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prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang Dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China. Tai Zong establishes a new Daoist abbey, out of gratitude for Daoist priests who had apparently cured the crown prince of an illness. By topic Religion Benjamin I, Coptic patriarch of Alexandria, escapes during the persecutions of his fellow Christians and hides in the monastery of St. Macarius (Upper Egypt). Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir ("Heaven on Earth") in northwestern India (approximate date). Births Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, son of Abu Bakr and brought up by Ali Temmu, emperor of Japan (approximate date) Yeh Fa-shan, Daoist wonder-worker (d. 720)	succeeds her sister Borandukht, as monarch of the Persian Empire. Azarmidokht is succeeded after a few months reign by Khosrau IV, who becomes new ruler (shah) of Persia. Hormizd VI proclaims himself king in Nisibis (Turkey). He seizes the throne and will reign until 632. Asia Emperor Tai Zong sends envoys to the Xueyantuo, vassals of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang Dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China. Tai Zong establishes a new Daoist abbey, out of gratitude for Daoist priests who had apparently cured the crown prince of an illness. By topic Religion Benjamin I, Coptic patriarch of Alexandria, escapes during the persecutions of his fellow Christians and hides in the monastery of St. Macarius (Upper Egypt). Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir ("Heaven on Earth") in northwestern India (approximate date). Births Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, son of Abu Bakr and brought up by Ali Temmu, emperor of Japan (approximate date) Yeh Fa-shan, Daoist wonder-worker (d. 720) Deaths Athanasius I Gammolo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. Borandukht, queen of the Persian Empire Cinaed mac
Roman Empire Emperor Theodosius II gives orders to destroy the buildings and pagan temples at Olympia (Greece). The statue of Zeus is brought to Constantinople. Europe Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), starts a 10-year campaign against the Visigoths in southern Gaul. King Gunderic of the Vandals accepts the request of the Alans in Hispania	starts a 10-year campaign against the Visigoths in southern Gaul. King Gunderic of the Vandals accepts the request of the Alans in Hispania to become their ruler (approximate date). Mesoamerica K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' becomes the founder of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization at Copán (modern Honduras). Religion Augustine of Hippo publishes the De Civitate Dei, City of God. Sisinnius becomes Archbishop of Constantinople. Births Liu Shao, emperor of
starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Florentius and Dionysius (or, less frequently, year 1182 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 429 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain	method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy. Genseric seizes lands from the Berbers and destroys church buildings all over Mauretania. He goes on a rampage forcing Bonifacius, Roman governor, to retreat to the fortified coastal town of Hippo Regius (modern Annaba). Bonifacius, weakened by the civil war against empress Galla Placidia, sues for peace and is elevated to the rank of supreme commander (magister militum) of Africa. Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee
The 450s decade ran from January	decade ran from January 1,
establish their kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states. Europe Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildica. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood at age 47 (approximate). The Huns celebrate a strava (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, which his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh refuse, dividing the Hunnic Empire Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths, Thorismund having been murdered, after violating the alliance with the Western Roman Empire. Asia Ankō obtains the throne of his father Ingyō after the traditional order of succession and becomes the 20th emperor of Japan. His eldest brother Kinashi commits suicide, after being accused of an incestuous relationship with his sister Karu no Ōiratsume (according to the Nihon Shoki). Births Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint (d. 524) Vedast, Frankish bishop (approximate date) Deaths July – Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire (b.406) Helian, empress of Northern Wei Ingyō, emperor of Japan (approximate date) Kinashi, prince of Japan	time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opilio and Vincomalus (or, less frequently, year 1206 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 453 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantium July – Empress Pulcheria dies of natural causes at Constantinople. She has commissioned many new churches in the city during her reign. Her death leaves Flavius Aspar (magister militum) as the dominant influence on her husband, Marcian. Anthemius marries Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, and is elevated to the rank of comes. He is sent to the Danubian frontier to rebuild the border defences. The late Attila's other sons Dengizich and Ernakh,
saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him. Rome is threatened by Attila but not attacked, due to a last-minute effort by Leo I. Threatened by news of reinforcements from the Eastern Roman Empire and the plague breaking out among the Huns, Attila is persuaded to withdraw. The city of Venice is founded by fugitives from Attila's army. They flee to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon. King Vortigern marries Hengist's daughter, Rowena, and becomes king of the Britons. The Anglo-Saxons increase their settlements in Britain (according to British legend). China Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Tai Wu Di, after he is assassinated	(according to British legend). China Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Tai Wu Di, after he is assassinated by the eunuch Zong Ai. Later that year, Yinwang is murdered as well, and Ai is overthrown by a group of high officials. Wen Cheng Di, age 12, becomes the new emperor of Northern Wei. Births Gundobad, king of the Burgundians (approximate date) John the Silent, bishop and Saint (died 558) Qi Mingdi, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 498) Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (d. 489) Yu Zhong, official and regent of Northern Wei (d. 518) Deaths March 11 – Tai Wu Di, emperor of Northern
strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom. June – Attila approaches Aurelianum (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (magister militum) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I. June 20 – Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Châlons): Attila avoids a pitched battle near Orléans, and withdraws to the Catalaunian Plains (Champagne-Ardenne). The Roman coalition defeats the Huns, but Theodoric I is killed in the encounter. This is one of the last military victories of the Western Roman Empire, before the victories of Emperor Majorian against the Alemanni, Visigoths, Suebi and Burgundians, between 457 and 461. Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse, and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Persia May 26 – Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian, who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday. Yazdegerd II issues a decree	Beauvais are destroyed by the Huns. Eudocia, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom. June – Attila approaches Aurelianum (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (magister militum) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I. June 20 – Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Châlons): Attila avoids a pitched battle near Orléans, and withdraws to the Catalaunian Plains (Champagne-Ardenne). The Roman coalition defeats the Huns, but Theodoric I is killed in the encounter. This is one of the last military victories of the Western Roman Empire, before the victories of Emperor Majorian against the Alemanni, Visigoths, Suebi and Burgundians, between 457 and 461. Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse, and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Persia May 26 – Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian, who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday. Yazdegerd II issues a decree
switches allegiance from Constantinople to King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne. Obelerio degli Antenori becomes the ninth doge of Venice, after his predecessor Giovanni Galbaio flees to Mantua, where he is killed. The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück is founded by Charlemagne (the oldest school in Germany). Asia Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, travels in a government-sponsored expedition to China, in order to learn more about the Mahavairocana Sutra. He brings back texts of Shingon (Esoteric Buddhism). Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and	will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers. Europe
Montfort, princess of Wales (d. 1282) Deaths January – Bohemond V, Prince of Antioch January 23 – Isabella, Queen of Armenia February 3 – Sviatoslav III of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1196) April 6 – Saint Peter of Verona May 3 or May 4 – Günther von Wüllersleben, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights May 30 – King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon June 6 – Robert Passelewe, Bishop of Chichester June 9 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg June 29 – Abel, King of Denmark (b. 1218) August 1 – Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Italian chronicler of the Mongol Empire November 27 – Blanche of Castile, queen of Louis VIII of France and regent of France (b. 1188) date unknown John of Basingstoke, English scholar and ecclesiastic Henry I, Count of Anhalt Sorghaghtani Beki, Mongolian empress and	a master's degree. In astronomy, work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables. Asia The classic Japanese text Jikkunsho is completed. The Chinese era Chunyou ends. The Mongols take the westernmost province of the Song Dynasty empire. Births March 25 – Conradin, Duke of Swabia (d. 1268) Safi-ad-din Ardabili, Persian Sufi leader Eleanor de Montfort, princess of Wales (d. 1282) Deaths January – Bohemond V, Prince of Antioch January 23 – Isabella, Queen of Armenia February 3 – Sviatoslav III of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1196) April 6 – Saint Peter of Verona May 3 or May 4 – Günther von Wüllersleben, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights May 30 – King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon June 6 – Robert Passelewe, Bishop of Chichester June 9 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg June 29 – Abel, King of Denmark (b. 1218) August 1 – Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Italian chronicler of the
campaign against the Bulgarian Empire, gathering an expeditionary force (most of the Roman army) from all parts of the empire. He is accompanied by high-ranking officials and aristocrats, including his son Stauracius and brother-in-law Michael I Rangabe (both later emperors temporarily). Krum, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria, sends envoys to sue for peace. Nikephoros refuses to accept the terms and marches through the Balkan passes towards Pliska, the Bulgarian capital. July 23 – Nikephoros I reaches Pliska, and destroys a Bulgarian army of 12,000 elite soldiers who guard the stronghold. Another hastily assembled relief force of 50,000 soldiers suffers a similar fate. The Byzantines capture the defenseless capital. Nikephoros plunders the city and captures Krum's treasury. He burns the countryside, slaughters sheep and pigs, as he pursues the retreating Bulgars south-west towards Serdica (modern-day Sofia). July 26 – Battle of Vărbitsa Pass: Nikephoros I is trapped (probably in the Vărbitsa Pass) and defeated by the Bulgars, who use	Pliska, the Bulgarian capital. July 23 – Nikephoros I reaches Pliska, and destroys a Bulgarian army of 12,000 elite soldiers who guard the stronghold. Another hastily assembled relief force of 50,000 soldiers suffers a similar fate. The Byzantines capture the defenseless capital. Nikephoros plunders the city and captures Krum's treasury. He burns the countryside, slaughters sheep and pigs, as he pursues the retreating Bulgars south-west towards Serdica (modern-day Sofia). July 26 – Battle of Vărbitsa Pass: Nikephoros I is trapped (probably in the Vărbitsa Pass) and defeated by the Bulgars, who use the tactics of ambush and surprise night attacks to immobilize the Byzantine forces. Nikephoros himself is killed; Krum has the emperor's head carried back in triumph on a pole, where it is cleaned out, lined with silver and made into a jeweled skull cup, which he allows his Slavic princes (archons) to drink from with him. Stauracius is installed as emperor at Adrianople (the first time a Byzantine emperor is crowned outside Constantinople). Because of a sword wound near his neck (during the Battle of Pliska), Stauracius is paralyzed. The imperial court is split between the noble factions of his wife Theophano and his sister Prokopia.
of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine in Norway. The German city of Hamburg is destroyed by a fire. The events giving rise to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin take place in Lower Saxony. By topic Arts and culture Construction of Beauvais Cathedral is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style. Jean de Meun translates Vegetius' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French. Education Peterhouse, the oldest collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge in England, is established by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely. Health The al-Mansuri bimaristan (hospital) is completed in Cairo. Markets The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years. Births April 25 – King Edward II of England (d. 1327) April 26 – Alice de Toeni, Countess of Warwick (d. 1324) date unknown John I, Count of Holland (d. 1299) Edward, Count of Savoy (d. 1329) Deaths March 24 – Hugh III of Cyprus (b. 1235) April – Adelaide of Holland, regent of Holland (b. c.1230) April 4 – King Alfonso X of Castile (b. 1221) April	Peter III of Aragon takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid Dynasty, and raids the island of Jerba. The Aragonese massacre the population, and occupy the island. Asia Mamluk sultan of Egypt Al Mansur Qalawun signs a ten-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre; he will violate the truce on various pretexts in 1290. The Byzantine city Tralles falls to the Turkish emirate of Menteşe; 20,000 people are led off as slaves. Europe March 3 – The Statute of Rhuddlan extends English law to Wales. June 5 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: King Charles II of Naples is captured by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon. May 18 – Jönköping in Sweden is granted town privileges. August 5–6 – Battle of Meloria: The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa at sea, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power. September 9 – German warlord Trunda makes a campaign to Karelia to tax Karelians but is defeated by Novgorod and the men from Staraya Ladoga. King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia receives Belgrade, Syrmia, and other territories from Hungary, when his son
younger brother Giovanni I, and is appointed doge of Venice. Giovanni, who is part of a pro-Frankish faction, is exiled to Zara (modern Croatia). Britain Æthelstan establishes himself as king of East Anglia, after killing King Ludeca of Mercia in battle. Ludeca is succeeded by Wiglaf, father-in-law (and probably distant cousin) of the late king Ceolwulf I's daughter. China Emperor Jing Zong is assassinated by a group of conspirators. He is succeeded by his brother Wen Zong, as ruler of the Tang Dynasty. By topic Religion August 27 – Pope Eugene II dies after a 3-year reign, and is succeeded by Valentine as the 100th pope of the Catholic Church. October 10 – Pope	succeeded by Wiglaf, father-in-law (and probably distant cousin) of the late king Ceolwulf I's daughter. China Emperor Jing Zong is assassinated by a group of conspirators. He is succeeded by his brother Wen Zong, as ruler of the Tang Dynasty. By topic Religion August 27 – Pope Eugene II dies after a 3-year reign, and is succeeded by Valentine as the 100th pope of the Catholic Church. October 10 – Pope Valentine dies just after a two-month reign, and is succeeded by Gregory IV as the 101st pope of Rome. Science Chalid Ben Abdulmelik and Ali Ben Isa travel to the Plain of Sinjar (modern Iraq), under orders of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, to measure the size of the Earth. Agriculture The Saracens, who found spinach originally in Persia (modern Iran), introduce the plant to Sicily. Births Ali ibn Muhammad, Muslim sultan (d. 848) Cyril, Byzantine missionary and bishop (d. 869) Ibn al-Rawandi, Muslim scholar and writer (d. 911) Maura of Troyes, Frankish noblewoman and saint (d. 850) Deaths January 1 – Adalard of Corbie, Frankish abbot August 27 – Eugene II, pope of the Catholic Church October 10 – Valentine, pope of the Catholic Church Agnello Participazio, doge of Venice Claudius,
the observance of All Saints' Day. He is succeeded by Sergius II, as the 102nd pope of Rome. Sergius imprisons the antipope John VIII, and is elected by popular acclamation. Births Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Muslim emir (d. 912) Al-Mu'tamid, Muslim caliph (d. 892) Hasan al-Utrush, Muslim emir (approximate date) Sosei, Japanese waka poet (approximate date) Yu Xuanji, Chinese poet (approximate date) Deaths January 11 – Michael I, Byzantine emperor January 25 – Gregory IV, pope of the Catholic Church Abdallah ibn Tahir, Muslim governor (or 845) Abu Ja'far Ashinas, Muslim general Alberik II, Frankish bishop Bera, count of Barcelona Bernard II, count of Poitiers Bernard I, duke of Septimania Chen Yixing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty Ekkehard, Frankish nobleman Galindo Garcés, count of Aragon Hugh, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (b. 802) Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd (Wales) Mukhariq, Abbasid court	Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by Rædwulf, who takes the throne. Rædwulf is later killed in battle against the Vikings, along with many of his noblemen. Æthelred returns and claims his right to rule. King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great"), who becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales). By topic Religion January 25 – Pope Gregory IV dies after a 16-year reign, in which he has supported the Frankish policy of late emperor Louis the Pious, and established the observance of All Saints' Day. He is succeeded by Sergius II, as the 102nd pope of Rome. Sergius imprisons the antipope John VIII, and is elected by popular acclamation. Births Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Muslim emir (d. 912) Al-Mu'tamid, Muslim caliph (d. 892) Hasan al-Utrush, Muslim emir (approximate date) Sosei, Japanese waka poet (approximate date) Yu Xuanji, Chinese poet (approximate date) Deaths January 11 – Michael I, Byzantine emperor January 25 – Gregory IV, pope of the Catholic Church Abdallah ibn Tahir, Muslim governor (or 845) Abu Ja'far Ashinas, Muslim general Alberik II, Frankish bishop Bera, count of Barcelona Bernard II, count of Poitiers Bernard I, duke of Septimania Chen Yixing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty Ekkehard,
November 24 – 847 Damascus earthquake Religion January 24 – Pope Sergius II dies of gout after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo IV, as the 103rd pope of Rome. April 21– Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes archbishop of Mainz after the death of Odgar. Births Æthelred I, king of Wessex (approximate date) Al-Mu'tazz, Muslim caliph (d. 869) Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine (or 848) Cheng Ji, Chinese general (approximate date) Fujiwara no Sukeyo, Japanese aristocrat (d. 897) Kang Junli, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 894) Lu Yi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 905) Miyoshi Kiyotsura, Japanese scholar (d. 918) Wang Jian, emperor of Former Shu (d. 918) Wang Jingchong, Chinese general (d. 883) Deaths January 27 – Sergius II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 790) April 21 – Odgar, Frankish monk and archbishop June	of Francia The Saracens, under the Berber leader Kalfun, capture the Byzantine city of Bari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first ruler of the Emirate of Bari, and expands his influence on the Italian mainland with raids. Abbasid Caliphate August 10 – Caliph Al-Wathiq dies of dropsy after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother al-Mutawakkil. By topic Natural events November 24 – 847 Damascus earthquake Religion January 24 – Pope Sergius II dies of gout after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo IV, as the 103rd pope of Rome. April 21– Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes archbishop of Mainz after the death of Odgar. Births Æthelred I, king of Wessex (approximate date) Al-Mu'tazz, Muslim caliph (d. 869) Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine (or 848) Cheng Ji, Chinese general (approximate date) Fujiwara no Sukeyo, Japanese aristocrat (d. 897) Kang Junli, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 894) Lu Yi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 905) Miyoshi Kiyotsura, Japanese scholar (d. 918) Wang Jian,
Prüm—the eldest, Louis II, receives the northern half of Italy and the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The second, Lothair II, receives Lotharingia (the Low Countries and Upper Burgundy). The youngest, Charles, receives Lower Burgundy and Provence. Britain Spring – King Æthelwulf of Wessex decides to go on a pilgrimage to Rome, accompanied by his youngest son Alfred (age 6) and a large retinue. He divides the kingdom between his two eldest sons; Æthelbald receives the western part of Wessex, while Æthelberht becomes ruler over Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex. Abbasid Caliphate Caliph al-Mutawakkil sends an Abbasid army, led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian	Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian nakharars. He subdues the country, and deports many Armenian nobles to the caliphal capital of Samarra. By topic Religion July 17 – Pope Leo IV dies after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by Benedict III as the 104th pope of Rome. Anastasius is made anti-pope by Lothair I. Æthelwulf grants churches in Wessex the right to receive tithes. He gives one-tenth of his lands to the Church. The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Births Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, Muslim vizier (d. 924) Gerald of Aurillac, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Guaimar I of Salerno, Lombard prince (approximate date) Han Jian, Chinese warlord (d. 912) Jing Hao, Chinese painter (d. 915) Deaths July 17 – Leo IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 790) September 20 – Gozbald, abbot and bishop of Würzburg September 29 – Lothair I, Frankish king and emperor (b. 795) November 20 – Theoktistos,
887) Anastasius, antipope of Rome (approximate date) Bertharius, Benedictine abbot and poet (approximate date) Engelram, Frankish chamberlain (approximate date) Gérard II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Halfdan the Black, Norwegian nobleman (approximate date) Kassia, Byzantine abbess and hymnographer (approximate date) Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Scotland (d. 858) Louis the German, king of East Francia (approximate date) Minamoto no Makoto, Japanese prince (d. 868) Photius I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) Seishi, empress of Japan (d. 879) Deaths July 8 – Pippin of Italy, son of Charlemagne Æthelburh, Anglo-Saxon abbess Abul-Abbas, Asian elephant given to Charlemagne Bello of Carcassonne, Frankish nobleman Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date) Eochaid mac Fiachnai, king of Ulaid	is constructed in Tikal National Park (modern Guatemala). The Book of Kells (also known as the Book of Colomba), an illuminated manuscript, is completed by Celtic monks (approximate date). Births July 19 – Muhammad al-Bukhari, Persian Islamic scholar (d. 870) July 27 – Xuān Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 859) Abbas ibn Firnas, Muslim physician and inventor (d. 887) Anastasius, antipope of Rome (approximate date) Bertharius, Benedictine abbot and poet (approximate date) Engelram, Frankish chamberlain (approximate date) Gérard II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) Halfdan the Black, Norwegian nobleman (approximate date) Kassia, Byzantine abbess and hymnographer (approximate date) Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Scotland (d. 858) Louis the German, king of East Francia (approximate date) Minamoto no Makoto, Japanese prince (d. 868) Photius I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) Seishi, empress of Japan (d. 879) Deaths July 8 – Pippin of Italy, son of Charlemagne Æthelburh, Anglo-Saxon abbess Abul-Abbas, Asian elephant given to Charlemagne Bello of Carcassonne, Frankish nobleman Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date) Eochaid mac Fiachnai, king of Ulaid (Ireland) Fujiwara no Nakanari, Japanese nobleman (b. 764) Gisela, Frankish abbess (b. 757) Godfred, king of the Danes
remains a Frankish vassal. A rebellion in Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal) is crushed by the Emirate of Córdoba. Abbasid Caliphate March 24 – Caliph Harun al-Rashid dies at Tus, on an expedition to put down an uprising in Khorasan (modern Iran). He is succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin. Asia Emperor Heizei becomes ill, and abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Saga, who is installed as the 52nd emperor of Japan. Emperor Govinda III defeats his rival Nagabhata II, and obtains the submission of the Pala Empire (India).Dynastic History of Magadha by George E. Somers, p. 179 By topic Religion Council of Aachen (809): Frankish bishops adopt the filioque addition in the Creed. Pope Leo III intervenes, and refuses to recognize it as valid. Births Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Muslim scholar and physician (d. 873) Jing Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 827) Wen Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 840) Deaths March 24 – Harun al-Rashid, Muslim caliph (b. 763) March	Abbasid Caliphate March 24 – Caliph Harun al-Rashid dies at Tus, on an expedition to put down an uprising in Khorasan (modern Iran). He is succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin. Asia Emperor Heizei becomes ill, and abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Saga, who is installed as the 52nd emperor of Japan. Emperor Govinda III defeats his rival Nagabhata II, and obtains the submission of the Pala Empire (India).Dynastic History of Magadha by George E. Somers, p. 179 By topic Religion Council of Aachen (809): Frankish bishops adopt the filioque addition in the Creed. Pope Leo III intervenes, and refuses to recognize it as valid. Births Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Muslim scholar and physician (d. 873) Jing Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 827) Wen Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 840) Deaths March 24 – Harun al-Rashid, Muslim caliph (b. 763)
Ninmyō, emperor of Japan (d. 850) Emma of Altdorf, Frankish queen (or 803) Gottschalk of Orbais, German monk and theologian (approximate date) Kang Chengxun, general of the Tang Dynasty (approximate date) Kim Yang, viceroy of Silla (Korea) (d. 857) Walafrid Strabo, Frankish theological writer (approximate date) Deaths Ælfwald II, king of Northumbria (approximate date) Al-Fadl ibn Yahya al-Barmaki, Muslim governor (b. 766) Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (Wales) Du Huangchang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty Eanbald II, archbishop of York Elipando, Spanish archbishop and theologian (approximate date)	population is displaced or abducted, to Hedeby (Denmark). Emperor Charlemagne gives orders to construct two new forts on the Elbe River, garrisoning them against future Slav incursions. In Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal), Hazim ibn Wahb leads a rebellion against the Emirate of Córdoba. Britain Exiled king Eardwulf of Northumbria is able to return to his kingdom, with the support of Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. He ousts the usurper, King Ælfwald II. Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (modern Wales), dies after a 35-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cyngen ap Cadell. By topic Finance Jewish merchants in Lombardy open the first bank (or money repository) in Italy (approximate date).
II becomes king of Sri Lanka, and makes Anuradhapura the capital city. Li Jifu is appointed chancellor, during the reign of Emperor Xian Zong in China. By topic Religion The Temple of Motoyama-ji in Mitoyo (Japan), of the Kōyasan Shingon-shū sect, is constructed by the orders of Emperor Heizei. The Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin is constructed in Qazvin (modern Iran), by the orders of Harun al-Rashid. The Book of Armagh is written by the Irish illuminator Ferdomnach, a scribe at the School of Armagh. Science The first record of	from various sieges, and evacuates Byzantine territory. An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids the Peloponnese, Rhodes and Myra. Europe Al-Andalus (modern Spain): An uprising occurs in the city of Mérida against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. Siege of Patras: This marks the end of independent rule by the South Slavs in the Peloponnese (or 805). Britain The Vikings land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against Wessex. King Cuthred of Kent dies. His brother, King Coenwulf of Mercia, takes control over Kent himself. Asia Dappula II becomes king of Sri Lanka, and makes Anuradhapura the capital city. Li Jifu is appointed chancellor, during the
inhabitants on the island of Iona (Scotland). Other monks flee to safety in the monastery of Kells (Ireland). They take with them the Book of Kells. King Eardwulf of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by his rival Ælfwald II, who takes the throne. Eardwulf flees to the Frankish court of Charlemagne, and later visits Pope Leo III in Rome. Europe November – Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, reasserts his control over the city of Toledo, autonomous since 797. To this effect Al-Hakam has over 72 nobles (accounts talk of 5,000) massacred at a banquet, crucified and displayed along the banks of the Guadalquivir River (modern Spain), in what comes to be known as the "Day of the Trench". Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence. Grimoald III, Lombard duke of Benevento, dies without heirs. He is succeeded by Grimoald IV, who is forced to pay tribute to King Charles the Younger. By topic Religion April 12 – Nikephoros I is elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasios.	in Wakakusa, Nakakoma District, Japan (now Minami-Alps, Yamanashi Prefecture). The temple follows the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism. Abbasid Caliphate Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate. Arab–Byzantine wars: An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids Cyprus, carrying off 16,000 inhabitants as slaves. Harun al-Rashid appoints Ashot Msaker ("the Carnivorous") as the new presiding prince of Armenia. The Bagratids emerge as one of the country's two most powerful noble families. Harun recognizes another Bagratid branch, under Ashot I Curopalates, as princes of Caucasian Iberia. Rafi ibn al-Layth, an Arab nobleman, leads a large-scale rebellion against oppressive taxation by the Abbasid governor Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan. He launches a revolt in Samarkand, which spreads quickly across Khorasan. Britain Vikings massacre Columba's monks, and all the inhabitants on the island of Iona (Scotland). Other monks flee to safety in the monastery of Kells (Ireland). They take with them the Book of Kells. King Eardwulf of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by his rival Ælfwald II, who takes the throne. Eardwulf flees to the Frankish court of Charlemagne, and later visits Pope Leo III in Rome. Europe November – Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, reasserts his control over the city
Bohemia (modern Czech Republic). Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, conquers and destroys the Eastern part of the Avar Khaganate (approximate date). The first known mention of Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt), founded by Charlemagne, is made. Britain King Egbert of Wessex formally establishes kingship over Devon, after an integration over many years. Dumnonia is reduced to cover only the Cornish in Cornwall (approximate date). Asia February 25 – Emperor De Zong dies after a 25-year reign, in which the fanzhen is controlled by military governors or jiedushi, who often ignore imperial decrees. He is succeeded by his son Shun Zong, who becomes ruler of the Tang Dynasty. August 31 – Shun Zong issues an edict to yield the throne to his son Xian Zong (Li Chun), because of an illness, taking for himself the title of "Retired Emperor" (Taishang Huang). Xian is confronted with political disputes in Zi Prefecture (Shaanxi). Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and introduces tea to Japan on his return (or 804). By topic Religion The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (modern Germany) is consecrated by Pope Leo III. Births García	calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Siege of Patras: Local Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese lay siege to the city of Patras (modern Greece), with aid from an Arab fleet. A Byzantine relief army under Skleros, military governor (strategos) from Corinth, is sent and retakes the city. The captured Slavs in Patras are made slaves, and a church is dedicated to St. Andrew. Europe Battle of Canburg: The Franks under Charles the Younger, son of emperor Charlemagne, defeat the Slavs near the present-day town of Kadaň, and conquer Bohemia (modern Czech Republic). Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, conquers and destroys the Eastern part of the Avar Khaganate (approximate date). The first known mention of Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt), founded by Charlemagne, is made. Britain King Egbert of Wessex formally establishes kingship over Devon, after an integration over many years. Dumnonia is reduced to cover only the Cornish in Cornwall (approximate date). Asia February 25 – Emperor De Zong dies after a 25-year reign, in which the fanzhen is controlled by military governors or jiedushi, who often ignore imperial decrees. He is succeeded by his son
Dalmatian Croatia, while Frankish rule is accepted over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland. Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire. Summer – Bardanes Tourkos, Byzantine general (strategos), is proclaimed emperor by the troops of the Anatolic, Opsikion, Thracian and Bucellarian themes. The 'rebel' army marches to Chrysopolis, a suburb of Constantinople. After the defection of two of his trusted aids, future emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian, Bardanes negotiates peace. Europe May – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, begins his territorial expansion and raids the Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia. St. Peter Stiftskulinarium, possibly Central Europe's oldest restaurant, is	Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia. St. Peter Stiftskulinarium, possibly Central Europe's oldest restaurant, is founded in Salzburg, Austria. Abbasid Caliphate Downfall of the Barmakids: Caliph Harun al-Rashid has his friend Ja'far ibn Yahya beheaded, possibly for having an affair with his sister Abbasa. The surviving members of the influential Barmakid family are imprisoned on the orders of Harun, and their property is confiscated. Asia The 803 Mopsuestia earthquake takes place in the vicinity of Mopsuestia, and the Gulf of Alexandretta (İskenderun) By topic Religion October 12 – The Synod of Clofesho (possibly Brixworth) is held, at which the Archbishopric of Lichfield is demoted to an ordinary bishopric, with papal permission obtained by King Coenwulf of Mercia. Births Du Mu, Chinese poet and official (d. 852) Emma of Altdorf, Frankish queen and wife of King Louis the German of East Francia (died 876) Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Muslim historian (d. 871) Liu Congjian,
and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession is finalized. Harun's eldest son al-Amin is named heir, but his second son al-Ma'mun is named as al-Amin's heir, and ruler of a broadly autonomous Khurasan. A third son, al-Qasim, is added as third heir, and receives responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire. Asia Prince Jayavarman declares the Khmer Empire (modern-day Cambodia) independent, and establishes the kingdom of Angkor. He is reconsecrated as a world ruler (chakravartin), or god-king (devaraja), under Hindu rites. By topic Religion The Haeinsa Temple of the Jogye Order is built in Korea. Births Bi Xian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 864) Fujiwara no Nagara, Japanese statesman (d. 856) Hugh, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (d. 844) Ono no Takamura, Japanese scholar and poet (d. 853) Ralpacan, emperor of Tibet (d. 836) Deaths January 11 or 804 – Paulinus II, patriarch	He is crowned in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, by Patriarch Tarasios, as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Europe Pagan Danes invade Obodrite-ruled Schleswig, to take over territory almost emptied by the forcible deportations of the Saxons by emperor Charlemagne. Al-Andalus: Saragossa rises against the Emirate of Córdoba. Emir Al-Hakam I sends a Muslim army under General Amrus ibn Yusuf, and retakes the city. Krum becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (until 814). During his reign Bulgarian territory doubles in size, from the Danube to the Dniester. Britain King Beorhtric of Wessex dies after drinking a chalice of poison intended for his wife, Eadburh. She flees to the court of Charlemagne, who accepts a portion of her wealth and makes her abbess. Prince Egbert returns to Wessex, and is accepted as the new king. Battle of Kempsford: Æthelmund, ealdorman of Hwicce, is killed during the battle by his rival Weohstan, who levies West Saxon Wiltshire. The Vikings plunder the treasures of Iona Abbey, on the west coast of Scotland
Carolingian Empire). April 3 – King Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, captures Barcelona after a siege of several months. Bera is appointed first count of Barcelona. Britain King Eardwulf of Northumbria leads an army into Mercia against his rival, Coenwulf, in order to flush out other claimants to the Northumbrian throne. A synod appears to have been held at Chelsea, as an extant charter (Sawyer 158) records a confirmation of a land grant by	the king of Mercia that was part of the council's proceedings. By topic Religion Rabanus Maurus, Frankish Benedictine monk, takes his vows in the monastery of Fulda and receives ordination as a deacon. Births September 8 – Ansgar, Frankish monk and archbishop (d. 865) June 17 – Drogo of Metz, illegitimate son of Charlemagne Al-Kindi, Muslim philosopher and polymath (approximate
11 – Ex-emperor Staurakios, a son of Nikephoros I, dies of putrefaction in his wounds (see 811) in a monastery. He has reigned only two months and eight days, before being exiled by senior officials in Constantinople. Emperor Michael I re-opens peace negotiations with the Franks, and recognizes Charlemagne as emperor (basileus) of the Frankish Empire. In exchange for this recognition, Venice is returned to the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgars, led by Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, launch an invasion against the Byzantines. They capture the fortress cities of Develt and Mesembria, near the Black Sea. Europe Charlemagne conquers Catalonia, as far south as the River Ebro and the Balearic Islands. The counties come under the rule of Bera, count of Barcelona. He signs a three-year peace treaty with the Emirate of Córdoba. Charlemagne issues the Capitulare de villis, concerning the rights of a feudal landholder and the services owed by his dependents. It also contains the names of some 89 plants, of which most are used medically. The Republic of Amalfi sends galleys to support the Byzantine general (strategos) of Sicily, Gregorio, against the Aghlabid invaders. It is one	de villis, concerning the rights of a feudal landholder and the services owed by his dependents. It also contains the names of some 89 plants, of which most are used medically. The Republic of Amalfi sends galleys to support the Byzantine general (strategos) of Sicily, Gregorio, against the Aghlabid invaders. It is one of the earliest evidences of the independence of the city. At the death of king Hemming of Denmark two claimants to the throne, Sigfred and Anulo, meet in battle but are both killed. Harald and Reginfrid, brothers of Anulo, becomes joint kings of Denmark. Britain King Sigered of Essex is reduced to the rank of duke, by his Mercian overlords. Abbasid Caliphate Fourth Fitna: Forces loyal to al-Ma'mun, led by Tahir ibn Husayn, blockade Baghdad, which is loyal to al-Ma'mun's brother, Caliph al-Amin, and begin the year-long Siege of Baghdad. China The Chinese government takes over the issuing of paper bank drafts, the ancestor
starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ursus and Sura (or, less frequently, year 855 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 102 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the	and Lucius Licinius Sura become Roman consuls. Emperor Trajan returns to Rome after a successful campaign against Dacia, through which he reestablishes clear Roman sovereignty over King Decebalus. Trajan divides Pannonia into two provinces, sometime between this year and 107. The port of Portus is enlarged. Europe Asia Having organised the territories of the Tarim basin, Chinese General
people Hadrian, Roman Emperor References	decade ran from January 1, 130, to
140, to December 31, 149. Significant people Antoninus	from January 1, 140, to December 31,
31, 159. Significant people Antoninus Pius,	January 1, 150, to December 31, 159. Significant
Aurelius, Roman Emperor Lucius Verus, Roman Emperor Commodus (b. 161)	1, 160, to December 31, 169. Significant people
people Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor Caerellius Priscus, governor of Roman Britain References	December 31, 179. Significant people Marcus Aurelius, Roman
ran from January 1, 180,	1, 180, to December 31, 189. Significant
from January 1, 190, to December 31,	190s decade ran from January 1, 190,
method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Roman consuls. Pliny the Younger becomes a member of the College of Augurs (103–104). Legio X Gemina moves to Vienna, where it remains until the 5th century. By topic Religion In Palmyra, Syria, a Temple of the Sun is erected to the god Baal. Births Kong Zhou,	frequently, year 856 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 103 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become
medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Pliny the Younger continues as a member of the College of Augurs (103–104). Nijmegen is renamed Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. A fire breaks out in Rome. Trajan gives the order to have the Alcántara Bridge, constructed by the architect Lacer, built over the Tagus River at Alcántara (Hispania). Apollodorus of Damascus builds a stone bridge over the Danube more than long, almost high and wide. The bridge connects what is	Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Pliny the Younger continues as a member of the College of Augurs (103–104). Nijmegen is renamed Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. A fire breaks out in Rome. Trajan gives the order to have the Alcántara Bridge, constructed by the architect Lacer, built over the Tagus River at Alcántara (Hispania). Apollodorus of Damascus builds
of Legio II Adiutrix at Aquincum (modern Budapest) in Pannonia. Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix and II Traiana Fortis are created by Trajan. The Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans. Pacorus II of Parthia dies after a 27-year reign, in which he has reclaimed all of his empire. His successor Vologases III reigns until 147 AD, suppressing brief rebellions, as he battles against the Kushan and Alani. Asia Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui places her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. Last year (17th) of yongyuan era and start of yuanxing era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in AD 85). By topic Art and Science Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper	Year of the Consulship of Candidus and Iulius (or, less frequently, year 858 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 105 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Trajan starts the second expedition against Dacia; he leaves with the Imperial Roman fleet from Brundusium. Permanent castrum of Legio II Adiutrix at Aquincum (modern Budapest) in Pannonia. Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix and II Traiana Fortis are created by Trajan. The Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans. Pacorus II of Parthia dies after a 27-year reign, in which he has reclaimed all of his empire. His successor Vologases III reigns until 147 AD, suppressing brief rebellions, as he battles against the Kushan and Alani. Asia Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui places her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. Last year (17th) of yongyuan era and start of yuanxing era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in AD 85). By topic Art and Science Papermaking is refined
Emperor He of Han dies after a 18-year reign. Empress Dowager Deng places her infant son Han Shangdi on the Chinese throne. First and the only year of yanping era. September 21 – Han Shangdi dies after a 7-month reign and is succeeded by his 12-year-old cousin Han Andi as ruler of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty (until 125). By topic Literature Aelianus Tacticus (or Aelian) writes his Taktike Theoria (approximate date). Deaths February 13 – He of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. AD 79) September 21 – Han Shangdi, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 105) Decebalus, king of Dacia (suicide, being pursued by	of the term "Catholic Church". Emperor Trajan conquers the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, and surrounds the capital, Sarmizegetusa. Battle of Sarmizegetusa: The Dacians are defeated, and the city is encircled with a circumvallation line. When the Romans destroy the water pipes, King Decebalus flees, and commits suicide. August 11 – The south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army. Trajan annexes the Nabataean Kingdom (with its capital Petra) as the Roman province of Arabia Petraea. The epoch of the calendar of the province of Arabia begins on March 22. China February 13 – Emperor He of Han dies after a 18-year reign. Empress Dowager Deng places her infant son
the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become consuls of Rome. An Indian ambassador is received	naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become consuls of Rome. An Indian ambassador is received by Emperor Trajan. Asia First year of the yongchu era of the Chinese
naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Roman Consuls. By topic Arts and sciences Tacitus writes Histories, which covers the period from AD 69 to AD 96. The Hypogeum of Yarhai, an underground tomb from the Syrian city of Palmyra dedicated to the family of	for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Roman Consuls. By topic Arts and sciences Tacitus writes Histories, which covers the period from AD 69 to
is constructed at the Emperor Trajan's personal expense; the road connects Benevento with Brundisium (Brindisi). The Baths of Trajan, built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, are dedicated during the Calends. The thermae are constructed on the platform of the Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea) in Rome. Osroes I	period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire June 24 – The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by Emperor Trajan; the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, north-west of Rome. The Via Traiana is constructed at the Emperor Trajan's