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prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Roman war against Numidia and Mauretania ends with their annexation. Tacfarinas' revolt in Africa is repressed. The Senate expels actors from Rome. Korea King Yuri ascends to the throne as ruler of Silla (Korea). Africa The Masinissa line of the rulers | starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Varro (or, less frequently, year 777 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 24 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The |
been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Fire in Rome. A poorly built amphitheatre in Fidenae collapses, killing 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators. Using the dates and ranges listed in the Gospel of Luke, this year can be established as when John the Baptist begins preaching in the Jordan. It is also likely that Jesus was baptised by John in the final months of this year before his temptation and the first of three Passovers listed in the Gospel of John. An | year 780 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 27 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Fire in Rome. A poorly built amphitheatre in Fidenae collapses, killing 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators. Using the dates and ranges listed in the Gospel of Luke, this year can be established as when John the Baptist begins preaching in the Jordan. It is also likely that Jesus was baptised by John in the final months of this year before his temptation and the first of three Passovers listed |
the Consulship of Silanus and Nerva (or, less frequently, year 781 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 28 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Germania Roman legions in Germania are transported by fleet to the fortress of Flevum on the Rhine, to operate against the rebellious Frisians. The Frisians negotiate a | operate against the rebellious Frisians. The Frisians negotiate a treaty with the Roman Empire at the River Rhine, avoiding conquest. Korea King Daru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula. Judea According to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 3:1-2), the ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus begin at the earliest in this year, and more likely in AD 29. Births June 15 – Ming of Han, Chinese emperor (d. AD 75) Julia |
common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Geminus (or, less frequently, year 782 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 29 for this year has been used since | Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Geminus (or, less frequently, year 782 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 29 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Agrippina |
for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place South Asia The Kushan Empire is founded (approximate date). Roman Empire 7 April (Good Friday) – Jesus is crucified (according to one dating scheme). He is later reported alive by his disciples. Agrippina the Elder (the wife of Germanicus) and two of her sons, Nero Julius Caesar and Drusus Caesar, are arrested and exiled on orders of Lucius Aelius Sejanus (the prefect of the Praetorian Guard), and later starved to death in suspicious circumstances. In Sejanus's purge of Agrippina the Elder and her family, her son Caligula, and her three daughters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla are the | Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla are the only survivors. Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables, and composes some of his own. Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity. Births November 8 – Nerva, Roman emperor (d. AD 98) Jia Kui, Chinese Confucian philosopher (d. AD 101) Mobon of Goguryeo, Korean king (d. AD 53) Poppaea Sabina, second wife of Nero (d. AD 65) Quintus Petillius Cerialis, Roman general Deaths April 7 – Jesus of Nazareth, (possible date of the crucifixion) (born circa 4 BC) The other possible dates also supported by scholarly consensus among a survey of 100 published scholarly biblical statements are April 6, AD 31 and April 3, AD 33. Shammai, Jewish Talmudic scholar (b. 50 |
interface for modems, serial mice, printers, and similar peripherals. It was the first serial chip used in the IBM PS/2 line, which were introduced in 1987. The part was originally made by National Semiconductor. Similarly numbered devices, with varying levels of compatibility with the original National Semiconductor part, are made by other manufacturers. A UART function that is register-compatible with the 16550 is usually a feature of multifunction I/O cards for IBM PC-compatible computers and may be integrated on the motherboard of other compatible computers. Replacement of the factory-installed 8250 UART was a common upgrade for owners of IBM PC, XT, and compatible computers when high-speed modems became available. Above 9600 baud, owners discovered that the serial ports of the computers were not able to handle a continuous flow of data without losing characters. Exchange of the 8250 (having only a one-byte received data buffer) with a 16550, and occasionally patching or setting system software to be aware of the FIFO feature of the new chip, improved the reliability and stability of high-speed connections. Features Main features of the 16550 include: The ability to convert data from serial to parallel, and from parallel to serial, using shift registers. An on-chip bit rate (baud rate) generator to control transmit and receive data rate. Handshake lines for control of an external modem, controllable by software. An interrupt function to the host microprocessor. An on-chip FIFO buffer for both incoming and outgoing data; this gives the host system more time to respond to an interrupt generated by the UART, without loss of data. Both the computer hardware and software interface of the 16550 are backward compatible with | system more time to respond to an interrupt generated by the UART, without loss of data. Both the computer hardware and software interface of the 16550 are backward compatible with the earlier 8250 UART and 16450 UART. The current version (since 1995) by Texas Instruments which bought National Semiconductor is called the 16550D. The 16550A and newer is pin-compatible with the 16450, but the Microsoft diagnostics program (MSD) supplied with MS-DOS 6.x, Windows 9x, Windows Me, and Windows 2000 often report the 16450 chip as an 8250 chip. The 16550 FIFO One drawback of the earlier 8250 UARTs and 16450 UARTs was that interrupts were generated for each byte received. This generated high rates of interrupts as transfer speeds increased. More critically, with only a 1-byte buffer there is a genuine risk that a received byte will be overwritten if interrupt service delays occur. To overcome these shortcomings, the 16550 series UARTs incorporated a 16-byte FIFO buffer with a programmable interrupt trigger of 1, 4, 8, or 14 bytes. The original 16550 had a bug that prevented this FIFO from being used. National Semiconductor later released the 16550A which corrected this issue. Not all manufacturers adopted this nomenclature, however, continuing to refer to the fixed chip as a 16550. According to another source, the FIFO issue was corrected only in the 16550AF model, with the A model still being buggy. (The C and CF models are okay too, according to this source.) The 16550AFN model added DMA transfers. The 16550 also incorporates a transmit FIFO, though this feature is less critical as delays in interrupt service would only result in sub-optimal transmission speeds and not actual data loss. The 16550A(F) version was a must-have to use modems with a data transmit rate of 9600 baud. Dropouts occurred with 14.4 kbit/s (v.32bis and higher) units and as compression was added with v.42 getting |
politician (d. 1710) Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712) February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706) February 25 Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695) Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712) March 4 – Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671) March 6 – Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian (d. 1724) March 8 – Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1725) March 17 – Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1717) March 23 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731) March 25 – Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist (d. 1680) March 28 – Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath (d. 1697) March 29 – Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (d. 1727) April–June April 3 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1690) April 6 – Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician (d. 1720) April 30 – Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter (d. 1708) May 3 – Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist (d. 1704) May 7 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700) May 8 – George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1672–1693) (d. 1693) May 9 – Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer (d. 1683) May 10 – Gabriel Revel, French painter (d. 1712) May 29 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon (d. 1695) July–September July 3 – Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop (d. 1709) July 26 – Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician (d. 1709) July 28 – Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer (d. 1722) July 29 – Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709) August 3 – Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet (d. 1725) August 16 – Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1647) August 18 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1670–1709) (d. 1709) August 21 – King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves (d. 1683) August 26 – Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1715) September 3 – Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist (d. 1704) September 5 – Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690) September 6 – François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet (d. 1742) September 14 Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718) Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian (d. 1719) September 17 – Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694) September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715) September 27 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729) September 30 – Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books (d. 1705) October–December October 5 – Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (d. 1721) October 14 – Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712) October 25 – Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer (d. 1676) November 1 – John Strype, English historian and biographer (d. 1737) November 4 – Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain (d. 1675) November 16 – Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller (d. 1713) November 22 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687) November 23 – Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician (d. 1722) December 24 – Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest (d. 1709) December 28 – Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church (d. 1713) Date unknown Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine (d. 1703) Marie Grubbe, Danish countess (d. 1718) Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter (d. 1674) Deaths January 14 – John Bois, English scholar (b. 1560) January 20 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (b. 1573) February 11 – Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1575) February 15 – Countess Juliane of Nassau-Dillenburg, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (b. 1587) February 25 – Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer (b. 1582) March 1 Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (b. 1583) Rustam Khan, Georgian-Iranian soldier (b. c. 1588) April 4 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (b. 1583) April 12 Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1606–1643) (b. 1579) Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (b. 1585) April 13 – Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (b. 1567) April 20 – Christoph Demantius, German composer (b. 1567) April 28 Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State (b. c. 1578) Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach (b. 1581) May 14 – King Louis XIII of France (b. 1601) July 12 – François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (b. 1597) July 25 – Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English statesman (b. 1584) August – Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (b. 1591) August 7 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (b. 1573) August 22 Philippe de Carteret II, son of Philippe de Carteret I (1552– (b. 1584) Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist (b. 1589) September 15 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish | Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland. Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer. Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal. Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum (in Antwerp). This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work. Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student; he will complete it in 1654, just before his death. Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America. Births January–March January 2 – Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun (d. 1722) January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727) January 7 – Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700) January 9 – Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (1689–1695) (d. 1695) January 13 – Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal (d. 1699) January 25 – John Hayes, English politician (d. 1705) January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706) January 30 – Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1707) February 6 Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1710) Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712) February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706) February 25 Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695) Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712) March 4 – Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671) March 6 – Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian (d. 1724) March 8 – Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1725) March 17 – Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1717) March 23 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731) March 25 – Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist (d. 1680) March 28 – Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath (d. 1697) March 29 – Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (d. 1727) April–June April 3 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1690) April 6 – Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician (d. 1720) April 30 – Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter (d. 1708) May 3 – Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist (d. 1704) May 7 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700) May 8 – George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1672–1693) (d. 1693) May 9 – Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer (d. 1683) May 10 – Gabriel Revel, French painter (d. 1712) May 29 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon (d. 1695) July–September July 3 – Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop (d. 1709) July 26 – Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician (d. 1709) July 28 – Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer (d. 1722) July 29 – Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709) August 3 – Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet (d. 1725) August 16 – Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1647) August 18 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1670–1709) (d. 1709) August 21 – King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves (d. 1683) August 26 – Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1715) September 3 – Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist (d. 1704) September 5 – Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690) September 6 – François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet (d. 1742) September 14 Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718) Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian (d. 1719) September 17 – Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694) September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715) September 27 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729) September 30 – Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books (d. 1705) October–December October 5 – Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (d. 1721) October 14 – Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712) October 25 – Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer (d. 1676) November 1 – John Strype, English historian and biographer |
which being the EAZ. The EAZ "0" was used for "global calls" to all connected devices. 1 TR 6 also offered semipermanent connections, which were (comparatively cheap) leased lines that could be temporarily disabled to use the B | being the EAZ. The EAZ "0" was used for "global calls" to all connected devices. 1 TR 6 also offered semipermanent connections, which were (comparatively cheap) leased lines that could be temporarily disabled to use the B channel for other purposes. It is said |
special-purpose registers: Frame pointer Stack pointer (one each for user and supervisor modes) Static base register, for referencing global variables Link base register for dynamically linked modules (object orientation) Program counter A typical processor status register, with a low-order user byte and a high-order system byte. (Additional system registers not listed). The instruction set is very much in the CISC model, with 2-operand instructions, memory-to-memory operations, flexible addressing modes, and variable-length byte-aligned instruction encoding. Addressing modes can involve up to two displacements and two memory indirections per operand as well as scaled indexing, making the longest conceivable instruction 23 bytes. The actual number of instructions is much lower than that of contemporary RISC processors. Unlike some other processors, autoincrement of the base register is not provided; the only exception is a "top of stack" addressing modes that pop sources and push destinations. Uniquely, the size of the displacement is encoded in its most significant bits: 0, 10 and 11 preceded 7-, 14- and 30-bit signed displacements. (Although the processors are otherwise consistently little-endian, displacements in the instruction stream are stored in big-endian order). General-purpose operands are specified using a 5-bit field. To this can be added an index byte (specifying the index register and 5-bit base address), and up to 2 variable-length displacements per operand. 32016 The first chip in the series was originally referred to as the 16032, but later renamed 32016 to emphasize its 32-bit internals. This contrasts it with its primary competitor in this space, 1979's Motorola 68000 (68k). The 68k used 32-bit instructions and registers, but its arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which controls much of the overall processing task, was only 16-bit. This meant it had to cycle 32-bit data through the ALU twice to complete an operation. In contrast, the NS32000 has a 32-bit ALU, so that 16-bit and 32-bit instructions take the same time to complete. The 32016 first shipped in 1982 in a 46-pin DIP package. It may have been the first 32-bit chip to reach mass production and sale (at least according to National's marketing). In a report in a June 1983 publication, however, it was remarked that National was "promising production quantities this summer" of 16032 parts, having been "shipping sample quantities for several months", with the floating point co-processor sampling "this month". Although a 1982 introduction post-dates the 68k by about two years, the 68k was not yet being widely used in the market and the 32016 generated significant interest. Unfortunately, the early versions were filled with bugs and could rarely be run at its rated speed. By 1984, after two years, the errata list still contained items specifying uncontrollable conditions that would result in the processor coming to a halt, forcing a reset. The original product roadmap envisaged 6 MHz and 10 MHz parts during 1983 and 12 MHz and 14 MHz parts during 1984. However, press reports in 1984 indicated difficulties in keeping to this roadmap, with it reportedly having taken five months to increase the frequency of the parts from 6 MHz to 8 MHz, and with representatives estimating a further "two, three or five months" to increase the frequency to 10 MHz. Two unspecified chips of the five in the chipset were reported to be the cause of these problems. An early 1985 article about the 32016-based Whitechapel MG-1 workstation noted that the 32081 memory management unit was "suffering from bugs" and had been situated on its own board providing hardware fixes. In 1986, Texas Instruments announced a "fully qualified 10 MHz TI32000 32-bit microprocessor chip set" consisting of the TI32016 CPU and TI32082 memory management unit as 48-pin devices, the TI32201 timing control unit and TI32081 floating-point unit as 24-pin devices, and the TI32202 interrupt control unit as a 40-pin device, with the five-device chipset "priced at $289 in 100-unit quantities". National changed its design methodology to make it possible to get the part into production and a design system based on the language "Z" was co-developed with the University of Tel-Aviv, close to the "NSC" design centre in Herzliya, Israel. The "Z" language is similar to today's Verilog and VHDL, but has a Pascal-like syntax and is optimized for two-phase clock designs. However, by the times the fruit of these efforts were being felt in the design, numerous 68k machines were already on the market, notably the Apple Macintosh, and the 32016 never saw widespread use. The 32016 has a 16-bit external data bus, a 24-bit external address bus, and a full 32-bit instruction set. It also includes a coprocessor interface, allowing coprocessors such as FPUs and MMUs to be attached as peers to the main processor. The MMU is based on demand paging Virtual Memory, which is the most unusual feature compared to the segmented memory approach used by the competition, and has become the standard for how microprocessors are designed today. The architecture supports an instruction restart mechanism on a page fault, which is much cleaner than the Motorola approach to dump the internal status on a page fault, which has to be read back, before the instruction is continued. While often compared to the 68k's instruction set, this was rejected by NSC employees; one of the key marketing phrases of the time was "Elegance is Everything", comparing the highly orthogonal Series 32000 to the "kludge". One key difference is Motorola's use of address registers and data registers, with instructions only working on either address or data registers. The Series 32000 has general-purpose registers, described as "address-data" registers in technical documentation. 32032 The 32032 was introduced in 1984. It is almost completely compatible with the 32016, but features a 32-bit data bus (although keeping the 24-bit address bus) for somewhat faster performance. There was also a 32008, a 32016 with a data bus cut down to 8-bits wide for low-cost applications. It is philosophically similar to the MC68008, and equally unpopular. National also produced a series of related support chips like the NS32081 Floating Point Unit (FPU), NS32082 Memory Management Units (MMUs), NS32203 Direct Memory Access (DMA) and NS32202 Interrupt Controllers. With the full set plus memory chips and peripherals, it was feasible to build a 32-bit computer system capable of supporting modern multi-tasking operating systems, something that had previously been possible only on expensive minicomputers and mainframes. 32332, 32532 In 1985, National Semi introduced the NS32332, a much-improved version | months to increase the frequency of the parts from 6 MHz to 8 MHz, and with representatives estimating a further "two, three or five months" to increase the frequency to 10 MHz. Two unspecified chips of the five in the chipset were reported to be the cause of these problems. An early 1985 article about the 32016-based Whitechapel MG-1 workstation noted that the 32081 memory management unit was "suffering from bugs" and had been situated on its own board providing hardware fixes. In 1986, Texas Instruments announced a "fully qualified 10 MHz TI32000 32-bit microprocessor chip set" consisting of the TI32016 CPU and TI32082 memory management unit as 48-pin devices, the TI32201 timing control unit and TI32081 floating-point unit as 24-pin devices, and the TI32202 interrupt control unit as a 40-pin device, with the five-device chipset "priced at $289 in 100-unit quantities". National changed its design methodology to make it possible to get the part into production and a design system based on the language "Z" was co-developed with the University of Tel-Aviv, close to the "NSC" design centre in Herzliya, Israel. The "Z" language is similar to today's Verilog and VHDL, but has a Pascal-like syntax and is optimized for two-phase clock designs. However, by the times the fruit of these efforts were being felt in the design, numerous 68k machines were already on the market, notably the Apple Macintosh, and the 32016 never saw widespread use. The 32016 has a 16-bit external data bus, a 24-bit external address bus, and a full 32-bit instruction set. It also includes a coprocessor interface, allowing coprocessors such as FPUs and MMUs to be attached as peers to the main processor. The MMU is based on demand paging Virtual Memory, which is the most unusual feature compared to the segmented memory approach used by the competition, and has become the standard for how microprocessors are designed today. The architecture supports an instruction restart mechanism on a page fault, which is much cleaner than the Motorola approach to dump the internal status on a page fault, which has to be read back, before the instruction is continued. While often compared to the 68k's instruction set, this was rejected by NSC employees; one of the key marketing phrases of the time was "Elegance is Everything", comparing the highly orthogonal Series 32000 to the "kludge". One key difference is Motorola's use of address registers and data registers, with instructions only working on either address or data registers. The Series 32000 has general-purpose registers, described as "address-data" registers in technical documentation. 32032 The 32032 was introduced in 1984. It is almost completely compatible with the 32016, but features a 32-bit data bus (although keeping the 24-bit address bus) for somewhat faster performance. There was also a 32008, a 32016 with a data bus cut down to 8-bits wide for low-cost applications. It is philosophically similar to the MC68008, and equally unpopular. National also produced a series of related support chips like the NS32081 Floating Point Unit (FPU), NS32082 Memory Management Units (MMUs), NS32203 Direct Memory Access (DMA) and NS32202 Interrupt Controllers. With the full set plus memory chips and peripherals, it was feasible to build a 32-bit computer system capable of supporting modern multi-tasking operating systems, something that had previously been possible only on expensive minicomputers and mainframes. 32332, 32532 In 1985, National Semi introduced the NS32332, a much-improved version of the 32032. From the datasheet, the enhancements include "the addition of new dedicated addressing hardware (consisting of a high speed ALU, a barrel shifter and an address register), a very efficient increased (20 bytes) instruction prefetch queue, a new system/memory bus interface/protocol, increased efficiency slave processor protocol and finally enhancements of microcode." There was also a new NS32382 MMU, NS32381 FPU and the (very rare) NS32310 interface to a Weitek FPA. The aggregate performance boost of the NS32332 from these enhancements only made it 50 percent faster than the original NS32032, and therefore less than that of the main competitor, the MC68020. National Semi introduced the NS32532 in early 1987. Running at 20-, 25- & 30-MHz, it was a complete redesign of the internal implementation with a five-stage pipeline, an integrated Cache/MMU and improved memory performance, making it about twice as performant as the competing MC68030 and i80386. At this stage RISC architectures were starting to make inroads, and the main competitors became the now equally dead AM29000 and MC88000, which was considered faster than the NS32532. For floating-point, the NS32532 used the existing NS32381 or the NS32580 interface to a Weitek FPA. The NS32532 was the basis of the PC532, a "public domain" hardware project, and one of the few to produce a useful machine running a real operating system (in this case, Minix or NetBSD). The semi-mythical NS32732 (sometimes called NS32764), originally envisioned as the high-performance successor to the NS32532. This program never came to the market. Swordfish A derivative of the NS32732 called Swordfish was aimed at embedded systems and arrived in about 1990. Swordfish has an integrated floating point unit, timers, DMA controllers and other peripherals not normally available in microprocessors. It has a 64-bit data bus and is internally overclocked from 25 to 50 MHz. The chief architect of the Swordfish is Donald Alpert, who went on to manage the architectural team designing the Pentium. The Pentium internal microarchitecture is similar to the preceding Swordfish. The focus of Swordfish was high-end Postscript laser printers, and performance was exceptional at the time. Competing solutions could render about one new page per minute, but the Swordfish demo unit would print out sixteen pages per minute, limited only by the laser-engine mechanics. On each page it would print out how much time it was idling, waiting for the engine to complete. The Swordfish die is huge, and it was eventually decided to drop the project altogether, and the product never went into production. The lessons from the Swordfish were used for the CompactRISC designs. In the beginning, there were both a CompactRISC-32 and a CompactRISC-16, designed using "Z". National never brought a chip to the market with the CompactRISC-32 core. National's Research department worked with the University of Michigan to develop the first synthesizable Verilog Model, and Verilog was used from the CR16C and onwards. Others Versions of the older NS32000 line for low-cost products such as the NS32CG16, NS32CG160, NS32FV16, NS32FX161, NS32FX164 and the NS32AM160/1/3, all based on the NS302CG16 were introduced from 1987 and onwards. These processors had some success in the laser printer and fax market, despite intense competition from AMD and Intel RISC chips. Especially the NS32CG16 should be noted. The key difference between this and the NS32C016 is the integration of the expensive TCU (Timing Control Unit) which generates the needed two-phase clock from a crystal, and the removal of the floating point coprocessor support, which freed up microcode space for the useful BitBLT instruction set, which significantly improves the performance in laser printer operations, making this 60,000 transistor chip faster than the 200,000 transistor MC68020. The NS32CG160 is the CG16 with timers and DMA peripherals, while the NS32FV/FX16x chips have extra DSP functionality on top of the CG16 BitBLT core for the Fax/Answering Machine market. They are complemented by the NS32532 based NS32GX32 later. Unlike the previous chips, there was no extra hardware. The NS32GX32 is the NS32532 without the MMU sold at an attractive price for embedded system. In the beginning, this was just a remarked chip. It is unclear if the chip was redesigned for lower-cost production. Datasheets exist for an NS32132, apparently designed for multiprocessor systems. This is the NS32032 extended with an arbiter. The bus usage of the NS32032 is about 50 percent, owing to its very compact instruction set, or its very slow pipeline as competitors would phrase it. Indeed, one suggested application of the NS32032 was as part of a "fault-tolerant transaction system" employing "two 32032s in parallel and comparing results on alternate memory cycles to detect soft errors". The NS32132 chip allows a pair of CPUs to be connected to the same memory system, without much change of the PCB. Prototype systems were built by Diab Data AB in Sweden, but did not perform as well as the single-CPU MC68020 system designed by the same company. Machines using the NS32000 series Acorn Cambridge Workstation – NS32016 (with 6502 host) BBC Micro – NS32016 Second Processor Canon LBP-8 Mark III Laser Printer |
(CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 521st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 16th century, and the 2nd year of the 1520s decade. Events January–June January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. January 22 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms in Worms, Germany. January 27 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus. February 2 – The Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at Nydala Abbey, Sweden; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes. March 6 Ferdinand Magellan makes first European contact with Guam. Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms. March 16 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines. March 31 – The First Mass in the Philippines is held. April – The Battle of Tunmen occurs, in Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong), where the Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy. Arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history. April 7 Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu. Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms. April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine. April 24 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels and execute their three leaders. April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for a year – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle. April 27 – Battle of Mactan: Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines. May – The Italian War of 1521–26 breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France. May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason in London. May 20 – Battle of Pampeluna: Allied French-Navarrese forces defeat the Spanish. May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw. May 27 – Jiajing Emperor ascends the throne of the Ming Dynasty. June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent begins the siege of Belgrade. June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic. June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under | Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580) August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590) August 19 – Lodovico Guicciardini, Italian historian (d. 1589) October 1 – Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (d. 1561) November 22 – Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (d. 1549) November 29 – Marcantonio Maffei, Italian Catholic archbishop and cardinal (d. 1583) December 1 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573) December 13 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590) date unknown Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (d. 1546) John Aylmer, English divine (d. 1594) Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer and later daimyō under Ouchi Yoshitaka (d. 1555) Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (d. 1565) Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (d. 1603) Rokkaku Yoshikata, Japanese daimyō (d. 1598) Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English rebel (d. 1554) possible Catherine Howard, Fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542) Deaths January 6 – Cardinal William de Croÿ (b. 1497) March 15 – John II, Duke of Cleves (b. 1458) April 20 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491) April 24 – Spanish rebels (executed) Juan López de Padilla Juan Bravo Francisco Maldonado April 27 – Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (b. 1480) April 28 – Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (b. 1491) May 10 – Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (b. 1457) May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (b. 1478) June 15 – Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1442) June 22 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (b. 1436) July 9 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (b. 1461) July – Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460) August 27 – Josquin des Prez, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450) October 7 – Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt by birth, Duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1494) October 22 – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (b. 1459) October 24 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (b. 1464) November 2 – Margaret of Lorraine, French Duchess of Alençon, Roman Catholic |
1500, to December 31, 1509. | The 1500s ran |
1510s decade ran from January | January 1, 1510, to |
to December 31, 1569. | ran from January 1, |
Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d. 1601) Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646) November 14 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (d. 1629) December 2 – Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Northern Irish politician (d. 1627) date unknown Reza Abbasi, Persian painter and calligrapher (d. 1635) Gregor Aichinger, German composer (d. 1628) Ferdinando Gorges, English colonial entrepreneur (d. 1647) John Davies of Hereford, Welsh poet (d. 1618) George Kirbye, English composer (d. 1634) Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer (d. 1646) Francis Meres, English churchman and author (d. 1647) María Pita, Spanish heroine (d. 1643) John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews (d. 1639) Francis Tanfield, English governor of the South Falkland colony Edmund Whitelocke, English soldier and courtier (d. 1608) Deaths January 19 – Diego Laynez, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b. 1512) January 28 – Francisco Cesi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1500) February 28 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b. 1509) March 17 – Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (b. 1500) c. March – Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist (b. c. 1510) April 2 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (b. 1526) April 27 – Osanna of Cattaro, Dominican visionary and anchoress (b. 1493) May 14 – Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer (b. 1483) May 5 – Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (b. 1501) May 28 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b. 1515) June 12 – Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512) June 17 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b. 1536) June 19 – Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (b. 1514) June 23 – Turgut Reis, Ottoman naval commander (b. 1485) July 18 – Kat Ashley, governess of Elizabeth I of England August – Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b. 1500) August 29 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (b. 1540) June 25 – Herluf Trolle, Danish Admiral of the Fleet and co-founder of Herlufsholm School (b. 1516) September 13 – William Farel, French evangelist (b. 1489) September 20 – Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515) October 4 – Pier Paolo Vergerio, Italian reformer (b. 1498) October 5 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b. 1522) October 7 – Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (b. 1504) October 12 – Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520) October 14 – Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b. 1521) October 21 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b. 1538) October 22 – Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479) October 29 – Ranuccio | full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–June January 3 – In the Tsardom of Russia, Ivan the Terrible originates the oprichnina (repression of the boyars (aristocrats)). January 23 – Battle of Talikota: The Vijayanagara Empire, the last Hindu kingdom in South India, is greatly weakened by the Deccan sultanates. February 13 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines. March 1 – The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro by Estácio de Sá. March 16 – Spanish Conquistador López de Legazpi makes a blood compact (sandugan) with Datu Sikatuna in the island of Bohol, Philippines. April 27 – Cebu City is established as San Miguel by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning the Great Siege of Malta. June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu. This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu. June 17 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru. July–December July 29 – The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. August 6 – Sark, in the Channel Islands, is granted as a fief by Elizabeth I of England to Hellier de Carteret, Seigneur of Saint Ouen. August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land in Florida. September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands in Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline. September 8 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after Augustine of Hippo), is established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, becoming the oldest surviving European settlement in the modern-day United States. September 11 – The Knights of Malta lift the Great Siege of Malta after four months. October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica. October 18 – Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese trading carrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and the West. Date unknown The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner; it is becoming common in England. John Beddoes School is founded at Presteigne, Wales. Herlufsholm School is founded in Denmark. Huntingdon Grammar School is established in England. Bungay Grammar School is established in England. Births January 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Roman Catholic nun, member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (d. 1624) February 13 – Willem Baudartius, Dutch theologian (d. 1640) March 23 – Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (d. 1621) April 2 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599) April 3 – Anna III, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1601) May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht (d. 1621) June 2 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (d. 1628) July 6 – Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, 1627–1628 (d. 1636) August 5 - Paola Massarenghi, Italian composer (d. unknown) August 9 – Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1627) August 16 – Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1637) August 20 – Margaretha van Valckenburch, Dutch shipowner, only female member of the |
produced in the 13 colonies. Copies of the agreement, to be signed by participating merchants, are circulated beyond the Province of Massachusetts Bay to other colonial provinces in New England. November 1 – Scottish-born American merchant and shipowner Andrew Sprowle of Portsmouth, Virginia, establishes the Gosport Shipyard on the western shore of the Elizabeth River in the Virginia Colony, on the site of what will eventually become the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. November 3 – King Ferdinand IV of the Spanish dominated Kingdom of Naples follows Spain's lead and orders the expulsion of the Jesuits from Naples and has them marched northward to the Neapolitan border with the Papal States. November 4 – Francisco de Paula Bucareli, the Governor of Buenos Aires (at the time, a province within the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru), hosts the caciques who are the Guarani chiefs of the 30 mission towns established by Jesuit missionaries, in an effort to gain Guarani peoples' support in the expulsion of the Jesuits. November 9 – At the new King's College medical school in New York City (later the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons), Dr. John Jones gives the first lecture by a surgical professor in North America. November 14 – The Timucua Indian tribe, native to central Florida, becomes extinct with the death of the last speaker of the Timucuan language, Juan Alonso Cabale. Eight years earlier, the last 95 surviving Timucuan people had been forcibly relocated by the Spanish colonial government to Guanabacoa, a township in western Cuba. November 19 – Under the coercion of Russian occupation armies, the legislature of Poland follows the wishes of Russian Minister Nicholas Repnin and agrees to allow the kingdom to become a Russian protectorate. November 20 – The new American Colonies Act 1766, commonly called the "Declaratory Act", goes into effect, virtually providing for Great Britain's Parliament to govern lawmaking in 13 colonies and exacerbating tensions there. November 27 – Oconostota and Attakullakulla, Chiefs of the Cherokee people in the Carolinas, depart from Charleston, South Carolina on a ship voyage to New York City, where they are welcomed by British colonial officials as a prelude to negotiations with Britain's Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson. November 29 – The Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, in her capacity as Queen of Hungary, issues an edict against the Romani people (commonly called the gypsies), prohibiting them from marrying and calling for gypsy children to be taken away by the government so that they can be brought up by Christian families, a proclamation that "produced little or no effect in comparison with the trouble involved". The World's History: A Survey of Man's Record, Volume V: South-Eastern and Eastern Europe edited by H. F. Helmolt (William Heinemann, 1907) p423 December 2 – Future Pennsylvania chief executive John Dickinson begins publishing his revolutionary "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in the Pennsylvania Chronicle. December 28 – Phraya Taksin, a minor provincial official in Siam (now Thailand), crowns himself as King of Siam, establishing the Siamese Thonburi Kingdom, taking the regnal name of Borommaracha IV and begins a 14-year reign of liberation and conquest; historically, he is known as "Taksin the Great". December 29 – Oconostota and Attakullakulla arrive at Johnstown, New York where they, along with leaders of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora tribal nations) meet with Sir William Johnson to begin peace negotiations with the British Empire. Births January 8 – Jean-Baptiste Say, French economist, originator of Say's law (d. 1832) February 2 – Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link, German naturalist, botanist (d. 1851) March 15 – Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (d. 1845) March 25 – Joachim Murat, French marshal, King of Naples (d. 1815) April 21 – Elisabeth of Württemberg, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1790) April 25 – Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (d. 1847) May 4 – Tyagaraja, Indian Carnatic music composer (d. 1847) May 12 – Manuel Godoy, Spanish statesman (d. 1851) May 13 – John VI of Portugal, King of Portugal (d. 1826) May 15 – Ezekiel Hart, Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. 1843) June 15 – Rachel Jackson, wife of 7th President of the United States Andrew Jackson (she died before she could serve as First Lady) (d. 1828) June 24 – Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès, French geographer, author and translator (d. 1846) July 4 – Kyokutei Bakin, Japanese author (d. 1848) July 11 – John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (d. 1848) July 28 – James A. Bayard (elder), U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1815) August 24 – Bernhard Meyer, German physician, ornithologist (d. 1836) August 25 – Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French revolutionary (d.1794) September 20 – José Maurício Nunes Garcia, Brazilian composer (d. 1830) October 25 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (d. 1830) November 2 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, member of the British Royal Family (d. 1820) November 20 – Andreas Hofer, Austrian national hero (d. 1810) December 3 – Antoine Fabre d'Olivet, French writer (d. 1825) date unknown Black Hawk, Sauk Indian Chief, autobiographer (b. Saukenuk village, now Rock Island, Illinois) (d. 1838) Marianna Malińska, Polish ballerina (d. 1797) Deaths January 7 – Thomas Clap, first president of Yale University (b. 1703) January 22 – Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German mineralogist, geologist (b. 1719) February 15 – Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov, Russian noble, politician (b. 1714) March 7 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (b. 1680) March 13 – Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France (b. 1731) (tuberculosis) April 5 – Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, countess by marriage of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1685) April 7 – Franz Sparry, composer (b. 1715) May 26 – Prince Frederick Henry of Prussia (b. 1747) (smallpox) May 28 – Maria Josepha of Bavaria (b. 1739) (smallpox) June 12 – Lucrezia Elena Cevoli, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1685) June 25 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (b. 1681) July 19 – John Carmichael, 3rd Earl of Hyndford (b. 1701) September 4 – Charles Townshend, English politician (b. 1725) October 15 – Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (b. 1751) (smallpox) October 16 – Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, Russian military leader (b. 1683) October 26 – Harry Pulteney, British politician (b. 1686) November 5 – John Reading (New Jersey governor), Colonial Governor of New Jersey (b. 1686) December 1 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (b. 1710) December 22 Jacques Bridaine, French Catholic preacher and missionary (b. 1701) John Newbery, English publisher (b. 1713) December 28 – Emer de Vattel, Swiss philosopher (b. 1714) date unknown'' Firmin Abauzit, French scientist (b. 1679) Blas María de la Garza Falcón, Spanish settler of Texas (b. 1712) Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon, French mathematician (b. 1724) Ana III of Matamba, African monarch References Further | for displaced French-speaking Acadians and protect shipping on the river. March 24 – Spain acquires control of what are now called the Falkland Islands from France, compensating French Admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville for the money spent on the construction of the settlement at Fort Saint Louis. The islands, named les Îles Malouines by the French, are renamed las Islas Malvinas by the Spanish, and Fort Saint Louis is renamed as Puerto Soledad. In 1816, Argentina declares independence from Spain and takes the Malvinas; and in 1833, Britain's Royal Navy captures the islands from the Argentines and renames them the Falklands, and renames Puerto Soledad as Port Louis. March 31 – Enforcement begins of the February 27 decree by King Carlos III of Spain, ordering the suppression of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in the colonies in Spanish America. Over the next few months approximately 2,200 Jesuit priests and missionaries are deported. April–June April 2 – Suppression of the Jesuits begins, in the Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples. April 7 – Troops of the Burmese Konbaung Dynasty sack the Siamese city of Ayutthaya, ending the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67) after 15 months, and bringing the four-century-old Ayutthaya Kingdom to an end. King Ekkathat is found dead inside the city walls on April 9. May 3 – A fleet of ships from the Republic of Genoa arrives at Capraia and sends 150 men ashore to drive out the Corsicans, but the outnumbered Genoese marines are "quickly cut to pieces". May 10 – Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, acting on behalf of Great Britain, meets with representatives of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy at German Flatts, New York, opening negotiations on the boundary between the New York colony and the Native Americans, eventually concluded by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. May 16 – Ahmed al-Ghazzal, the emissary from Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah of Morocco to the Spanish Empire, makes a triumphant return to Marrakesh with almost 300 Muslims who had been held captive in Spain, as well as sacred Islamic manuscripts that had been seized by the Spanish in 1612. The negotiation of the release had started with al-Ghazzal's meeting with Spain's King Carlos III on August 21, 1766. May 31 – The Genoese island of Capraia is conquered by the Corsican Army after a ten-week campaign. June 17 – British Royal Navy Captain Samuel Wallis becomes the first European to visit the island of Tahiti in the Pacific Ocean, during [[HMS Dolphin (1751)#Second circumnavigation|HMS Dolphin'''s second circumnavigation]]; he also sights Mehetia. July–September July 3 Pitcairn Island in the Pacific Ocean is sighted from HMS Swallow, by 15-year-old Midshipman Robert Pitcairn, on a British Royal Navy expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret, the first definite European sighting. Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is first published. August 26 – Construction begins on Tryon Palace in New Bern, North Carolina. The construction proves more expensive than initially expected, leading the government to increase local taxes. This stirs resentment among some North Carolinians, and helps prolong the War of the Regulation. September 29 – The Spanish Empire's Governorate of the Río de la Plata and Governorate of Paraguay begin the process of expulsion of the 456 members of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) from southern South America, placing them on five ships bound for Spain. October –December October 7 – Frederick North, Lord North becomes the new British Chancellor of the Exchequer after the sudden death of Charles Townshend. October 9 – Surveying of the "Mason–Dixon line", which will later become the traditional division between the northern and southern states of the United States, is completed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon after four years, initially to settle a boundary dispute between the colonies of Delaware, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The survey party is halted at Dunkard Creek when a chief of the Mohawk Indians tells them that they are in Native American territory and that the Mohawks guiding the property "would not proceed one step further Westward"; the line, slightly west the 80th meridian west, is now part of the boundary between Pennsylvania and West Virginia. October 12 – At the Foundling Hospital in London, Dr. William Watson becomes the first physician to conduct a controlled clinical trial, selecting 32 boys and girls of similar age who have not yet had smallpox. He divides them into three groups in order to test treatments before inoculation for smallpox, with one group receiving a mixture of mercury and jalap, another senna glycoside, and the third getting no pre-treatment at all. October 17 – Šćepan Mali, nicknamed "Stephen the Little", is selected as the legislature at Podgorica to be the Tsar of Montenegro, representing "a short but an important break in the succession of the Petrovic dynasty". October 24 – In France, several anti-Jewish regulations in place since October 12, 1661, are repealed by the King's Council that advises Louis XV of France. While Jewish merchants are still prohibited from owning their own retail stores, they are allowed to sell merchandise on credit to gentile merchants at legal interest rates, to legally enforce debts, and to sell jewelry. October 28 – A boycott, of 38 types of goods imported from England, is resolved by Boston merchants meeting at Faneuil Hall as a response to the taxes imposed by Great Britain, and one of the first "Buy American" campaigns is started in order to encourage the purchase of items manufactured and produced in the 13 colonies. Copies of the agreement, to be signed by participating merchants, are circulated beyond the Province of Massachusetts Bay to other colonial provinces in New England. November 1 – Scottish-born American merchant and shipowner Andrew Sprowle of Portsmouth, Virginia, establishes the Gosport Shipyard on the western shore of the Elizabeth River in the Virginia Colony, on the site of what will eventually become the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. November 3 – King Ferdinand IV of the Spanish dominated Kingdom of Naples follows Spain's lead and orders the expulsion of the Jesuits from Naples and has them marched northward to the Neapolitan border with the Papal States. November 4 – Francisco de Paula Bucareli, the Governor of Buenos Aires (at the time, a province within the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru), hosts the caciques who are the Guarani chiefs of the 30 mission towns established by Jesuit missionaries, in an effort to gain Guarani peoples' support in the expulsion of the Jesuits. November 9 – At the new King's College medical school in New York City (later the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons), Dr. John Jones gives the first lecture by a surgical professor in North America. November 14 – The Timucua Indian tribe, native to central Florida, becomes extinct with the death of the last speaker of the Timucuan language, Juan Alonso Cabale. Eight years earlier, the last 95 surviving Timucuan people had been forcibly |
The 530s decade ran from January 1, 530, | 530s decade ran from January 1, 530, to |
The 500s decade ran from January 1, | decade ran from January |
from January 1, 510, to December | decade ran from January 1, 510, |
of Burgundy Guntheuc, Queen of Orleans Justin I, Eastern Roman Emperor, 518-527 Kaleb of Axum, King of Ethiopia Sigismund of Burgundy, King of the Burgundians, 516-524 Theoderic the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, 475-526 | Orleans, 511-524 Chlothar I, Frankish King Dionysius Exiguus, inventor of the Anno Domini Godomar, King of Burgundy Guntheuc, Queen of Orleans Justin I, Eastern Roman Emperor, 518-527 Kaleb of Axum, King |
decade ran from January | ran from January 1, 540, |
ran from January 1, | 1, 550, to December 31, 559. Significant people |
31, 569. Significant people References | decade ran from January |
1, 570, to December | December 31, 579. Significant |
people Pope Gregory I Bahrām Chōbin Fredegund Guntram Emperor Wen of Sui Yan | Fredegund Guntram Emperor Wen of Sui Yan Zhitui |
from January 1, 590, | 590, to December 31, 599. |
of Florence, the Cronica. June 15 – The city of Bilbao receives a royal foundation charter. June 17 – Turku Cathedral is consecrated. Date unknown Money from Florence, Italy becomes the first international currency. Philip IV of France begins his attempt to annex Flanders. Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland. A census in Imperial China finds that it has roughly 60 million inhabitants. The Tuareg establish a state centered on Agadez. Amsterdam is officially declared a city. Jacob ben Machir is appointed dean of the medical school at Montpellier, France. Aztec culture starts in Mesoamerica (approximate date). The Dulcinian sect begins when Gherardo Segarelli, founder of the Apostolic Brethren, is burned at the stake in Parma, during a brutal repression of the Apostolics. Cumbric goes extinct in southern Scotland (latest approximate date) Births June 1 – Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, son of Edward I of England (d. 1338) | The Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII is celebrated. It is at this celebration that Giovanni Villani decides to write his universal history of Florence, the Cronica. June 15 – The city of Bilbao receives a royal foundation charter. June 17 – Turku Cathedral is consecrated. Date unknown Money from Florence, Italy becomes the first international currency. Philip IV of France begins his attempt to annex Flanders. Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland. A census in Imperial China finds that it has roughly 60 million inhabitants. The Tuareg establish a state centered on Agadez. Amsterdam is officially declared a city. Jacob ben Machir is appointed dean of the medical school at Montpellier, France. Aztec culture starts in Mesoamerica (approximate date). The Dulcinian sect begins when Gherardo Segarelli, founder of the Apostolic Brethren, is burned at the stake in Parma, during a brutal repression of the Apostolics. Cumbric |
Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with fifty midshipmen and seven professors. October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state. October 19 – Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Royal Court Theater. October 21 – The New York Herald becomes the first newspaper to mention the game of baseball. November 20 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River, but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America. December 2 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West. December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab. December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire. December 27 Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia. American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century. December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state. December 30 – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway are incorporated in Ireland. Date unknown The Republic of Yucatán separates for a second time from Mexico. Ephraim Bee reveals that the Emperor of China has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through Caleb Cushing, the U.S. Commissioner to China, to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus" in the New World. Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book (Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder), introducing his character, Struwwelpeter, in Germany. The Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts and Chapters Overseas is founded in Freemasonry. Eugénie Luce founds the Luce Ben Aben School in Algiers. Births January–June January 7 – King Ludwig III of Bavaria (d. 1921) January 29 – Pyotr Bezobrazov, Russian admiral (d. 1906) February 2 – Ivan Puluj, Ukrainian physicist, inventor (d. 1918) February 14 – Quintin Hogg, British philanthropist (d. 1903) February 15 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937) February 25 – Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918) March 3 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1918) March 4 – Henry Clay Taylor, American admiral (d. 1904) March 10 – Emperor Alexander III of Russia (d. 1894) March 20 – Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, 18th Governor of New South Wales (d. 1915) March 27 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923) April 4 – František Plesnivý, Austro-Hungarian architect (d. 1918) April 5 – Jules Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1935) April 22 – Carlo Caneva, Italian general (d. 1922) April 24 – Carl Spitteler, Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924) May 4 – William Kingdon Clifford, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1879) May 9 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer, inventor (d. 1913) May 12 – Gabriel Fauré, French composer (d. 1924) May 14 – Charles J. Train, American admiral (d. 1906) May 15 – Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1916) May 17 – Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (d. 1902) May 25 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss-born artist (d. 1917) May 30 – King Amadeo I of Spain (d. 1890) June 7 – Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist, composer (d. 1930) June 18 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1922) June 22 – Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906) July–December July 4 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist (d. 1905) July 19 – Horatio Nelson Young, American naval hero (d. 1913) August 9 – André Bessette, Canadian religious leader and saint (d. 1937) August 10 – Abai Qunanbaiuly, Kazakh poet (d. 1904) August 16 Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourger-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1921) Jacinta Parejo, First Lady of Venezuela (d. 1914) August 19 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (d. 1934) August 20 – Albert Chmielowski, Polish painter, Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (d. 1916) August 21 – William Healey Dall, American naturalist, biologist and explorer (d. 1927) August 25 – King Ludwig II of Bavaria (d. 1886) September 1 – Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen, British field marshal (d. 1932) September 9 – Warner B. Bayley, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1928) September 11 – Emile Baudot, French telegraph engineer and inventor (d. 1903) October 13 – Charles Stockton, American admiral (d. 1924) October 21 – William McKendree Carleton, American poet (d. 1912) November 3 – Edward Douglass White, 9th Chief Justice of | September 18 – The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata is formally declared. September 25 – The Phi Alpha Literary Society is founded, in Jacksonville, Illinois. October–December October 9 – The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church. October 10 – In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with fifty midshipmen and seven professors. October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state. October 19 – Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Royal Court Theater. October 21 – The New York Herald becomes the first newspaper to mention the game of baseball. November 20 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River, but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America. December 2 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West. December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab. December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire. December 27 Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia. American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century. December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state. December 30 – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway are incorporated in Ireland. Date unknown The Republic of Yucatán separates for a second time from Mexico. Ephraim Bee reveals that the Emperor of China has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through Caleb Cushing, the U.S. Commissioner to China, to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus" in the New World. Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book (Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder), introducing his character, Struwwelpeter, in Germany. The Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts and Chapters Overseas is founded in Freemasonry. Eugénie Luce founds the Luce Ben Aben School in Algiers. Births January–June January 7 – King Ludwig III of Bavaria (d. 1921) January 29 – Pyotr Bezobrazov, Russian admiral (d. 1906) February 2 – Ivan Puluj, Ukrainian physicist, inventor (d. 1918) February 14 – Quintin Hogg, British philanthropist (d. 1903) February 15 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937) February 25 – Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918) March 3 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1918) March 4 – Henry Clay Taylor, American admiral (d. 1904) March 10 – Emperor Alexander III of Russia (d. 1894) March 20 – Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, 18th Governor of New South Wales (d. 1915) March 27 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923) April 4 – František Plesnivý, Austro-Hungarian architect (d. 1918) April 5 – Jules Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1935) April 22 – Carlo Caneva, Italian general (d. 1922) April 24 – Carl Spitteler, Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924) May 4 – William Kingdon Clifford, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1879) May 9 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer, inventor (d. 1913) May 12 – Gabriel Fauré, French composer (d. 1924) May 14 – Charles J. Train, American admiral (d. 1906) May 15 – Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1916) May 17 – Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (d. 1902) May 25 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss-born artist (d. 1917) May 30 – King Amadeo I of Spain (d. 1890) June 7 – Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist, composer (d. 1930) June 18 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1922) June 22 – Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906) July–December July 4 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist (d. 1905) July 19 – Horatio Nelson Young, American naval hero (d. 1913) August 9 – André Bessette, Canadian religious leader and saint (d. 1937) August 10 – Abai Qunanbaiuly, Kazakh poet (d. 1904) August 16 Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourger-French physicist |
led by Arthur Görgey, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau. July 14 Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Because of the imminent Austrian attack, the Hungarian government moves from Budapest to Szeged. Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Hungarian troops, led by Richard Guyon, defeat the Croatian-Austrian army led by Josip Jelačić at Kishegyes, securing southern Hungary for the revolutionary government. July 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Hungarians, led by Arthur Görgey, and the Russians, led by Ivan Paskevich, battle indecisively at Vác. The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east. July 23 – The French scientist Hippolyte Fizeau measures the speed of light, with an instrument placed on the Earth. July 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in Transylvania. The Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree. July 31 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Segesvár: The Russian troops in Transylvania, led by Alexander von Lüders, crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead of Józef Bem. Hungarian poet and revolutionary Sándor Petőfi is killed in the battle by the Russians. July 31–August 1 – Joven Daniel wrecks at the coast of Araucanía, Chile, leading to allegations that local Mapuche tribes murdered survivors and kidnapped Elisa Bravo. August 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Russian main forces, under Ivan Paskevich, defeat the Hungarian army under József Nagysándor, at Debrecen. August 3 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian defenders of Komárom, led by György Klapka, destroy the besieging Austrian forces, liberating Győr and Székesfehérvár. But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure. August 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Szőreg: Austrian forces, under Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeat the Hungarian main forces under Henryk Dembiński. August 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Temesvár: The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, win a decisive victory against the Hungarians, led by Józef Bem. August 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Lajos Kossuth and the Hungarian Government of Bertalan Szemere resign, and give all powers to the hands of Arthur Görgey. After this Kossuth, the ministries and many military officers leave Hungary, and ask asylum in Turkey. August 13 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The main Hungarian army, under the lead of Arthur Görgey, capitulates to the Russian troops, led by Theodor von Rüdiger, at Világos, ending the Hungarian Revolution. August 28 – Venice (the Republic of San Marco) surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege. September 1 – The first segment of the Pennsylvania Railroad, from Lewistown to Harrisburg, opens for service. September 17 – African-American abolitionist Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery. October–December October 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Komárom, the last bastion of the Hungarian Revolution, surrenders to the Austrian forces. October 6 Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence, in repression by the Austrian authorities led by Julius Jacob von Haynau (these martyrs were the generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army, who did not flee from Hungary after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution by the Russo-Austrian forces). Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian prime minister, is executed by Austria in Pest. November – Austin College receives a charter in Huntsville, Texas. November 13 – The Constitution of California is ratified in a general election. November 13 – Public hanging in London attended by 30,000-50,000 of George and Maria Manning. November 16 – A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death, for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, the Petrashevsky Circle. Facing a firing squad on December 23, the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to the katorga prison camps in Siberia. December 3 – German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann become the first Europeans to see Mount Kenya. The Abgeordnetenhaus, lower house of the parliament of the Kingdom of Bavaria, passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians. The measure draws a strong reaction from Christians across Bavaria, who sign petitions urging the upper house to prevent the equal rights measure from becoming law. December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, Democrat Howell Cobb of Georgia is elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party's Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership. Date unknown The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the North Carolina Railroad, to complete a rail line from Goldsboro through Raleigh, and Salisbury to Charlotte. Seven of the "best known" opium clippers go missing: Sylph, Coquette, Kelpie, Greyhound, Don Juan, Mischief, and Anna Eliza. Global healthcare and pharmaceutical company, Pfizer, founded in New York, United States. Births January–June January 8 – Stepan Makarov, Russian admiral (d. 1904) January 9 – John Hartley, English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (d. 1935) January 11 – Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench, Spanish impressionist painter (d. 1916) January 14 – James Moore, English | United States, but refuses to be sworn into office on a Sunday. Urban legend holds that David Rice Atchison, President pro tempore of the United States Senate, is President de jure for a single day. Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Habsburg emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria promulgates at Olomouc the March Constitution of Austria, which abolishes the April Laws promulgated by the Hungarian Batthyány-govern, and degrades Hungary to a simple Austrian province. March 5 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Szolnok: The Hungarians led by János Damjanich and Károly Vécsey defeat the Austrians. President Zachary Taylor is sworn in. March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia. March 28 – Four Christians are ordered burnt alive in Antananarivo, Madagascar, by Queen Ranavalona I, and 14 others are executed. March 30 – The Second Anglo-Sikh War ends, with the United Kingdom annexing the Punjab. March 30 - Maharaja Duleep Singh is exiled to England. April–June April 1 After 10 days, the insurrection in Brescia is ended by Austrian troops. Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian Revolutionary Army, under the leadership of Arthur Görgey, starts the victorious Spring Campaign, which leads to the liberation of much of Hungary from the Austrian forces. April 2 – The German revolutions of 1848–49 end in failure, as King Frederick William IV of Prussia refuses to accept the offer of the Frankfurt National Assembly, to be crowned as German emperor. Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Hatvan: The Hungarian revolutionary army, under the command of András Gáspár, defeats the Austrians, led by general Franz Schlik. April 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Tápióbicske: Hungarian forces, under the generals György Klapka and János Damjanich, defeat the Austrian-Croatian army, led by Franz Schlik and Josip Jelačić. April 6 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Isaszeg: The main Hungarian forces, led by Arthur Görgey, defeat the main imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, forcing them to retreat westward. April 10 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Vác: The Hungarians, led by János Damjanich, defeat the Austrians, led by Christian Götz, who dies after the battle due to his injuries. April 12 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Because of his series of defeats suffered from the Hungarian army, Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz is released from the supreme command of the Austrian forces in Hungary, and replaced by Ludwig von Welden. April 14 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian revolutionary parliament in Debrecen declares independence from the Habsburg Empire. April 19 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Nagysalló: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by György Klapka and János Damjanich, defeat the Austrian army, led by Lt. Gen. Ludwig von Wohlgemuth. April 21 Great Famine (Ireland): 96 inmates of the overcrowded Ballinrobe Union Workhouse died over the course of the preceding week from illness and other famine-related conditions, a record high. The Austrian government asks Russian help against the Hungarian Revolution. Tsar Nicholas I of Russia agrees to send troops against Hungary. April 22 – The first Kennedy arrives in America. April 25 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots. April 26 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Komárom: Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and their Croatian, Romanian and Serbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country. April 27 – Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome, to defend it from the French troops of General Charles Oudinot. May – The Second Carlist War ends in Spain. May 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: A new independent Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere, is formed. The head of state of Hungary becomes Lajos Kossuth, as governor president. May 3 The May Uprising in Dresden, last of the German revolutions of 1848–49, begins. Richard Wagner is among the participants. The Mississippi River levee at Sauvé's Crevasse breaks, flooding much of New Orleans. May 9 – The May Uprising in Dresden is suppressed by the Kingdom of Saxony. May 10 – The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan, over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors; over 20 people are killed. May 15 – Troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies take Palermo, and crush the republican government of Sicily. May 17 – The St. Louis Fire starts, when a steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city. May 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, captures the Castle of Buda, liberating the Hungarian capital city completely. The leader of the defending Austrian forces, General Heinrich Hentzi, dies because of his injuries. The Hungarian government moves back from Debrecen to Budapest. May 30 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Julius Jacob von Haynau replaces Ludwig von Welden as leader of the Austrian forces in Hungary, because of the failure of the latter to stop the advance of the Hungarian forces. June 5 Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy. Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The first Russian troops, led by Lieutenant General Fyodor Sergeyevich Panyutin, who come in the aid of the Habsburgs, cross the Hungarian border at Pozsony, in order to crush the Hungarian revolution. June 6 – The settlement of Fort Worth, Texas, is founded. June 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The main Russian forces, led by Ivan Paskevich, cross the Hungarian border, and together with the Austrian troops, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, start the final attack against the Hungarian Revolution. Now the Hungarian revolutionary troops, numbering 173,000 soldiers, which even before the Russian attack were in inferiority regarding their numbers, and the quality of their weapons and war industry, face a force of 370,000 Austro-Russian forces, and other tens of thousands of Croatian, Serbian and Romanian insurgents, who serve the Habsburg imperial interests. June 20 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Russian troops, under the command of Alexander von Lüders, break in Transylvania, and together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led by Józef Bem. June 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Russo-Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians under the command of Arthur Görgey at Pered. June 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians, led by Ernő Poeltenberg, at Győr. The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towards Budapest. July–September July 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Second Battle of Komárom: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, repulses the combined attack of the Austrian and Russian troops led by Julius Jacob von Haynau. During the battle Görgey suffers a heavy head injury, which prevents him from taking advantage of this success. July 3 – French troops occupy Rome; the Roman Republic surrenders. July 6 – Battle of Fredericia: The Danish Army beats the Prussian army at Fredericia, Jutland, thereby putting an end to the Prussian-Danish War until 1864. July 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Third Battle of Komárom: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau. July 14 Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Because of the imminent Austrian attack, the Hungarian government moves from Budapest to Szeged. Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Hungarian troops, led by Richard Guyon, defeat the Croatian-Austrian army led by Josip Jelačić at Kishegyes, securing southern Hungary for the revolutionary government. July 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Hungarians, led by Arthur Görgey, and the Russians, led by Ivan Paskevich, battle indecisively at Vác. The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east. July 23 – The French scientist Hippolyte Fizeau measures the speed of light, with an instrument placed on the Earth. July 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in Transylvania. The Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree. July 31 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Segesvár: The Russian troops in Transylvania, led by Alexander von Lüders, crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead of Józef Bem. Hungarian poet and revolutionary Sándor Petőfi is killed in the battle by the Russians. July 31–August 1 – Joven Daniel wrecks at the coast of Araucanía, Chile, leading to allegations that local Mapuche tribes murdered survivors and kidnapped Elisa Bravo. August 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Russian main forces, under Ivan Paskevich, defeat the Hungarian army under József Nagysándor, at Debrecen. August 3 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian defenders of Komárom, led by György Klapka, destroy the besieging Austrian forces, liberating Győr and Székesfehérvár. But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure. August 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Szőreg: Austrian forces, under Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeat the Hungarian main forces under Henryk Dembiński. August 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Temesvár: The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, |
Gibraltar (approximate date). Ireland: The Diocese of Connor is erected. Asia Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj Kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India. Prince Seinei succeeds his father Yūryaku and becomes the 22nd emperor of Japan. By topic Religion Constantius of Lyon begins his research for his book Vita sancta Germani ("on the Life of Germanus"). He also writes a hagiography of Germanus of Auxerre (approximate date). Births Baderic, king of the Thuringii (approximate date) Benedict of Nursia, monasticist (approximate date) Boethius, Roman philosopher and writer (d. 524) Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic (d. 540) Eutharic, Visigothic prince (approximate date) Gelimer, king of the Vandals and Alans (d. 553) Scholastica, Christian nun (approximate date) Xiao Zhaowen, emperor of Southern Qi | India. Prince Seinei succeeds his father Yūryaku and becomes the 22nd emperor of Japan. By topic Religion Constantius of Lyon begins his research for his book Vita sancta Germani ("on the Life of Germanus"). He also writes a hagiography of Germanus of Auxerre (approximate date). Births Baderic, king of the Thuringii (approximate date) Benedict of Nursia, monasticist (approximate date) Boethius, Roman philosopher and writer (d. 524) Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic (d. 540) Eutharic, Visigothic prince (approximate date) Gelimer, king of the Vandals and Alans (d. 553) Scholastica, Christian nun (approximate date) Xiao Zhaowen, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 494) Zu Gengzhi, Chinese mathematician (d. 525) Deaths Chilperic I, king of Burgundy Conall Cremthainne, king of Uisneach |
497–503 Benedict of Nursia, founder of Western Christian monasticism Cerdic of Wessex, Saxon invader and future king and founder of the Kingdom of Wessex Cynric of Wessex, Saxon invader and future king of Wessex Euphemius, Patriarch of Constantinople, | Euphemius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 489–495 Felix II (excluding Antipope Felix II), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 483–492 Gelasius I, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 492–496 Macedonius II, Patriarch of Constantinople, 495–511 Symmachus, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. |
Iberia (447–522) Lughaid mac Loeguire, High King of Ireland (479–503) Odoacer, King of Italy (476–493) Pope Simplicius, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 468–483 Felix II (excluding Antipope Felix II), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 483–492 Emperor Seinei, Emperor of Japan (c. 480-c. 484) Emperor Kenzō, Emperor of Japan (c. 485-c. 487) Emperor Ninken, Emperor of Japan (c. 488-c. 498) Hengist and Horsa, Co-Kings of Kent (455-488) Oisc, King of Kent (488-512) "Casper", Ajaw of Palenque (435–487) B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, Ajaw of Palenque (487–501) Skanda Varman IV, King of Pallava (460–480) Nandi Varman I, King of Pallava (480–500) Peroz I, Sassanid King (459–484) Balash, Sassanid King (484–488) Kavadh I, Sassanid dynasty King of Persia (488–496, 498–531) Rhyddfedd Frych, King of Powys (c. 480–500) Yujiulü Yucheng, Khan of the Rouran Khaganate (450-485) Yujiulü Doulun, Khan of the Rouran | of Dumnonia (c. 480–514) Jangsu, King of Goguryeo (413–490) Buddha Gupta, Gupta Emperor (477–496) Einion Yrth ap Cunedda, King of Gwynedd (c. 470–500) Khingila I, Tegin of Hephthalite Empire (AKA White Huns) (c. 440-490) Ernakh, Ruler of the Huns (469–503) Vakhtang I, King of Iberia (447–522) Lughaid mac Loeguire, High King of Ireland (479–503) Odoacer, King of Italy (476–493) Pope Simplicius, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 468–483 Felix II (excluding Antipope Felix II), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 483–492 Emperor Seinei, Emperor of Japan (c. 480-c. 484) Emperor Kenzō, Emperor of Japan (c. 485-c. 487) Emperor Ninken, Emperor of Japan (c. 488-c. 498) Hengist and Horsa, Co-Kings of Kent (455-488) Oisc, King of Kent (488-512) "Casper", Ajaw of Palenque (435–487) B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, Ajaw of Palenque (487–501) Skanda Varman IV, King of Pallava (460–480) Nandi Varman I, King of |
to December 31, 1619. References | January 1, 1610, to December |
graphics library or the machine's graphics card, which usually implement the following operations: paste a given image at a specified offset onto the canvas; write a string of characters with a specified font, at a given position and angle; paint a simple geometric shape, such as a triangle defined by three corners, or a circle with given center and radius; draw a line segment, arc, or simple curve with a virtual pen of given width. Extended color models Text, shapes and lines are rendered with a client-specified color. Many libraries and cards provide color gradients, which are handy for the generation of smoothly-varying backgrounds, shadow effects, etc. (See also Gouraud shading). The pixel colors can also be taken from a texture, e.g. a digital image (thus emulating rub-on screentones and the fabled checker paint which used to be available only in cartoons). Painting a pixel with a given color usually replaces its previous color. However, many systems support painting with transparent and translucent colors, which only modify the previous pixel values. The two colors may also be combined in more complex ways, e.g. by computing their bitwise exclusive or. This technique is known as inverting color or color inversion, and is often used in graphical user interfaces for highlighting, rubber-band drawing, and other volatile painting— since re-painting the same shapes with the same color will restore the original pixel values. Layers The models used in 2D computer graphics usually do not provide for three-dimensional shapes, or three-dimensional optical phenomena such as lighting, shadows, reflection, refraction, etc. However, they usually can model multiple layers (conceptually of ink, paper, or film; opaque, translucent, or transparent—stacked in a specific order. The ordering is usually defined by a single number (the layer's depth, or distance from the viewer). Layered models are sometimes called "2-D computer graphics". They make it possible to mimic traditional drafting and printing techniques based on film and paper, such as cutting and pasting; and allow the user to edit any layer without affecting the others. For these reasons, they are used in most graphics editors. Layered models also allow better spatial anti-aliasing of complex drawings and provide a sound model for certain techniques such as mitered joints and the even-odd rule. Layered models are also used to allow the user to suppress unwanted information when viewing or printing a document, e.g. roads or railways from a map, certain process layers from an integrated circuit diagram, or hand annotations from a business letter. In a layer-based model, the target image is produced by "painting" or "pasting" each layer, in order of decreasing depth, on the virtual canvas. Conceptually, each layer is first rendered on its own, yielding a digital image with the desired resolution which is then painted over the canvas, pixel by pixel. Fully transparent parts of a layer need not be rendered, of course. The rendering and painting may be done in parallel, i.e., each layer pixel may be painted on the canvas as soon as it is produced by the rendering procedure. Layers that consist of complex geometric objects (such as text or polylines) may be broken down into simpler elements (characters or line segments, respectively), which are then painted as separate layers, in some order. However, this solution may create undesirable aliasing artifacts wherever two elements overlap the same pixel. See also Portable Document Format#Layers. Hardware Modern computer graphics card displays almost overwhelmingly use raster techniques, dividing the screen into a rectangular grid of pixels, due to the relatively low cost of raster-based video hardware as compared with vector graphic hardware. Most graphic hardware has internal support for blitting operations or sprite drawing. A co-processor dedicated to blitting is known as a Blitter chip. Classic 2D graphics chips and graphics processing units of the late 1970s to 1980s, used in 8-bit to early 16-bit, arcade games, video game consoles, and home computers, include: Atari's TIA, ANTIC, CTIA and GTIA Capcom's CPS-A and CPS-B Commodore's OCS MOS Technology's VIC and VIC-II Hudson Soft's Cynthia and HuC6270 NEC's μPD7220 and μPD72120 Ricoh's PPU and S-PPU Sega's VDP, Super Scaler, 315-5011/315-5012 and 315-5196/315-5197 Texas Instruments' TMS9918 Yamaha's V9938, V9958 and YM7101 VDP Software Many graphical user interfaces (GUIs), including macOS, Microsoft Windows, or the X Window System, are primarily based on 2D graphical concepts. Such software provides a visual environment for interacting with the computer, and commonly includes some form of window manager to aid the user in conceptually distinguishing between different applications. The user interface within individual software applications is typically 2D in nature as well, due in part to the fact that most common input devices, such as the mouse, are constrained to two dimensions of movement. 2D graphics are very important in the control peripherals such as printers, plotters, sheet cutting machines, etc. They were also used in most early video games; and are still used for card and board games such as solitaire, chess, mahjongg, etc. 2D graphics editors or drawing programs are application-level software for the creation of images, diagrams and illustrations by direct manipulation (through the mouse, graphics tablet, or similar device) of 2D computer graphics primitives. These editors generally provide geometric primitives as well as digital images; and some even support procedural models. The illustration is usually represented internally as a layered model, often with a hierarchical structure to make editing more convenient. These editors generally output graphics files where the layers and primitives are separately preserved in their original form. MacDraw, introduced in 1984 with the Macintosh line of computers, was an early example of this class; recent examples are the commercial products Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW, and the free editors such as xfig or Inkscape. There are also many 2D graphics editors specialized for certain types of drawings such as electrical, electronic and VLSI diagrams, topographic maps, computer fonts, etc. Image editors are specialized for the manipulation of digital images, mainly by means of free-hand drawing/painting and signal processing operations. They typically use a direct-painting paradigm, where the user controls virtual pens, brushes, and other free-hand artistic instruments to apply paint to a virtual canvas. Some image editors support a multiple-layer model; however, in order to support signal-processing operations like blurring each layer is normally represented as a digital image. Therefore, any geometric primitives that are provided by the editor are immediately converted to pixels and painted onto the canvas. The name raster graphics editor is sometimes used to contrast this approach to that of general editors which also handle vector graphics. One of the first popular image editors was Apple's MacPaint, companion to MacDraw. Modern examples are the free GIMP editor, and the commercial products Photoshop and Paint Shop Pro. This class too includes many specialized editors — for medicine, remote sensing, digital photography, etc. Developmental animation With the resurgence of 2D animation, free and proprietary software packages have become widely available for amateurs and professional animators. The principal issue with 2D animation is labor requirements. With software like | = (px, py, pz, 1) would need to be multiplied with this projective transformation matrix: As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result: Since the last component of a homogeneous coordinate can be viewed as the denominator of the other three components, a uniform scaling by a common factor s (uniform scaling) can be accomplished by using this scaling matrix: For each vector p = (px, py, pz, 1) we would have which would be homogenized to Direct painting A convenient way to create a complex image is to start with a blank "canvas" raster map (an array of pixels, also known as a bitmap) filled with some uniform background color and then "draw", "paint" or "paste" simple patches of color onto it, in an appropriate order. In particular the canvas may be the frame buffer for a computer display. Some programs will set the pixel colors directly, but most will rely on some 2D graphics library or the machine's graphics card, which usually implement the following operations: paste a given image at a specified offset onto the canvas; write a string of characters with a specified font, at a given position and angle; paint a simple geometric shape, such as a triangle defined by three corners, or a circle with given center and radius; draw a line segment, arc, or simple curve with a virtual pen of given width. Extended color models Text, shapes and lines are rendered with a client-specified color. Many libraries and cards provide color gradients, which are handy for the generation of smoothly-varying backgrounds, shadow effects, etc. (See also Gouraud shading). The pixel colors can also be taken from a texture, e.g. a digital image (thus emulating rub-on screentones and the fabled checker paint which used to be available only in cartoons). Painting a pixel with a given color usually replaces its previous color. However, many systems support painting with transparent and translucent colors, which only modify the previous pixel values. The two colors may also be combined in more complex ways, e.g. by computing their bitwise exclusive or. This technique is known as inverting color or color inversion, and is often used in graphical user interfaces for highlighting, rubber-band drawing, and other volatile painting— since re-painting the same shapes with the same color will restore the original pixel values. Layers The models used in 2D computer graphics usually do not provide for three-dimensional shapes, or three-dimensional optical phenomena such as lighting, shadows, reflection, refraction, etc. However, they usually can model multiple layers (conceptually of ink, paper, or film; opaque, translucent, or transparent—stacked in a specific order. The ordering is usually defined by a single number (the layer's depth, or distance from the viewer). Layered models are sometimes called "2-D computer graphics". They make it possible to mimic traditional drafting and printing techniques based on film and paper, such as cutting and pasting; and allow the user to edit any layer without affecting the others. For these reasons, they are used in most graphics editors. Layered models also allow better spatial anti-aliasing of complex drawings and provide a sound model for certain techniques such as mitered joints and the even-odd rule. Layered models are also used to allow the user to suppress unwanted information when viewing or printing a document, e.g. roads or railways from a map, certain process layers from an integrated circuit diagram, or hand annotations from a business letter. In a layer-based model, the target image is produced by "painting" or "pasting" each layer, in order of decreasing depth, on the virtual canvas. Conceptually, each layer is first rendered on its own, yielding a digital image with the desired resolution which is then painted over the canvas, pixel by pixel. Fully transparent parts of a layer need not be rendered, of course. The rendering and painting may be done in parallel, i.e., each layer pixel may be painted on the canvas as soon as it is produced by the rendering procedure. Layers that consist of complex geometric objects (such as text or polylines) may be broken down into simpler elements (characters or line segments, respectively), which are then painted as separate layers, in some order. However, this solution may create undesirable aliasing artifacts wherever two elements overlap the same pixel. See also Portable Document Format#Layers. Hardware Modern computer graphics card displays almost overwhelmingly use raster techniques, dividing the screen into a rectangular grid of pixels, due to the relatively low cost of raster-based video hardware as compared with vector graphic hardware. Most graphic hardware has internal support for blitting operations or sprite drawing. A co-processor dedicated to blitting is known as a Blitter chip. Classic 2D graphics chips and graphics processing units of the late 1970s to 1980s, used in 8-bit to early 16-bit, arcade games, video game consoles, and home computers, include: Atari's TIA, ANTIC, CTIA and GTIA Capcom's CPS-A and CPS-B Commodore's OCS MOS Technology's VIC and VIC-II Hudson Soft's Cynthia and HuC6270 NEC's μPD7220 and μPD72120 Ricoh's PPU and S-PPU Sega's VDP, Super Scaler, 315-5011/315-5012 and 315-5196/315-5197 Texas Instruments' TMS9918 Yamaha's V9938, V9958 and YM7101 VDP Software Many graphical user interfaces (GUIs), including macOS, Microsoft Windows, or the X Window System, are primarily based on 2D graphical concepts. Such software provides a visual environment for interacting with the computer, and commonly includes some form of window manager to aid the user in conceptually distinguishing between different applications. The user interface within individual software applications is typically 2D in nature as well, due in part to the fact that most common input devices, such as the mouse, are constrained to two dimensions of movement. 2D graphics are very important in the control peripherals such as printers, plotters, sheet cutting machines, etc. They were also used in most early video games; and are still used for card and board games such as solitaire, chess, mahjongg, etc. 2D graphics editors or drawing programs are application-level software for the creation of images, diagrams and illustrations by direct manipulation (through the mouse, graphics tablet, or similar device) of 2D |
been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events Some sources give 586 BC for the destruction of Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon as an alternative to | sources give 586 BC for the destruction of Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon as an alternative to 587 BC. Births Duke Dao of Jin, ruler of the State of Jin (d. 558 BC) Deaths King Ding of |
Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events Philo writes his symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament (Allegory). Births 28 April – Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman emperor (d. AD 69) Ban Chao, Chinese general and diplomat | condita). The denomination AD 32 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events Philo writes his symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament (Allegory). Births 28 April – Marcus |
actions lead to a lack of money, a crisis of confidence, and much land speculation. The primary victims are senators, knights and the wealthy. Many aristocratic families are ruined. China Although the usurpation of Wang Mang and the Chimei Rebellion are behind him, Emperor Guangwu now faces a new threat to the Han Dynasty: the Rebellion of Gongsun Shu in the Sichuan province. Gongsun's naval forces are unsuccessful against Han General Cen Peng, so Gongsun decides to fortify his position by blockading the entire Yangtze River with a large floating pontoon bridge, complete with floating fortified posts. After Cen Peng is unable to break through, he constructs several "castle ships" with high ramparts and ramming vessels known as "colliding swoopers", which break through Gongsun's lines and allow Cen to quell his rebellion. Gongsun Shu is totally defeated three years later. Births Gaius Rubellius Plautus, son of Gaius Rubellius Blandus and Julia Livia (granddaughter of Tiberius) (d. AD 62) Deaths April 3 – Jesus of Nazareth, (possible date of the crucifixion) [born c. 4 BC]) The other possible dates supported by a number of scholars are April 7, AD | Rebellion of Gongsun Shu in the Sichuan province. Gongsun's naval forces are unsuccessful against Han General Cen Peng, so Gongsun decides to fortify his position by blockading the entire Yangtze River with a large floating pontoon bridge, complete with floating fortified posts. After Cen Peng is unable to break through, he constructs several "castle ships" with high ramparts and ramming vessels known as "colliding swoopers", which break through Gongsun's lines and allow Cen to quell his rebellion. Gongsun Shu is totally defeated three years later. Births Gaius Rubellius Plautus, son of Gaius Rubellius Blandus and Julia Livia (granddaughter of Tiberius) (d. AD 62) Deaths April 3 – Jesus of Nazareth, (possible date of the crucifixion) |
Persicus and Vitellius (or, less frequently, year 787 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 34 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard is constructed, running for 50 km, ending at Nîmes (approximate date). Naevius Sutorius Macro gains favour in the Roman Empire by prostituting his wife Ennia Thrasylla to Caligula. Stephen, one of the original seven deacons of the Christian Church, is martyred for his faith. Saul of Tarsus, on the road to Damascus, is converted to Christianity, and becomes Paul the Apostle. Paul the Apostle and Barnabas | 50 km, ending at Nîmes (approximate date). Naevius Sutorius Macro gains favour in the Roman Empire by prostituting his wife Ennia Thrasylla to Caligula. Stephen, one of the original seven deacons of the Christian Church, is martyred for his faith. Saul of Tarsus, on the road to Damascus, is converted to Christianity, and becomes Paul the Apostle. Paul the Apostle and Barnabas start preaching the gospel to the Gentiles. Rome intervenes in Armenia (AD 34–37). Europe The original inhabitants of Dacia revolt against the Sarmatian tribe of Iazyges, who had |
year 788 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 35 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before | and Nonianus (or, less frequently, year 788 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 35 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year. Persia Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia (until AD 36). Births Decimus Valerius Asiaticus, Roman senator and governor Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, Roman prefect (approximate date) Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, Roman rhetorician (approximate date) Quintus Junius Arulenus |
putting down a Samaritan uprising. Lucius Vitellius defeats Artabanus III of Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III. Herod Antipas suffers major losses in a war with Aretas IV of Nabatea, provoked partly by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. According to Josephus, Herod's defeat was popularly believed to be divine punishment for his execution of John the Baptist. Emperor Tiberius orders his governor of Syria, Vitellius, to capture or kill Aretas, but he is reluctant to support Herod and abandons his campaign upon Tiberius' death in AD 37. Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria. Mesoamerica | Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III. Herod Antipas suffers major losses in a war with Aretas IV of Nabatea, provoked partly by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. According to Josephus, Herod's defeat was popularly believed to be divine punishment for his execution of John the Baptist. Emperor Tiberius orders his governor of Syria, Vitellius, to capture or kill Aretas, but he is reluctant to support Herod and abandons his campaign upon Tiberius' death in AD 37. Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria. Mesoamerica Last calendar monument before a moratorium that lasts for about three centuries. Births Lucius Annius Vinicianus, Roman senator and legatus in the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63. Deaths December 24 – Gongsun Shu, |
Drusilla (the Younger), princess of Mauretania (d. AD 79) Julius Archelaus Antiochus, prince of Commagene (d. AD 92) Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, Roman co-emperor (d. AD 69) Marcus Valerius Martialis, Roman Latin poet (approximate date) Deaths June 10 – Julia Drusilla, sister of Caligula (b. AD 16) Archelaus of Cilicia, Roman client king Du Shi, Chinese inventor and politician Ennia Thrasylla, Roman noblewoman Naevius Sutorius Macro, Roman prefect (b. 21 BC) Rhoemetalces II, Roman client king Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius (b. AD 19) Tiberius Julius Aspurgus, Roman client king References 0038 als:30er#38 | the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Claudius and Messalina are probably married this year. Apion heads a deputation to Emperor Caligula, to complain about the Jews in Alexandria. An anti-Jewish riot breaks out in Alexandria, during a visit by King Herod Agrippa I; the mob wants to place statues of Caligula in every synagogue. China An epidemic breaks out in K'aui-chi, causing many deaths. Imperial official Ch'ung-li I provides medicines that save many lives. By topic Arts and sciences Phaedrus writes his popular collection of fables. Religion Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople. Births Drusilla, Jewish princess and daughter of Herod Agrippa I (d. AD 79) Drusilla (the Younger), princess of Mauretania (d. |
display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesianus (or, less frequently, year 792 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 39 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters. Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula) and Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo become Roman consuls. Caligula orders a floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for two miles from Baiae to the neighboring port of Puteoli. Agrippa I, king of Judaea, successfully accuses Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of conspiracy against Caligula. Antipas is exiled and Agrippa receives his | of conspiracy against Caligula. Antipas is exiled and Agrippa receives his territory. Legio XV Primigenia and XXII Primigenia are levied by Caligula for the German frontier. Caligula's campaign into Germany is stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea. Even though he never even reaches Germany, Caligula proclaims himself victorious and orders a triumph. Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the Temple in Jerusalem. The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, who is responsible for erecting the statue, faces mass demonstrations by Jews of the region and manages to delay construction of the statue until the death of Caligula in AD 41. Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria. Vietnam The Trung Sisters resist the Chinese influences in Vietnam. </onlyinclude> Births November 3 – Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Roman poet (d. AD 65) December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (d. AD 81) Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula (d. |
Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date). The traditional date of Saint James the Great meeting Our Lady of the Pillar in Spain Births June 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor (d. AD 93) Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. AD 62) Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (d. c. 115) Ma, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 79) Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician and pharmacologist (d. AD 90) Sextus Julius Frontinus, Roman general and military author (d. 103) Titus Petronius Secundus, Roman prefect (d. AD 97) Deaths Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the Younger (b. 17 BC) Faustus Cornelius | Religion Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Church of Alexandria as the first Patriarch. An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date). The traditional date of Saint James the Great meeting Our Lady of the Pillar in Spain Births June 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor (d. AD 93) Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. AD 62) Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (d. c. 115) Ma, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 79) Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek |
China The Chinese General Ma Yuan represses the rebellions of the Trưng Sisters in Tonkin. By topic Religion 25 January – The Apostle Paul is converted to Christianity (the exact date is not provided in texts, but the Roman Catholic Church chooses to commemorate this date). Traditional date of foundation of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria by the apostle Mark the Evangelist. Births Herennius Philo, Greek grammarian and writer (d. 141) Sixtus I, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 124) Deaths Arria, Roman noblewoman (committed suicide) Aulus Caecina Paetus, Roman politician (committed suicide) Gaius Appius Junius Silanus, Roman consul (executed) Lucius Annius Vinicianus, Roman politician (committed suicide) Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, Roman politician (committed suicide) References | Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By places Roman Empire Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar. The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province. Dalmatian legate Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus revolts, but his troops defect, and his rebellion quickly withers. Claudius begins construction of Portus, a harbour bearing a lighthouse on the right bank of the Tiber. Korea Suro becomes the first king of |
Taurus (or, less frequently, year 797 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 44 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half. Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of the British Celtic tribe the Iceni (doubtful). Mauretania becomes a Roman province. The Isle of Rhodes returns to the Roman Empire. Judaea is controlled by Roman | (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crispus and Taurus (or, less frequently, year 797 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 44 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for |
used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Salzburg (Juvavum) is awarded the status of a Roman municipium. Emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome. Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely. The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome. China Chinese general Ma Yuan conducts an expedition against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria). By topic Religion | Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely. The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome. China Chinese general Ma Yuan conducts an expedition against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria). By topic Religion Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels, according to one traditional dating scheme. </onlyinclude> Births Ban Zhao, first female Chinese historian (d. 116) Domitilla the Younger, Roman noblewoman (d. AD 66) Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus, Roman politician (d. 136) Lucius Vipstanus Messalla, Roman orator (approximate date) Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (approximate date) |
condita). The denomination AD 46 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights, and is named municipium Claudia Celeia. Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia. A census shows that there are | the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights, and is named municipium Claudia Celeia. Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia. A census shows that there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens. |
calendar) of the Julian calendar. "At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Claudius and Vitellius (or, less frequently, year 800 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 47 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Claudius revives the censorship and ludi saeculares, and organises the order of the Haruspices, with 60 members. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians. Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed. Publius Ostorius Scapula replaces Aulus Plautius as governor of Britain. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states | army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians. Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed. Publius Ostorius Scapula replaces Aulus Plautius as governor of Britain. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down. Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg). Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of |
office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem. After the execution of his wife Messalina, Claudius gets senatorial approval to marry his niece, Agrippina the Younger. Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes. Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui. China Emperor Guang Wu of Han, restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia. The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire. The Xiangnu empire dissolves. Korea Mobon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of | revolt among the allied Brigantes. Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui. China Emperor Guang Wu of Han, restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia. The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire. The Xiangnu empire dissolves. Korea Mobon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. By topic Religion Probable date of the Apostolic Council. Paul of Tarsus begins his first mission (approximate date, see AD 47) and perhaps writes his Epistle to the Galatians. According to Christian legend, Martha travels to Avignon. Births Cai Lun, Chinese inventor and politician (d. 121) Ulpia Marciana, sister of Trajan (d. 112) Deaths Gaius Silius, Roman politician (b. AD 13) Minjung, Korean ruler of Goguryeo Mnester, |
Agrippina. Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor. Melankomas is the boxing champion, at the 207th Olympic Games. Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome. Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius. Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fiancé Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate, and sentenced to death. In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium | Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fiancé Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate, and sentenced to death. In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a municipium the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion. By topic Religion The Apostle Paul begins his second missionary journey. The New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written. Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from |
are united under the Kushan leader Kujula Kadphises, thus creating the Kushan Empire in Afghanistan and northern India. (approximate date) Americas San Bartolo pyramid is completed around this time. By topic Religion Christianity is introduced throughout Nubia by a high official of Queen Judith. The Epistle to the Romans is written (approximate date). The Apostles hold the Council of Jerusalem (approximate date). Arts and sciences Hero of Alexandria invents a steam turbine (possible date). Pamphilus of Alexandria writes a poetic lexicon. Pedanius Dioscorides describes the medical applications of plants in De Materia Medica. Diogenes, the Greek explorer, discovers the African Great Lakes. The distinction between chronic maladies and acute illnesses is made by Thessalos. </onlyinclude> Births Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process (d. 121) Deaths Abgar V, Roman client king of Osroene (approximate date) Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Roman author of De Medicina (b. c. 25 BC) Gamaliel the Elder, Jewish ruler (Nasi) in Babylonia (approximate date) Gaius | this year has been used since the Early Middle Ages, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Cologne is raised to the status of a city. Utrecht is founded, and a Roman fortification (castellum) is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands. Claudius adopts Nero. In Judea a Roman soldier seizes and burns a Torah-scroll. Procurator Cumanus has the culprit beheaded, calming down the Jews and delaying for two decades the outbreak of their revolt. In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign against the recalcitrant Silures of south Wales, who are led by the former Catuvellaunian prince Caratacus. London (Londinium), Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum), Tripontium (near modern Rugby) and the fort of Manduessedum (near modern Atherstone) are founded (approximate date). Roman emperor Claudius appoints Agrippa II governor of Chalcis. Romans build a wooden bridge across the Thames in the London area. |
25 BC – AD 10 Lugaid Riab nDerg, legendary High King of Ireland, r. 33–9 BC Conchobar Abradruad, legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–8 BC Crimthann Nia Náir, legendary High King of Ireland, r. (8 BC – AD 9) Suinin, legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – AD 70 Amanishakheto, King of Kush, r. 10–1 BC Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC – AD 20 Ma'nu III, King of Osroene, r. 23–4 BC Abgar V, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC-AD 7, AD 13–50 Phraates IV, king of the Parthian Empire, r. 38–2 BC Phraates V, king of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC – AD 4 Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC – AD 4 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – AD 14) Nero Claudius Drusus, Roman Consul, in office 9 BC Gaius Caesar, Roman general Livy, Roman historian Ovid, Roman poet Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician Tiberius, Roman | AD 2 Chend Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 32–7 BC Ai Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 7–1 BC Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC – AD 5 Wang Mang, Chinese statesman and future emperor of China Dong Xian, Han Dynasty Chinese official under Emperor Ai of Han Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC – AD 17 Arminius, Germanic war chief (18/17 BC – AD 21) Arshak II, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 20 BC – AD 1 Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC – AD 10 Lugaid Riab nDerg, legendary High King of Ireland, r. 33–9 BC Conchobar Abradruad, legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–8 BC Crimthann Nia Náir, legendary High King of Ireland, r. (8 BC – AD 9) Suinin, legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – AD 70 Amanishakheto, King of Kush, r. 10–1 BC Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC – AD 20 Ma'nu III, King of Osroene, r. 23–4 BC Abgar V, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC-AD 7, AD 13–50 Phraates IV, king of the Parthian Empire, r. 38–2 BC Phraates V, king of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC – AD 4 Musa of Parthia, |
fight. The captured Caratacus is exhibited in chains in Claudius' triumph in Rome, but his dignified demeanour persuades the emperor to spare his life and allow his family to live free in the capital for a short period of time. Parthia Vonones II dies a few months after he had ascended to the throne. His son Vologases I becomes king of the Parthian Empire. By topic Religion Paul of Tarsus begins his second mission (approximate date). The New Testament book 1 Thessalonians is written (possible date). In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul supports the separation of Christianity and Judaism. Births October 24 – Titus Flavius Domitianus, Roman emperor (d. AD 96) Deaths Gotarzes II, king of the Parthian Empire Lucius Vitellius the Elder, Roman consul (b. 5 | Consuls. Burrus, praetorian prefect (51–62 AD), is charged by Seneca with the education of Nero. In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula defeats Caratacus and the Silures in the territory of the Ordovices in central Wales. Caratacus seeks sanctuary with Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes in northern England, but she is a Roman ally and hands him over to Ostorius. Despite the defeat, the Silures continue to fight. The captured Caratacus is exhibited in chains in Claudius' triumph in Rome, but his dignified demeanour persuades the emperor to spare his life and allow his family to live free in the capital for a short period of time. Parthia Vonones II dies a few months after he had ascended to the throne. His son Vologases I becomes king of the Parthian Empire. By topic Religion Paul |
account of the German wars. Tiridates I, brother of Vologases I, comes to power in Armenia as an adversary of the Romans. In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula dies while campaigning against the Silures of south Wales. Following his death, the Roman Second Legion are heavily defeated by the Silures. His replacement is Aulus Didius Gallus, who quells the rebellion and consolidates the gains the Romans have so far made, but does not seek new ones. China The Yuejue Shu, the first known gazetteer of China, is written during the Han | and crippled slaves. Ananias, a high priest in Jerusalem, is sent to Rome after being accused of violence. Barea Soranus is consul suffectus in Rome. Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars. Tiridates I, brother of Vologases I, comes to power in Armenia as an adversary of the Romans. In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula dies while campaigning against the Silures of south Wales. Following his death, the Roman Second Legion are heavily defeated by the Silures. His replacement is Aulus Didius Gallus, who quells the rebellion and consolidates the gains the Romans have so far made, but does not seek new ones. China The Yuejue Shu, the first known gazetteer of China, is written during the Han Dynasty. By |
Didius Gallus. Korea Taejodae becomes ruler of the kingdom of Goguryeo. By topic Religion Evodius succeeds Saint Peter as Patriarch of Antioch. Arts and sciences Seneca writes the tragedy Agamemnon, which he intends to be read as the last chapter of a trilogy including two of his other tragedies, Medea and Edipus. Births September 18 – Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (d. 117) Domitia Longina, Roman empress (approximate date) Kanishka I, Indian | of the Consulship of Silanus and Antonius (or, less frequently, year 806 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 53 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Claudius removes Herod Agrippa II from the tetrarchy of Chalcis in Greece. Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus and Quintus Haterius Antoninus become Roman consuls. Claudius secures a senatorial decree that gives jurisdiction in financial cases to imperial procurators. This marks a significant strengthening of imperial powers at the expense of |
55 (LV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Vetus (or, less frequently, year 808 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 55 for | a Roman Consul. The Roman jurist Sabinus writes three books on the rights of citizens. By topic Religion The apostle Paul writes his First Epistle to the Corinthians. Births Epictetus, Greek-Roman philosopher (d. 135) Deaths February 11 – Britannicus, |
Year of the Consulship of Saturninus and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 809 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 56 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire War between Rome and Parthia breaks out due to the invasion of Armenia by King Vologases I, who has | in the Roman Empire as the Year of the Consulship of Saturninus and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 809 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 56 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar |
urbe condita). The denomination AD 57 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Envoys from Cilicia come to Rome to accuse their late governor, Cossutianus Capito, of extortion; the Roman Senate is supported in the case by Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus. Emperor Nero becomes a Roman consul. In Britain, Quintus Veranius Nepos becomes governor in place of Aulus Didius Gallus. He | year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Envoys from Cilicia come to Rome to accuse their late governor, Cossutianus Capito, of extortion; the Roman Senate is supported in the case by Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus. Emperor Nero becomes a Roman consul. In Britain, Quintus Veranius Nepos becomes governor in place of Aulus Didius Gallus. He begins a campaign against the Silures of south Wales. Also in Britain Venutius begins his rebellion against his wife Cartimandua. Asia Emperor Guang Wu grants Nakoku (located around modern-day Fukuoka City) a golden seal, being the oldest evidence of writing in Japan. |
he is shadowed by tens of thousands of mounted Parthian archers led by king Tiridates I. The city opens its gates to Corbulo, just as it had to Germanicus four decades before. When he takes the 250-year-old Armenian capital, Corbulo gives the residents a few hours to collect their valuables and burns the city to the ground. The Ficus Ruminalis begins to die (see Rumina). Agrippina the Younger, conspired with the senators in late 58 to overthrow Nero. Gnaeus Julius Agricola, 18 years old, is serving as a military tribune in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and is attached to Legio II Augusta. Europe In Thuringia conflict between two Germanic tribes erupts over access to water. Romans learn the use of soap from the Gauls (approximate date). Asia Emperor Ming of Han introduces Buddhism to China and in the western Indus Valley. In China, sacrifices to Confucius are ordered in all government schools. Start of Yongping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. By topic Religion The apostle Paul returns to Jerusalem with the money he has collected to give the Christian community there. However, he is accused of defiling the temple, and is | against the fortress at Volandum, to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city; the legionnaires massacre the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content. Corbulo marches to Artaxata crossing the Aras River; along the valley he is shadowed by tens of thousands of mounted Parthian archers led by king Tiridates I. The city opens its gates to Corbulo, just as it had to Germanicus four decades before. When he takes the 250-year-old Armenian capital, Corbulo gives the residents a few hours to collect their valuables and burns the city to the ground. The Ficus Ruminalis begins to die (see Rumina). Agrippina the Younger, conspired with the senators in late 58 to overthrow Nero. Gnaeus Julius Agricola, 18 years old, is serving as a military tribune in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus |
her through a planned shipwreck, but when she survives, he has her executed and frames it as a suicide. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman commander in the east, captures Tigranocerta in Mesopotamia. He installs Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries. Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus retires from the Roman Senate. He openly shows his disgust at the behaviour of Nero regarding the murder of Agrippina. Rioting breaks out between the people of Pompeii and the people of Nuceria during a gladiator fight in Pompeii. Thousands are killed. By topic Arts and sciences In the Satyricon, Petronius pokes fun at Roman immorality. An eclipse on 30 April over North Africa | a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries. Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus retires from the Roman Senate. He openly shows his disgust at the behaviour of Nero regarding the murder of Agrippina. Rioting breaks out between the people of Pompeii and the people of Nuceria during a gladiator fight in Pompeii. Thousands are killed. By topic Arts and sciences In the Satyricon, Petronius pokes fun at Roman immorality. An eclipse on 30 April over North Africa is |
on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nero and Lentulus (or, less frequently, year 813 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 60 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. The year 60 is the first identifiable year for which a date is cited complete with day of the week, i.e. 6 February 60, identified as a "Sunday" (as viii idus Februarius dies solis "eighth day before the ides of February, day of the Sun") in a Pompeiian graffito. According to the currently-used Julian calendar, 6 February 60 was a Wednesday (dies Mercurii, "day of Mercury"). This is explained by the existence of two conventions of naming days of the weeks based on the planetary hours system, 6 February was a "Sunday" based on the sunset naming convention, and a "Wednesday" based on the sunrise naming convention. Events By place Nero set fire to Rome during his reign as emperor. He was said to dance on Palatine hill, as he played the lyre, as he watched Rome burn. He killed his wife, Octavia, and his Mother Agrippa. He committed suicide in 64 CE after being declared an enemy of the state by the Roman Senate. Roman Empire The Roxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans. Emperor Nero sends an expedition to explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan). Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of the province of Africa. Agrippa II of the Herodians rules the northeast of Judea. The following events in Roman Britain (Britannia) take place in | the lyre, as he watched Rome burn. He killed his wife, Octavia, and his Mother Agrippa. He committed suicide in 64 CE after being declared an enemy of the state by the Roman Senate. Roman Empire The Roxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans. Emperor Nero sends an expedition to explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan). Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of the province of Africa. Agrippa II of the Herodians rules the northeast of Judea. The following events in Roman Britain (Britannia) take place in AD 60 or 61: Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman governor of Britain, captures the island of Mona (Anglesey), the last stronghold of the Druids. Prasutagus, king of the Iceni (modern East Anglia), dies leaving a will which passes his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman Empire. The Roman army, however, annexes the kingdom as if conquered, depriving the nobles of their hereditary lands and plundering the land. The king's widow, Boudica, is flogged and forced to watch their daughters publicly raped. Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, call in their loans. Boudica leads a rebellion of the Iceni against Roman rule in alliance with the Trinovantes, Cornovii, Durotriges and Celtic Britons. The Iceni and Trinovantes first destroy |
following events in Roman Britain (Britannia) take place in AD 60 or 61: Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman governor of Britain, captures the island of Mona (Anglesey), the last stronghold of the Druids. Prasutagus, king of the Iceni (modern East Anglia), dies leaving a will which passes his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman Empire. The Roman army however annexes the kingdom as if conquered, depriving the nobles of their hereditary lands and plundering the land. The king's widow, Boudica, is flogged and forced to watch their daughters publicly raped. Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, call in their loans. Boudica leads a rebellion of the Iceni against Roman rule in alliance with the Trinovantes, Cornovii, Durotriges and Celtic Britons. The Iceni and Trinovantes first destroy the Roman capital Camulodunum (Colchester), wipe out the infantry of the Legio IX Hispana (commanded by Quintus Petillius Cerialis) and go on to burn Londinium | of the Druids. Prasutagus, king of the Iceni (modern East Anglia), dies leaving a will which passes his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman Empire. The Roman army however annexes the kingdom as if conquered, depriving the nobles of their hereditary lands and plundering the land. The king's widow, Boudica, is flogged and forced to watch their daughters publicly raped. Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, call in their loans. Boudica leads a rebellion of the Iceni against Roman rule in alliance with the Trinovantes, Cornovii, Durotriges and Celtic Britons. The Iceni and Trinovantes first destroy the Roman capital Camulodunum (Colchester), wipe |
of the Consulship of Marius and Afinius (or, less frequently, year 815 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 62 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Nero marries for the second time, to Poppaea Sabina, ex-wife of Marcus Salvius Otho. After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero is free from their influence and becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. His rule is highly abusive. Nero completes the Baths of Nero in Rome. A great earthquake damages cities in Campania, including Pompeii (February 5). The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore. Lucius Caesennius Paetus advances towards Tigranocerta, but due to lack of supplies he makes camp for the winter in the fortress at Rhandeia in northwestern Armenia. Vologases I leads the Parthian army in | denomination AD 62 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Nero marries for the second time, to Poppaea Sabina, ex-wife of Marcus Salvius Otho. After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero is free from their influence and becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. His rule is highly abusive. Nero completes the Baths of Nero in Rome. A great earthquake damages cities in Campania, including Pompeii (February 5). The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore. Lucius Caesennius Paetus advances towards Tigranocerta, but due to lack of supplies he makes camp for the |
on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Regulus and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 816 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 63 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe | homes in a panicked flight. By topic Religion According to legend, Joseph of Arimathea goes to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain. Paul possibly in Spain Arts and sciences Aulus Cornelius Celsus writes a dictionary (encyclopedia) on the arts and sciences. Births Dou, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 97) Deaths Claudia Augusta, daughter of Nero Mark the Evangelist (traditional date) (see AD 61) References |
the merchant area of Rome and soon burns completely out of control, while Emperor Nero allegedly plays his lyre and sings, as he watches the blaze from a safe distance. There is no hard evidence to support this claim: fires were very common in Rome at the time. The fire destroys close to one-half of the city and is officially blamed on the Christians, a small but growing religious movement; Nero is accused of being the arsonist by popular rumour. Persecution of Christians in Rome begins under Nero. Peter the Apostle is possibly among those crucified. Nero proposes a new urban planning program based on the creation of buildings decorated with ornate porticos, the widening of the streets and the use of open spaces. This plan will not be applied until after his death in AD 68. Lyon sends a large sum of money to Rome to aid in the reconstruction. However, during the winter of AD 64–65, Lyon suffers a catastrophic fire itself, and Nero reciprocates by sending money to Lyon. Asia The Kushan sack the ancient town of Taxila (in modern-day Pakistan). By topic Religion First Epistle of Peter written from Babylon according to traditional Christian belief. Paul leaves Titus in Crete as bishop (approximate date) Then goes to Asia Minor Arts and sciences Seneca proclaims the equality of all men, including slaves. Births September 13 – Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus and lover of his brother Domitian | the 4th year of the 7th decade. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Crassus (or, less frequently, year 817 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 64 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire July 19 – Great Fire of Rome: A fire begins in the merchant area of Rome and soon burns completely out of control, while Emperor Nero allegedly plays his lyre and sings, as he watches the blaze from a safe distance. There is no hard evidence to support this claim: fires were very common in Rome at the time. The fire destroys close to one-half of |
wife, Poppea Sabina, dies from Nero kicking her stomach or while having a miscarriage. By topic Religion Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date). Paul writes his first epistle to Timothy in Corinth; afterwards, he goes to Nikopoli to spend the winter. In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made. The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. </onlyinclude> Births Philopappos, Greek prince of Commagene (d. AD 116) Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes, Greek aristocrat Deaths April 30 – Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher (b. AD 39) Faenius Rufus, Roman praetorian prefect (executed) Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul (approximate date) Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, Roman procurator Jude the Apostle, | in a series of reprisals against Seneca the Younger and Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts. Nero's pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, dies from Nero kicking her stomach or while having a miscarriage. By topic Religion Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date). Paul writes his first epistle to Timothy in Corinth; afterwards, he goes to Nikopoli to spend the winter. In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made. The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. </onlyinclude> |
II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person. Gallus leads his main force down the coast from Caesarea via Antipatris to Lydda, detaching other units, by land and sea, to neutralize the rebel strongholds at Joppa, Narbata and the Tower of Aphek. With Galilee and the entire Judean coast in his hands, Gallus assumes his campaign before the winter rains render the roads impassable. He turns inland and marches on Jerusalem, taking the road via the plain at Emmaus. Gallus succeeds in conquering Beit She'arim (the "New City") on the Bezetha Hill. November – Battle of Beth-Horon: Gallus abandons the siege of Jerusalem and chooses, for uncertain reasons, to withdraw west to winter quarters, where he is ambushed and defeated by Judean rebels. Some 5,300 Roman troops are killed, as well as all their pack animals, their artillery (which is to serve the Jews of Jerusalem during Titus's siege operations four years later), and the greatest disgrace of all, the eagle standard of Legio XII Fulminata. Gallus abandons his troops in disarray, fleeing to Syria. Britannia Suetonius Paullinus, governor of Britannia, becomes a Roman Consul. The Roman Legio II Augusta is stationed at Gloucester. Asia Baekje invades Silla in the Korean Peninsula, and captures Castle Ugok. By topic Arts and sciences Dioscorides writes his De Materia Medica, a treatise on the methodical treatment of disease by use of medicine (approximate date). Astronomy Halley's Comet is visible. Religion The First Epistle to Timothy is written (speculative date, if actually written by St. Paul). | a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Telesinus and Paullinus (or, less frequently, year 819 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 66 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire September 22 – Emperor Nero creates the Legio I Italica. He appoints Titus Flavius Vespasian as General of the army of Judea, and Governor of Judea which gives him command of three legions — V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XV Apollinaris. October – The Jewish Revolt commences against the Roman Empire. The Zealots lay siege to Jerusalem and annihilate the Roman garrison (a cohort of Legio III Cyrenaica). The Sicarii capture the fortress of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea. Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client |
Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxiliaries and troops of King Agrippa II. Jewish leaders at Jerusalem are divided through a power struggle, and a brutal civil war erupts. The Zealots and the Sicarii execute anyone who tries to leave the city. Siege of Jotapata: Its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants are massacred. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall. The Jewish fortress of Gamla in the Golan falls to the Romans, and its inhabitants are massacred. Nero travels to Greece, where he participates in the Olympic Games and other festivals. Nero, jealous of the success of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in Armenia, orders that he be put to death. Corbulo literally "falls on his sword". By topic Religion Apostles Peter and Paul are | place Roman Empire Vindex revolts, first in a series of revolts that lead to Nero's downfall. Gaius Licinius Mucianus replaces Cestius Gallus as governor of Syria. Jewish Revolt: Vespasian arrives in Ptolemais, along with Legio X Fretensis and Legio V Macedonica, to put down the revolt. Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxiliaries and troops of King Agrippa II. Jewish leaders at Jerusalem are divided through a power struggle, and a brutal civil war erupts. The Zealots and the Sicarii execute anyone who tries to leave the city. Siege |
rebellion. Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum. Titus is made praetorian prefect of the Praetorian Guard and receives pro-consular command and also tribunician power, all of which indicates that Vespasian will follow the hereditary tradition of succession. Herodium, a Jewish fortress south of Jerusalem, is conquered and destroyed by Legio X Fretensis on their way to Masada. Asia Reign of Rabel II, king of Nabataea. He makes Bostra, Syria, his second capital. By topic Arts and Science Use of locks with keys of clever design begins in Rome. Religion Mithraism begins to spread throughout the Roman Empire. </onlyinclude> Births Chadae, | the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Romans establish a fortress at York (Eboracum), as a base for their northern forces. Initially established solely for Legio IX Hispana, it expands later to include public housing, baths and temples. Battle of Stanwick: Quintus Petillius Cerialis, governor of Britain, puts down a revolt by the Brigantes. Emperors Vespasian and Marcus Cocceius Nerva are Roman Consuls. Battle of Treves: Cerialis defeats Claudius Civilis, thus quelling the Batavian rebellion. Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum. Titus is made praetorian prefect of the Praetorian |
the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vespasian and Titus (or, less frequently, year 825 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 72 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Antiochus IV of Syria is deposed by Emperor Vespasian. Vespasian and Titus are Roman Consuls. First Jewish-Roman War: The Roman army | era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Antiochus IV of Syria is deposed by Emperor Vespasian. Vespasian and Titus are Roman Consuls. First Jewish-Roman War: The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) under Sextus Lucilius Bassus lays siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate, the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress before it is destroyed. The Romans lay |
Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent. Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Hispania Tarraconensis. Titus Flavius Domitianus becomes Roman Consul. Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube. Asia February – The Chinese Han Dynasty launches a major campaign against the Xiongnu, whom they confront in the Battle of Yiwulu in the | Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the |
(LXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Titus (third time) and Vespasian (fifth time) (or, less frequently, year 827 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 74 for this year has been | year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls. The Black Forest region is reattached to the Roman Empire. December 27 – Vespasian grants generous privileges to doctors and teachers. Asia The Chinese reestablish a protectorate of the |
raid the Roman frontier in Armenia. Sextus Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales). Frontinus begins his conquest of Wales; Legio II Augusta is moved to the border of the River Usk. Asia Accession of Han Zhangdi of the Han Dynasty (until AD 88). Revolt against the Chinese in Tarim: Cachera and Turpan are besieged. Luoyang orders the evacuation of Tarim. Ban Chao makes the rebels retreat towards Khotan. At the same time, the Chinese army of Ganzhou reconquers Turpan in Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao convinces the emperor of the need to control Central Asia | the Roman frontier in Armenia. Sextus Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales). Frontinus begins his conquest of Wales; Legio II Augusta is moved to the border of the River Usk. Asia Accession of Han Zhangdi of the Han Dynasty (until AD 88). Revolt against the Chinese in Tarim: Cachera and Turpan are besieged. Luoyang orders the evacuation of Tarim. Ban Chao makes the rebels retreat towards Khotan. At the same time, the Chinese army of Ganzhou reconquers Turpan in Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao convinces the emperor of the need to control Central Asia in the fight against Xiongnu. Births Suetonius, Roman historian (approximate date) (d. |
the Year of the Consulship of Titus and Vespasianus (or, less frequently, year 829 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 76 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperors Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls. Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a fortress at Caerleon or Isca Augusta for Legio II Augusta, and makes a network of smaller forts for his auxiliary | starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Titus and Vespasianus (or, less frequently, year 829 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 76 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini |
named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until AD 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the River Clyde (Scotland), and builds fortifications. Agricola subdues the Ordovices in Wales, and pursues the remnants of the tribe to Anglesey, the holy island of the Druids. The Caledonian tribes in Scotland form a confederacy of 30,000 warriors, under the leadership of Calgacus. Winter – Agricola conquers Anglesey, and disperses his army to their winter quarters. Asia King Giru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean Peninsula. By topic Arts and sciences Pliny the Elder publishes the | frequently, year 830 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 77 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Gnaeus Julius Agricola is named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until AD 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the |
Britain. Asia Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands. Emperor Kadphises of the Kushan Empire sends a delegation to Rome, to seek support against the Parthians. This is the base year (year zero) of the Saka era used by some Hindu calendars, the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. It begins near the vernal equinox for the civil solar calendar, but begins opposite | delegation to Rome, to seek support against the Parthians. This is the base year (year zero) of the Saka era used by some Hindu calendars, the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. It begins near the vernal equinox for the civil solar calendar, but begins opposite the star Spica for the traditional solar calendar. Pacorus II becomes king of the Parthian Empire (r. 78–115). By topic Philosophy The Chinese philosopher Wang Chong |
since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Titus completes and inaugurates the Colosseum with 100 days of games. The earliest stage of Lullingstone Roman villa is built. The Roman occupation of Britain reaches the River Tyne–Solway Firth frontier area. Gnaeus Julius Agricola creates a fleet for the conquest of Caledonia; he finally proves that Britannia is an island. Legio II Adiutrix is stationed at Lindum Colonia (modern Lincoln). The city is an important settlement for retired Roman legionaries. The original Roman Pantheon is destroyed in a fire, along with many other buildings. The Eifel Aqueduct is constructed to bring water from the Eifel region to Colonia | constructed to bring water from the Eifel region to Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensum (modern Cologne). An epidemic afflicts Rome. Asia Some 30,000 Asian tribesmen migrate from the steppes to the west with 40,000 horses and 100,000 cattle, joining with Iranian tribesmen and with Mongols from the Siberian forests to form a group that will be known in Europe as the Huns. King Pasa becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. By topic Art and Science The aeolipile, the first steam engine, is described by Hero of Alexandria. Religion The Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles are written (approximate date). </onlyinclude> Births Aspasius, Greek philosopher and writer (approximate date) Aśvaghoṣa, Indian philosopher and poet (d. c. 150) Yin, Chinese empress of the Han |
year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian becomes Roman Consul. Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the | period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian becomes Roman Consul. Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight. Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland, and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy. Dio Chrysostom is banished |
Graupius (AD 83 or 84). According to Tacitus, 10,000 Britons and 360 Romans are killed. Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier. The Roman fort Inchtuthil is built in Scotland. Domitian is, again, also a Roman Consul. Possible date that Demetrius of Tarsus visits an island in the Hebrides populated by holy men, possibly druids. In Rome, the castration of slaves is prohibited. Births Vibia Sabina, Roman empress (d. | is built in Scotland. Domitian is, again, also a Roman Consul. Possible date that Demetrius of Tarsus visits an island in the Hebrides populated by holy men, possibly druids. In Rome, the castration of slaves is prohibited. Births Vibia Sabina, Roman empress (d. c. 136) Deaths Marcus Pompeius Silvanus, Roman politician Pomponia Graecina, |
consul for ten years and censor for life, Domitian openly subordinates the republican aspect of the state to the monarchical. Domitian increases the troops' pay by one third, thus securing their loyalty. Asia Change from Jianchu to Yuanhe era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. Deaths Luke the Evangelist, Greek physician and martyr Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and married with | By place Roman Empire Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians. Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province Africa, but he declined it. Pliny the Younger is sevir equitum Romanorum (commander of a cavalry squadron). The construction of the limes, a line of Roman fortifications from the Rhine to the Danube, is begun. Through his election as consul |
method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Dacians under Decebalus engage in two wars against the Romans from this year to AD 88 or 89. Emperor Domitian repulses a Dacian invasion of Moesia. Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate. His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him. Asia Baekje invades the outskirts of Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues until the peace treaty of 105. Births Marcion of Sinope, Greek theologian and founder of Marcionism (d. 160) Vibia Matidia | Moesia. Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate. His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him. Asia Baekje invades the outskirts of Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues until the peace treaty of 105. Births Marcion of Sinope, Greek theologian and founder of Marcionism (d. 160) Vibia Matidia (the Younger), Roman noblewoman (approximate date) Deaths Gaius Oppius Sabinus, Roman politician and governor Lucius Mindius, Roman politician and aristocrat Titus Atilius Rufus, Roman politician and governor References 0085 als:80er#Johr |
face disaster in Dacia, when Roman general Cornelius Fuscus launches a powerful offensive that becomes a failure. Encircled in the valley of Timi, he dies along with his entire army. Rome must pay tribute to the Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance. Asia Ban Gu (Pan Kou) and his sister Ban Zhao (Pan Tchao) compose the History of China. </onlyinclude> Births September 19 – Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor (d. 161) Deaths Cornelius Fuscus, Roman general and praetorian prefect | and Germania Superior (approximate date). Dacia First Battle of Tapae: Roman legions face disaster in Dacia, when Roman general Cornelius Fuscus launches a powerful offensive that becomes a failure. Encircled in the valley of Timi, he dies along with his entire army. Rome must pay tribute to the Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance. Asia Ban Gu (Pan Kou) and his sister Ban Zhao (Pan Tchao) |
will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 840 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 87 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method | less frequently, year 840 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 87 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events |
increased their power during the emperor's reign. Zhangdi is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Zhao, who will reign until 105 as emperor Han Hedi, but he will be a virtual pawn of Empress Dou (adoptive mother) and scheming courtiers who will effectively rule the Chinese Empire. Last year (4th) of yuanhe era and start of zhanghe era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. By topic Religion Pope Clement I succeeds Pope Anacletus I as the fourth pope. </onlyinclude> Deaths Dou Gu, | of Rome, he receives money, craftsmen and war machines to protect the borders (limes) of the Roman Empire. Asia Emperor Han Zhangdi dies at age 31 after a 13-year reign in which Chinese military forces have become powerful enough to march against tribes who threaten their northern and western borders. Having used intrigue as well as armed might to achieve his ends, Zhangdi and his General Ban Chao have reestablished Chinese influence in Inner Asia, but court eunuchs have increased their power during the emperor's reign. Zhangdi is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Zhao, who will reign until 105 as emperor Han Hedi, but he will be a virtual pawn of Empress Dou (adoptive mother) and scheming courtiers who will effectively rule |
the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe January 1 – Lucius Antonius Saturninus incites a revolt against Emperor Domitian (it is suppressed by January 24). Legio XIII Gemina is transferred to Dacia, to help in the war | (approximate date). Asia First year of Yongyuan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. June – Battle of Ikh Bayan: The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian, allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu. By topic Religion Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by Plutarch. The Gospel of Matthew is published in Syria or Phoenicia, by a converted Jewish scholar. </onlyinclude> Births Sindae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 179) Deaths Lucius Antonius Saturninus, Roman politician and general Polycarpus I, |
prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Romans build a small fort for the garrison in the suburbs of modern Regensburg (approximate date). Pliny the Younger's appointment as urban quaestor ends. Emperor Domitian and Nerva are Roman Consuls. Cologne becomes the capital of Germania Inferior. A humiliating peace is bought by Domitian, from King Decebalus of Dacia. An epidemic afflicts Rome. Asia Continuing his conquest of the Tarim Basin, Chinese General Ban Chao defeats the Kushan, led by Kanishka. By topic Art The Young Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Capitolini, Rome (approximate date). Literature Roman epic poet Gaius Valerius Flaccus dies, having written works that include the Argonautica, describing the voyage of Jason and | By place Roman Empire The Romans build a small fort for the garrison in the suburbs of modern Regensburg (approximate date). Pliny the Younger's appointment as urban quaestor ends. Emperor Domitian and Nerva are Roman Consuls. Cologne becomes the capital of Germania Inferior. A humiliating peace is bought by Domitian, from King Decebalus of Dacia. An epidemic afflicts Rome. Asia Continuing his conquest of the Tarim Basin, Chinese General Ban Chao defeats the Kushan, led by Kanishka. By topic Art The Young Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Capitolini, Rome (approximate date). Literature |
common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Traianus (or, less frequently, year 844 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 91 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Manius Acilius Glabrio and | the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Traianus (or, less frequently, year 844 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 91 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus become Roman Consuls. Pliny the Younger is named a tribunus plebis. Asia The Chinese government reestablishes the Protectorate of |
Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul. The Marcomanni are defeated by the Romans at the Danube; however, they are not entirely subdued. The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia (modern Syria). The Flavian Palace is completed on the Palatine. Births Pope Anicetus Deaths April 9 – Yuan An, | Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 845 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 92 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul. The Marcomanni are defeated by the Romans at the Danube; however, they are not entirely subdued. The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia (modern Syria). The Flavian |
praetor. Asia The Xianbei incorporates 100,000 Xiongnu, and establishes the Xianbei State in Mongolia (approximate date). By topic Literature Josephus completes his Jewish Antiquities (or in AD 94). Deaths August 23 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general and governor (b. AD 40) Arulenus Rusticus, Roman politician and | method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians. Pliny the Younger is named a praetor. Asia The Xianbei incorporates 100,000 Xiongnu, and establishes the Xianbei State in Mongolia (approximate date). By topic Literature Josephus completes his Jewish Antiquities (or in AD 94). Deaths August 23 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general |
been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in AD 64. Domitian banishes all Stoic philosophers from Rome. Asia The Chinese General Ban Chao completes his conquest of the Tarim Basin by taking Yānqi, which is located on the strategic Silk | Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in AD 64. Domitian banishes all Stoic philosophers from Rome. Asia The Chinese General Ban Chao completes his conquest of the Tarim Basin by taking Yānqi, which is located on the strategic Silk Road. By topic Literature The Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius retires to Naples |
century, and the 5th year of the 10th decade. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Clemens (or, less frequently, year 848 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 95 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Roman Consuls. Domitian executes senators out of paranoiac fears that they are plotting to kill him. The Roman consul Manius Acilius Glabrio is ordered by Domitian to descend into the arena of the | year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 95th Year of the Anno Domini (AD) designation, the 95th year of the 1st millennium, the 95th year of the end of the 1st century, and the 5th year of the 10th decade. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Clemens (or, less frequently, year 848 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 95 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Roman Consuls. Domitian executes senators out of paranoiac fears that they are plotting to kill him. The Roman consul Manius Acilius Glabrio is ordered by Domitian to descend into the arena of the |
least 10 aqueducts supply the city with of water per day. The public baths use half the supply. Asia Chinese general Ban Chao orders his lieutenant, Gan Ying, to establish regular relations with the Parthians. By topic Religion Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope (according to Catholic tradition; none of the popes until the mid second century is certain). Deaths Lucius Verginius Rufus, Roman politician and general (b. | year 850 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 97 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire October 28 – Emperor Nerva recalls his general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, age 44, from the German frontier and is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt him as his successor. Tacitus advances to consulship. The Roman colony of Cuicul is started in Numidia. Gloucester, England is founded as Colonia Glevum Nervensis by the Romans. Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official governmental body of the |
and begins a form of state welfare aimed at assuring that poor children are fed and taken care of. He has a specific vision of the Empire, which reaches its maximum extent under his rule, and keeps a close watch on finances. Taxes, without any increase, are sufficient during his reign to pay the considerable costs of the budget. The informers used by Domitian to support his tyranny are expelled from Rome. In order to maintain the Port of Alexandria, Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea. Trajan elevates | the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire January 1 – Emperor Nerva suffers a stroke during a private audience. January 27 – Nerva dies of a fever at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust and is succeeded by his adopted son Trajan. Trajan is the first Roman Emperor born in Italica, near Seville. A brilliant soldier and administrator, he enters Rome without ceremony and wins over the public. Continuing the policies of Augustus, Vespasian and Nerva, he restores the Senate to its full status in the government and begins a form of state welfare aimed at assuring that poor |
from an inspection of the Roman legions along the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Emissaries of the Kushan Empire reach the Roman Empire. Richimerus I fights a battle with a combined army of Romans and Gauls at Basana near Aachen. 29 August - Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 581, recording the sale of a | of Palma and Senecio (or, less frequently, year 852 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 99 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe |
112). Religion Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality. The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date. The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India. The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China. The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened c. this year. Births Fa Zhen (or Gaoqing), Chinese scholar (d. 188) Faustina the Elder, Roman empress Justin Martyr, Christian apologist and saint (approximate date) Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian, rhetorician and advocate (d. 170) Ptolemy, Greek astrologer, astronomer, geographer and mathematician (d. 170) Quintus Junius Rusticus, Roman teacher and politician (approximate date) Quintus Tineius Sacerdos Clemens, Roman politician (approximate date) Deaths Agrippa II, Jewish king of Judea (b. AD 27) Apollonius of Tyana, Greek philosopher (b. AD 15) Josephus, Jewish historian and writer (b. AD | the Hadramaut. Americas The Hopewell tradition begins in what is now Ohio c. this date. Teotihuacan, at the center of Mexico, reaches a population of 50,000. The Moche civilization emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru. By topic Arts and sciences In China, the wheelbarrow makes its first appearance. Main hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, is made (until AD 112). Religion Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality. The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date. The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India. The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China. The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened c. this year. Births Fa Zhen (or Gaoqing), Chinese scholar (d. 188) Faustina the Elder, Roman empress Justin Martyr, Christian apologist and saint (approximate date) Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian, rhetorician and advocate (d. 170) Ptolemy, Greek astrologer, astronomer, geographer and mathematician (d. 170) Quintus Junius |
period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed. Africa The fortress city of Old Dongola (modern Sudan) along the River Nile becomes the capital of | became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed. Africa The fortress city of Old Dongola (modern Sudan) along the River Nile becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria. Several churches are built, including the "Old Church" (approximate date). Persia Summer – Khosrow I, Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire, invades Syria again, and turns south towards Edessa to besiege the fortress city. The Hephthalites threaten the Sasanian Empire from the East. They extend their domain in Central Asia |
420, to December 31, | from January 1, 420, |
limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus. Second Battle of Tapae: Roman forces, led by Trajan, defeat the Dacian king Decebalus in Transylvania. By topic Literature Epictetus writes and publishes The Discourses of Epictetus (approximate date). Births January 13 – Lucius Aelius Caesar, Roman politician (d. 138) Felicitas of Rome, Christian female martyr (d. 165) Herodes Atticus, Greek rhetoritician (d. 177) Deaths Clement I, bishop of Rome (epistle to the Corinthians) Gan Ying, Chinese ambassador of the Han Dynasty Jia | since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus. Second Battle of Tapae: Roman forces, led by Trajan, defeat the Dacian king Decebalus in Transylvania. By topic Literature Epictetus writes and publishes The Discourses of Epictetus (approximate date). Births January 13 – Lucius Aelius Caesar, Roman politician (d. 138) Felicitas of Rome, Christian female martyr (d. 165) Herodes Atticus, Greek rhetoritician (d. 177) Deaths Clement I, |
Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederati of the Western Roman Empire. Africa Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage. Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage. Mesoamerica K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Maya city of Palenque, comes to power. Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador. By topic Arts and Sciences Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens. Religion June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is | At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus (or, less frequently, year 1184 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 431 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier. Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederati of the Western |
when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire. Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce. Asia Gogugwon becomes ruler | of Bassus and Ablabius (or, less frequently, year 1084 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 331 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire. Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce. Asia Gogugwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. By topic Art and |
has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men), commanded by Belisarius, is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities, and Belisarius is hailed as a hero. Some members of the Blue and Green chariot racing factions in Constantinople are imprisoned for murder, precipitating the Nika riots the next year. Europe The Franks under King Chlothar I march against the Thuringii with Chlothar's nephew Theudebert I. The Kingdom of Thuringia comes under Frankish domination. Hermanafrid, last king of the Thuringii, is defeated by the Franks near the Unstrut River. During negotiations he is pushed from the town walls of Zülpich. King Childebert I receives pleas from his sister Clotilde, wife of King Amalaric, claiming that she is abused by her husband. Childebert invades Septimania (Gaul). Childebert I defeats the Visigoths and conquers the capital Narbonne. Amalaric flees south to Barcelona, where he is assassinated by his own men. Clotilde returns with the Frankish army and dies on the journey home. She is buried in Paris alongside her father Clovis I. Theudis, | Lampadius and Probus (or, less frequently, year 1284 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 531 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men), commanded by Belisarius, is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities, and Belisarius is hailed as a hero. Some members of the Blue and Green chariot racing factions in Constantinople are imprisoned for murder, precipitating the Nika riots the next year. Europe The Franks under King Chlothar I march against the Thuringii with Chlothar's nephew Theudebert I. The Kingdom of Thuringia comes under Frankish domination. Hermanafrid, last king of the Thuringii, is defeated by the Franks near the Unstrut River. During negotiations he is pushed from the town walls of Zülpich. King Childebert I receives pleas from his sister Clotilde, wife of King Amalaric, claiming that she is abused by her husband. Childebert |
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