessis becomes Cardinal Richelieu. September 6 – Spanish treasure fleet sinks off Marquesas Keys in the straits of Florida. Atocha, Margarita, and Rosario are the most heavily laden treasure ships found in the 20th century. September 19 – Thirty Years' War: Heidelberg, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, is taken by the Imperial army of Tilly' after a three-month siege. October 2 – Eighty Years' War: After a siege of 86 days, Bergen op Zoom is relieved by a Dutch army led by Maurice of Nassau and Ernst von Mansfeld. October 18 – Huguenot rebellions: The first Huguenot rebellion ends, with the signing of the Treaty of Montpellier. October 27 – Huguenot rebellions: The inconclusive Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré is fought between the Huguenot fleet of La Rochelle, commanded by Jean Guiton, and a royal fleet under the command of Charles of Guise. December 18 – Portuguese forces with Imbangala allies score a military victory over the Kingdom of Kongo at the Battle of Mbumbi in modern-day Angola as part of the First Kongo-Portuguese War. December 22 – Bucaramanga, Colombia, is founded. Date unknown Dutch ships under Jochem Swartenhont, while escorting a convoy, repel a Spanish squadron near Gibraltar. Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years. Albertus Magnus is beatified, and Teresa of Ávila is canonized, by the Roman Catholic Church. Rosicrucianism furor breaks out in Paris. War between the Netherlands and Spain recommences, after the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621). The Golden Horn freezes. First record of bottled spring water in England at Holy Well, Malvern. Births January–March January 1 – Isaac Sweers, Dutch admiral (d. 1673) January 3 – Sir Humphrey Winch, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1703) January 11 – Louis, Duke of Joyeuse, younger son of Charles (d. 1654) January 13 – Thomas Dolman, English politician (d. 1697) January 15 – Molière, French playwright (d. 1673) January 16 – Anna Margareta von Haugwitz, Swedish countess (d. 1673) January 23 – Abraham Diepraam, Dutch painter (d. 1670) January 28 Adrien Auzout, French astronomer (d. 1691) Richard Verney, 11th Baron Willoughby de Broke, English baron (d. 1711) February 7 – Vittoria della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1694) February 15 – Adam Pynacker, Dutch painter (d. 1673) February 21 – Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1666) February 24 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665) February 25 – Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1665) February 26 – Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, Italian Franciscan priest and author (d. 1701) February 27 – Carel Fabritius, Dutch painter (d. 1654) March 4 – Thomas Fox, English lawyer and politician (d. 1666) March 10 – Johann Rahn, Swiss mathematician (d. 1676) March 28 – Ermes di Colorêt, Italian poet, political figure (d. 1692) April–June April 5 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician and scientist (d. 1703) April 7 – Carlo Pio |
legal corporation in the Americas). June 23 – Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland (at Garmouth), the only one of the three kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. July–December August 13 – Colonel George Monck forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, forerunner of the Coldstream Guards. September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie. September 27 – The Kolumbo volcano on Santorini experiences a massive eruption (VEI 6). September 29 – Henry Robinson opens his Office of Addresses and Encounters, a form of employment exchange, in Threadneedle Street, London. November 4 – William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange at the moment of his birth, succeeding his father, who had died a few days earlier. He does not become stadtholder, so the United Provinces becomes a true republic. December 14 – Anne Greene is hanged at Oxford Castle in England for infanticide, having concealed an illegitimate stillbirth. The following day she revives in the dissection room and, being pardoned, lives until 1659. December 25 – Thomas Cooper, former Usher of Gresham's School, England, is hanged as a Royalist rebel. Date unknown The first modern Palio di Siena horserace is held in Italy. Puritans chop down the original Glastonbury Thorn in England. English highwayman and Captain James Hind campaigns for the Royalist cause (according to his own account). Jews are allowed to return to France. Three-wheeled wheelchairs are invented in Nuremberg by watchmaker Stephan Farffler. Ethiopia deports Portuguese diplomats and missionaries. Einkommende Zeitungen becomes the first German newspaper (ceases 1918). The town of Sharon, Massachusetts is founded. Estimation – Istanbul becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing. Births January 1 – George Rooke, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1709) January 10 – Countess Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen, Duchess consort of Courland (1682-1688) (d. 1688) February 2 – Nell Gwyn, English actress and royal mistress (d. 1687) February 5 – Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles, French general (d. 1708) February 26 – Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1703) February 27 – Jan Verkolje, Dutch painter (d. 1693) March 6 – John Conyers (MP born 1650), English politician (d. 1725) March 24 – Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet, British bishop (d. 1721) March 25 Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet, England (d. 1733) Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Ilsenburg, German nobleman (d. 1710) April 10 – Sebastiano Antonio Tanara, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1724) April 15 – Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1681) April 18 – Sir Edward Dering, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1689) April 20 Felice Boselli, Italian painter (d. 1732) William Bedloe, English fraudster and informer (d. 1680) April 27 – Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Consort of Denmark (1670-1699) (d. 1714) May 19 – Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff, Dutch nobleman and chief landholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder (d. 1678) May 26 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general (d. 1722) June 5 – Ogasawara Nagashige, Japanese daimyō (d. 1732) June 14 – Carlo Alessandro Guidi, Italian lyric poet (d. 1712) June 25 – Joseph Sherman (Massachusetts Bay Colony), American politician (d. 1731) July 1 – Maria Anna Vasa, | corporation in the Americas). June 23 – Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland (at Garmouth), the only one of the three kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. July–December August 13 – Colonel George Monck forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, forerunner of the Coldstream Guards. September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie. September 27 – The Kolumbo volcano on Santorini experiences a massive eruption (VEI 6). September 29 – Henry Robinson opens his Office of Addresses and Encounters, a form of employment exchange, in Threadneedle Street, London. November 4 – William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange at the moment of his birth, succeeding his father, who had died a few days earlier. He does not become stadtholder, so the United Provinces becomes a true republic. December 14 – Anne Greene is hanged at Oxford Castle in England for infanticide, having concealed an illegitimate stillbirth. The following day she revives in the dissection room and, being pardoned, lives until 1659. December 25 – Thomas Cooper, former Usher of Gresham's School, England, is hanged as a Royalist rebel. Date unknown The first modern Palio di Siena horserace is held in Italy. Puritans chop down the original Glastonbury Thorn in England. English highwayman and Captain James Hind campaigns for the Royalist cause (according to his own account). Jews are allowed to return to France. Three-wheeled wheelchairs are invented in Nuremberg by watchmaker Stephan Farffler. Ethiopia deports Portuguese diplomats and missionaries. Einkommende Zeitungen becomes the first German newspaper (ceases 1918). The town of Sharon, Massachusetts is founded. Estimation – Istanbul becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing. Births January 1 – George Rooke, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1709) January 10 – Countess Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen, Duchess consort of Courland (1682-1688) (d. 1688) February 2 – Nell Gwyn, English actress and royal mistress (d. 1687) February 5 – Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles, French general (d. 1708) February 26 – Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1703) February 27 – Jan Verkolje, Dutch painter (d. 1693) March 6 – John Conyers (MP born 1650), English politician (d. 1725) March 24 – Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet, British bishop (d. 1721) March 25 Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet, England (d. 1733) Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Ilsenburg, German nobleman (d. 1710) April 10 – Sebastiano Antonio Tanara, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1724) April 15 – Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1681) April 18 – Sir Edward Dering, |
boundary between them. The first German colonists (the future Transylvanian Saxon community) arrive in Transylvania, following grants by Geza II of Hungary. The colonization process is completed in 1162. The Italian winemaking company Ricasoli is founded. Births Malcolm IV, King of Scotland (d. 1165) Nizami Ganjavi, Persian poet (d. 1209) (Possibly 1140 or 1142) Deaths February 11 – Hugh of Saint Victor, Saxon philosopher, theologian and mystic (b. c. 1078) February 13 – Béla II, King of Hungary and Croatia (b. c. 1109) April 12 or April 13 – Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia May – Aubrey de Vere II, Lord Great Chamberlain of England (b. 1062) June 10 – Richenza of Northeim, German empress (b. c. 1087/89) October 18 – Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (b. c. 1108) Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer, | and Southern Song dynasty sign the Treaty of Shaoxing, and peace in the Jin–Song Wars lasts for the next twenty years. The Huai River is established as the boundary between them. The first German colonists (the future Transylvanian Saxon community) arrive in Transylvania, following grants by Geza II of Hungary. The colonization process is completed in 1162. The Italian winemaking company Ricasoli is founded. Births Malcolm IV, King of Scotland (d. 1165) Nizami Ganjavi, Persian poet (d. 1209) (Possibly 1140 or 1142) Deaths February 11 – Hugh of Saint Victor, Saxon philosopher, theologian and mystic (b. c. 1078) February 13 – Béla II, King of Hungary and Croatia (b. c. 1109) April 12 or April 13 – Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia May – Aubrey de Vere II, Lord Great Chamberlain of England (b. 1062) June 10 – Richenza of Northeim, German empress (b. c. 1087/89) October 18 – Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (b. c. 1108) Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer, mystic and poet (b. 1048) Judah Halevi, Sephardi Jewish philosopher and |
carrying out his contract to be paid for lighting an oil lamp "at every tenth house on main streets between 6 PM and midnight between September 29 and March 25" on nights in the autumn and winter without adequate moonlight. October–December October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere. November 8 (October 29 O.S.) – The Edict of Potsdam is issued by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg in response to France's Edict of Fontainebleau, welcoming the Protestant Huguenots of France to resettle in eastern Germany in Brandenburg. The French Colony of Magdeburg is established on December 1 in Saxony as a community separate from Magdeburg. November 11 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress town of Igoumenitsa from the Ottoman Empire, and razes it to the ground. December 3 – King Charles XI of Sweden issues an order banning Jews from settling in Sweden, particularly in the capital at Stockholm "on account of the danger of the eventual influence of the Jewish religion on the pure evangelical faith." December 10 – In what is now Thailand, King Narai of Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at Lopburi, allowing Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians. Date unknown The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V of Russia and Peter I of Russia. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689. Adam Baldridge finds a pirate base at Île Sainte-Marie, Madagascar. The Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow in the State of New York is constructed by the original Dutch settlers (later to become famous as the site of the rampage of the "Headless Horseman" spirit in the novel The Legend of Sleepy Hollow). Births January 1 – Joseph Burroughs, English minister (d. 1761) January 6 – Manuel de Montiano, Spanish colonial administrator (d. 1762) January 7 Jonas Alströmer, Swedish pioneer of agriculture and industry (d. 1761) George Clifford III, Dutch banker and gardener (d. 1760) January 9 – Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch philologist and critic (d. 1766) January 24 – Giuseppe Alessandro Furietti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1764) February 6 – Sir John Rushout, 4th Baronet, England (d. 1775) February 8 – Charles-Jean-François Hénault, French writer and historian (d. 1770) February 9 – Francesco Loredan, Doge of Venice (d. 1762) February 10 – Aaron Hill (writer), English dramatist and miscellaneous writer (d. 1750) February 12 – George Hadley, English lawyer and amateur meteorologist (d. 1768) February 23 – George Frideric Handel, German composer (d. 1759) February 24 – Hieronymus Pez, Austrian historian (d. 1762) March 2 – Moses Williams (antiquarian), Welsh scholar (d. 1742) March 11 William Flower, 1st Baron Castle Durrow, Irish politician (d. 1746) Jean-Pierre Nicéron, French encyclopedist (d. 1738) March 12 – George Berkeley, Irish philosopher (d. 1753) March 13 – Johann Paul Schiffelholz, German Baroque composer (d. 1758) March 17 – Jean-Marc Nattier, French painter (d. 1766) March 18 – Ralph Erskine (preacher), Scottish churchman (d. 1752) March 24 – John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland, British politician (d. 1762) March 26 Germain Louis Chauvelin, French politician (d. 1762) Johann Alexander Thiele, German painter (d. 1752) March 27 – Simon Hatley, English sailor (d. 1723) March 31 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (d. 1750) April 4 – Claude Sallier, French librarian (d. 1761) April 18 – Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, French admiral, colonial administrator (d. 1752) April 24 – Cosimo Imperiali, Italian cardinal (d. 1764) April 30 – Hermann Friedrich Teichmeyer, German botanist (d. 1746) May 4 – Akdun, Chinese Manchu statesman (d. 1756) May 6 – Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Prussian queen consort (d. 1735) May 19 – Neri Maria Corsini, Italian Catholic priest and cardinal (d. 1770) June 6 – Spencer Phips, Acting governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (d. 1757) June 10 – Harry Grey, 3rd Earl of Stamford, English peer (d. 1739) June 11 – Thomas Wedgwood III, English potter, father of Josiah Wedgwood (d. 1739) June 14 – Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, countess by marriage of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1767) June 23 – Antonio Bernacchi, Italian opera singer (d. 1756) June 24 – Hans von Lehwaldt, German general (d. 1768) June 30 John Gay, English writer (d. 1732) Dominikus Zimmermann, German Rococo architect, stuccoist (d. 1766) July 3 – Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet, British cavalry officer (d. 1768) July 22 – Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock, Swedish general, noble (d. 1743) July 28 – Richard Newport (MP) (d. 1716) August 6 – Martin Bouquet, French Benedictine monk and historian (d. 1754) August 7 – Claude Lamoral, 6th Prince of Ligne, Austrian Field Marshal (d. 1766) August 8 – Claude Joseph Geoffroy, brother of Étienne François Geoffroy (d. 1752) August 15 – Jacob Theodor Klein, German scholar (d. 1759) August 18 – Brook Taylor, English mathematician (d. 1731) September 2 – Christiane Charlotte of Nassau-Ottweiler, Countess, later Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1761) September 3 – Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton (d. 1754) September 4 – Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1746) September 14 – Didier Diderot, French craftsman (d. 1759) September 16 – Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt, German scientist (d. 1735) September 17 Joshua Allen, 2nd Viscount Allen, Irish politician (d. 1742) Charles August, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (1719-1753) (d. 1753) Robert Marsham, 1st Baron Romney, British politician (d. 1724) Uvedale Tomkins Price, British politician (d. 1764) September 20 – Giuseppe Matteo Alberti, Italian Baroque composer and violinist (d. 1751) September 29 – George Brudenell, 3rd Earl of Cardigan (d. 1732) October 1 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1740) October 13 – Henri François Le Dran, French surgeon (d. 1770) October 15 – Diederik van Domburg, 23rd Governor of Zeylan, during the Dutch period in Ceylon (d. 1736) October 21 – George Forbes, 3rd Earl of Granard, English Royal Navy admiral (d. 1765) October 26 – Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer (d. 1757) October 28 – Hans Gram (historian), Danish historian (d. 1748) October 31 – John Murray, 2nd Earl of | (part of the Great Turkish War): The Ottoman serasker Halil Pasha invades the Mani Peninsula, and forces it to surrender hostages. March 28 – An attack on a Mughal Empire envoy, Khwajah Abdur Rahim, outside of the Maratha fortress at the Bijapur Fort in India leads to a siege of the city by the forces of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The siege lasts for 15 months before Bijapur surrenders. March – Louis XIV of France passes the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. April–June April 16 – Wara Dhammaraza becomes the new King of Arakan on the western coast of Burma upon the death of his brother, Thiri Thuriya. April 23 – The coronation of King James II of England (and his Queen Consort, Mary of Modena) takes place at Westminster Abbey. May 7 – Morean War – Battle on Vrtijeljka: Advancing Ottoman forces prevail over defending Venetian irregulars, on a hill in the Sanjak of Montenegro. May 11 – The Killing Time: Five Covenanters in Wigtown, Scotland, notably Margaret Wilson, are executed for refusing to swear an oath declaring King James of England, Scotland and Ireland as head of the church, becoming the Wigtown martyrs. June 11 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, lands at Lyme Regis with an invasion force brought from the Netherlands, to challenge his uncle, James II, for the Crown of England. June 20 – Monmouth Rebellion: James, Duke of Monmouth declares himself at Taunton to be King, and heir to his father's Kingdoms as James II of England and Ireland, and James VII of Scotland. July–September July 6 – Monmouth Rebellion: In the Battle of Sedgemoor, the last pitched battle fought on English soil, the armies of King James II of England defeat rebel forces under James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, and capture the Duke himself shortly after the battle. July 15 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, is executed at Tower Hill, London, England. August 11 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress of Koroni from the Ottoman Empire; its garrison is massacred. August 25 – The Bloody Assizes begin in Winchester: Lord Chief Justice of England George Jeffreys tries over 1000 of Monmouth's rebels and condemns them to death or transportation. September 14 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice defeats an Ottoman army at Kalamata. September 29 – The first organised street lighting is introduced by the city of London in England, as Edward Hemming begins carrying out his contract to be paid for lighting an oil lamp "at every tenth house on main streets between 6 PM and midnight between September 29 and March 25" on nights in the autumn and winter without adequate moonlight. October–December October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere. November 8 (October 29 O.S.) – The Edict of Potsdam is issued by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg in response to France's Edict of Fontainebleau, welcoming the Protestant Huguenots of France to resettle in eastern Germany in Brandenburg. The French Colony of Magdeburg is established on December 1 in Saxony as a community separate from Magdeburg. November 11 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress town of Igoumenitsa from the Ottoman Empire, and razes it to the ground. December 3 – King Charles XI of Sweden issues an order banning Jews from settling in Sweden, particularly in the capital at Stockholm "on account of the danger of the eventual influence of the Jewish religion on the pure evangelical faith." December 10 – In what is now Thailand, King Narai of Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at Lopburi, allowing Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians. Date unknown The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V of Russia and Peter I of Russia. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689. Adam Baldridge finds a pirate base at Île Sainte-Marie, Madagascar. The Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow in the State of New York is constructed by the original Dutch settlers (later to become famous as the site of the rampage of the "Headless Horseman" spirit in the novel The Legend of Sleepy Hollow). Births January 1 – Joseph Burroughs, English minister (d. 1761) January 6 – Manuel de Montiano, Spanish colonial administrator (d. 1762) January 7 Jonas Alströmer, Swedish pioneer of agriculture and industry (d. 1761) George Clifford III, Dutch banker and gardener (d. 1760) January 9 – Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch philologist and critic (d. 1766) January 24 – Giuseppe Alessandro Furietti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1764) February 6 – Sir John Rushout, 4th Baronet, England (d. 1775) February 8 – Charles-Jean-François Hénault, French writer and historian (d. 1770) February 9 – |
190-word invitation, translated into various European languages, that invites Europeans to build settlements along arable, but undeveloped, land in southern Russia along the Volga River; when the invitation attracts little notice, she follows on July 22 with a longer manifesto promising free travel expenses and a written guarantee of rights. Date unknown Louis XV orders the construction of the Petit Trianon, in the park of the Palace of Versailles, for his mistress Madame de Pompadour. Neolin, a Lenape prophet, begins to preach in America. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Kingston, named for King George III of the United Kingdom, as the county seat of Dobbs County, North Carolina. The name is later shortened to Kinston in 1784. The town of Charlottesville, Virginia is founded. The Plymouth Synagogue is built in Plymouth, England, the oldest built by Ashkenazi Jews in the English-speaking world. Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract (Du Contrat social, ou Principes du droit politique) and Emile, or On Education (Émile, ou De l’éducation) are published in Amsterdam and The Hague respectively, and in Rousseau's native Republic of Geneva and in Paris they are prohibited and publicly burned. James Stuart and Nicholas Revett's architectural treatise Antiquities of Athens is published. Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya is finished by Paisius of Hilendar. Approximate date of the foundation of Zubarah on the northwestern shore of the Qatari Peninsula, by Shaikh Mohamed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, who assumes the chieftainship of the city state and gains authority over the Arab tribes in the area. Births February 17 – John Cooke, English captain (d. 1805) April 29 – Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, French marshal (d. 1833) May 19 – Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (d. 1814) June 5 – Bushrod Washington, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1829) August 12 King George IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1830) Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, German physician (d. 1836) August 13 – Théroigne de Méricourt, French revolutionary (d. 1817) September 11 – Joanna Baillie, Scottish writer (d. 1851) October 1 – Anton Bernolák, Slovak linguist (d. 1813) October 9 – Charles de Suremain, French military and diplomat (d. 1835) October 12 – Jan Willem Janssens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1838) October 21 – Herman Willem Daendels, governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1818) October 23 – Samuel Morey, American inventor (d. 1843) October 30 – André Chénier, French writer (d. 1794) November 1 – Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812) November – Manuel Torres, first Colombian ambassador to the United States (d. 1822) Date unknown Birgithe Kühle, Norwegian journalist (d. 1832) Natalia Shelikhova, Russian business person (d. 1810) Deaths January 5 – Empress Elizabeth of Russia (b. 1709) January 7 – Manuel de Montiano, Spanish colonial administrator (b. 1685) January 11 – Louis-François Roubiliac, French sculptor (b. 1695) February 11 – Johann Tobias Krebs, German composer (b. 1690) February 12 – Laurent Belissen, French composer (b. 1693) February 20 – Tobias Mayer, German astronomer (b. 1723) March 4 – Johannes Zick, German fresco painter (b. 1702) March 18 – Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy of Hungary (b. 1711) March 21 – Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, French astronomer (b. 1713) April 1 – Germain Louis Chauvelin, French politician (b. 1685) May 15 – Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1702) May 19 – Francesco Loredan, doge of Venice (b. 1685) May 21 – Alexander Joseph Sulkowski, Polish and Saxon general (b. 1695) May 26 – Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (b. 1714) June 13 – Dorothea Erxleben, German physician (b. 1715) June 17 – Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French writer (b. 1674) June 19 – Johann Ernst Eberlin, German composer (b. 1702) June 26 – Luise Gottsched, German poet, playwright, essayist and translator (b. 1713) July 12 – Prince Sado, son of Yeongjo of Joseon (b. 1735) July 13 – James Bradley, English Astronomer Royal (b. 1693) July 17 – Emperor Peter III of Russia (b. 1728) July 28 – George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician (b. 1691) July 31 – Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla, Royal Spanish Navy sailor, commander (b. 1711) August 20 – Shah Waliullah, Islamic reformer (b. 1703) August 21 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English writer (b. 1689) August 31 – Emperor Momozono of Japan (b. 1741) August 26 – John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland, British politician (b. 1685) September 17 – Francesco Geminiani, Italian composer (b. 1687) October 5 – John Olmius, 1st Baron Waltham of Ireland (b. 1711) October 6 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (b. 1684) November 16 – John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork, Irish writer (b. 1707) November 19 – Lord Robert | for which they are residing in France, whether they have been baptized as Christians, where they emigrated from in Africa and the name of the ship upon which they arrived. Previously, the Declaration of 1738 required slave-owners to register their slaves, but placed no requirement on free people. May 5 (April 24 O.S.) – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg ends the war between Russia and Prussia, and returns all of Russia's territorial conquests to the Germans. May 22 – The Treaty of Hamburg takes Sweden out of the war against Prussia. May 26 – Dissatisfied with the progress of the French and Indian War, King George III dismisses his Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, and replaces him with his son's tutor, Tory politician John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. The Bute ministry lasts less than a year before Stuart's dismissal in 1763. May 31 – Marco Foscarini becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after the death of Francesco Loredan, who had administered the Republic for 10 years. June 8 – Cherokee Indian war chief Ostenaco and his two aides, Standing Turkey (Cunneshote) and Pouting Pigeon, are received by King George III. They had arrived three days earlier at Plymouth on the British frigate Epreuvre as guests of the Timberlake Expedition of Henry Timberlake, to discuss terms of peace with the British government. June 24 – Battle of Wilhelmsthal: The Anglo-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick defeats the French forces in Westphalia. The British commander Lord Granby distinguishes himself. July–September July 9 – Catherine II becomes empress of Russia after planning the overthrow of her husband, the Tsar Peter III. The incipient Russo-Prussian alliance falls apart, but Russia does not rejoin the war. July 21 – Battle of Burkersdorf: In his last major battle, Frederick defeats Marshal Daun in Silesia. August 13 – Seven Years' War: The Battle of Havana concludes after more than two months, with the surrender of Havana by Spain to Great Britain. 21st August : King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha conquers Makwanpur. September 15 French and Indian War: Battle of Signal Hill – British troops defeat the French in the last battle of the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War, fought in the Newfoundland Colony. Empress Go-Sakuramachi succeeds to the throne of Japan upon the death of her brother, the Emperor Momozono. She reigns for eight years before abdicating on January 9, 1771. September 24–October 6 – Battle of Manila: Troops of the British East India Company take Manila from the Spanish, leading to the British occupation of Manila and its being made an open port. October–December October 5 – Orfeo ed Euridice by Cristoph Willibald Gluck was given its first performance. October 29 – Battle of Freiberg: Prince Henry of Prussia, Frederick's brother, defeats the Austrian army of Marshal Serbelloni. November 13 – In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Louis XV of France secretly cedes Louisiana (New France) to Charles III of Spain. December 4 – Less than six months after becoming Russia's Empress, Catherine the Great announces |
October 9 – Battle of Schleiz: French and Prussian forces fight for the first time since the war began. The Prussian army is easily defeated by a more numerous French force. October 14 – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena, while Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who is killed. October 17 – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre Pétion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti. October 24 – French forces enter Berlin. October 20 – British ship of the line is wrecked in the Strait of Sicily with the loss of 347 of the 488 on board. October 30 – Capitulation of Stettin: Believing themselves massively outnumbered, the 5,300-man garrison at Stettin in Prussia surrenders to a much smaller French force without a fight. November 15 – Pike Expedition: During his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike sees a distant mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains (later named Pikes Peak in his honor). November 21 – Napoleon declares the Continental Blockade against the British, blocking the import of British manufactured goods to the rest of Europe. November 24 – The last major Prussian field force, under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, surrenders to the French near Lübeck. Frederick William III has by this time fled to Russia. November 28 – French troops enter Warsaw. December 26 – War of the Fourth Coalition: Battle of Pułtusk – Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters. Battle of Golymin – Russian forces under General Golitsyn fight a successful rearguard action against French forces, under Marshall Murat. Date unknown East India Company College established in Hertfordshire, England, to train colonial administrators. Noah Webster publishes his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, recording distinctive American spellings. Colgate-Palmolive is originated as William Colgate's soap and candle manufactory in New York City, United States. Annual British iron production reaches 260,000 tons. Births January–June January 1 – Lionel Kieseritzky, Baltic-German chess player (d. 1853) January 27 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (d. 1826) February 10 – Emma Catherine Embury, American author and poet (d. 1863) February 22 – Józef Kremer, Polish messianic philosopher (d. 1875) March 4 Ephraim Wales Bull, American farmer, creator of the Concord grape (d. 1895) George Bradburn, American abolitionist, women's rights advocate (d. 1880) March 6 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (d. 1861) March 11 – Carlo Pellion di Persano, Italian admiral, politician (d. 1883) March 12 – Jane Pierce, First Lady of the United States (d. 1863) March 21 – Benito Juárez, Mexican statesman, folk hero (d. 1872) April 3 – Ivan Kireyevsky, Russian literary critic, philosopher (d. 1856) April 6 – Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl, German scholar (d. 1876) April 9 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (d. 1859) May 2 – Catherine Labouré, French visionary, saint (d. 1876) May 4 – William Fothergill Cooke, English inventor (d. 1879) May 12 – J. V. Snellman, Finnish statesman and an influential Fennoman philosopher (d. 1881) May 20 – John Stuart Mill, British philosopher (d. 1873) June 12 – John Augustus Roebling, German-American engineer (d. 1869) June 27 – Augustus De Morgan, British | Pike leads an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine, to explore the American West. July 18 – 1806 Birgu polverista explosion: A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta kills around 200 people. July 23 – British invasions of the River Plate: A British expeditionary force of 1,700 men lands on the left bank of the Río de la Plata and invades Buenos Aires. August 6 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire after about a millennium. August 18 – English seal hunter Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands. September 23 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. According to one historian, their arrival comes "much to the amazement of residents, who had given the travelers up for dead." September 25 – Prussia issues an ultimatum to Paris, threatening war if France does not halt marching its troops through Prussian territory to reach Austria; the message does not reach Napoleon Bonaparte until October 7, and he responds by attacking Prussia. October–December October 8 – Napoleon responds to the September 25 ultimatum from Prussia, and begins the War of the Fourth Coalition; Prussia is joined by Saxony and other minor German states. October 9 – Battle of Schleiz: French and Prussian forces fight for the first time since the war began. The Prussian army is easily defeated by a more numerous French force. October 14 – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena, while Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who is killed. October 17 – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre Pétion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti. October 24 – French forces enter Berlin. October 20 – British ship of the line is wrecked in the Strait of Sicily with the loss of 347 of the 488 on board. October 30 – Capitulation of Stettin: Believing themselves massively outnumbered, the 5,300-man garrison at Stettin in Prussia surrenders to a much smaller French force without a fight. November 15 – Pike Expedition: During his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike sees a distant mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains (later named Pikes Peak in his honor). November 21 – Napoleon declares the Continental Blockade against the British, blocking the import of British manufactured goods to the rest of Europe. November 24 – The last major Prussian field force, under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, surrenders to the French near Lübeck. Frederick William III has by this time fled to Russia. November 28 – French troops enter Warsaw. December 26 – War of the Fourth Coalition: Battle of Pułtusk – Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters. Battle of Golymin – Russian forces under General Golitsyn fight a successful rearguard action against French forces, under Marshall Murat. Date unknown East India Company College established in Hertfordshire, England, to train colonial administrators. Noah Webster publishes his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, recording distinctive American spellings. Colgate-Palmolive is originated as William Colgate's soap and candle manufactory in New York City, United States. Annual British iron production reaches 260,000 tons. Births January–June January 1 – Lionel Kieseritzky, Baltic-German chess player (d. 1853) January 27 |
(it will be made famous by Woody Guthrie, in his "dust bowl ballads"). April 15 – The Roerich Pact, a Pan-American treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington, D.C. April 17 – Sun Myung Moon, a teenage Presbyterian convert in Korea under Japanese rule, claims to have a revelation from Jesus, telling him to complete his mission from almost 2,000 years ago. April 24 – William Christian Bullitt Jr., the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union, hosts the elaborately prepared Spring Ball of the Full Moon, which is said to have surpassed all other embassy parties in Moscow's history. April 27 – FA Cup (Association football): Sheffield Wednesday F.C. beat West Bromwich Albion 4–2 at Wembley Stadium in England. April 29 – The first edition of the Vuelta a España is raced, and goes on to become one of the 3 Grand Tours of road bicycle racing. May May 13 – T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") is involved in a motorcycle accident, near his home in Dorset, England, resulting in his death a few days later. May 14 – Northamptonshire County Cricket Club gains (over Somerset at Taunton by 48 runs) what proves to be their last victory for 99 matches, easily a record in the County Championship. Their next Championship win is not until May 29, 1939. May 15 – Joseph Stalin opens the Moscow Metro to the public. May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. May 24 – The first nighttime Major League Baseball game is played between the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies, at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio. May 27 – Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (the "Sick Chicken Case"): The Supreme Court of the United States declares that the National Industrial Recovery Act, a major component of the New Deal, is unconstitutional. May 29 – The French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique ocean liner sets out on her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York, which she will reach in 4 days, 3 hours and 14 minutes, taking the Blue Riband; she gains the eastbound record on her return passage. May 30 – Eventual Baseball Hall of Famer Babe Ruth appears in his last career game, playing for the Boston Braves in Philadelphia against the Phillies. May 31 1935 Quetta earthquake: A 7.1 magnitude earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan, killing 40,000. Twentieth Century Pictures and Fox Film Corporation become 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. June June 9 – He–Umezu Agreement: China's Kuomintang government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern China. June 10 – Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, by William G. Wilson and Dr. Robert Smith. June 12 Senator Huey Long of Louisiana makes the longest speech on Senate record, taking hours and containing 150,000 words. The Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia ends. June 13 – James J. Braddock defeats Max Baer at Madison Square Garden Bowl, to win the heavyweight boxing championship of the world. June 18 – Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage. June 24 – Carlos Gardel, the legendary Franco-Argentine "Father of Tango", dies in a plane crash in Medellín, Colombia. July July 4 – RMS Mauretania sails from Southampton to Jarrow. July 16 – The world's first parking meters are installed in Oklahoma City. July 17 – Cudjoe Lewis, the last known surviving male victim of Clotilda, the last ship of the Atlantic slave trade, dies. July 25–August 20 – The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held. August August 2 – The Government of India Act is passed by the British Parliament, making provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India" and a degree of autonomy. August 13 – An estimated 250 people are killed when a dam bursts near Ovada, Italy. August 14 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law. August 16 – Representatives of France, Britain and Italy meet in Paris in an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a solution to the Abyssinia Crisis. September September 2 – 1935 Labor Day hurricane: The strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper Florida Keys as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds, killing 423. September 3 – Sir Malcolm Campbell becomes the first person to drive an automobile at 300 miles per hour in Blue Bird, establishing a new absolute land speed record of on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. September 13 – Howard Hughes, flying the Hughes H-1 Racer, sets an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h). September 15 – The Nuremberg Laws go into effect in Germany, removing citizenship from Jews. September 17 – Manuel L. Quezon is elected 2nd President of the Philippines. September 24 – Earl W. Bascom and his brother Weldon produce the first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights, at Columbia, Mississippi. September 29 – The London and North Eastern Railway's first A4 Class streamlined steam locomotive A4 2509 Silver Link makes her inaugural journey, from London King's Cross. September 30 U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Hoover Dam. The London and North Eastern Railway commences the Silver Jubilee, Britain's first streamline train service. October October 2–3 – The Second Italo-Ethiopian War begins, as Italian General Emilio De Bono invades Ethiopia. October 10 – A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg, Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, wooden radio towers are phased out. October 14 – 1935 Canadian federal election: The Liberal Party of William Lyon Mackenzie King wins a majority government, defeating the Conservative Party of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett. October 21 – Grant v Australian Knitting Mills, a landmark case in consumer law, is decided on appeal in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the U.K. October 22 - The Communist Party of China settles in Shaanxi after the Long March. November November 3 – A Greek monarchy referendum is held by self-proclaimed Regent Georgios Kondylis. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of the monarchy, although the referendum's integrity is dubious. November 8 – A dozen labor leaders come together to announce the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), an organization charged with promoting the cause of industrial unionism in North America. November 14 – 1935 United Kingdom general election: Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returns to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party, with a large but reduced majority. November 22 – The flying boat China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California, to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean; on November 29 the aircraft reaches its final destination, Manila, and delivers over 110,000 pieces of mail. November 23 – Jacques and Thérèse Tréfouël, Daniel Bovet and Federico Nitti, in the laboratory of Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, discover that sulfanilamide is the active component of Prontosil. November 25 – After 11 years in exile, George II returns to Greek soil as King of Greece at Corfu, from London. November 30 – The 1935 British-made film Scrooge, the first all-talking film version of the Charles Dickens classic A Christmas Carol, opens in the U.S. after its British release. December December 5 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women in the United States. December 9 – American newspaper editor Walter Liggett is killed, in a gangland murder plot. December 10 – Hanshin Tigers, a well known professional baseball club of Japan, is founded in Osaka. December 12 The Lebensborn program in support of Nazi eugenics is founded by Heinrich Himmler in Germany. The De La Warr Pavilion at Bexhill-on-Sea, designed by Erich Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff, a pioneering example of International Style architecture, opens in the British Isles. December 17 – The Douglas DST, prototype of the Douglas DC-3 airliner, first flies in the United States. More than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced. December 18 Samuel Hoare resigns as British foreign secretary, and is replaced by Anthony Eden. The socialist party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, is founded. December 27 – Mao Zedong issues the Wayaobu Manifesto, On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism, calling for a National United Front against the Japanese invasion. December 28 – Pravda publishes a letter from Pavel Postyshev, who revives the New Year tree tradition in the Soviet Union. Date unknown The house Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is completed. Lectorium Rosicrucianum is founded. The Melody Inn opens as a piano bar in Indianapolis. American Institute of Public Opinion, as predecessor of Gallup Group, a management consulting and worldwide research management institution business, founded in New Jersey, United States. Births January January 4 – Floyd Patterson, African-American boxer (d. 2006) January 6 Queen Margarita of Bulgaria, Spanish-born Bulgarian monarch Nino Tempo, American singer January 7 – Valeri Kubasov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (d. 2014) January 8 – Elvis Presley, American rock & roll singer, guitarist and actor (d. 1977) January 9 – Manlio De Angelis, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2017) January 10 – Sherrill Milnes, American baritone January 14 – Lucile Wheeler, Canadian skier January 15 – Luigi Radice, Italian football player and manager (d. 2018) January 16 A. J. Foyt, American race car driver Udo Lattek, German football coach (d. 2015) January 17 – Albert Cheesebrough, English footballer (d. 2020) January 19 Maria Alice Vergueiro, Brazilian actress (d. 2020) Soumitra Chatterjee, Indian actor (d. 2020) January 21 – Andrew Sinclair, British novelist and biographer (d. 2019) January 22 – Seymour Cassel, American actor (d. 2019) January 25 – António Ramalho Eanes, 16th President of Portugal January 29 – Roger Payne, American biologist and environmentalist January 30 Richard Brautigan, American writer (d. 1984) Elsa Martinelli, Italian film actress (d. 2017) January 31 – Kenzaburō Ōe, Japanese writer, Nobel Prize laureate February February 1 – Vladimir Aksyonov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut February 2 – Juliusz Paetz, Polish bishop (d. 2019) February 3 – Johnny "Guitar" Watson, African-American singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1996) February 4 – Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989) February 7 – Herb Kohl, American businessman, philanthropist and politician February 11 – Gene Vincent, American guitarist and vocalist (d. 1971) February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee, American astronaut (d. 1967) February 16 Sonny Bono, American singer, actor and politician (d. 1998) Brian Bedford, British actor (d. 2016) February 18 – Michel Aoun, Lebanese politician, 26th President of Lebanon February 26 – Artur Rasizade, Azerbaijani politician, 6th Prime Minister of Azerbaijan February 27 – Mirella Freni, Italian soprano (d. 2020) March March 1 – Robert Conrad, American actor (The Wild Wild West) (d. 2020) March 3 – Zhelyu Zhelev, President of Bulgaria (d. 2015) March 4 – Bent Larsen, Danish chess player (d. 2010) March 12 - Valentyna Shevchenko, Ukrainian politician (d. 2020) March 15 – Judd Hirsch, American actor (Taxi) March 16 – Sergei Yursky, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2019) March 21 – Brian Clough, English footballer and manager (d. 2004) March 22 Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova, Russian-born Soviet test pilot and aerobatics champion (d. 2004) M. Emmet Walsh, American actor March 24 – Peter Bichsel, Swiss writer March 27 – Julian Glover, English actor March 28 – Józef Szmidt, Polish athlete March 30 – Giuseppe Frigo, Italian judge (d. 2019) March 31 Ruth Escobar, Portuguese-Brazilian actress, businesswoman and politician (d. 2017) Herb Alpert, American trumpeter, bandleader and singer April April 10 – P. J. Patterson, Jamaican politician, 6th Prime Minister of Jamaica April 13 – Lyle Waggoner, American actor (d. 2020) April 14 – Erich von Däniken, Swiss mythographer and author April 19 – Dudley Moore, English actor, comedian, pianist and composer (d. 2002) April 21 – Charles Grodin, American actor, journalist and talk show host (d. 2021) April 22 Paul Chambers, American jazz musician (d. 1969) Jerry Fodor, American philosopher and cognitive scientist (d. 2017) April | 2019) January 25 – António Ramalho Eanes, 16th President of Portugal January 29 – Roger Payne, American biologist and environmentalist January 30 Richard Brautigan, American writer (d. 1984) Elsa Martinelli, Italian film actress (d. 2017) January 31 – Kenzaburō Ōe, Japanese writer, Nobel Prize laureate February February 1 – Vladimir Aksyonov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut February 2 – Juliusz Paetz, Polish bishop (d. 2019) February 3 – Johnny "Guitar" Watson, African-American singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1996) February 4 – Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989) February 7 – Herb Kohl, American businessman, philanthropist and politician February 11 – Gene Vincent, American guitarist and vocalist (d. 1971) February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee, American astronaut (d. 1967) February 16 Sonny Bono, American singer, actor and politician (d. 1998) Brian Bedford, British actor (d. 2016) February 18 – Michel Aoun, Lebanese politician, 26th President of Lebanon February 26 – Artur Rasizade, Azerbaijani politician, 6th Prime Minister of Azerbaijan February 27 – Mirella Freni, Italian soprano (d. 2020) March March 1 – Robert Conrad, American actor (The Wild Wild West) (d. 2020) March 3 – Zhelyu Zhelev, President of Bulgaria (d. 2015) March 4 – Bent Larsen, Danish chess player (d. 2010) March 12 - Valentyna Shevchenko, Ukrainian politician (d. 2020) March 15 – Judd Hirsch, American actor (Taxi) March 16 – Sergei Yursky, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2019) March 21 – Brian Clough, English footballer and manager (d. 2004) March 22 Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova, Russian-born Soviet test pilot and aerobatics champion (d. 2004) M. Emmet Walsh, American actor March 24 – Peter Bichsel, Swiss writer March 27 – Julian Glover, English actor March 28 – Józef Szmidt, Polish athlete March 30 – Giuseppe Frigo, Italian judge (d. 2019) March 31 Ruth Escobar, Portuguese-Brazilian actress, businesswoman and politician (d. 2017) Herb Alpert, American trumpeter, bandleader and singer April April 10 – P. J. Patterson, Jamaican politician, 6th Prime Minister of Jamaica April 13 – Lyle Waggoner, American actor (d. 2020) April 14 – Erich von Däniken, Swiss mythographer and author April 19 – Dudley Moore, English actor, comedian, pianist and composer (d. 2002) April 21 – Charles Grodin, American actor, journalist and talk show host (d. 2021) April 22 Paul Chambers, American jazz musician (d. 1969) Jerry Fodor, American philosopher and cognitive scientist (d. 2017) April 25 Li Ao, Chinese-Taiwanese writer, social commentator, historian and independent politician (d. 2018) Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics April 27 – Theo Angelopoulos, Greek filmmaker, screenwriter and film producer (d. 2012) May May 2 Faisal II of Iraq (d. 1958) Luis Suárez, Spanish footballer May 8 Jack Charlton, English footballer and manager (d. 2020) Princess Elisabeth of Denmark, Danish princess (d. 2018) May 9 – Roger Hargreaves, English author and illustrator (d. 1988) May 12 – Gary Peacock, American jazz double-bassist (d. 2020) May 13 – Luciano Benetton, Italian entrepreneur, owner of Benetton Group May 14 – Ivan Dimitrov, Bulgarian footballer (d. 2019) May 15 Don Bragg, American athlete (d. 2019) Ted Dexter, English cricketer (d. 2021) May 20 – José Mujica, 40th President of Uruguay May 27 – Lee Meriwether, American beauty queen and actress May 29 – André Brink, South African writer (d. 2015) May 31 – Jim Bolger, 35th Prime Minister of New Zealand June June 1 – Norman Foster, English architect June 2 Lee Hoi-chang, South Korean politician, 26th Prime Minister of South Korea Carol Shields, American-born writer (d. 2003) June 10 – Danding Cojuangco, Filipino businessman and politician (d. 2020) June 13 Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Bulgarian & Moroccan-born American installation artists (Jeanne-Claude d. 2009) (Christo d. 2020) Javier Aguirre, Spanish film director, writer and producer (d. 2019) Samak Sundaravej, 25th Prime Minister of Thailand (2008) (d. 2009) June 17 – Peggy Seeger, American folk singer June 19 – Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, President of Ecuador June 24 Robert Downey Sr., American actor, filmmaker and father of actor Robert Downey Jr. (died 2021) Terry Riley, American composer June 25 – Larry Kramer, American playwright, author, and activist (d. 2020). June 28 – Nicola Tempesta, Italian judoka June 30 – Valentino Gasparella, Italian track cyclist July July 1 – David Prowse, English actor (d. 2020) July 3 Harrison Schmitt, American geologist, NASA astronaut, professor and former senator John Swan, Bermudian political figure; 4th Premier of Bermuda July 5 – Shevah Weiss, Israeli political scientist and politician July 6 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and spiritual leader of Tibet July 8 Steve Lawrence, American singer and actor Vitaly Sevastyanov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (d. 2010) July 9 Wim Duisenberg, Dutch economist and politician (d. 2005) Mercedes Sosa, Argentine singer (d. 2009) July 12 Hans Tilkowski, German footballer (d. 2020) Satoshi Ōmura, Japanese biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate July 13 Jack Kemp, American football player, U.S. vice presidential candidate (d. 2009) Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist (d. 2021) July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist and Nobel laureate (d. 2021) July 15 – Ken Kercheval, American actor (d. 2019) July 17 Diahann Carroll, African-American actress and singer (d. 2019) Mohamed Mehrez, Egyptian sports shooter Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor July 19 – Vasily Livanov, Soviet and Russian actor, animator and writer July 21 – Jeanne Arth, American Wimbledon and US Championships doubles tennis title holder July 25 Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi Arabian international arms dealer (d. 2017) Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018) July 30 – Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco, Moroccan prince (d. 1983) August August 3 – Georgy Shonin, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (d. 1997) August 10 Giya Kancheli, Soviet and Georgian composer (d. 2019) Laurynas Stankevičius, 7th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 2017) August 12 Ján Popluhár, Slovak footballer (d. 2011) John Cazale, American actor (d. 1978) August 17 – Oleg Tabakov, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2018) August 18 – Rafer Johnson, African-American athlete (d. 2020) August 20 – Ron Paul, American author, physician, and politician August 21 Bernhard Eckstein, German cyclist (d. 2017) Ahmad al-Ghashmi, Yemeni general, 4th President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) (d. 1978) August 22 – E. Annie Proulx, American novelist August 24 – Tsutomu Hata, 51st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2017) August 26 – Geraldine Ferraro, U.S. Congresswoman, Vice Presidential candidate (d. 2011) August 29 – William Friedkin, American film director August 30 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2001) August 31 – Eldridge Cleaver, African-American political activist and writer (d. 1998) September September 1 – Seiji Ozawa, Japanese conductor September 7 – Abdou Diouf, 2nd President of Senegal September 9 – Chaim Topol, Israeli actor and singer (Fiddler on the Roof) September 10 – Mary Oliver, American poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner (d. 2019) September 11 Arvo Pärt, Estonian composer Gherman Titov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (d. 2000) September 12 - Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, Nobel Prize recipient September 15 – Dinkha, Iraqi patriarch (d. 2015) September 16 Carl Andre, American artist Esther Vilar, Argentine-German writer known for The Manipulated Man September 17 – Ken Kesey, American author (d. 2001) September 21 – Jimmy Armfield, English footballer (d. 2018) September 22 – Virgilijus Noreika, Lithuanian tenor (d. 2018) September 29 Mylène Demongeot, French actress Jerry Lee Lewis, American rock & roll musician September 30 – Johnny Mathis, African-American singer October October 1 Dame Julie Andrews, English singer and actress October 3 Charles Duke, American astronaut Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, Soviet Russian-Armenian actor (d. 2020) October 4 – Law Hieng Ding, Malaysian politician (d. 2018) October 6 Bruno Sammartino, Italian professional wrestler (d. 2018) Aly Lotfy Mahmoud, Egyptian politician (d. 2018) October 12 – Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor (d. 2007) October 14 – La Monte Young, American composer October 15 Bobby Morrow, American athlete (d. 2020) Willie O'Ree, Canadian ice hockey player, first Black NHL player October 18 – Peter Boyle, American actor (d. 2006) October 19 – Jerry Bishop, American announcer (d. 2020) October 20 – Jerry Orbach, American actor (Law & Order) (d. 2004) October 25 – Rusty Schweickart, American astronaut October 27 Ali Asghar Khodadoust, Iranian eye surgeon (d. 2018) Mauricio de Sousa, Brazilian cartoonist October 29 – Isao Takahata, Japanese film director (d. 2018) October 30 Ágota Kristóf, Hungarian writer (d. 2011) Michael Winner, British film director (d. 2013) October 31 – Ronald Graham, American mathematician (d. 2020) November November 1 Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (d. 2003) Charles Koch, American businessman Gary Player, South-African professional golfer November 3 – Abune Paulos, Ethiopian patriarch (d. 2012) November 6 – Archduchess Maria of Austria, German-Austrian royal (d. 2018) November 8 Alain Delon, French actor Alfonso López Trujillo, Colombian Cardinal (d. 2008) November 11 – Bibi Andersson, Swedish actress (d. 2019) November 14 – King Hussein of Jordan (d. 1999) November 15 Bill Graham, Canadian football player (d. 2020) Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestine National Authority Try Sutrisno, sixth vice president of Indonesia November 16 – France-Albert René, Seychellois politician (d. 2019) November 17 – Toni Sailer, Austrian skier (d. 2009) November 20 – Leo Falcam, Micronesian politician (d. 2018) November 23 – Vladislav Volkov, Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (d. 1971) November 28 – Masahito, Prince Hitachi November 29 – Diane Ladd, American actress December December 1 – Woody Allen, American actor and film director December 8 – Dharmendra, Indian film actor, producer and politician December 11 Pranab Mukherjee, Indian politician, 13th President of India (d. 2020) Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, German car designer (d. 2012) December 14 Lee Remick, American actress (d. 1991) Lewis Arquette, American film actor, writer and producer (d. 2001) December 15 – Adnan Badran, Prime Minister of Jordan December 21 – John G. Avildsen, American film director (d. 2017) December 25 – Sadiq al-Mahdi, Prime Minister of Sudan (1966–67, 1986–89) (d. 2020) December 26 – Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (d. 2005) December 30 Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (d. 2009) Sandy Koufax, American baseball player December 31 – King Salman of Saudi Arabia (official birth date) Deaths January January – Józef Białynia Chołodecki, Polish historian (b. 1852) January 5 – Pietro Bonilli, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1841) January 10 – Edwin Flack, Australian Olympic athlete (b. 1873) January 16 – Ma Barker, American criminal (b. 1873) January 19 – Lloyd Hamilton, American actor (b. 1899) January 24 Constantin Dumitrescu, Romanian general (b. 1868) Thomas Stevens, English cyclist (b. 1854) January 28 – Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (b. 1859) February February 3 – Hugo Junkers, German industrialist and aircraft designer (b. 1859) February 7 – Herbert Ponting, English photographer and explorer (b. 1870) February 8 – Max Liebermann, German painter (b. 1847) February 13 – Ali of Hejaz, former King of Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca (b. 1879) February 25 – Gerhard Louis De Geer, 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1854) February 26 – Liborius Ritter von Frank, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1848) February 28 – Chiquinha Gonzaga, Brazilian composer (b. 1847) March March 5 – Roque Ruaño, Spanish priest, civil engineer (b. 1877) March 6 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1841) Baron Max Hussarek von Heinlein, former Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1865) March 7 – Leonid Feodorov, Soviet Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1879) March 15 – Johan Ramstedt, 9th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1852) March 16 – John Macleod, Scottish-born physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876) March 22 – Alexander Moissi, Albanian actor (b. 1879) March 23 – Florence Moore, American actress (b. 1886) March 24 - Maria Karłowska, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1865) March 29 - Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer, English physiologist, pioneer in endocrinology (b. 1850) April April 2 – Bennie Moten, American jazz pianist (b. 1894) April 5 – Basil Champneys, English architect (b. 1842) April 6 – Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet (b. 1869) April 8 – Adolph Ochs, American newspaper publisher (b. 1858) April 14 – Emmy Noether, German mathematician (b. 1882) April 15 – Anna Ancher, Danish painter (b. 1859) April 16 – Panait Istrati, Romanian writer (b. 1884) April 20 – Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, British fashion designer (b. 1863) April 24 – Anastasios Papoulas, Greek general (b. 1857) May May 1 – Antero Rubín, Spanish general, politician (b. 1851) May 4 – Junior Durkin, American actor (b. 1915) May 12 – Józef Piłsudski, Polish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1867) May 14 |
– Ed Hobaugh, American Major League Baseball player June 28 Asker Abiyev, Azerbaijani mathematician Bette Greene, American author (d. 2020) Carl Levin, United States Senator from Michigan (d. 2021) Michael Artin, American mathematician June 29 – Susan George, American and French political, social scientist, activist and writer June 30 C. N. R. Rao, Indian chemist Aron Tager, American actor, poet, artist and sculptor (d. 2019) Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, Brazilian economist and social scientist July July 1 Alicia Terzian, Argentine conductor, musicologist and composer Ilselil Larsen, Danish actress Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008) July 3 – Stefan Abadzhiev, Bulgarian football player July 5 – Adriana Roel, Mexican actress July 7 Raphael Owor, Ugandan physician, pathologist, academic and medical researcher Kedarnath Singh, Indian poet (d. 2018) July 8 Fred Stewart, Canadian politician Ole Lund, Norwegian barrister and industrial leader Marty Feldman, English comedy writer, comedian and actor (d. 1982) July 9 Pierre Perret, French singer and composer Michael Graves, American architect (d. 2015) July 10 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer (d. 2012) July 11 Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer July 12 Van Cliburn, American pianist (d. 2013) Ulf Schmidt, Swedish tennis player July 13 Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer and Nobel laureate Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian cosmonaut July 14 – Ángel del Pozo, Spanish actor July 15 Harrison Birtwistle, British composer Frank Vargas Pazzos, commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force July 16 Albert Aguayo, Canadian neurologist George Hilton, Uruguayan-Italian actor (d. 2019) July 17 – Horst Steinmann, German economist July 18 – Jean-Michel Sanejouand, French painter and sculptor July 19 – Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980) July 22 Louise Fletcher, American actress (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) Leon Rotman, Romanian sprint canoeist Oluyemi Adeniji, Nigerian career diplomat, politician (d. 2017) July 24 – P. S. Soosaithasan, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 2017) July 28 – Bud Luckey, American voice actor, Pixar animator (d. 2018) July 30 – Bud Selig, American Major League Baseball commissioner August August 2 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2019) August 3 Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political and rebel leader (d. 2002) Haystacks Calhoun, American professional wrestler (d. 1989) August 5 – Gay Byrne, Irish broadcaster (d. 2019) August 6 Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Italian–Brazilian actor, lyricist, poet and playwright (d. 2006) Edmond Simeoni, Corsican politician and nationalist (d. 2018) August 8 – Cláudio Hummes, Brazilian Roman Catholic cardinal August 11 – Viktor Tolmachev, Russian engineer (d. 2018) August 13 – Gyoji Matsumoto, Japanese footballer (d. 2019) August 15 Nino Ferrer, French singer (d. 1998) André Bo-Boliko Lokonga, Congolese politician (d. 2018) August 16 – Angela Buxton, British tennis player (d. 2020) August 17 – Ben Humphreys, Australian politician (d. 2019) August 18 Ronnie Carroll, Northern Irish singer (d. 2015) Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 1972) Gulzar, Indian film director, lyricist and poet August 19 – Renée Richards, American ophthalmologist and tennis player August 20 – Armi Kuusela, Miss Universe 1952 from Finland August 22 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Army general (d. 2012) August 24 – Kenny Baker, English actor (d. 2016) August 25 Zilda Arns, Brazilian pediatrician, aid worker (d. 2010) Hsiao Teng-tzang, Taiwanese politician (d. 2017) Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, 4th President of Iran (d. 2017) August 28 – Zeng Shiqiang, Taiwanese sinologist, scholar, and writer (d. 2018) August 30 – Anatoly Solonitsyn, Russian actor (d. 1982) September September 1 – Léon Mébiame, Gabonese politician (d. 2015) September 2 – Chuck McCann, American actor and comedian (d. 2018) September 4 Ronald Ludington, American figure skating coach and pair skater (d. 2020) Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009) Juraj Herz, Slovak film director, actor, and scenic designer (d. 2018) Eduard Khil, Russian baritone singer ("Trololo") (d. 2012) Zaid ibn Shaker, 3-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 2002) Jan Švankmajer, Czech filmmaker, artist Otto Brandenburg, Danish singer, actor (d. 2007) September 5 – Bira, Brazilian musician and guitarist (d. 2019) September 6 – Marshall Rosenberg, American psychologist and writer (d. 2015) September 7 Sunil Gangopadhyay, Indian author and poet (d. 2012) Omar Karami, 29th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2015) September 8 – Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer (d. 2016) September 9 Nicholas Liverpool, Dominican lawyer, politician, and 6th President of Dominica (d. 2015) Waldo Machado, Brazilian footballer (d. 2019) September 11 – Ian Abercrombie, English-American actor (d. 2012) September 13 – Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Polish actor (d. 2009) September 16 Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and executive (d. 2021) Ronnie Drew, Irish singer with The Dubliners band (d. 2008) September 17 – Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (d. 1969) September 19 – Brian Epstein, British manager of the Beatles, co-founder of Northern Songs (d. 1967) September 20 Rajinder Puri, Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist (d. 2015) Sophia Loren, Italian actress Takayuki Kubota, Japanese martial artist, founder of the Gosoku-ryu style of karate September 21 Leonard Cohen, Canadian poet, novelist, singer and songwriter (d. 2016) David J. Thouless, Scottish-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2019) María Rubio, Mexican actress (d. 2018) September 23 – Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan September 27 – Wilford Brimley, American actor and singer (d. 2020) September 28 – Brigitte Bardot, French actress, animal rights activist September 29 – Idowu Sofola, Nigerian jurist (d. 2018) September 30 – Udo Jürgens, Austrian-Swiss composer, popular music singer (d. 2014) October October 4 – Joe Williams, Cook Islands politician (d. 2020) October 7 – Amiri Baraka, African-American poet, playwright and activist (d. 2014) October 9 Jacobo Majluta Azar, 47th President of the Dominican Republic (d. 1996) Harald Grønningen, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2016) Abdullah Ibrahim, South African pianist and composer October 12 – Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime Minister of Yemen (d. 2015) October 13 – Nana Mouskouri, Greek singer October 17 – Rico Rodriguez, Cuban-British musician (d. 2015) October 18 – Inger Stevens, Swedish actress (d. 1970) October 19 Glória Menezes, Brazilian actress Yakubu Gowon, Nigerian politician October 20 Empress Michiko, Empress consort of Japan Timothy West, English actor October 24 – Tony Walton, British set and costume designer October 28 – Martin van der Borgh, Dutch cyclist (d. 2018) October 29 – Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (d. 2017) October 30 – Frans Brüggen, Dutch musician (d. 2014) October 31 – Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess of Sweden November November 1 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004) November 2 – Ken Rosewall, Australian tennis champion November 5 – Kira Muratova, Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and actress (d. 2018) November 7 – Sunanda Patnaik, Indian classical singer (d. 2020) November 9 Ingvar Carlsson, twice Prime Minister of Sweden Hamilton Green, 4th Prime Minister of Guyana Carl Sagan, American astronomer, writer, and TV presenter (d. 1996) Tengiz Sigua, 2nd Prime Minister of Georgia (d. 2020) November 11 – Elżbieta Krzesińska, Polish athlete (d. 2015) November 12 – Charles Manson, American cult leader and murderer (d. 2017) November 13 – Garry Marshall, American film producer, director and actor (d. 2016) November 15 – Try Sutrisno, 6th Vice President of Indonesia November 17 – Jim Inhofe, American politician November 21 – Carl-Henning Wijkmark, Swedish novelist and translator (d. 2020) November 23 – Lew Hoad, Australian tennis champion (d. 1994) November 24 – Alfred Schnittke, Volga German composer (d. 1998) November 27 — Luis Palau, an international Christian evangelist. November 30 – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (d. 2008) December December 1 – Billy Paul, African-American singer (d. 2016) December 3 Abimael Guzmán, Peruvian politician, leader of Shining Path (d. 2021) Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017) December 5 – Joan Didion, American novelist (d. 2021) December 7 – Joey Powers, American singer-songwriter (d. 2017) December 8 – Alisa Freindlich, Soviet and Russian actress December 9 Judi Dench, English actress Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998) December 10 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994) December 11 – Radha Viswanathan, Indian vocalist, classical dancer (d. 2018) December 12 – Miguel de la Madrid, 52nd President of Mexico (d. 2012) December 13 – Richard D. Zanuck, American producer (d. 2012) December 14 – Shyam Benegal, Indian film director and screenwriter December 15 – Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, 6th President of Somalia (d. 2012) December 16 – Meng Zhizhong, Chinese engineer (d. 2019) December 17 – Shan Tianfang, Chinese pingshu performer (d. 2018) December 18 Marc Rich, born Marcell Reich, Belgian-born commodities trader (d. 2013) Boris Volynov, Russian cosmonaut December 19 Aki Aleong, Trinidad and Tobago-born American actor Pratibha Patil, President of India December 24 – Stjepan Mesić, 2nd President of Croatia December 25 – Phan Văn Khải, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2018) December 26 - Menotti Vincent Caprani, Irish Literary Figure (d. 2021) December 27– Larisa Latynina, Ukrainian gymnast December 28 Alasdair Gray, Scottish fiction writer and artist (d. 2019) Maggie Smith, English actress Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (d. 1987) December 29 – Ed Flanders, American actor (d. 1995) December 30 John Norris Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005) Del Shannon, American singer (Runaway) (d. 1990) Russ Tamblyn, American film and television actor Date unknown Valerie Hart, indigenous political leader Deaths January January 1 – Jakob Wassermann, German writer (b. 1873) January 6 – Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878) January 7 – Augustin Dubail, French general (b. 1851) January 8 – Andrei Bely, Russian writer (b. 1880) January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909) January 11 – Helen Zimmern, German-born British writer and translator (b. 1846) January 15 – Hermann Bahr, Austrian writer and playwright (b. 1863) January 16 – Henry Walter Barnett, Australian photographer and filmmaker (b. 1862) January 21 – Aref Qazvini, Iranian poet, lyricist and musician (b. 1882) January 22 – Robert Brady, American criminal (b. 1904) January 23 – Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway, Scottish politician and jurist (b. 1850) January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868) February February 2 – Maria Domenica Mantovani, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862) February 3 – Eleonora de Cisneros, American opera singer (b. 1878) February 5 – William Morris Davis, American geographer (b. 1850) February 9 – Claudio Williman, 20th President of Uruguay (b. 1861) February 17 – King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875) February 21 – Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. 1895) February 23 Sir Edward Elgar, British composer (b. 1857) Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril, Indian Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1858) February 25 – John McGraw, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1873) March March 1 Wilhelm Diegelmann, German actor (b. 1861) Charles Webster Leadbeater, British author and Theosophist (b. 1854) March 2 - John Smith Archibald, Canadian architect (b. 1872) March 7 - John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, Scottish politician, Governor General of Canada (b. 1847) March 14 João do Canto e Castro, Portuguese army officer, 67th Prime Minister of Portugal and 5th President of Portugal (b. 1862) Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (b. 1886) March 15 – Davidson Black, Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b. 1884) March 19 – Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, British army general (b. 1857) March 20 Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Dutch Queen and regent (b.1858) Sydney Deane, Australian cricketer and actor (b. 1863) March 21 Nicanor Abelardo, Filipino composer (b. 1873) Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896) March 27 – Francis William Reitz, 5th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1844) March 28 – Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891) March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born philanthropist (b. 1867) March 30 Paul Cazeneuve, French politician (b. 1852) Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, Scottish politician, 8th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860) April April 7 Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild, French socialite (b. 1864) Karl von Einem, German general (b. 1853) April 9 – Safvet-beg Basagic, Yugoslav writer (b. 1870) April 11 Gerald du Maurier, British actor (b. 1873) John Collier, British painter (b. 1850) April 15 – Karl Dane, Danish actor (b. 1886) April 18 – Raffaele Garofalo, Italian criminologist and jurist (b. 1851) April 21 - Carsten Borchgrevink, Anglo-Norwegian polar explorer (b. 1864) April 26 Arturs Alberings, 6th Prime Minister of Latvia (b. 1876) John Hamilton, Canadian gangster (b. 1899) April 27 – Joe Vila, American sportswriter (b. 1866) April 28 – Charley Patton, American Delta blues musician April 30 – Hugh L. Scott, Major General of the US Army (b. 1853) May May 3 – William H. Woodin, American politician (b. 1868) May 12 - Gertrude Abbott (Mother Abbott), founder of the former St Margaret's Hospital in Sydney, Australia (b. 1846) May 17 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (b. 1859) May 19 – Edward William Nelson, American naturalist (b. 1855) May 21 – James Durkin, Canadian-born American actor (b. 1879) May 23 Clyde Barrow, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (shot) (b. 1909) Bonnie Parker, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (shot) (b. 1910) May 24 – Brand Whitlock, American journalist and politician (b. 1869) May 25 – Gustav Holst, British composer (b. 1874) May 26 – Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (b. 1841) May 28 – Bela Barabas, Hungarian politician (b. 1855) May 29 – Eugenie Besserer, American silent film actress (b. 1868) May 30 Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (b. 1848) Julia Lopes de Almeida, Brazilian advocate and writer (b. 1862) May 31 – Lew Cody, American actor (b. 1884) June June 8 Dorothy Dell, American actress (b. 1915) Jesse Root Grant, American politician, son of President Ulysses S. Grant (b. 1858) June 9 – Medeiros e Albuquerque, Brazilian poet and politician (b. 1867) June 10 – Frederick Delius, British composer (b. 1862) June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896) June 15 – George W. Fuller, American sanitation engineer (b. 1868) June 19 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe (b. 1872) June 20 – Andrew Jackson Zilker, American philanthropist (b. 1858) June 27 – Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1876) June 30 – Murdered during the Night of the Long Knives: Fritz Gerlich, German journalist (b. 1883) Gustav von Kahr, German politician (b. 1862) Karl Ernst, Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b. 1904) Edmund Heines, Deputy SA leader (b. 1897) Gregor Strasser, German politician, early Nazi leader (b. 1892) Kurt von Schleicher, 23rd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1882) July July 1 Ernst Röhm, German politician, Nazi SA Leader (assassinated) (b. 1887) Edgar Jung, German lawyer and political activist (assassinated) (b. 1894) July 3 Emma Irene Åström, Finnish teacher, Finland's first female university graduate (b. 1847) Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Dutch prince consort (b. 1876) July 4 Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867) Hayim Nahman Bialik, Russian-born Jewish poet, considered Israel's national poet (b. 1873) July 5 – Ahmad Zaki Pasha, Egyptian philologist (b. 1867) July 6 Alec B. Francis, English actor (b. 1867) Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1866) July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848) July 13 Kate Sheppard, most prominent member of New Zealand Women's suffrage (b. 1848) Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1891) July 15 Louis F. Gottschalk, American composer (b. 1864) Jules Renkin, Belgian politician and 28th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1862) July 16 – Carlo Bergamini, Italian sculptor (b. 1868) July 18 – Sy Sanborn, American sportswriter (b. 1866) July 20 – Padre Cicero, Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and reverend (b. 1844) July 21 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (b. 1854) July 22 – John Dillinger, American gangster (b. 1903) July 23 – María Pilar López de Maturana Ortiz de Zárate, Spanish Roman Catholic religious blessed and blessed (b. 1884) July 24 – Hans Hahn, Austrian mathematician (b. 1879) July 25 François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (b. 1874) Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian statesman and 10th Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1892) Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (b. 1888) July 26 – Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (b. 1869) July 27 – Hubert Lyautey, French general and colonoal administrator. (b. 1854) July 28 Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868) Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876) Edith Yorke, British actress (b. 1867) July 30 – Sir Henry Norris, British politician and businessman (b. 1865) August August 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician, 2nd President of Germany (b. 1847) August 7 – Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1860) August 8 – Wilbert Robinson, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1863) August 9 – Alfred Steux, Belgian road racing cyclist (b. 1892) August 10 – George Hill, American director (b. 1895) August 13 – Mary Hunter Austin, American writer of fiction and non-fiction (b. 1868) August 14 – Raymond Hood, American architect (b. 1881) August 23 – Homer Van Meter, American criminal and bank robber (b. 1905) August 27 – Linda Agostini, British-born Australian homicide victim (b. | Yakubu Gowon, Nigerian politician October 20 Empress Michiko, Empress consort of Japan Timothy West, English actor October 24 – Tony Walton, British set and costume designer October 28 – Martin van der Borgh, Dutch cyclist (d. 2018) October 29 – Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (d. 2017) October 30 – Frans Brüggen, Dutch musician (d. 2014) October 31 – Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess of Sweden November November 1 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004) November 2 – Ken Rosewall, Australian tennis champion November 5 – Kira Muratova, Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and actress (d. 2018) November 7 – Sunanda Patnaik, Indian classical singer (d. 2020) November 9 Ingvar Carlsson, twice Prime Minister of Sweden Hamilton Green, 4th Prime Minister of Guyana Carl Sagan, American astronomer, writer, and TV presenter (d. 1996) Tengiz Sigua, 2nd Prime Minister of Georgia (d. 2020) November 11 – Elżbieta Krzesińska, Polish athlete (d. 2015) November 12 – Charles Manson, American cult leader and murderer (d. 2017) November 13 – Garry Marshall, American film producer, director and actor (d. 2016) November 15 – Try Sutrisno, 6th Vice President of Indonesia November 17 – Jim Inhofe, American politician November 21 – Carl-Henning Wijkmark, Swedish novelist and translator (d. 2020) November 23 – Lew Hoad, Australian tennis champion (d. 1994) November 24 – Alfred Schnittke, Volga German composer (d. 1998) November 27 — Luis Palau, an international Christian evangelist. November 30 – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (d. 2008) December December 1 – Billy Paul, African-American singer (d. 2016) December 3 Abimael Guzmán, Peruvian politician, leader of Shining Path (d. 2021) Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017) December 5 – Joan Didion, American novelist (d. 2021) December 7 – Joey Powers, American singer-songwriter (d. 2017) December 8 – Alisa Freindlich, Soviet and Russian actress December 9 Judi Dench, English actress Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998) December 10 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994) December 11 – Radha Viswanathan, Indian vocalist, classical dancer (d. 2018) December 12 – Miguel de la Madrid, 52nd President of Mexico (d. 2012) December 13 – Richard D. Zanuck, American producer (d. 2012) December 14 – Shyam Benegal, Indian film director and screenwriter December 15 – Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, 6th President of Somalia (d. 2012) December 16 – Meng Zhizhong, Chinese engineer (d. 2019) December 17 – Shan Tianfang, Chinese pingshu performer (d. 2018) December 18 Marc Rich, born Marcell Reich, Belgian-born commodities trader (d. 2013) Boris Volynov, Russian cosmonaut December 19 Aki Aleong, Trinidad and Tobago-born American actor Pratibha Patil, President of India December 24 – Stjepan Mesić, 2nd President of Croatia December 25 – Phan Văn Khải, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2018) December 26 - Menotti Vincent Caprani, Irish Literary Figure (d. 2021) December 27– Larisa Latynina, Ukrainian gymnast December 28 Alasdair Gray, Scottish fiction writer and artist (d. 2019) Maggie Smith, English actress Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (d. 1987) December 29 – Ed Flanders, American actor (d. 1995) December 30 John Norris Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005) Del Shannon, American singer (Runaway) (d. 1990) Russ Tamblyn, American film and television actor Date unknown Valerie Hart, indigenous political leader Deaths January January 1 – Jakob Wassermann, German writer (b. 1873) January 6 – Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878) January 7 – Augustin Dubail, French general (b. 1851) January 8 – Andrei Bely, Russian writer (b. 1880) January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909) January 11 – Helen Zimmern, German-born British writer and translator (b. 1846) January 15 – Hermann Bahr, Austrian writer and playwright (b. 1863) January 16 – Henry Walter Barnett, Australian photographer and filmmaker (b. 1862) January 21 – Aref Qazvini, Iranian poet, lyricist and musician (b. 1882) January 22 – Robert Brady, American criminal (b. 1904) January 23 – Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway, Scottish politician and jurist (b. 1850) January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868) February February 2 – Maria Domenica Mantovani, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862) February 3 – Eleonora de Cisneros, American opera singer (b. 1878) February 5 – William Morris Davis, American geographer (b. 1850) February 9 – Claudio Williman, 20th President of Uruguay (b. 1861) February 17 – King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875) February 21 – Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. 1895) February 23 Sir Edward Elgar, British composer (b. 1857) Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril, Indian Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1858) February 25 – John McGraw, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1873) March March 1 Wilhelm Diegelmann, German actor (b. 1861) Charles Webster Leadbeater, British author and Theosophist (b. 1854) March 2 - John Smith Archibald, Canadian architect (b. 1872) March 7 - John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, Scottish politician, Governor General of Canada (b. 1847) March 14 João do Canto e Castro, Portuguese army officer, 67th Prime Minister of Portugal and 5th President of Portugal (b. 1862) Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (b. 1886) March 15 – Davidson Black, Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b. 1884) March 19 – Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, British army general (b. 1857) March 20 Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Dutch Queen and regent (b.1858) Sydney Deane, Australian cricketer and actor (b. 1863) March 21 Nicanor Abelardo, Filipino composer (b. 1873) Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896) March 27 – Francis William Reitz, 5th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1844) March 28 – Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891) March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born philanthropist (b. 1867) March 30 Paul Cazeneuve, French politician (b. 1852) Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, Scottish politician, 8th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860) April April 7 Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild, French socialite (b. 1864) Karl von Einem, German general (b. 1853) April 9 – Safvet-beg Basagic, Yugoslav writer (b. 1870) April 11 Gerald du Maurier, British actor (b. 1873) John Collier, British painter (b. 1850) April 15 – Karl Dane, Danish actor (b. 1886) April 18 – Raffaele Garofalo, Italian criminologist and jurist (b. 1851) April 21 - Carsten Borchgrevink, Anglo-Norwegian polar explorer (b. 1864) April 26 Arturs Alberings, 6th Prime Minister of Latvia (b. 1876) John Hamilton, Canadian gangster (b. 1899) April 27 – Joe Vila, American sportswriter (b. 1866) April 28 – Charley Patton, American Delta blues musician April 30 – Hugh L. Scott, Major General of the US Army (b. 1853) May May 3 – William H. Woodin, American politician (b. 1868) May 12 - Gertrude Abbott (Mother Abbott), founder of the former St Margaret's Hospital in Sydney, Australia (b. 1846) May 17 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (b. 1859) May 19 – Edward William Nelson, American naturalist (b. 1855) May 21 – James Durkin, Canadian-born American actor (b. 1879) May 23 Clyde Barrow, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (shot) (b. 1909) Bonnie Parker, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (shot) (b. 1910) May 24 – Brand Whitlock, American journalist and politician (b. 1869) May 25 – Gustav Holst, British composer (b. 1874) May 26 – Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (b. 1841) May 28 – Bela Barabas, Hungarian politician (b. 1855) May 29 – Eugenie Besserer, American silent film actress (b. 1868) May 30 Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (b. 1848) Julia Lopes de Almeida, Brazilian advocate and writer (b. 1862) May 31 – Lew Cody, American actor (b. 1884) June June 8 Dorothy Dell, American actress (b. 1915) Jesse Root Grant, American politician, son of President Ulysses S. Grant (b. 1858) June 9 – Medeiros e Albuquerque, Brazilian poet and politician (b. 1867) June 10 – Frederick Delius, British composer (b. 1862) June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896) June 15 – George W. Fuller, American sanitation engineer (b. 1868) June 19 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe (b. 1872) June 20 – Andrew Jackson Zilker, American philanthropist (b. 1858) June 27 – Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1876) June 30 – Murdered during the Night of the Long Knives: Fritz Gerlich, German journalist (b. 1883) Gustav von Kahr, German politician (b. 1862) Karl Ernst, Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b. 1904) Edmund Heines, Deputy SA leader (b. 1897) Gregor Strasser, German politician, early Nazi leader (b. 1892) Kurt von Schleicher, 23rd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1882) July July 1 Ernst Röhm, German politician, Nazi SA Leader (assassinated) (b. 1887) Edgar Jung, German lawyer and political activist (assassinated) (b. 1894) July 3 Emma Irene Åström, Finnish teacher, Finland's first female university graduate (b. 1847) Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Dutch prince consort (b. 1876) July 4 Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867) Hayim Nahman Bialik, Russian-born Jewish poet, considered Israel's national poet (b. 1873) July 5 – Ahmad Zaki Pasha, Egyptian philologist (b. 1867) July 6 Alec B. Francis, English actor (b. 1867) Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1866) July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848) July 13 Kate Sheppard, most prominent member of New Zealand Women's suffrage (b. 1848) Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1891) July 15 Louis F. Gottschalk, American composer (b. 1864) Jules Renkin, Belgian politician and 28th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1862) July |
March 29 – Karen Ann Quinlan, American right-to-die cause célèbre (d. 1985) April April 1 Dieter Müller, German soccer player Jeff Porcaro, American drummer, songwriter (Toto) (d. 1992) April 2 – Susumu Hirasawa, Japanese musician April 4 Mary-Margaret Humes, American actress Tom Ruegger, American animator, screenwriter, storyboard artist, and lyricist April 5 David Edward Maust, American serial killer (d. 2006) Guy Bertrand, Canadian linguist, radio/television personality April 6 Judi Bowker, English actress Michael Simms, American poet, publisher; founded Autumn House Press April 7 Jackie Chan, Hong Kong-born actor, martial artist Tony Dorsett, American football player April 8 – Gary Carter, American baseball player (d. 2012) April 9 Steve Holt, Canadian musician Dennis Quaid, American actor April 10 Anacani, Mexican-born American singer (The Lawrence Welk Show) Angelika Hellmann, East German artistic gymnast April 14 Katsuhiro Otomo, Japanese manga artist (Akira) Bruce Sterling, American science fiction writer April 16 – Ellen Barkin, American actress April 17 Norio Imamura, Japanese voice actor Roddy Piper, Canadian wrestler (d. 2015) April 22 – Jōji Nakata, Japanese voice actor April 23 Peter Nyombi, Ugandan lawyer, politician (d. 2018) Michael Moore, American filmmaker, political activist (Bowling for Columbine) Lea Black, American philanthropist, author, television personality, political activist and entrepreneur April 25 Randy Cross, American football player, broadcaster April 27 Herman Edwards, American football head coach Frank Bainimarama, Fijian politician April 28 – Michael Daugherty, American composer April 29 Jake Burton Carpenter, American founder of Burton Snowboards (d. 2019) Kazuko Kurosawa, Japanese costume designer Jerry Seinfeld, American actor, comedian and producer (Seinfeld) April 30 – Jane Campion, New Zealand screenwriter, producer, and director May May 1 Ray Parker Jr., African-American musician and composer ("Ghostbusters") Maatia Toafa, 2-time Prime Minister of Tuvalu May 2 – Elliot Goldenthal, American composer May 5 – David Azulai, Israeli politician (d. 2018) May 6 – Angela Hernández Nuñez, Dominican writer May 7 Philippe Geluck, Belgian cartoonist Amy Heckerling, American film director Diana Raab, American author May 8 – Pam Arciero, Hawaiian-born puppeteer (Sesame Street) May 10 – Amos Guttman, Israeli film director (d. 1993) May 13 – Johnny Logan, Australian-born Irish singer, composer and Eurovision Song Contest winner (1980, 1987) dubbed as "Mister Eurovision" May 14 María Dolores Katarain ("Yoyes"), Spanish Basque separatist leader (d. 1986) Peter J. Ratcliffe, English cellular biologist, Nobel Prize laureate May 19 Hōchū Ōtsuka, Japanese voice actor Phil Rudd, Australian rock drummer (AC/DC) May 20 – David Paterson, American politician, 55th Governor of New York May 22 – Shuji Nakamura, Japanese electronics engineer May 23 – Marvelous Marvin Hagler, American middleweight boxer and film actor (d. 2021) May 25 Tantely Andrianarivo, 11th Prime Minister of Madagascar Sudirman, Malaysian singer and songwriter (d. 1992) May 27 Pauline Hanson, Australian politician Lawrence M. Krauss, American theoretical physicist, science writer Coney Reyes, Philippine film and television actress May 28 – John Tory, Canadian politician May 29 – Pankaj Kapur, Indian actor June June 2 Mattos Nascimento, Brazilian musician, singer, composer and trombonist Dennis Haysbert, African-American actor Chiyoko Kawashima, Japanese voice actress June 4 – Kazuhiro Yamaji, Japanese actor, voice actor June 5 Hashim Djojohadikusumo, Indonesian entrepreneur, politician Nancy Stafford, American actress, Christian author June 6 – Harvey Fierstein, American actor June 9 John Hagelin, American physicist, U.S. presidential candidate Elizabeth May, leader of the Green Party of Canada June 10 – Kurt Walker, American ice hockey player (d. 2018) June 13 – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigerian-born Director-General of the World Trade Organization June 14 – Will Patton, American actor June 15 Jim Belushi, American actor, comedian, singer and musician Bob McDonnell, American politician June 16 – Sergey Kuryokhin, Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (d. 1996) June 19 Ted Coombs, American artist Kathleen Turner, American actress (Romancing the Stone) June 20 Michael Anthony, American rock bassist (Van Halen) Karlheinz Brandenburg, German electrical engineer, mathematician Ilan Ramon, Israeli Air Force fighter pilot, Israel's first astronaut (d. 2003) June 21 Chip Ingram, American Christian pastor, author and orator Mark Kimmitt, U.S general Anne Kirkbride, British actress (Coronation Street) (d. 2015) Robert Pastorelli, American actor (d. 2004) Jim Tooey, American actor June 22 Chris Lemmon, American actor, author Freddie Prinze, American actor, comedian (Chico and the Man) (d. 1977) June 23 Francisco Javier Cuadra, Chilean lawyer, academic and politician Carme Pinós, Spanish architect James Plaskitt, British politician June 24 – Chang San-cheng, Taiwanese politician June 25 Luiz Carlos Vasconcelos, Brazilian actor Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Igor Lisovsky, Soviet pair skater Abderrazak Kilani, Tunisian politician, lawyer June 26 – Steve Barton, American actor (d. 2001) June 27 Ron Kirk, Mayor of Dallas, Texas Anita Zagaria, Italian actress June 28 Daniel Dantas, Brazilian actor Ava Barber, American country singer (The Lawrence Welk Show) Alice Krige, South African actress and producer June 29 Jai Jagadish, Indian film actor, director and producer Rick Honeycutt, American baseball player, coach June 30 Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia Stephen Ouimette, Canadian actor, director Mohammad A. Quayum, Bangladeshi academic, writer, editor, critic and translator Wayne Swan, Australian politician Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2004) July July 1 Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, Somali politician Pedro Guastavino, Argentine politician Lawrence Gonzi, Maltese politician and lawyer Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Iraqi-Iranian military commander (d. 2020) Hossein Nuri, Iranian artist July 2 Ludmila Aslanian, Armenian chess player Peter Randall-Page, British artist Wendy Schaal, American actress July 3 – Pennie Lane Trumbull, American socialite, philanthropist, businesswoman, and entrepreneur July 4 – Anne Lambton, British actress July 5 Don Stark, American actor John Wright, New Zealand cricket captain July 6 – Willie Randolph, American baseball player, coach, manager July 7 Robert M. Price, American theologian and writer, Cthulhu Mythos scholar and editor Simon Anderson, Australian competitive surfer, surfboard shaper, and writer Ursula Stephens, Australian politician July 8 David Aaronovitch, English journalist, television presenter and author Matthew Marsh, English actor July 9 – Kevin O'Leary, Canadian businessman, television personality, and political candidate July 10 Andre Dawson, American baseball player Michele Serra, Italian writer, journalist and satirist Neil Tennant, British singer-songwriter, musician and journalist (Pet Shop Boys) Yō Yoshimura, Japanese voice actor (d. 1991) José González Ganoza, Peruvian footballer (d. 1987) July 11 – Alejandro Camacho, Mexican actor and producer July 12 Lisa Pelikan, American actress Paulo Saldiva, Brazilian professor, physician, pathologist and medical researcher July 13 – Sezen Aksu, Turkish singer July 15 Tarak Dhiab, Tunisian footballer John Ferguson, Australian rugby league player Mario Kempes, Argentine footballer Jeff Jarvis, American journalist, professor, public speaker and television critic July 16 Nicholas Frankau, English actor Jeanette Mott Oxford, American politician July 17 Angela Merkel, 8th Chancellor of Germany Richard Bekins, American actor Edward Natapei, Vanuatu politician and Prime Minister of Vanuatu (d. 2015) J. Michael Straczynski, American author July 18 – Franziska Troegner, German actress July 19 – Verica Kalanović, Serbian politician July 20 Lo Ta-yu, Taiwanese singer and songwriter Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, Vietnamese politician; 10th President of Vietnam, 7th Prime Minister of Vietnam Wilson Casey, American syndicated columnist and entertainer July 21 – Otto Jespersen, Norwegian comedian, actor and television personality July 22 – Pierre Lebeau, Canadian actor July 24 Michael H. O'Brien, American politician (d. 2018) Jorge Jesus, Portuguese football player and coach July 25 – Walter Payton, African-American football player (d. 1999) July 26 Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player (d. 1994) Leonardo Daniel, Mexican actor and director July 27 Philippe Alliot, French race car driver Lynne Frederick, British actress (d. 1994) July 28 – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (d. 2013) July 29 – Mark Gersmehl, American Christian musician August August 1 Philip Trenary, American businessman (d. 2018) Michael Badnarik, American software engineer and presidential candidate James Gleick, American non fiction author of several award-winning books. Junpei Morita, Japanese actor and voice actor August 2 – David Tang, Hong Kong-British entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. 2017) August 4 Dorottya Udvaros, Hungarian actress François Valéry, French singer-songwriter and composer Uwe Wittwer, Swiss artist August 7 – Susanna Javicoli, Italian actress (d. 2005) August 9 – Pete Thomas, British drummer for the Elvis Costello band August 11 – Joe Jackson, British singer-songwriter (Steppin' Out) August 12 François Hollande, President of France 2012–17 Sam J. Jones, American actor Pat Metheny, American jazz guitarist August 13 Nico Assumpção, Brazilian bass guitar player (d. 2001) Tõnu Kilgas, Estonian singer and actor August 14 Mark Fidrych, American baseball player (d. 2009) Stanley A. McChrystal, U.S. Army general August 16 – James Cameron, Canadian-born film director August 17 Anatoly Kudryavitsky, Russian-Irish writer Andrés Pastrana Arango, President of Colombia August 20 Tawn Mastrey, American disc jockey and music video producer (d. 2007) Al Roker, American television personality and host Richarda Schmeisser, East German artistic gymnast August 21 Steve Smith, American drummer Ivan Stang, American author and publisher August 22 – Jay Patterson, American actor August 23 Ian Bartholomew, English actor Charles Busch, American director, writer and actor Halimah Yacob, 8th President of Singapore August 24 Joe Ochman, American actor and voice actor Philippe Cataldo, French singer August 25 Bruno Manser, Swiss environmental activist (d. 2005) Elvis Costello, English singer-songwriter August 29 – István Cserháti, Hungarian keyboardist (d. 2005) August 30 – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus August 31 Robert Kocharyan, President of Armenia Caroline Cossey, British model September September 1 – Dave Lumley, Canadian ice hockey player September 2 Vance DeGeneres, American actor Andrej Babiš, Czech entrepreneur and politician, 12th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Gai Waterhouse, Australian racehorse trainer Humberto Zurita, Mexican actor, director and producer September 5 – Danny Masterton, Scottish footballer (d. 2020) September 6 – Carly Fiorina, American businesswoman, CEO of HP (1999-2005) and Senator Ted Cruz's running mate in the 2016 presidential election September 7 Corbin Bernsen, American actor Michael Emerson, American actor Francisco Guterres, 4th President of East Timor September 9 – Mohsen Rezaee, Iranian politician September 10 – Mark W. Everson, American businessman; 46th Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (2003–07) September 13 – Steve Kilbey, Australian musician September 14 – Buzz Schneider, American professional ice hockey player September 15 – Nava Semel, Israeli author and playwright (d. 2017) September 16 – Ashrita Furman, American record breaker September 17 Wayne Krenchicki, American baseball player (d. 2018) Joël-François Durand, French composer September 18 – Dennis Johnson, American basketball player (d. 2007) September 21 Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan Thomas S. Ray, American ecologist Cass Sunstein, American legal scholar Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor, English drummer (Motörhead and Waysted) September 23 – Cherie Blair, lawyer, wife of British Prime Minister Tony Blair September 24 – Lilian Mercedes Letona, Salvadoran guerrilla (d. 1983) September 26 – Kevin Kennedy, American baseball manager and television host September 28 – Steve Largent, American football player and congressman September 29 – Cindy Morgan, American actress September 30 Barry Williams, American actor Patrice Rushen, African-American singer October October 1 – Martin Strel, Slovenian swimmer October 2 – Wong Tien Fatt, Malaysian politician (d. 2019) October 3 Eddie DeGarmo, American Christian keyboardist and producer Dennis Eckersley, American baseball player Al Sharpton, African-American civil rights activist, minister and radio talk show host Dawayne Bailey, American musician Stevie Ray Vaughan, American musician (d. 1990) October 5 Gurudas Kamat, Indian politician (d. 2018) Wayne Watson, American Christian musician October 6 – Howard Hoffman, American voice actor October 7 – Robert A. Schuller, American televangelist and the son of Robert Schuller October 9 Scott Bakula, American actor (Quantum Leap, Star Trek: Enterprise) John O'Hurley, American actor and game show host October 10 Mohamed Mounir, Egyptian singer and actor David Lee Roth, American rock singer October 12 Evalie A. Bradley, Anguillian politician and member of the House of Assembly of Anguilla. Linval Thompson, Jamaican singer and producer October 13 – Mordechai Vanunu, a former Israeli nuclear technician who revealed secrets of its nuclear weapons program October 14 – Mohamad Sabu, Malaysian politician October 15 Peter Bakowski, Australian poet Michael Garner, English actor October 18 – Yūji Mitsuya, Japanese voice actor October 19 Ken Stott, Scottish actor Ronnie Leitch, Sri Lankan singer and actor (d. 2018) October 21 – Brian Tobin, sixth Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador. October 22 – Ellen Gerstell, American voice actress October 23 – Ang Lee, Taiwanese film director October 24 Doug Davidson, American actor Mike Rounds, South Dakota politician Malcolm Turnbull, 28th Prime Minister of Australia October 25 Laxmikant Berde, Indian actor (d. 2004) Mike Eruzione, American ice hockey player October 26 Farit Ismeth Emir, Malaysian news anchor (d. 2020) Carlos Agostinho do Rosário, Mozambican politician Victor Ciorbea, 56th Prime Minister of Romania October 30 Kathleen Cody, American actress Mario Testino, Peruvian photographer November November 2 – Angela Webber, Australian author, television writer, producer and comedian (d. 2007) November 3 Adam Ant, British rock singer and musician Brigitte Lin, Taiwanese actress Kathy Kinney, American actress and comedian November 5 Mike Gabriel, American animator and film producer Alejandro Sabella, Argentine footballer and manager (d. 2020) November 6 – Karin Fossum, Norwegian crime fiction writer November 7 Robin Beck, American singer Kamal Haasan, Indian actor, dancer, film director, screenwriter, producer and politician Jon Taffer, American bar consultant, television host and author November 8 Michael D. Brown, first Undersecretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response, a division of the United States' Department of Homeland Security Kazuo Ishiguro, Japanese-born British author, Nobel Prize laureate November 11 – Mary Gaitskill, American novelist November 12 – Rhonda Shear, American television hostess, actress and comedian November 13 – Chris Noth, American actor November 14 Yanni, Greek musician Robert Alberts, Dutch footballer and manager of Persib Bandung Willie Hernández, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player Bernard Hinault, French road bicycle racer Condoleezza Rice, American politician, 66th United States Secretary of State November 15 Stephen W. Burns, American actor (d. 1990) Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland November 16 – Bruce Edwards, American golf caddy (d. 2004) November 19 – Kathleen Quinlan, American actress November 20 Bin Shimada, Japanese voice actor Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, President of Egypt November 22 – Paolo Gentiloni, Prime Minister of Italy November 23 Elizabeth Savalla, Brazilian actress Bruce Hornsby, American rock singer November 26 Roz Chast, American cartoonist Dan Kwong, American performance artist and playwright November 27 Patricia McPherson, American actress Kimmy Robertson, American actress November 28 – Marty Grabstein, American actor and voice actor November 29 – Joel Coen, American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor December December 1 – Bob Goen, American television personality and game show host December 2 Dan Butler, American actor and voice actor Stone Phillips, American television journalist December 3 – Grace Andreacchi, American author December 4 – Tony Todd, American actor and producer December 6 – Beat Furrer, Swiss-born Austrian composer and conductor December 7 – Mark Hofmann, American forger and murderer December 8 – Sumi Shimamoto, Japanese voice actress December 9 – Jean-Claude Juncker, Luxembourg politician December 10 – Jack Hues, English singer and musician (Wang Chung) December 11 Sylvester Clarke, West Indian cricketer (d. 1999) Jermaine Jackson, African-American singer and actor Prachanda, Nepalese Communist leader December 13 – John Anderson, American country music singer-songwriter December 14 Ib Andersen, Danish dancer Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (d. 1993) December 15 – Mark Warner, American politician December 18 Ray Liotta, American actor Uli Jon Roth, German rock guitarist (Scorpions) December 20 Binali Yildirim, Prime Minister of Turkey Sandra Cisneros, American writer December 21 – Chris Evert, American tennis player December 23 – Brian Teacher, American tennis player December 24 – José María Figueres, Costa Rican politician, President (1994–1998) December 25 Roman Baskin, Estonian actor and director of stage and screen (d. 2018) Annie Lennox, British rock musician and was | points, or 0.86 percent, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level, reached just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. November 30 – In Sylacauga, Alabama, a four-kilogram piece of the Hodges Meteorite crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman, in the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person. December December 1 – The first Hyatt Hotel, The Hyatt House Los Angeles, opens on the grounds of Los Angeles International Airport. It is the first hotel in the world built on an airport property. December 2 Red Scare: The United States Senate votes 67–22 to condemn Joseph McCarthy, for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute." The Taiwan-United States Mutual Defense Treaty is signed. December 4 – The first Burger King opens in Miami, Florida. December 15 – The Netherlands Antilles is created out of the Dutch Caribbean nations. It is later dissolved between 1986 and 2010. December 23 – J. Hartwell Harrison and Joseph Murray perform the world's first successful kidney transplant, in Boston, Massachusetts. December 24 – Laos gains full independence from France. Date titles New Zealand engineer Sir William Hamilton develops the first pump-jet engine (the "Hamilton Jet") capable of propelling a jetboat. The first electric drip brew coffeemaker is patented in Germany and named the Wigomat after its inventor Gottlob Widmann. The Boy Scouts of America desegregates on the basis of race. Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are brought to the United States by Dr. Victor Schwentker. The case of Lothar Malskat, who had admitted that he had painted the supposedly antique frescoes in Marienkirche himself, goes to trial. The TV dinner is introduced, by American entrepreneur Gerry Thomas. In South Vietnam, the Viet Minh is reorganised into the Viet Cong. After the death of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its Gulag prison camps. Births January January 1 Thomas Aisu, Ugandan physician, educator (d. 2018) Djimrangar Dadnadji, 16th Prime Minister of Chad (d. 2019) January 2 – Henry Bonilla, American politician January 3 – Ross the Boss, American heavy metal/punk guitarist January 4 Tina Knowles, African-American fashion designer; mother of R&B singers Beyoncé and Solange Knowles Dave "The Devilfish" Ulliott, English professional poker player January 5 – Alex English, American basketball player January 6 – Anthony Minghella, British film, theatre director (d. 2008) January 7 Jodi Long, American actress José María Vitier, Cuban music composer, pianist January 8 – Julieta Castellanos, Honduran sociologist January 11 – Kailash Satyarthi, Indian activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate January 11 - Balachandra Menon, Indian Malayalam film director and actor January 12 – Howard Stern, American radio host January 13 – Trevor Rabin, South African–American musician January 14 – Masanobu Fuchi, Japanese professional wrestler January 15 – Jose Dalisay, Jr., Filipino writer January 19 Ted DiBiase, American professional wrestler Katey Sagal, American actress and singer Katharina Thalbach, German actress Yumi Matsutōya, Japanese singer-songwriter January 21 – Thomas de Maizière, German politician January 22 – Peter Pilz, Austrian politician January 23 Franco De Vita, Venezuelan singer, songwriter Edward Ka-Spel, British/Dutch singer and songwriter (The Legendary Pink Dots) January 28 Peter Lampe, German theologian, historian Bruno Metsu, French football coach (d. 2013) Kaneto Shiozawa, Japanese voice actor (d. 2000) Willy Telavi, 11th Prime Minister of Tuvalu January 29 Yukinobu Hoshino, Japanese cartoonist Oprah Winfrey, African-American actress, talk show hostess, producer, and publisher January 31 – Mark Slavin, Israeli wrestler (d. 1972) February February 1 – Bill Mumy, American actor, musician (Lost In Space) February 2 – Christie Brinkley, American model February 4 – Andrei Karlov, Russian diplomat (d. 2016) February 7 – Dieter Bohlen, German music producer and singer-songwriter (Modern Talking, Blue System) February 9 – Gina Rinehart, Australian mining tycoon February 11 – Noriyuki Asakura, Japanese composer February 12 Joseph Jordania, Georgian-Australian musicologist, academic Evangelos Basiakos, Greek politician, long term MP, and minister Tzimis Panousis, Greek comedian, singer, and author February 13 – Donnie Moore, American baseball player (d. 1989) February 15 – Matt Groening, American cartoonist (The Simpsons) February 16 Iain Banks, Scottish author (d. 2013) Margaux Hemingway, American fashion model and actress (d. 1996) February 17 Rene Russo, American actress, fashion model Yuji Takada, Japanese free-style wrestler Brian Houston, Australian-New Zealand pastor, author and founder of Hillsong Church February 18 John Travolta, American actor Jalaluddin Hassan, Malaysian actor February 19 Messaouda Boubaker, Tunisian writer Michael Gira, American musician Sócrates, Brazilian footballer (d. 2011) February 20 Anthony Head, English actor, musician Patty Hearst, American heiress and kidnap victim February 23 – Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine February 24 – Sid Meier, Canadian programmer, game designer, notable for the Civilization series February 25 – Gerardo Pelusso, Uruguayan football manager February 26 – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 12th President of Turkey March March 1 Peter Spellos, American actor, voice actor Catherine Bach, American actress (The Dukes of Hazzard) Ron Howard, American actor, director, producer (The Andy Griffith Show, Happy Days) March 2 Ed Johnstone, Canadian ice hockey player Gara Takashima, Japanese voice actress March 4 François Fillon, Prime Minister of France Catherine O'Hara, Canadian actress (SCTV) Irina Ratushinskaya, Russian writer Willie Thorne, English snooker player (d. 2020) March 5 – João Lourenço, President of Angola March 6 – Harald Schumacher, German football goalkeeper March 8 Marie-Theres Nadig, Swiss alpine skier David Wilkie, Scottish former world record holder, Olympic gold medallist swimmer (1976) March 9 Bobby Sands, Irish republican hunger striker (d. 1981) Kevin Wade, American screenwriter, television producer March 11 – Nicolae Manea, Romanian football player, manager (d. 2014) March 13 – The Baroness Amos, British politician March 15 Massimo Bubola, Italian singer, songwriter Craig Wasson, American actor March 16 S.A. Griffin, American actor, poet Nancy Wilson, American rock musician Jimmy Nail, English singer, songwriter, actor, film producer, and television writer March 17 – Lesley-Anne Down, British actress March 18 – James F. Reilly, American astronaut March 19 – Indu Shahani, Indian educator, Sheriff of Mumbai March 20 – Louis Sachar, American author March 23 Geno Auriemma, American basketball coach Hideyuki Hori, Japanese voice actor March 24 Mike Braun, American businessman and politician Robert Carradine, American actor Donna Pescow, American actress, director (Angie) March 26 Wendy Fulton, American actress Kazuhiko Inoue, Japanese voice actor Clive Palmer, Australian mining tycoon March 29 – Karen Ann Quinlan, American right-to-die cause célèbre (d. 1985) April April 1 Dieter Müller, German soccer player Jeff Porcaro, American drummer, songwriter (Toto) (d. 1992) April 2 – Susumu Hirasawa, Japanese musician April 4 Mary-Margaret Humes, American actress Tom Ruegger, American animator, screenwriter, storyboard artist, and lyricist April 5 David Edward Maust, American serial killer (d. 2006) Guy Bertrand, Canadian linguist, radio/television personality April 6 Judi Bowker, English actress Michael Simms, American poet, publisher; founded Autumn House Press April 7 Jackie Chan, Hong Kong-born actor, martial artist Tony Dorsett, American football player April 8 – Gary Carter, American baseball player (d. 2012) April 9 Steve Holt, Canadian musician Dennis Quaid, American actor April 10 Anacani, Mexican-born American singer (The Lawrence Welk Show) Angelika Hellmann, East German artistic gymnast April 14 Katsuhiro Otomo, Japanese manga artist (Akira) Bruce Sterling, American science fiction writer April 16 – Ellen Barkin, American actress April 17 Norio Imamura, Japanese voice actor Roddy Piper, Canadian wrestler (d. 2015) April 22 – Jōji Nakata, Japanese voice actor April 23 Peter Nyombi, Ugandan lawyer, politician (d. 2018) Michael Moore, American filmmaker, political activist (Bowling for Columbine) Lea Black, American philanthropist, author, television personality, political activist and entrepreneur April 25 Randy Cross, American football player, broadcaster April 27 Herman Edwards, American football head coach Frank Bainimarama, Fijian politician April 28 – Michael Daugherty, American composer April 29 Jake Burton Carpenter, American founder of Burton Snowboards (d. 2019) Kazuko Kurosawa, Japanese costume designer Jerry Seinfeld, American actor, comedian and producer (Seinfeld) April 30 – Jane Campion, New Zealand screenwriter, producer, and director May May 1 Ray Parker Jr., African-American musician and composer ("Ghostbusters") Maatia Toafa, 2-time Prime Minister of Tuvalu May 2 – Elliot Goldenthal, American composer May 5 – David Azulai, Israeli politician (d. 2018) May 6 – Angela Hernández Nuñez, Dominican writer May 7 Philippe Geluck, Belgian cartoonist Amy Heckerling, American film director Diana Raab, American author May 8 – Pam Arciero, Hawaiian-born puppeteer (Sesame Street) May 10 – Amos Guttman, Israeli film director (d. 1993) May 13 – Johnny Logan, Australian-born Irish singer, composer and Eurovision Song Contest winner (1980, 1987) dubbed as "Mister Eurovision" May 14 María Dolores Katarain ("Yoyes"), Spanish Basque separatist leader (d. 1986) Peter J. Ratcliffe, English cellular biologist, Nobel Prize laureate May 19 Hōchū Ōtsuka, Japanese voice actor Phil Rudd, Australian rock drummer (AC/DC) May 20 – David Paterson, American politician, 55th Governor of New York May 22 – Shuji Nakamura, Japanese electronics engineer May 23 – Marvelous Marvin Hagler, American middleweight boxer and film actor (d. 2021) May 25 Tantely Andrianarivo, 11th Prime Minister of Madagascar Sudirman, Malaysian singer and songwriter (d. 1992) May 27 Pauline Hanson, Australian politician Lawrence M. Krauss, American theoretical physicist, science writer Coney Reyes, Philippine film and television actress May 28 – John Tory, Canadian politician May 29 – Pankaj Kapur, Indian actor June June 2 Mattos Nascimento, Brazilian musician, singer, composer and trombonist Dennis Haysbert, African-American actor Chiyoko Kawashima, Japanese voice actress June 4 – Kazuhiro Yamaji, Japanese actor, voice actor June 5 Hashim Djojohadikusumo, Indonesian entrepreneur, politician Nancy Stafford, American actress, Christian author June 6 – Harvey Fierstein, American actor June 9 John Hagelin, American physicist, U.S. presidential candidate Elizabeth May, leader of the Green Party of Canada June 10 – Kurt Walker, American ice hockey player (d. 2018) June 13 – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigerian-born Director-General of the World Trade Organization June 14 – Will Patton, American actor June 15 Jim Belushi, American actor, comedian, singer and musician Bob McDonnell, American politician June 16 – Sergey Kuryokhin, Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (d. 1996) June 19 Ted Coombs, American artist Kathleen Turner, American actress (Romancing the Stone) June 20 Michael Anthony, American rock bassist (Van Halen) Karlheinz Brandenburg, German electrical engineer, mathematician Ilan Ramon, Israeli Air Force fighter pilot, Israel's first astronaut (d. 2003) June 21 Chip Ingram, American Christian pastor, author and orator Mark Kimmitt, U.S general Anne Kirkbride, British actress (Coronation Street) (d. 2015) Robert Pastorelli, American actor (d. 2004) Jim Tooey, American actor June 22 Chris Lemmon, American actor, author Freddie Prinze, American actor, comedian (Chico and the Man) (d. 1977) June 23 Francisco Javier Cuadra, Chilean lawyer, academic and politician Carme Pinós, Spanish architect James Plaskitt, British politician June 24 – Chang San-cheng, Taiwanese politician June 25 Luiz Carlos Vasconcelos, Brazilian actor Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Igor Lisovsky, Soviet pair skater Abderrazak Kilani, Tunisian politician, lawyer June 26 – Steve Barton, American actor (d. 2001) June 27 Ron Kirk, Mayor of Dallas, Texas Anita Zagaria, Italian actress June 28 Daniel Dantas, Brazilian actor Ava Barber, American country singer (The Lawrence Welk Show) Alice Krige, South African actress and producer June 29 Jai Jagadish, Indian film actor, director and producer Rick Honeycutt, American baseball player, coach June 30 Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia Stephen Ouimette, Canadian actor, director Mohammad A. Quayum, Bangladeshi academic, writer, editor, critic and translator Wayne Swan, Australian politician Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2004) July July 1 Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, Somali politician Pedro Guastavino, Argentine politician Lawrence Gonzi, Maltese politician and lawyer Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Iraqi-Iranian military commander (d. 2020) Hossein Nuri, Iranian artist July 2 Ludmila Aslanian, Armenian chess player Peter Randall-Page, British artist Wendy Schaal, American actress July 3 – Pennie Lane Trumbull, American socialite, philanthropist, businesswoman, and entrepreneur July 4 – Anne Lambton, British actress July 5 Don Stark, American actor John Wright, New Zealand cricket captain July 6 – Willie Randolph, American baseball player, coach, manager July 7 Robert M. Price, American theologian and writer, Cthulhu Mythos scholar and editor Simon Anderson, Australian competitive surfer, surfboard shaper, and writer Ursula Stephens, Australian politician July 8 David Aaronovitch, English journalist, television presenter and author Matthew Marsh, English actor July 9 – Kevin O'Leary, Canadian businessman, television personality, and political candidate July 10 Andre Dawson, American baseball player Michele Serra, Italian writer, journalist and satirist Neil Tennant, British singer-songwriter, musician and journalist (Pet Shop Boys) Yō Yoshimura, Japanese voice actor (d. 1991) José González Ganoza, Peruvian footballer (d. 1987) July 11 – Alejandro Camacho, Mexican actor and producer July 12 Lisa Pelikan, American actress Paulo Saldiva, Brazilian professor, physician, pathologist and medical researcher July 13 – Sezen Aksu, Turkish singer July 15 Tarak Dhiab, Tunisian footballer John Ferguson, Australian rugby league player Mario Kempes, Argentine footballer Jeff Jarvis, American journalist, professor, public speaker and television critic July 16 Nicholas Frankau, English actor Jeanette Mott Oxford, American politician July 17 Angela Merkel, 8th Chancellor of Germany Richard Bekins, American actor Edward Natapei, Vanuatu politician and Prime Minister of Vanuatu (d. 2015) J. Michael Straczynski, American author July 18 – Franziska Troegner, German actress July 19 – Verica Kalanović, Serbian politician July 20 Lo Ta-yu, Taiwanese singer and songwriter Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, Vietnamese politician; 10th President of Vietnam, 7th Prime Minister of Vietnam Wilson Casey, American syndicated columnist and entertainer July 21 – Otto Jespersen, Norwegian comedian, actor and television personality July 22 – Pierre Lebeau, Canadian actor July 24 Michael H. O'Brien, American politician (d. 2018) Jorge Jesus, Portuguese football player and coach July 25 – Walter Payton, African-American football player (d. 1999) July 26 Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player (d. 1994) Leonardo Daniel, Mexican actor and director July 27 Philippe Alliot, French race car driver Lynne Frederick, British actress (d. 1994) July 28 – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (d. 2013) July 29 – Mark Gersmehl, American Christian musician August August 1 Philip Trenary, American businessman (d. 2018) Michael Badnarik, American software engineer and presidential candidate James Gleick, American non fiction author of several award-winning books. Junpei Morita, Japanese actor and voice actor August 2 – David Tang, Hong Kong-British entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. 2017) August 4 Dorottya Udvaros, Hungarian actress François Valéry, French singer-songwriter and composer Uwe Wittwer, Swiss artist August 7 – Susanna Javicoli, Italian actress (d. 2005) August 9 – Pete Thomas, British drummer for the Elvis Costello band August 11 – Joe Jackson, British singer-songwriter (Steppin' Out) August 12 François Hollande, President of France 2012–17 Sam J. Jones, American actor Pat Metheny, American jazz guitarist August 13 Nico Assumpção, Brazilian bass guitar player (d. 2001) Tõnu Kilgas, Estonian singer and actor August 14 Mark Fidrych, American baseball player (d. 2009) Stanley A. McChrystal, U.S. Army general August 16 – James Cameron, Canadian-born film director August 17 Anatoly Kudryavitsky, Russian-Irish writer Andrés Pastrana Arango, President of Colombia August 20 Tawn Mastrey, American disc jockey and music video producer (d. 2007) Al Roker, American television personality and host Richarda Schmeisser, East German artistic gymnast August 21 Steve Smith, American drummer Ivan Stang, American author and publisher August 22 – Jay Patterson, American actor August 23 Ian Bartholomew, English actor Charles Busch, American director, writer and actor Halimah Yacob, 8th President of Singapore August 24 Joe Ochman, American actor and voice actor Philippe Cataldo, French singer August 25 Bruno Manser, Swiss environmental activist (d. 2005) Elvis Costello, English singer-songwriter August 29 – István Cserháti, Hungarian keyboardist (d. 2005) August 30 – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus August 31 Robert Kocharyan, President of Armenia Caroline Cossey, British model September September 1 – Dave Lumley, Canadian ice hockey player September 2 Vance DeGeneres, American actor Andrej Babiš, Czech entrepreneur and politician, 12th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Gai Waterhouse, Australian racehorse trainer Humberto Zurita, Mexican actor, director and producer September 5 – Danny Masterton, Scottish footballer (d. 2020) September 6 – Carly Fiorina, American businesswoman, CEO of HP (1999-2005) and Senator Ted Cruz's running mate in the 2016 presidential election September 7 Corbin Bernsen, American actor Michael Emerson, American actor Francisco Guterres, 4th President of East Timor September 9 – Mohsen Rezaee, Iranian politician September 10 – Mark W. Everson, American businessman; 46th Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (2003–07) September 13 – Steve Kilbey, Australian musician September 14 – Buzz Schneider, American professional ice hockey player September 15 – Nava Semel, Israeli author and playwright (d. 2017) September 16 – Ashrita Furman, American record breaker September 17 Wayne Krenchicki, American baseball player (d. 2018) Joël-François Durand, French composer September 18 – Dennis Johnson, American basketball player (d. 2007) September 21 Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan Thomas S. Ray, American ecologist Cass Sunstein, American legal scholar Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor, English drummer (Motörhead and Waysted) September 23 – Cherie Blair, lawyer, wife of British Prime Minister Tony Blair September 24 – Lilian Mercedes Letona, Salvadoran guerrilla (d. 1983) September 26 – Kevin Kennedy, American baseball manager and television host September 28 – Steve Largent, American football player and congressman September 29 – Cindy Morgan, American actress September 30 Barry Williams, American actor Patrice Rushen, African-American singer October October 1 – Martin Strel, Slovenian swimmer October 2 – Wong Tien Fatt, Malaysian politician (d. 2019) October 3 Eddie DeGarmo, American Christian keyboardist and producer Dennis Eckersley, American baseball player Al Sharpton, African-American civil rights activist, minister and radio talk show host Dawayne Bailey, American musician Stevie Ray Vaughan, American musician (d. 1990) October 5 Gurudas Kamat, Indian politician (d. 2018) Wayne Watson, American Christian musician October 6 – Howard Hoffman, American voice actor October 7 – Robert A. Schuller, American televangelist and the son of Robert Schuller October 9 Scott Bakula, American actor (Quantum Leap, Star Trek: Enterprise) John O'Hurley, American actor and game show host October 10 Mohamed Mounir, Egyptian singer and actor David Lee Roth, American rock singer October 12 |
of Wollo, Ethiopian army commander and Ras of Wollo (d. 1918) Deaths January–March January 17 – Elizabeth Simcoe, English-born wife of John Graves Simcoe (b. 1762) January 2 – Manuel de la Peña y Peña, interim President of Mexico (b. 1789) January 20 – Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, Danish poet, playwright (b. 1779) January 22 William Joseph Chaminade, French Catholic priest (b. 1761) Saint Vincent Pallotti, Italian missionary (b. 1795) January 26 – Francis Jeffrey, Scottish judge, literary critic (b. 1773) January 27 Philipp Röth, German composer (b. 1779) Johann Gottfried Schadow, German sculptor (b. 1764) February 4 – Daniel Turner, officer in the United States Navy (b. 1794) February 20 – Valentín Canalizo, acting president of Mexico (b. 1794) February 23 – Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British military officer, colonial administrator (b. 1775) February 24 – Tan Tock Seng, Singaporean businessman, philanthropist (b. 1798) February 25 – Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty of China (b. 1782) February 27 – Samuel Adams, Democratic Governor of the State of Arkansas (b. 1805) February 28 – Edward Bickersteth, English evangelical divine (b. 1786) March 3 – Oliver Cowdery, American religious leader (b. 1806) March 7 – Sir Hercules Robert Pakenham, British army general (b. 1781) March 13 Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan, Argentine general, politician (b. 1776) Owen Stanley, British naval officer, explorer of New Guinea (b. 1811) March 26 – Samuel Turell Armstrong, American political figure (b. 1784) March 27 – Wilhelm Beer, German banker, astronomer (b. 1797) March 28 – Gerard Brandon, Governor of Mississippi (b. 1788) March 31 – John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782) April–June April 7 – William Lisle Bowles, English poet, critic (b. 1762) April 9 – William Prout, English chemist, physician (b. 1785) April 11 – Raja Nara Singh, regent of Manipur (b. 1792) April 12 – Adoniram Judson, American Baptist missionary (b. 1788) April 16 – Marie Tussaud, French wax sculptor (b. 1761) April 17 – Jan Krukowiecki, Polish general (b. 1772) April 22 – Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian philologist, physician (b. 1798) April 23 – William Wordsworth, English poet (b. 1770) April 24 – John Norvell, American newspaperman, senator (b. 1789) May 1 – Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, French zoologist, anatomist (b. 1777) May 2 – Joseph Plumb Martin, American Revolutionary soldier, narrative author (b. 1760) May 10 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist, physicist (b. 1778) May 12 – Frances Sargent Osgood, U.S. poet (b. 1811) May 21 – Christoph Friedrich von Ammon, German theological writer, preacher (b. 1766) May 24 Jane Porter, English novelist (b. 1776) Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish noble (b. 1778) May 31 – Giuseppe Giusti, Tuscan satirical poet (b. 1809) June 9 – John Green Crosse, English surgeon (b. 1790) June 16 – William Lawson, British explorer of New South Wales (b. 1774) June 19 – Margaret Fuller, American journalist (b. 1810) June 30 – Richard Dillingham, American Quaker teacher (b. 1823) July–September July 2 – Robert Peel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1788) July 4 – William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759) July 7 – Timothy Hackworth, British steam locomotive engineer (b. 1786) July 8 – Prince Adolphus of the United Kingdom, 1st Duke of Cambridge (b. 1774) July 9 The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábí Faith (executed by a firing squad) (b. 1819) Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (b. 1784) Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti (b. 1776) July 12 – Robert Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (b. 1772) July 14 – August Neander, German theologian, church historian (b. 1789) July 16 – Julia Glover, Irish-born British stage actress (b. ca. 1779) July 25 – Richard Barnes Mason, military governor of California (b. 1797) August 3 – Jacob Jones, U.S. Navy officer (b. 1768) August 6 Edward Walsh, Irish poet (b. 1805) Hōne Heke, Maori chief and war leader (b. c. 1807) August 13 – Martin Archer Shee, Irish painter, president of the Royal Academy (b. 1770) August 17 – General José de San Martín, Argentine military and South American independence hero (b. 1778) August 18 Charles Arbuthnot, British Tory politician (b. 1767) Honoré de Balzac, French author (b. 1799) August 22 – Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian poet (b. 1802) August 26 – King Louis Philippe I of France (b. 1773) August 27 – Thomas Kidd, English classical scholar, schoolmaster (b. 1770) September 2 – Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn, British Tory politician (b. 1775) September 12 – Presley O'Bannon, officer in the United States Marine Corps (b. 1784) September 22 – Johann Heinrich von Thünen, German economist (b. 1783) September 23 – José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan revolutionary (b. 1764) October–December October 2 – Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784) October 11 – Louise, Queen of the Belgians (b. 1812) October 29 – Marmaduke Williams, Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1774) November 2 – Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr., Democratic governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina (b. 1796) November 3 – Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois (b. 1800) November 4 – Gustav Schwab, German classical scholar (b. 1792) November 9 – François-Xavier-Joseph Droz, French writer on ethics and political science (b. 1773) November 19 – Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President of the United States (b. 1780) November 22 – Lin Zexu, Chinese politician (b. 1785) November 30 – Germain Henri Hess, Swiss chemist, doctor (b. 1802) December 4 – William Sturgeon, English physicist, inventor (b. 1783) December 10 Józef Bem, Polish general (b. 1794) François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist, geologist (b. 1787) December 22 – William Plumer, American lawyer, lay preacher (b. 1759) December 24 – Frédéric Bastiat French author, economist (b. 1801) December 28 – Heinrich Christian Schumacher, German astronomer (b. 1780) December 30 – | (d. 1916) July–August July 2 – Robert Ridgway, American ornithologist (d. 1929) July 11 – Annie Armstrong, American missionary leader (d. 1938) July 15 – Frances Xavier Cabrini, American saint (d. 1917) July 18 – Rose Hartwick Thorpe, American poet (d. 1939) July 31 Robert Love Taylor, American congressman, senator and Governor from Tennessee (d. 1912) Robert Planquette, French composer of stage musicals (d. 1903) August 5 – Guy de Maupassant, French writer (d. 1893) August 9 – Johann Büttikofer, Swiss zoologist (d. 1927) August 10 – Ella M. S. Marble, American physician (d. 1929) August 25 – Charles Richet, French physiologist, Nobel Prize winner (d. 1935) August 30 Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino writer, journalist (d. 1896) Bernardo Reyes, Mexican general (d. 1913) September–October September 4 – Luigi Cadorna, Italian general (d. 1928) September 5 – Eugen Goldstein, German physicist (d. 1930) September 6 – Marion Howard Brazier, American journalist (d. 1935) September 20 – Ōshima Yoshimasa, Japanese general (d. 1926) October 1 David R. Francis, American politician (d. 1927) Thomas Vincent Welch, American politician (d. 1903) October 8 – Henry Louis Le Châtelier, French chemist (d. 1936) October 14 – Newton E. Mason, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1945) October 18 – Ferdinand von Quast, German general (d. 1939) October 26 – Grigore Tocilescu, Romanian historian, archaeologist, epigrapher and folkorist, author of many books on ancient Dacia (d. 1909) November–December November 2 – Antonio Jacobsen, Danish-born American maritime artist (d. 1921) November 11 – Silva Porto, Portuguese painter (d. 1893) November 13 – Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish writer (d. 1894) November 15 – Victor Laloux, French architect (d. 1937) November 24 – László Lukács, 17th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1932) December 21 – William Wallace Lincoln, third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln (d. 1862) December 22 – Victoriano Huerta, 35th President of Mexico (d. 1916) December 23 – Louise Reed Stowell, American scientist, author (d. 1932) Date unknown Abdul Wahid Bengali, Muslim theologian and teacher (d. 1905) Mikael of Wollo, Ethiopian army commander and Ras of Wollo (d. 1918) Deaths January–March January 17 – Elizabeth Simcoe, English-born wife of John Graves Simcoe (b. 1762) January 2 – Manuel de la Peña y Peña, interim President of Mexico (b. 1789) January 20 – Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, Danish poet, playwright (b. 1779) January 22 William Joseph Chaminade, French Catholic priest (b. 1761) Saint Vincent Pallotti, Italian missionary (b. 1795) January 26 – Francis Jeffrey, Scottish judge, literary critic (b. 1773) January 27 Philipp Röth, German composer (b. 1779) Johann Gottfried Schadow, German sculptor (b. 1764) February 4 – Daniel Turner, officer in the United States Navy (b. 1794) February 20 – Valentín Canalizo, acting president of Mexico (b. 1794) February 23 – Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British military officer, colonial administrator (b. 1775) February 24 – Tan Tock Seng, Singaporean businessman, philanthropist (b. 1798) February 25 – Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty of China (b. 1782) February 27 – Samuel Adams, Democratic Governor of the State of Arkansas (b. 1805) February 28 – Edward Bickersteth, English evangelical divine (b. 1786) March 3 – Oliver Cowdery, American religious leader (b. 1806) March 7 – Sir Hercules Robert Pakenham, British army general (b. 1781) March 13 Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan, Argentine general, politician (b. 1776) Owen Stanley, British naval officer, explorer of New Guinea (b. 1811) March 26 – Samuel Turell Armstrong, American political figure (b. 1784) March 27 – Wilhelm Beer, German banker, astronomer (b. 1797) March 28 – Gerard Brandon, Governor of Mississippi (b. 1788) March 31 – John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782) April–June April 7 – William Lisle Bowles, English poet, critic (b. 1762) April 9 – William Prout, English chemist, physician (b. 1785) April 11 – Raja Nara Singh, regent of Manipur (b. 1792) April 12 – Adoniram Judson, American Baptist missionary (b. 1788) April 16 – Marie Tussaud, French wax sculptor (b. 1761) April 17 – Jan Krukowiecki, Polish general (b. 1772) April 22 – Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian philologist, physician (b. 1798) April 23 – William Wordsworth, English poet (b. 1770) April 24 – John Norvell, American newspaperman, senator (b. 1789) May 1 – Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, French zoologist, anatomist (b. 1777) May 2 – Joseph Plumb Martin, American Revolutionary soldier, narrative author (b. 1760) May 10 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist, physicist (b. 1778) May 12 – Frances Sargent Osgood, U.S. poet (b. 1811) May 21 – Christoph Friedrich von Ammon, German theological writer, preacher (b. 1766) May 24 Jane Porter, English novelist (b. 1776) Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish noble (b. 1778) May 31 – Giuseppe Giusti, Tuscan satirical poet (b. 1809) June 9 – John Green Crosse, English surgeon (b. 1790) June 16 – William Lawson, British explorer of New South Wales (b. 1774) June 19 – Margaret Fuller, American journalist (b. 1810) June 30 – Richard Dillingham, American Quaker teacher (b. 1823) July–September July 2 – Robert Peel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1788) July 4 – William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759) July 7 – Timothy Hackworth, British steam locomotive engineer (b. 1786) July 8 – Prince Adolphus of the United Kingdom, 1st Duke of Cambridge (b. 1774) July 9 The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábí Faith (executed by a firing squad) (b. 1819) Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (b. 1784) Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti (b. 1776) July 12 – Robert Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (b. 1772) July 14 – August Neander, German theologian, church historian (b. 1789) July 16 – Julia Glover, Irish-born British stage actress (b. ca. 1779) July 25 – Richard Barnes Mason, military governor of California (b. 1797) August 3 – Jacob Jones, U.S. Navy officer (b. 1768) August 6 Edward Walsh, Irish poet (b. 1805) Hōne Heke, Maori chief and war leader (b. c. 1807) August 13 – Martin Archer Shee, Irish painter, president of the Royal Academy (b. 1770) August 17 – General José de San Martín, Argentine military and South American independence hero (b. 1778) August 18 Charles Arbuthnot, British Tory politician (b. 1767) Honoré de Balzac, French author (b. 1799) August 22 – Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian poet (b. 1802) August 26 – King Louis Philippe I of France (b. 1773) August 27 – Thomas Kidd, English classical scholar, schoolmaster (b. 1770) September 2 – Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn, British Tory politician (b. 1775) September 12 – Presley O'Bannon, officer in the United States Marine Corps (b. 1784) September 22 – Johann Heinrich von Thünen, German economist (b. 1783) September 23 – José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan revolutionary (b. 1764) October–December October 2 – Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784) October 11 – Louise, Queen of the Belgians (b. 1812) October 29 – Marmaduke Williams, Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1774) November 2 – Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr., Democratic governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina (b. 1796) November 3 – Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois (b. 1800) November 4 – Gustav Schwab, German classical scholar (b. 1792) November 9 – François-Xavier-Joseph Droz, French writer on ethics and political science (b. 1773) November 19 – Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President of the United States (b. 1780) November 22 – Lin Zexu, Chinese politician (b. 1785) November 30 – Germain Henri Hess, Swiss chemist, doctor (b. 1802) December 4 – William Sturgeon, English physicist, inventor (b. 1783) December 10 Józef Bem, Polish general (b. 1794) François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist, geologist (b. 1787) December 22 – William Plumer, American lawyer, lay preacher (b. 1759) December 24 – Frédéric Bastiat French author, economist (b. 1801) December 28 – Heinrich Christian Schumacher, German astronomer (b. 1780) December 30 – Pierre M. Lapie, French |
of William the Conqueror), who asserts his claim to the throne in opposition to claims by Henry's daughter Matilda (prolonged in a civil war known as The Anarchy). December 26 – Stephen of Blois is crowned at Westminster Abbey in London by Archbishop William de Corbeil. Matilda (pregnant with child) and her husband Geoffrey V (the Fair) leave for their own safety to Normandy, where she plans how to overthrow Stephen and claim the English throne for her own. Middle East August 29 – Caliph Al-Mustarshid is assassinated at Baghdad after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Rashid Billah as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate (until 1138). North Africa Summer – A Sicilian expeditionary force led by Roger II embarks from Messina and takes the island of Djerba (modern Tunisia). The Hammadid Emirate (modern Algeria) launches an assault against the city of Mahdia (modern Tunisia). Asia Jin–Song War: Song forces under Yue Fei begin a counteroffensive against the Jurchen-ruled Jin Dynasty in northern China. He defeats Jin forces, by entangling his paddle-wheel ships at the Huai River. June 4 – Emperor Hui Zong dies in exile in Heilongjiang (Manchuria), having been held prisoner with his son Qin Zong since their capture in 1127. By topic Religion January – Byland Abbey is founded in England by the Congregation of Savigny. Buildwas Abbey is founded in England by Roger de Clinton, bishop of Coventry. Births Abu Yaqub Yusuf, caliph of the Almohad Caliphate (d. 1184) Adachi Morinaga, Japanese warrior monk (d. 1200) Albert of Chiatina, Italian archpriest and saint (d. 1202) André of Brienne, French nobleman (approximate date) Bogumilus, archbishop of Gniezno (approximate date) Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani, Arabic Hanafi jurist (d. 1197) Conrad of Hohenstaufen, German nobleman (d. 1195) Fernando Afonso, Portuguese Grand Master (d. 1207) Gertrude of Flanders, countess of Savoy (d. 1186) Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya, Andalusian poet (d. 1190) Henry Fitz Eylwin, 1st Lord Mayor of London (d. 1212) Herman IV, margrave of Baden and Verona (d. 1190) Hugh de Willoughby, English nobleman (d. 1205) Inge I (the Hunchback), king of Norway (d. 1161) Joachim of Fiore, Italian theologian and mystic (d. 1202) Karl Jónsson, Icelandic clergyman and poet (d. 1213) Magnus Haraldsson, king of Norway (approximate date) Maimonides, Almoravid philosopher and physician (d. 1204) Margaret of Navarre, queen of Sicily (approximate date) Minamoto no Yoshishige, Japanese samurai (d. 1202) Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, Persian mathematician (d. 1213) Simone Doria, Genoese admiral (approximate date) Roger de Newburgh, English nobleman (d. 1192) Rudolf of Zähringen, German archbishop (d. 1191) Samson of Tottington, English monk and abbot (d. 1211) Walkelin | against Castile and León. October – Conrad III, duke of Franconia, gives up his title as King of Italy in opposition with Lothair III. He receives a pardon and recovers his estates. Pisans in the service of the Holy See (Diocese of Rome) sack the city of Amalfi. A Moorish fleet raids the Catalan port-town of Elna (Southern France). England December 1 – King Henry I dies at Lyons-la-Forêt in Normandy after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Blois (grandson of William the Conqueror), who asserts his claim to the throne in opposition to claims by Henry's daughter Matilda (prolonged in a civil war known as The Anarchy). December 26 – Stephen of Blois is crowned at Westminster Abbey in London by Archbishop William de Corbeil. Matilda (pregnant with child) and her husband Geoffrey V (the Fair) leave for their own safety to Normandy, where she plans how to overthrow Stephen and claim the English throne for her own. Middle East August 29 – Caliph Al-Mustarshid is assassinated at Baghdad after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Rashid Billah as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate (until 1138). North Africa Summer – A Sicilian expeditionary force led by Roger II embarks from Messina and takes the island of Djerba (modern Tunisia). The Hammadid Emirate (modern Algeria) launches an assault against the city of Mahdia (modern Tunisia). Asia Jin–Song War: Song forces under Yue Fei begin a counteroffensive against the Jurchen-ruled Jin Dynasty in northern China. He defeats Jin forces, by entangling his paddle-wheel ships at the Huai River. June 4 – Emperor Hui Zong dies in exile in Heilongjiang (Manchuria), having been held prisoner with his son Qin Zong since their capture in 1127. By topic Religion |
king of Bulgaria by Pope Innocent III, after the creation of the Bulgarian Uniate church. Valdemar II of Denmark is recognized as king in Norway. Angers and Normandy are captured by Philip II of France. The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal-des-Champs is established. The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria. Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia submits to Philip of Swabia. Beaulieu Abbey is founded. The Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey decide, after a plebiscite of wealthy land owners, to remain with the English crown, after Normandy is recaptured by Philip II of France. Births April 14 – Henry I, king of Castile (d. 1217) Haakon IV of Norway (d. 1263) Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1247) Maria of Courtenay, Empress regent of Nicaea (d. 1228) Alice of Schaerbeek (d. 1250) Deaths January 1 – King Haakon III of Norway January – Isaac II Angelos, Byzantine emperor February 8 – Alexios IV Angelos, Byzantine emperor | Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade. Theodore I Laskaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond. Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica. The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris, and Pope Innocent III. Tsar Kaloyan is recognized as king of Bulgaria by Pope Innocent III, after the creation of the Bulgarian Uniate church. Valdemar II of Denmark is recognized as king in Norway. Angers and Normandy are captured by Philip II of France. The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal-des-Champs is established. The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria. Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia submits to Philip of Swabia. Beaulieu Abbey is founded. The Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey decide, after a plebiscite of wealthy land owners, to remain with the English crown, after Normandy is recaptured by Philip II of France. Births April 14 – Henry I, king of Castile (d. 1217) Haakon IV of Norway (d. 1263) Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1247) Maria of Courtenay, Empress regent of Nicaea (d. 1228) Alice |
Persian Empire The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships. Greece The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth, under the presidency of Sparta, brings together a number of the Greek city states, who agree to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina. They also discuss the threat from the Persians. Athens is unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its king Leonidas. Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, wants high command, but Sparta and Athens refuse. However, during the Congress, Gelo has to withdraw due to Carthage's plans to invade Sicily. Finally, Themistocles agrees that Athens' | the Spring and Autumn Annals ceases. It gives way to the Warring States period. Rome The Aequi lay siege to Ortona but are defeated by the Romans. Tensions between the Roman classes flare during the battle. Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army threatens to besiege Rome but nothing notable occurs. The tribune Spurius Licinius unsuccessfully advocates an agrarian law. Births Protagoras, Greek presocratic philosopher (d. c. 420 BC) Deaths Sima Niu, the highest ranking aristocrat among the disciples of |
Republic Third Servile War: Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator, escapes with around 70 slave-gladiators from a gladiator school at Capua. They defeat a small Roman force and equip themselves with captured military equipment as well with gladiatorial weapons. Spartacus and his band of gladiators plunder the region surrounding Capua and retire to a defensible position on Mount Vesuvius. Battle of Mount Vesuvius: Spartacus defeats a Roman militia force | pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Longinus (or, less frequently, year 681 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 73 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events <onlyinclude> By place Roman Republic Third Servile War: Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator, escapes with around 70 slave-gladiators from a gladiator school at Capua. They defeat a small Roman force and equip themselves with captured military equipment as |
a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously, with the cognomen Creticus. Nessebar in modern-day Bulgaria comes under Roman rule. Births Wang Zhengjun, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 13) Deaths Castus, Gallic gladiator and rebel leader Gannicus, Celtic gladiator and rebel leader Marcus Antonius Creticus, Roman politician (father of Mark Antony) Spartacus, Thracian gladiator and rebel leader (presumably killed in battle) (b. 109 BC) Xu Pingjun, Chinese empress | along the Via Appia. Marcus Antonius is defeated by the Cretans, who have made an alliance with the pirates. He is compelled to conclude a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously, with the cognomen Creticus. Nessebar in modern-day Bulgaria comes under Roman rule. Births Wang Zhengjun, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 13) Deaths Castus, Gallic gladiator and rebel leader Gannicus, Celtic gladiator and rebel leader Marcus Antonius Creticus, Roman politician (father of Mark Antony) Spartacus, Thracian gladiator and rebel leader (presumably |
the siege, but is defeated. October 15 – The University of Tartu officially opens, in Swedish Livonia. October 30 – Henri II de Montmorency, is executed for his participation in the rebellion of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, against French king Louis XIII. November 8 – Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Sigismund III Vasa's death. November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle. December 6 – Indians wipe out a new Dutch settlement of Swanadael in New Netherland. Date unknown Antigua and Barbuda is first colonized by England. The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal. Yakutsk, Russia is founded. King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland forbids anti-Semitic books and printings. The rural parish of Loppi was founded. Construction of the Taj Mahal begins. Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe. Approximate date – Last inhabitants leave the original city of Reimerswaal in Zeeland. Births January–March January 1 – Claude de Choiseul-Francières, Marshal of France (d. 1711) January 3 – Sir John Duke, 2nd Baronet, Member of Parliament of England (d. 1705) January 8 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (d. 1694) January 11 Adam Frans van der Meulen, Flemish Baroque painter specialising in battle scenes (d. 1690) John Platt, American settler (d. 1705) January 14 – Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate, German noble (d. 1641) January 26 – Marie Charlotte de la Trémoille, French noble (d. 1682) January 29 Elsa Elisabeth Brahe, Swedish countess and duchess (d. 1689) Johann Georg Graevius, German classical scholar and critic (d. 1703) February 11 – Francisco de Aguiar y Seijas, Spanish cleric and bishop (d. 1698) February 12 – Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye, French businessman active in Canada (d. 1702) February 18 – Giovanni Battista Vitali, Italian composer (d. 1692) February 20 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (d. 1712) February 24 – Antoine Benoist, French painter (d. 1717) February 29 – Juriaen van Streeck, Dutch painter (d. 1687) March 8 – Davide Cocco Palmieri, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1711) March 13 – John Houblon, first Governor of the Bank of England (1694-1697) (d. 1712) March 21 – Sir John Hotham, 2nd Baronet, Member of the House of Commons of England (d. 1689) March 25 – John Temple, Irish politician (d. 1705) March 27 – Gustav Adolph, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken and general sergeant of the Holy Roman Empire at the Rhine (d. 1677) March 30 – John Proctor, Massachusetts farmer, tavern keeper (d. 1692) April–June April 2 – Georg Caspar Wecker, German composer (d. 1695) April 6 Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1649) Simon Philip, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1636–1650) (d. 1650) April 12 – Henry Chauncy, British antiquarian (d. 1719) April 19 – Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis, Member of Parliament (d. 1673) April 21 – Sir Hugh Smith, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1680) May 1 – Friedrich Spanheim the Younger, Calvinist theologian (d. 1701) May 3 – Catherine of St. Augustine, French nun, nurse of New France (d. 1668) May 8 – Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming, German field marshal, Governor of Berlin (d. 1706) May 13 – Nicolas Pitau, Flemish-born French engraver (d. 1671) May 15 – Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (d. 1668) May 16 – Jeremias van Rensselaer, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1674) May 17 – John Hall, English politician (d. 1711) May 21 – Feodosia Morozova, Russian religious dissident martyr (d. 1675) June 10 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (d. 1710) June 14 – Jean Gallois, French scholar and abbé (d. 1707) July–September July 3 – Tylman van Gameren, Dutch architect (d. 1706) July 15 – Thomas Seamer, founding settler of Norwalk, Connecticut (d. 1712) July 21 – Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1689) August 2 – Kaspar von Stieler, German soldier-poet (d. 1707) | the state religion of the country again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona. June 30 – The University of Tartu is founded. June – Eighty Years' War: Leading a Dutch army, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange captures in short succession the cities of Venlo, Roermond and Sittard, before besieging the city of Maastricht. July–December July 23 – Three hundred colonists for New France depart Dieppe. August 22 – Eighty Years' War: A Dutch army, led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, captures the city of Maastricht after a two-month siege. September 1 – Battle of Castelnaudary: A rebellion against French king Louis XIII is crushed. The leader of the rebellion, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, surrenders. September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated. October 15 – The University of Tartu officially opens, in Swedish Livonia. October 30 – Henri II de Montmorency, is executed for his participation in the rebellion of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, against French king Louis XIII. November 8 – Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Sigismund III Vasa's death. November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle. December 6 – Indians wipe out a new Dutch settlement of Swanadael in New Netherland. Date unknown Antigua and Barbuda is first colonized by England. The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal. Yakutsk, Russia is founded. King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland forbids anti-Semitic books and printings. The rural parish of Loppi was founded. Construction of the Taj Mahal begins. Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe. Approximate date – Last inhabitants leave the original city of Reimerswaal in Zeeland. Births January–March January 1 – Claude de Choiseul-Francières, Marshal of France (d. 1711) January 3 – Sir John Duke, 2nd Baronet, Member of Parliament of England (d. 1705) January 8 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (d. 1694) January 11 Adam Frans van der Meulen, Flemish Baroque painter specialising in battle scenes (d. 1690) John Platt, American settler (d. 1705) January 14 – Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate, German noble (d. 1641) January 26 – Marie Charlotte de la Trémoille, French noble (d. 1682) January 29 Elsa Elisabeth Brahe, Swedish countess and duchess (d. 1689) Johann Georg Graevius, German classical scholar and critic (d. 1703) February 11 – Francisco de Aguiar y Seijas, Spanish cleric and bishop (d. 1698) February 12 – Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye, French businessman active in Canada (d. 1702) February 18 – Giovanni Battista Vitali, Italian composer (d. 1692) February 20 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (d. 1712) February 24 – Antoine Benoist, French painter (d. 1717) February 29 – Juriaen van Streeck, Dutch painter (d. 1687) March 8 – Davide Cocco Palmieri, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1711) March 13 – John Houblon, first Governor of the Bank of England (1694-1697) (d. 1712) March 21 – Sir John Hotham, 2nd Baronet, Member of the House of Commons of England (d. 1689) March 25 – John Temple, Irish politician (d. 1705) March 27 – Gustav Adolph, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken and general sergeant of the Holy Roman Empire at the Rhine (d. 1677) March 30 – John Proctor, Massachusetts farmer, tavern keeper (d. 1692) April–June April 2 – Georg Caspar Wecker, German composer (d. 1695) April 6 Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1649) Simon Philip, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1636–1650) (d. 1650) April 12 – Henry Chauncy, British antiquarian (d. 1719) April 19 – Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis, Member of Parliament (d. 1673) April 21 – Sir Hugh Smith, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1680) May 1 – Friedrich Spanheim the Younger, Calvinist theologian (d. 1701) May 3 – Catherine of St. Augustine, French nun, nurse of New France (d. 1668) May 8 – Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming, German field marshal, Governor of Berlin (d. 1706) May 13 – Nicolas Pitau, Flemish-born French engraver (d. 1671) May 15 – Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (d. 1668) May 16 – Jeremias van Rensselaer, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1674) May 17 – John Hall, English politician (d. 1711) May 21 – Feodosia Morozova, Russian religious dissident martyr (d. 1675) June 10 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (d. 1710) June 14 – Jean Gallois, French scholar and abbé (d. 1707) July–September July 3 – Tylman van Gameren, Dutch architect (d. 1706) July 15 – Thomas Seamer, founding settler of Norwalk, Connecticut (d. 1712) July 21 – Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1689) August 2 – Kaspar von Stieler, German soldier-poet (d. 1707) August 13 – François-Séraphin Régnier-Desmarais, French diplomat and writer (d. 1713) August 15 – Valentine Hollingsworth, English colonist of Delaware (d. 1710) August 20 – Louis Bourdaloue, French Jesuit and |
of Pompeii is rediscovered after its loss following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Births January–June January 1 – Barthélemy Vimont, French missionary (d. 1667) January 7 – Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Italian duke and Catholic cardinal (d. 1627) January 12 – Gregers Krabbe, Governor-general of Norway (d. 1655) January 16 – Maeda Toshitsune, Japanese warlord (d. 1658) January 24 – Pierre de Marca, French bishop and historian (d. 1662) February 2 – Philip Powell, Welsh martyr (d. 1646) February 5 – Biagio Marini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1663) February 16 – Juliana Morell, Spanish-French scholar (d. 1653) February 19 – Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, elder son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark (d. 1612) February 21 – John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (d. 1626) February 26 – William Wadsworth, American colonial (d. 1675) March 25 – Maria Tesselschade Visscher, Dutch poet and engraver (d. 1649) April 21 – Bernardino Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1661) April 29 – Samuel Fairclough, English minister (d. 1677) May 1 – John Haynes, governor of Connecticut (d. 1653) May 9 – Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1662) May 15 – Sophie of Solms-Laubach, wife of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1651) May 29 – Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1632) June 3 – César, Duke of Vendôme, French nobleman (d. 1665) June 11 – Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass, English nobleman (d. 1653) June 23 – Thomas Tyrrell, English judge and politician (d. 1672) June – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (d. 1665) July–December July 6 – Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659) (d. 1659) July 10 – Bartolomeo Gennari, Italian painter (d. 1661) July 14 – Beat Albrecht von Ramstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1651) August 4 – Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Polish noble (d. 1654) August 5 – Stefano Durazzo, Italian cardinal (d. 1667) August 16 – Queen Inyeol, Korean royal consort (d. 1636) September 13 – Francesco Manelli, Italian composer (d. 1667) September 30 – Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, French poet (d. 1661) October 4 – Johan Schatter, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1673) October 27 – Johann Rudolf Wettstein, Swiss diplomat (d. 1666) November 15 – Jean Puget de la Serre, French author and dramatist (d. 1665) November 24 – Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent (d. 1651) November 26 – James Ware, Irish genealogist (d. 1666) November 30 – John Cosin, English churchman (d. 1672) December 7 – Frederik Coning, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1636) December 8 – Pierre Petit, French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (d. 1677) December 9 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Swedish king and general (d. 1632) December 21 – Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton, English politician (d. 1668) December 24 – Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (d. 1617) December 27 – Ove Gjedde, Danish admiral, member of the interim government after the death of Christian IV (d. 1660) Date unknown John Bramhall, English Anglican clergyman and controversialist (d. 1663) Peter Oliver, English miniaturist (d. 1648) Tomasz Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1638) Probable Tarquinio Merula, Italian composer (d. 1665) Deaths February – Barnabe Googe, English poet (b. 1540) February 2 – Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525) February | field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1632) June 3 – César, Duke of Vendôme, French nobleman (d. 1665) June 11 – Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass, English nobleman (d. 1653) June 23 – Thomas Tyrrell, English judge and politician (d. 1672) June – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (d. 1665) July–December July 6 – Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659) (d. 1659) July 10 – Bartolomeo Gennari, Italian painter (d. 1661) July 14 – Beat Albrecht von Ramstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1651) August 4 – Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Polish noble (d. 1654) August 5 – Stefano Durazzo, Italian cardinal (d. 1667) August 16 – Queen Inyeol, Korean royal consort (d. 1636) September 13 – Francesco Manelli, Italian composer (d. 1667) September 30 – Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, French poet (d. 1661) October 4 – Johan Schatter, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1673) October 27 – Johann Rudolf Wettstein, Swiss diplomat (d. 1666) November 15 – Jean Puget de la Serre, French author and dramatist (d. 1665) November 24 – Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent (d. 1651) November 26 – James Ware, Irish genealogist (d. 1666) November 30 – John Cosin, English churchman (d. 1672) December 7 – Frederik Coning, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1636) December 8 – Pierre Petit, French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (d. 1677) December 9 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Swedish king and general (d. 1632) December 21 – Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton, English politician (d. 1668) December 24 – Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (d. 1617) December 27 – Ove Gjedde, Danish admiral, member of the interim government after the death of Christian IV (d. 1660) Date unknown John Bramhall, English Anglican clergyman and controversialist (d. 1663) Peter Oliver, English miniaturist (d. 1648) Tomasz Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1638) Probable Tarquinio Merula, Italian composer (d. 1665) Deaths February – Barnabe Googe, English poet (b. 1540) February 2 – Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525) February 8 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim, Duchess of Saxony (b. 1540) April 16 – Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (b. 1559), second in line to the throne of England April 29 – Thomas Cooper, English bishop, lexicographer, and writer (b. c. 1517) May 2 |
field marshal (d. 1662) March 25 – Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Turk, travelled around the Ottoman Empire for 40 years (d. 1682) March 28 Magdalena Elisabeth of Hanau, German noblewoman (d. 1687) Henry Sherburne, American colonist (d. 1680) April–June April 11 – Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1684) April 17 – Simone Pignoni, Italian painter (d. 1698) May 4 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1691) May 16 – Pope Innocent XI (d. 1689) May 19 – Joachim Irgens von Westervick, Dano–Norwegian nobleman (d. 1675) June 15 – Salomon Sweers, Dutch businessman (d. 1674) June 22 – Pablo Bruna, blind Spanish composer and organist (d. 1679) June 24 – Johan Oxenstierna, Swedish count and statesman (d. 1657) June 28 – Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick (d. 1659) July–September July 15 – Jai Singh I, Maharaja of Jaipur (d. 1667) July 16 – Cecilia Renata of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1644) July 21 – Jan van Balen, Flemish painter (d. 1654) July 23 – Henry Hungerford, English politician (d. 1673) July 24 – Giancarlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1663) August 4 – Jan van den Hoecke, Dutch painter (d. 1651) August 9 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1652) September 1 – William Cartwright, English dramatist (d. 1643) September 3 – Toussaint Rose, French writer (d. 1701) September 4 – George III of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg (1633–1664) (d. 1664) September 8 – Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classical scholar (d. 1671) September 11 – Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (d. 1675) September 17 – Johann Olearius, German hymnwriter (d. 1684) October–December October 1 – Mathias Balen, Dutch writer (d. 1691) October 11 Samuel Enys, English politician (d. 1697) Hugues de Lionne, French statesman (d. 1671) October 22 – Jacques Esprit, French writer (d. 1677) October 26 Ove Bjelke, Norwegian civil servant (d. 1674) Antonio Coello, Spanish dramatist and poet (d. 1652) November 1 François-Marie, comte de Broglie, French soldier and commander in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1656) Walter J. Johnson, English explorer and fur trader (d. 1703) November 12 – Joachim Gersdorff, Danish politician (d. 1661) November 18 – Andreas Tscherning, German poet (d. 1659) December 23 – Abraham Wright, English theological writer and deacon (d. 1690) December – Leonora Baroni, Italian singer (d. 1670) Date unknown Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1684) Diego Quispe Tito, Peruvian painter (d. 1681) Probable Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan, French count and musketeer, on whom the fictional D'Artagnan from the novel The Three Musketeers is based (d. 1673) Deaths January–March January 6 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (b. 1532) January 16 – Niiro Tadamoto, Japanese samurai (b. 1526) February 7 – Ruprecht von Eggenberg, Austrian general (b. 1546) February 12 – Henry Lee of Ditchley, English noble (b. 1533) February 26 – Antonio Possevino, Italian Jesuit protagonist of Counter Reformation, papal diplomat (b. 1533) March 2 – Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, (b. 1564) March 3 – William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus, son of William Douglas (b. 1552) March 5 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese warlord and samurai (b. 1533) March 13 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (1541–1611) (b. 1530) March 17 – Princess Sophia of Sweden (b. 1547) March 20 – Johann Georg Gödelmann, German demonologist (b. 1559) April–June April 23 – Martin Ruland the Younger, German alchemist (b. 1569) May 19 Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint | of Trinidad (Nicotiana tabacum); the native tobacco is Nicotiana rustica. The Aix-en-Provence possessions takes place in France. Famine in Ethiopia resulting from crop failure due to weather conditions and the outbreak of a plague. Thomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River, a few miles south of present day Richmond, Virginia. Construction begins on Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, Persia. Thomas Sutton founds Charterhouse School, on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London. Itoh Gofuku Shop, a predecessor of Matsuzakaya, a famous department store, founded in Nagoya, Japan. Births January–March January 3 – James Harrington, English political theorist of classical republicanism (d. 1677) January 5 – Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich, pretender to the Russian throne (d. 1614) January 28 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer (d. 1687) February 2 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1633) February 3 – Christian Ulrik Gyldenløve, Danish diplomat and military officer (d. 1640) February 5 (bapt.) – Philip Sherman, English-born founder of Rhode Island (d. 1687) February 6 – Chongzhen Emperor of China (d. 1644) February 19 – Andries de Graeff, Dutch politician (d. 1678) February 24 (bapt.) – William Dobson (d. 1646) February 28 – William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton, English politician (d. 1664) March 1 – John Pell, English mathematician (d. 1685) March 9 – Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot, French missionary (d. 1693) March 15 – Jan Fyt, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1661) March 17 – Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, Swedish field marshal (d. 1662) March 25 – Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Turk, travelled around the Ottoman Empire for 40 years (d. 1682) March 28 Magdalena Elisabeth of Hanau, German noblewoman (d. 1687) Henry Sherburne, American colonist (d. 1680) April–June April 11 – Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1684) April 17 – Simone Pignoni, Italian painter (d. 1698) May 4 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1691) May 16 – Pope Innocent XI (d. 1689) May 19 – Joachim Irgens von Westervick, Dano–Norwegian nobleman (d. 1675) June 15 – Salomon Sweers, Dutch businessman (d. 1674) June 22 – Pablo Bruna, blind Spanish composer and organist (d. 1679) June 24 – Johan Oxenstierna, Swedish count and statesman (d. 1657) June 28 – Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick (d. 1659) July–September July 15 – Jai Singh I, Maharaja of Jaipur (d. 1667) July 16 – Cecilia Renata of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1644) July 21 – Jan van Balen, Flemish painter (d. 1654) July 23 – Henry Hungerford, English politician (d. 1673) July 24 – Giancarlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1663) August 4 – Jan van den Hoecke, Dutch painter (d. 1651) August 9 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1652) September 1 – William Cartwright, English dramatist (d. 1643) September 3 – Toussaint Rose, French writer (d. 1701) September 4 – George III of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg (1633–1664) (d. 1664) September 8 – Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classical scholar (d. 1671) September 11 – Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (d. 1675) September 17 – Johann Olearius, German hymnwriter (d. 1684) October–December October 1 – Mathias Balen, Dutch writer (d. 1691) October 11 Samuel Enys, English politician (d. 1697) Hugues de Lionne, French statesman (d. 1671) October 22 – Jacques Esprit, French writer (d. 1677) October 26 Ove Bjelke, Norwegian civil servant (d. 1674) Antonio Coello, Spanish dramatist and poet (d. 1652) November 1 François-Marie, comte de Broglie, French soldier and commander in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1656) Walter J. Johnson, English explorer and |
1534) March 20 – Cecily of York, English princess (d. 1507) November 29 – Guru Nanak, Indian Sikh guru (d. 1539) April 29 – William II, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1509) May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and political author (d. 1527) May 31 – King Manuel I of Portugal (d. 1521) June 20 – Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1494) August 4 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1528) August 26 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (d. 1496) date unknown John III of Navarre (d. 1516) Silvio Passerini, Italian politician (d. 1529) Laura Cereta, Italian humanist and feminist (d. 1499) probable – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (d. 1524) Deaths May 30 – Lope de Barrientos, powerful Castilian bishop and statesman (b. 1382) August 12 – Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers (executed) (b. 1405) September 25 – Margaret of Brittany, Breton duchess consort (b. 1443) October 8/October 10 – Filippo Lippi, Italian artist (b. 1406) December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of | calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events <onlyinclude> January–December February 4 – Battle of Qarabagh: Uzun Hasan decisively defeats the Timurids of Abu Sa'id Mirza. July 26 – Battle of Edgecote Moor: The Yorkists are defeated and King Edward IV of England is taken prisoner. August – October: Caister Castle in England is besieged by John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk. October 19 – Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile in Valladolid, bringing about a dynastic union. Date unknown Sigismund of Austria sells Upper-Elsass (Alsace) to Charles the Bold, in exchange for aid in a war against the Swiss. Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl. Anglo-Hanseatic War breaks out. Marsilio Ficino completes his translation of the collected works of Plato, writes Commentary on Plato's Symposium on Love, and starts to work on Platonic Theology. Births February 13 – Elia Levita, Renaissance Hebrew grammarian (d. 1549) February 20 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian philosopher (d. 1534) March 20 – Cecily of York, English princess (d. 1507) November 29 – Guru Nanak, Indian Sikh guru (d. 1539) April 29 – William II, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1509) May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and |
The 1520s decade ran | January 1, 1520, |
surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta, and become known as the Knights of Malta. Date unknown The third edition of Erasmus's Greek Textus Receptus of the New Testament, Novum Testamentum (with parallel Latin text), is published in Basel. Chinese Ming dynasty War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the Portuguese breech-loading culverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming. Australia is sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Cristóvão de Mendonça, who maps the continent and names it Jave la Grande ("The Greater Java"), according to the theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia. The Portuguese ally with the Sultanate of Ternate and begin the construction of Fort Kastela. The Portuguese along with King Ilato of the Goratalo kingdom constructs the Otanaha Fortress. Births January 22 – Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, (d. 1545) February 2 Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565) Francesco Alciati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1580) March 10 – Miyoshi Nagayoshi, Japanese samurai and daimyō (d. 1564) March 22 – Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1582) March 28 – Albert the Warlike, German prince (d. 1557) April 23 – Catherine of Ricci, Italian prioress (d. 1590) May 24 – John Jewel, English bishop (d. 1571) June 1 – Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch writer and scholar (d. 1590) July 5 – Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1586) July 13 – Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1575) July 25 – Anna of Lorraine (d. | official He Ru is the first to acquire the Portuguese breech-loading culverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming. Australia is sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Cristóvão de Mendonça, who maps the continent and names it Jave la Grande ("The Greater Java"), according to the theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia. The Portuguese ally with the Sultanate of Ternate and begin the construction of Fort Kastela. The Portuguese along with King Ilato of the Goratalo kingdom constructs the Otanaha Fortress. Births January 22 – Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, (d. 1545) February 2 Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565) Francesco Alciati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1580) March 10 – Miyoshi Nagayoshi, Japanese samurai and daimyō (d. 1564) March 22 – Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1582) March 28 – Albert the Warlike, German prince (d. 1557) April 23 – Catherine of Ricci, Italian prioress (d. 1590) May 24 – John Jewel, English bishop (d. 1571) June 1 – Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch writer and scholar (d. 1590) July 5 – Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1586) July 13 – Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1575) July 25 – Anna of Lorraine (d. 1568) July 31 – Charles II de Croÿ, Belgian duke (d. 1551) August 4 – Udai Singh II, King of Mewar (d. 1572) August 28 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (d. 1533) September 11 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1605) October 4 – Gabriele Paleotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1597) October 14 – Lucas Maius, Lutheran Reformation pastor, theologian and playwright (d. 1598) November 1 – Andrew Corbet, English landowner and politician (d. 1578) November 4 – Albert de Gondi, Marshal of France (d. 1602) November 9 – Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer (d. 1586) November 18 – Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (d. 1568) December 16 – Honoré I, Lord of Monaco (d. 1581) date unknown Mihrimah Sultan, Ottoman princess (d. 1578) Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, Spanish Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d. 1570) Philothei, Greek saint (d. 1589) probable Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia (d. 1559) possible Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542) Deaths January 25 – Raffaello Maffei, Italian theologian (b. 1451) January 29 – Wolfgang I of Oettingen, German count (b. 1455) February 25 – William Lilye, English classical scholar (b. c. 1468) April – Queen Eleni of Ethiopia April 10 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Italian philosopher (b. 1466) June 13 – Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (b. 1450) June 24 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse, German noble (b. 1483) June 25 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (b. 1451) June 30 – Johann Reuchlin, German humanist and Hebrew scholar (b. |
Malory of England (1405?–1471), soldier, member of Parliament, political prisoner, and author of Le Morte d'Arthur Richard Neville of England (1428–1471), nobleman, administrator, and military commander Demetrios Palaiologos of Morea (1407–1470), Byzantine Prince and Despot of Morea Thomas Palaiologos of Morea (1409–1465), Byzantine Prince and Despot of Morea Philip III (the Good) (1396–1467), Duke of Burgundy, r. 1419–1467 Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester (1452–1483), English Prince, Yorkist commander, and future King of England Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York of England (1411-1460), nobleman, military commander, and Yorkist claimant to the Throne of England Mar Shimun IV, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (Patriarchate then based in Mosul), held position 1437–1497 Tlacaelel (1397-1487), Tlacochcalcatl of | Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York of England (1411-1460), nobleman, military commander, and Yorkist claimant to the Throne of England Mar Shimun IV, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (Patriarchate then based in Mosul), held position 1437–1497 Tlacaelel (1397-1487), Tlacochcalcatl of the Aztec Empire Jasper Tudor of Wales (c.1431–1495), nobleman and adventurer Owen Tudor of Wales (c.1400–1461), soldier and courtier at the court |
denomination 499 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning | 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian |
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