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the English Honourable East India Company, lays claim to Table Bay in Africa. July 25 (July 15 OS) – The armed merchant ship Mayflower embarks about 65 emigrants for New England at or near her home port of Rotherhithe on the Thames east of London; about July 29 (July 19 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water. August 1 (July 22 OS) – The ship Speedwell departs Delfshaven with English separatist Puritans from Leiden bound to rendezvous with the Mayflower; on August 5 (July 26 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water. August 15 (probable date; August 5 OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Southampton, but are forced to put back into Dartmouth, Devon, for repairs to a leak in the latter ship on August 22 or 23 (August 12 or 13 OS). August 7 The mother of Johannes Kepler is arrested for witchcraft. Battle of Les Ponts-de-Cé, Poitou: French king Louis XIII defeats his mother Marie de' Medici. September 2 (August 23 OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Dartmouth; they are well out into the Atlantic when the Speedwell is again found to be leaking. September 7 (August 28 OS) Mayflower and Speedwell return again to England, anchoring at Plymouth; the latter ship is given up as a participant in the voyage and on September 12 (September 2 OS) departs for London with most of her passengers and stores having been transferred to the Mayflower. The town of Kokkola () was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.Historia - Kokkola (in Finnish) September 16 (September 6 OS) – Mayflower departs from Plymouth in England on her third attempt to cross the Atlantic. The Pilgrims on board comprise 41 "saints" (English separatists largely from Holland), 40 "strangers" (largely secular planters from London), 23 servants and hired workers, together with c. 30 crew. September 17–October 7 – Battle of Cecora: The Ottoman Empire defeats Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Moldavian troops. October 6 – Battle of Amedamit in Gojjam, Ethiopia: The Roman Catholic Ras Sela Kristos, half-brother of Emperor Susenyos, crushes a group of rebels, who were opposed to Susenyos' pro-Catholic beliefs. November 3 – The Great Patent is granted to Plymouth Colony. November 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of White Mountain – Catholic forces are victorious in only two hours near Prague. November 21 (November 11 OS) – The Mayflower arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod (named from the Concord voyage of 1602), at what becomes known as Provincetown Harbor, with the Pilgrims and Planters; 41 Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the colony, on board the ship. November 25 – The Wedding of Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora takes place. December 21 – Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what becomes known as Plymouth Rock, in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Date unknown A severe frost in England freezes the River Thames; 13 continuous days of snow blanket Scotland. On Eskdale Moor, only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive. Witch-hunts begin in Scotland. History of submarines: Cornelis Drebbel demonstrates the first navigable undersea boat in the Thames in England. The modern violin is developed. Juan Pablo Bonet, teacher of deaf children in the Spanish court, creates a sign alphabet. Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum (beyond Aristotle's Organon) on logical thinking. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas and Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands by Johannes Gysius is re-published in the Netherlands. | to Plymouth Colony. November 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of White Mountain – Catholic forces are victorious in only two hours near Prague. November 21 (November 11 OS) – The Mayflower arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod (named from the Concord voyage of 1602), at what becomes known as Provincetown Harbor, with the Pilgrims and Planters; 41 Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the colony, on board the ship. November 25 – The Wedding of Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora takes place. December 21 – Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what becomes known as Plymouth Rock, in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Date unknown A severe frost in England freezes the River Thames; 13 continuous days of snow blanket Scotland. On Eskdale Moor, only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive. Witch-hunts begin in Scotland. History of submarines: Cornelis Drebbel demonstrates the first navigable undersea boat in the Thames in England. The modern violin is developed. Juan Pablo Bonet, teacher of deaf children in the Spanish court, creates a sign alphabet. Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum (beyond Aristotle's Organon) on logical thinking. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas and Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands by Johannes Gysius is re-published in the Netherlands. Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada restores Osaka Castle. Its modern-day appearance dates from this remodeling. Ongoing The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) continues (principally on the territory of modern-day Germany). Births January–March January 1 William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker of England (d. 1684) Robert Morison, Scottish botanist and taxonomist (d. 1683) January 5 – Miklós Zrínyi, Croatian military commander (d. 1664) January 9 – Anton Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1666) January 17 – Anton Janson, Dutch type founder and printer (d. 1687) January 31 – Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, Dutch general and German field marshal (d. 1692) February 1 – Gustaf Bonde, Swedish politician (d. 1667) February 3 – Sir James Clavering, 1st Baronet, English landowner (d. 1702) February 5 – Paul Barbette, Dutch physician (d. 1666) February 13 – Girolamo Casanata, Italian cardinal (d. 1700) February 15 – François Charpentier, French archaeologist and man of letters (d. 1702) February 16 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1688) February 23 – Francis Newport, 1st Earl of Bradford, English politician (d. 1708) March 10 – Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Swiss philologist and theologian (d. 1667) March 13 – Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston (d. 1691) March 29 – Edward Digges, English barrister and colonist, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1674) April–June April 4 – Bernardino León de la Rocha, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Coria and of Tui (1669–1673) (d. 1675) April 15 – Edward Villiers, English politician and military officer (d. 1689) April 17 – Marguerite Bourgeoys, French Catholic nun, founder of the Congregation of Notre Dame (d. 1700) April 18 – Winston Churchill (1620–1688), English noble, soldier (d. 1688) April 21 – Salvatore Castiglione, Italian painter (d. 1676) April 24 – John Graunt, English demographer (d. 1674) May 3 – Bogusław Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1669) May 21 – Krsto Zmajević, Montenegrin-born Venetian merchant (d. 1688) May 23 – Pieter Neefs the Younger, Flemish painter (d. 1675) May 25 – Warwick Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun of Okehampton, English Member of Parliament (d. 1665) June 6 – Sir John Covert, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1679) June 11 – John Moore (Lord Mayor), Member of Parliament for the City of London (d. 1702) July–September July 20 Nikolaes Heinsius the Elder, Dutch scholar (d. 1681) Camillo Massimo, Italian cardinal, patron of the arts (d. 1677) July 21 – Jean Picard, French astronomer and priest (d. 1682) July 31 – Juan Ignacio de la Carrera Yturgoyen, Chilean politician (d. 1682) August 6 – William Hiseland, English (later British) soldier, reputed supercentenarian (d. 1732) August 19 – Johann Just Winckelmann, German writer and historian (d. 1699) August 22 – Alexander Rigby (died 1694), English politician (d. 1694) August 24 – Thomas Stucley (MP), English politician (d. 1663) August 26 – Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ, German Lutheran administrator (d. 1684) September 4 – Ernest Gottlieb, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau (d. 1654) September 6 – Isabella Leonarda, Italian composer (d. 1704) September 18 – Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German prince (d. 1667) September 25 – François Bernier, French physician and traveller (d. 1688) September 29 – John Louis of Elderen, Bishop of Liege (d. 1694) October–December October 1 – Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Dutch Golden Age painter of pastoral landscapes (d. 1683) October 4 – François-Henri Salomon de Virelade, French lawyer (d. 1670) October 15 – William Borlase (died 1665), English politician (d. 1665) October 16 – Pierre Paul Puget, French painter (d. 1694) October 20 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (d. 1691) October 27 – Philip Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (d. 1689) October 31 – John Evelyn, English diarist and writer (d. 1706) November 10 Ninon de l'Enclos, French author (d. 1705) Theodoor Boeyermans, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1678) November 20 – Peregrine White, first child born to English settlers at Plymouth Colony (d. 1704) December 17 Henri Charles de La Trémoille, son of |
June 21 – Thirty Years' War: Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague, as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain. June 24 – Huguenot rebellions: Saint-Jean-d'Angély is taken, after a 26-day siege by Royal forces. July–December July 25 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Neu Titschein: Remnants of the Bohemian army temporarily hold off the Imperial advance in Silesia. August – Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII of France besieges the Huguenot city of Montauban in the Siege of Montauban, but is forced to abandon his siege two months later. September – October – Battle of Khotyn: Polish troops hold off a large Ottoman army for over a month. October – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for peaceful co-existence. October 9 – The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War. November 11 – The ship Fortune arrives at Plymouth Colony, with 35 more settlers. December – The Dutch mathematician and astronomer, Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580–1626), reveals he has rediscovered the law of refraction, also known as Snellius' law. December 31 – Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Nikolsburg is signed between Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gabor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agrees to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen receives several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia is granted religious freedom. Date unknown The Venezuelan city of Petare is founded by Spanish conquistadors, as San Jose de Guanarito. The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The king also grants city rights to Luleå, Piteå and Torneå (Tornio). Riga falls under the rule of Sweden. Tamblot rallies an unknown, large amount of people in Bohol, Captaincy General of the Philippines to revolt against the Spanish Empire. The Dutch East India Company sends 2,000 soldiers, under the command of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, to the Banda Islands, in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative nutmeg, grown almost exclusively on those islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants. Births January–March January 16 – Magnus Celsius, Swedish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1679) January 27 – Thomas Willis, English doctor who played an important part in the history of anatomy (d. 1675) January 30 – George II Rákóczi, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1660) February 2 – Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian-born humanist (d. 1679) February 4 – Frederick, Burgrave of Dohna, Dutch officer, and governor of Orange (d. 1688) February 14 – Sibylla Schwarz, German poet (d. 1638) February 20 – Erzsébet Thurzó, Hungarian noblewoman (d. 1642) February 21 – Rebecca Nurse, Massachusetts colonist, executed as a witch (d. 1692) February – Lamoral II Claudius Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Holy Roman Empire (1646–1676) (d. 1676) March 1 – John Alleyn, Cornish barrister (d. 1663) March 2 – Louis Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Ebeleben (1642–1681) (d. 1681) March 9 – Egbert van der Poel, Dutch painter (d. 1664) March 16 – Georg Neumark, German poet and composer of hymns (d. 1681) March 24 – John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1621–1667) (d. 1667) March 26 (bapt.) – Jacob van der Ulft, Dutch painter (d. 1689) March 27 – Margrave Charles Magnus of Baden-Durlach (d. 1658) March 28 – Heinrich Schwemmer, German music teacher and composer (d. 1696) March 31 – Andrew Marvell, English metaphysical poet and politician (d. 1678) April–June April 1 – Guru Tegh Bahadur, 9th Sikh Guru (d. 1675) April 7 – Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1640–1642) (d. 1642) April 17 Henry Vaughan, Welsh author (d. 1695) Thomas Vaughan, Welsh philosopher (d. 1666) April 23 Georg Arnold, Austrian musician (d. 1676) William Penn, English admiral and politician (d. 1670) April 25 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Anglo-Irish soldier, statesman and dramatist (d. 1679) May 25 – David Beck, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1656) June 2 Rutger von Ascheberg, Courland-born soldier in Swedish service (d. 1693) Jørgen Bjelke, Norwegian officer and nobleman (d. 1696) Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1649) June 6 – Petar Zrinski, Croatian viceroy (executed 1671) June 16 | – Michael Angelo Immenraet, Flemish painter (d. 1683) October 20 – Şehzade Ömer, Ottoman prince (d. 1622) October 21 Nicholas Barré, French Minim friar, priest and founder (d. 1686) Richard Standish, English politician (d. 1662) October 23 – Lord John Stewart, Scottish aristocrat, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (d. 1644) October 24 – Serafina of God, founder of seven Carmelite monasteries of nuns in southern Italy (d. 1699) October 29 – The London Pageant of 1621 celebrates the inauguration of Edward Barkham (Lord Mayor). November 11 – Israel Tonge, English churchman and anti-Catholic conspirator (d. 1680) November 15 Cornelis Geelvinck, Dutch mayor (d. 1689) Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, English diplomat (d. 1697) December 3 – Bohuslav Balbín, Czech writer and Jesuit (d. 1688) December 10 – Christian Albert, Burgrave and Count of Dohna, German nobleman and general in the army of Brandenburg (d. 1677) December 12 – Gerard Pietersz Hulft, Dutch general (d. 1656) December 23 Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English politician (d. 1682) Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate whose mysterious death caused anti-Catholic uproar in England (d. 1678) Approximate date Richard Allestree, English churchman and provost of Eton College (d. 1681) Deaths January–March January 15 – Christopher Pickering, British politician (b. 1556) January 28 – Pope Paul V (b. 1552) January 29 – Francis Taylor, Mayor of Dublin, Ireland (b. c. 1550) February 10 – Pietro Aldobrandini, Italian cardinal, patron of the arts (b. 1571) February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer (b. 1571) February 16 – Sir Thomas Gerard, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1560) February 28 – Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1590) March 4 – Ana de Jesús, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun, spiritual writer and Servant of God (b. 1545) March 8 – Enevold Kruse, Danish noble (b. 1554) March 27 – Benedetto Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1554) March 28 – Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer (b. 1562) March 31 – King Philip III of Spain, (Philip II of Portugal) (b. 1578) April–June April 1 – Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (b. 1577) April 6 Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (b. 1574) Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (b. 1539) April 18 – Bridget Chaworth, English noble (b. 1542) April 21 – Anne of Ostfriesland, German noblewoman (b. 1562) April – John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony May 3 – Elizabeth Bacon, English Tudor gentlewoman (b. 1541) May 11 – Johann Arndt, German theologian (b. 1555) May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch architect and sculptor (b. 1565) June 2 Dorothea of Lorraine (b. 1545) Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (b. 1565) June 8 – Anne de Xainctonge, French Roman Catholic nun (b. 1567) June 21 Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic, Bohemian composer, soldier and author (executed) (b. 1564) Maxmilián Hošťálek, Czech noble and politician (executed) (b. 1564) Joachim Andreas von Schlick, Czech leader (executed) (b. 1569) Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (executed) (b. 1566) June 23 – Zsigmond Forgách, Hungarian noble and soldier (b. 1559) June 26 – Christence Kruckow, Danish noble (b. 1558) July–September July 2 – Thomas Harriot, English astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 1560) July 4 – Jean de Bonsi, Catholic cardinal (b. 1554) July 10 – Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy, soldier in Habsburg service (b. 1571) July 13 – Albert VII, Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and (b. 1559) July 19 – Don Giovanni de' Medici, Italian military commander and diplomat (b. 1567) July 30 – Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1576) August 3 Guillaume du Vair, French author |
common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe August – Treaty of Verdun: The Frankish Empire is divided into three kingdoms, between the three surviving sons of the late emperor Louis the Pious. King Louis the German receives the eastern portion (everything east of the River Rhine), called the Eastern Frankish Realm, which is the precursor to modern-day Germany. Emperor Lothair I receives the central portion (Low Countries, Alsace, Lorraine, Burgundy and the northern half of Italy), called the Central Frankish Realm. King Charles the Bald receives the western portion (everything west of the River Rhône), called the Western Frankish Realm, which later becomes France. Battle of Blain: Breton forces under Erispoe, count of Vannes, defeat the Franks led by Renaud d'Herbauges, near the town of Messac, at the River Vilaine. This battle marks a Breton war between Charles the Bald and Nominoe, duke of Brittany. Summer – Viking raiders attack Nantes, located on the River Loire; they kill the town's bishop along with many of the clergy, and murder men, women and children. They plunder the western parts of Aquitaine and reach an island north of the mouth of the River Garonne, near what later will be La Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland and build houses to spend the winter. British Isles | a Breton war between Charles the Bald and Nominoe, duke of Brittany. Summer – Viking raiders attack Nantes, located on the River Loire; they kill the town's bishop along with many of the clergy, and murder men, women and children. They plunder the western parts of Aquitaine and reach an island north of the mouth of the River Garonne, near what later will be La Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland and build houses to spend the winter. British Isles King Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) of the Scots also becomes king of the Picts; he is crowned (on the Stone of Destiny) as first monarch of the new nation of Scotland. The Alpin Dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign. Arabian Empire Summer – A Byzantine expedition, led by Theoktistos, conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army, due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.Treadgold (1997), p. 447. Al-Andalus: The city of Zaragossa rises against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in modern-day Spain. Asia In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, a large fire consumes 4,000 homes, warehouses and other buildings in the East Market, yet the rest of the city is at a safe distance from the blaze which is largely quarantined in East Central Chang'an, thanks to the large width of roads in Chang'an that produce fire breaks. |
III ("the Short") begins a Frankish military expedition down the Rhône Valley, and receives the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Melguelh, Agde and Béziers), after securing Count Ansemund's allegiance. Siege of Narbonne: Pepin III lays siege to the fortress city of Narbonne, occupied by Gothic-Muslim forces. The garrison and residents are able to withstand the attacks, thanks to the supplies provided by sea by the Arab fleet. Britain Battle of Burford: King Cuthred of Wessex clashes with King Æthelbald of Mercia, and takes the standard (a golden dragon). He manages to throw off his claim to Mercian overlordship. King Teudebur of Alt Clut dies. His son, Dumnagual III, succeeds to the throne and loses Kyle to a joint invasion, by kings Óengus I of the Picts and Eadberht of Northumbria. Africa Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, ruler of Ifriqiya (North Africa), dispatches a Muslim army and reconquers Tripolitania from the Ibadites (a puritanical Khaijite sect), driving their remnants south into the Nafusa | Khaijite sect), driving their remnants south into the Nafusa Mountains (northwestern Libya). Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri launches an assault on the island of Sardinia, perhaps the beginning of the occupation of the island by the Muslim Arabs that lasts until 1005. He also attempts to invade Sicily, but finds the defenses too strong. Mesoamerica Yaxun B'alam IV becomes king (ajaw) of the Maya city of Yaxchilan (modern Mexico), after a 10-year struggle for the throne. By topic Religion March 22 – Pope Zachary dies at Rome after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Stephen, but he dies four days after, and is not considered legitimate because he is not consecrated. March 26 – Pope Stephen II (sometimes referred to as Stephen III) succeeds Zachary as the 92nd pope of the Catholic Church. He marks the end of the Byzantine Papacy. June – Stephen II recognizes the Carolingian Dynasty as legitimate rulers of the Frankish Kingdom. He travels to Paris and appeals for Frankish support against the Lombards. Emperor Shōmu (retired |
the Lombards, and becomes the first temporal sovereign of the Papal States. He is succeeded by his brother Paul I, as the 93rd pope of the Catholic Church. Births April 26 – Hisham I, Muslim emir (d. 796) Gisela, Frankish abbess (d. 810) Liu Ji, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 810) Yeshe Tsogyal, consort of Trisong Detsen (d. 817) Deaths March 14 – Li Lin, prince of the Tang Dynasty April 26 – Stephen II, pope of the Catholic Church Æthelbald, king of Mercia Alfonso I, king of Asturias An Lushan, Chinese rebel leader Baldred of Tyninghame, Anglo-Saxon abbot Bertha of Bingen, German saint Crimhthann mac Reachtghal, Irish abbot Cummascach mac Flainn, king of Uí Failghe (Ireland) Geshu Han, general of the Tang Dynasty Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab noble Li Tan, prince of the Tang Dynasty Ono no Azumabito, Japanese official Sigeberht, king of Wessex Suibhne of Clonfert, Irish abbot Tachibana no Moroe, Japanese prince (b. 684) Tachibana | Yan, is murdered by his own son An Qingxu at Luoyang. He succeeds his father, and appoints Shi Siming as his deputy. The military leaders of the Tang Dynasty are able to retake both of the capitals at Chang'an and at Luoyang. The rebel army is forced to retreat east. Battle of Suiyang: A Tang garrison (7,000 men) under Zhang Xun defend their fortress against the rebel army at Suiyang. Zhang makes multiple attempts to get food from nearby fortresses, but this is refused. After a desperate 10-month siege, Suiyang is overrun by rebel forces who take the city. Because of famine an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 citizens are cannibalized, only 400 people are left. December 8 – Du Fu, Chinese poet, returns to Chang'an as a member of Emperor Xuan Zong's court, after having escaped the city during the An Lushan Rebellion. By topic Catastrophe March 9 – A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria. Religion April 26 – Pope Stephen II dies at Rome after a 5-year reign, in which he has freed the papacy from Byzantine rule. Stephen allies with Pepin III against the Lombards, and becomes the first temporal sovereign of the Papal States. He is succeeded by his brother Paul I, as the 93rd pope of the Catholic Church. Births April 26 – Hisham I, Muslim emir (d. 796) Gisela, Frankish abbess (d. 810) Liu Ji, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 810) Yeshe Tsogyal, consort of Trisong Detsen (d. 817) Deaths March 14 – Li Lin, prince of the Tang Dynasty April 26 – Stephen II, pope of the Catholic Church Æthelbald, king of Mercia Alfonso I, king of Asturias An Lushan, Chinese rebel leader Baldred of Tyninghame, Anglo-Saxon abbot Bertha of Bingen, German saint Crimhthann mac Reachtghal, Irish abbot Cummascach mac Flainn, king of Uí Failghe (Ireland) Geshu Han, general of the Tang Dynasty |
Zhong Zong is assassinated, allegedly poisoned by Empress Wei, who fails to install her daughter Li Guo'er as heir to the throne. Princess Taiping and her nephew Li Longji launch a coup, and restore Rui Zong as emperor. The Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period, ends, and the Nara period begins; Heijō-kyō (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan. By topic Religion October 5 – Pope Constantine departs for a year-long visit to Constantinople. He will be the last pontiff to visit the capital for more than a thousand years. The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished. Births Fulrad, Frankish abbot (d. 784) Hnabi, duke of the Alemanni (approximate date) Leoba, Anglo-Saxon nun (approximate date) Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date) Walpurga, Anglo-Saxon missionary (d. 779) Deaths January 9 – Adrian of Canterbury, abbot and scholar March 27 – Rupert, bishop of Salzburg June 30 – Erentrude, Frankish abbess July 3 – Zhong Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 656) July 21 Li Guo'er, princess of the Tang dynasty Shangguan Wan'er, Chinese poet (b. 664) Empress Wei, empress of the Tang Dynasty | Peninsula. Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of Tangier (Morocco), and establishes a Moorish garrison of 1,700 men. Lupus I, duke of Gascony, is assassinated in his attempt to seize Limoges (France). Eudes becomes ruler over both Gascony and Aquitaine. The Madara Rider, an early medieval rock relief, is carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen in Bulgaria (approximate date). Britain Kings Ine of Wessex and Nothhelm of Sussex fight against King Geraint of Dumnonia, who dies in battle. Ine's advance brings him control of what is now Devon; he establishes a fortress at Taunton. Beorhtfrith fights against the Picts between Haefe and Caere (assumed to be between the rivers Avon and Carron, which flow into the Firth of Forth in Scotland). Africa Salih I ibn Mansur founds the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor (Morocco). He converts the local Berber tribes to Islam. Asia April 5 – Emperor Zhong Zong of the Tang Dynasty has his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage (during the Cold Food Festival) in the festive game of tug of war, within |
is captured by the Visigoths and becomes a hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul. Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroys his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drown. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who become king of the Visigoths. According to Zosimus, this is the year when Emperor Honorius sends his Rescript (diplomatic letters) to the Romano-British magistrates, ending Roman rule in Great Britain. However this is likely an example of scribal error. Most recently, David Woods has argued that the account refers instead to Raetia, a Roman province north of Italy. Britain At around this time, one of the first Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain, Mucking, is established by the mouth of the Thames River. (approximate date) Europe The city of Aléria on the island of Corsica is devastated by a huge fire, destroying its port and most of its inhabitants. Asia Prithivisena becomes king of the Vakataka in the Deccan (India). By topic Religion Council of Seleucia: Persian Christians create a national church and adopt the Nicene Creed. Honoratus founds the Monastery of Lérins on the île Saint-Honorat (France), and forms a monastic community. Births Pope Gelasius I, Pope in Catholic church (d. 496) Severinus of Noricum, monk and saint (approximate date) Deaths Alaric I, king of the Visigoths Hanzei, emperor of Japan (approximate date) Maron, Syriac Christian monk Murong Chao, emperor of Southern Yan (b. 385) Yujiulü Shelun, khagan (emperor) of Xianbei | God and others, comparatively few Roman men are killed and women raped. Only two churches are burned, and people who took refuge in churches are usually spared. Many Romans who survived the Sack flee to Africa, or to the Eastern Empire (see Saint Jerome). It is the first time since 390 BC that Rome has fallen to an enemy. This marks the decline of the Roman Empire. Only 45 years later, in 455 AD, Rome will again be sacked, this time by the Vandals who will kill, burn, and loot much more ferociously than the Visigoths in 410 AD. Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I, is captured by the Visigoths and becomes a hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul. Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroys his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drown. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who become king of the Visigoths. According to Zosimus, this is the year when Emperor Honorius sends his Rescript (diplomatic letters) to the Romano-British magistrates, ending Roman rule in Great Britain. However this is likely an example of scribal error. Most recently, David Woods has argued that the account refers instead to Raetia, a Roman province north of Italy. Britain At around this time, one of the first Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain, Mucking, is established by the mouth of the Thames River. (approximate date) Europe The city of Aléria on the island of Corsica is devastated by a huge fire, destroying its port and most of its inhabitants. Asia Prithivisena becomes king of the Vakataka in the Deccan (India). By topic |
ran from January 1, 1470, to | January 1, 1470, to |
from January 1, 1480, to December 31, | 1480, to December 31, 1489. Significant |
1450, to December 31, 1459. | ran from January 1, 1450, to |
The 1150s was a decade of the Julian Calendar | on January 1, 1150, and ended on December |
Ireland. Abbasid Caliphate January 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dies at Samarra (modern Iraq), after an eight years of reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Wathiq, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Abbasid caliph Al-Wathiq appointed his brother, Jaʽfar ibn Muhammad al-Mutasim (future al-Mutawakkil) as Leader of Hajj in 842. Births Al-Mundhir, Muslim emir (approximate date) Al-Muwaffaq, Muslim prince and regent (d. 891) Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (d. 899) Pietro I Candiano, doge of Venice (approximate date) Yang Fuguang, Chinese general (d. 883) Deaths January 5 – Al-Mu'tasim, Muslim caliph (b. 796) January 20 – Theophilus, Byzantine emperor (b. 813) March 9 – Humbert, bishop of Würzburg March 16 – Xiao Mian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty August 24 – Saga, emperor of | – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign, in which he undertook numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor. Britain Uurad of the Picts dies after a 3-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Bridei VI, who contests his power with rival groups, led by Bruide son of Fokel and Kenneth MacAlpin. Vikings attack the Irish monastery at Clonmacnoise from bases in Ireland. Abbasid Caliphate January 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dies at Samarra (modern Iraq), after an eight years of reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Wathiq, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Abbasid caliph Al-Wathiq appointed his brother, Jaʽfar ibn Muhammad al-Mutasim (future al-Mutawakkil) as Leader of Hajj in 842. Births Al-Mundhir, Muslim emir (approximate date) Al-Muwaffaq, Muslim prince and regent (d. 891) Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (d. 899) Pietro I Candiano, doge of Venice (approximate date) Yang Fuguang, Chinese general (d. 883) Deaths January 5 – Al-Mu'tasim, Muslim caliph (b. 796) January 20 – Theophilus, Byzantine emperor (b. 813) March 9 – Humbert, bishop of Würzburg March 16 – Xiao Mian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty August 24 – |
to al-Mansur, under Abu Muslim, at Nisibis (modern Turkey). Asia Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk, arrives in Nara, where he is welcomed by former emperor Shōmu and empress Kōmyō. During his visit Jianzhen introduces sugar to the Japanese court, using it to mask the flavors of foul-tasting herbal tea. A Tang census shows that 75% of the Chinese live north of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The capital of Chang'an has a population of 2 million and more than 25 other cities have well over 500,000 citizens (approximate date). By topic Religion February – Council of Hieria: Emperor Constantine V summons a Christian council in the palace of Hieria in Constantinople. The council, under the presidency of Bishop Theodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy of Iconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of the | Caliphate. November – Abdallah ibn Ali, governor of Syria and uncle of as-Saffah, launches a claim for the caliphate, but is defeated by forces loyal to al-Mansur, under Abu Muslim, at Nisibis (modern Turkey). Asia Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk, arrives in Nara, where he is welcomed by former emperor Shōmu and empress Kōmyō. During his visit Jianzhen introduces sugar to the Japanese court, using it to mask the flavors of foul-tasting herbal tea. A Tang census shows that 75% of the Chinese live north of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The capital of Chang'an has a population of 2 million and more than 25 other cities have well over 500,000 citizens (approximate date). By topic Religion February – Council of Hieria: Emperor Constantine V summons a Christian council in the palace of Hieria in Constantinople. The council, under the presidency of Bishop Theodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy of Iconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of the monasteries; hundreds of monks and nuns are mutilated or put to death. June 5 – Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, is killed by a band of pagans at Dokkum in Frisia, while reading the Scriptures to Christian converts. He is later buried in the Abbey of Fulda, entrusted to his Bavarian disciple Sturm. Births Hildegard of the Vinzgau, Frankish |
in 695. He starts a campaign against the Saxons and seizes Eresburg, destroying the Irminsul (Saxon sacred tree) near Paderborn. Charlemagne devastates several major Saxon strongholds, and forces them to retreat beyond the Weser River. After negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, he installs a number of garrisons. King Desiderius of the Lombards, enraged by the repudiation by Charlemagne of his daughter Desiderata, proclaims Gerberga's sons lawful heirs to the Frankish throne. He attacks Pope Adrian I for refusing to crown them, and invades the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Desiderius marches on Rome, and Adrian turns to the Franks for military support. In England, King Offa of Mercia attempts to rule Kent directly, possibly to depose his rival Egbert II (approximate date). Asia Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur completes construction of the garrison city of al-Rāfiqah adjacent to Raqqa. By topic Religion February 1 – Pope Stephen III dies after a 3½-year reign, in which he has approved the acceptable reverence of icons in the Eastern Church. He is succeeded by Adrian I (also referred | negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, he installs a number of garrisons. King Desiderius of the Lombards, enraged by the repudiation by Charlemagne of his daughter Desiderata, proclaims Gerberga's sons lawful heirs to the Frankish throne. He attacks Pope Adrian I for refusing to crown them, and invades the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Desiderius marches on Rome, and Adrian turns to the Franks for military support. In England, King Offa of Mercia attempts to rule Kent directly, possibly to depose his rival Egbert II (approximate date). Asia Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur completes construction of the garrison city of al-Rāfiqah adjacent to Raqqa. By topic Religion February 1 – Pope Stephen III dies after a 3½-year reign, in which he has approved the acceptable reverence of icons in the Eastern Church. He is succeeded by Adrian I (also referred to |
but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne. Europe August 26 – Arechis II, autonomous prince (or duke) of Benevento, dies. Grimoald III, taken hostage by the Franks, succeeds his father as ruler of Benevento. Maurizio Galbaio, doge of Venice, dies after a 22-year reign and is succeeded by his son Giovanni. He begins a vendetta against the patriarch of Grado (Italy). Britain Kings Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex call the Synod of Chelsea in Kent, which is attended by the Papal legates. There, Offa persuades the Papacy to grant Archepiscopal status to the Mercian See | 787 (DCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 787 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Empress Irene sends a Byzantine expeditionary army to invade southern Italy, but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne. Europe August 26 – Arechis II, autonomous prince (or duke) of Benevento, dies. Grimoald III, taken |
795 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe Saxon War: The Slav Obodrites, under their ruler Witzan, attack the northern Saxons in Liuni. He is killed in an ambush and succeeded by his son Drożko (Thrasco), who becomes a Carolingian dux. King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expeditionary force north from Mainz, and marches to the Elbe, where eastern Saxon rebels again surrender. Charlemagne creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier | creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and the Frankish Kingdom. Britain Quarrels between the kings Cynan Dindaethwy and Hywel leave the way open for Caradog ap Meirion (the House of Rhos) to usurp the throne of Gwynedd (modern Wales). King Offa of Mercia receives diplomatic gifts from Charlemagne. He re-founds St. Albans Abbey, supposedly in thanks for overrunning East Anglia (approximate date). In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack the monasteries at Iona (Inner Hebrides), Inishbofin and Inishmurray (approximate date). By topic Religion December 25 – Pope Adrian I, age 95, dies after a 23-year reign, and is succeeded by Leo III as the 96th pope of Rome. December 26 – Leo III is elected to serve as Pope on the day his predecessor Adrian I was buried and is consecrated the following |
Julian calendar. The denomination 755 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe September – Abd al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad Dynasty, lands at Almuñécar in al-Andalus (modern Spain), where over the next years he will establish the Emirate of Córdoba. Teodato Ipato is deposed and blinded, after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by Galla Gaulo, who usurps the ducal throne of Venice. Britain The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's description under this date (now dated 757), of King Sigeberht of Wessex being deposed by Cynewulf, is notably fuller than earlier entries. Asia December 16 – General An Lushan begins the Anshi Rebellion against Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang Dynasty (China). His army surges down from Fanyang (near modern Beijing), and moves rapidly along the Grand Canal. Meanwhile, Xuan Zong sends Feng Changqing, governor | of the Umayyad Dynasty, lands at Almuñécar in al-Andalus (modern Spain), where over the next years he will establish the Emirate of Córdoba. Teodato Ipato is deposed and blinded, after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by Galla Gaulo, who usurps the ducal throne of Venice. Britain The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's description under this date (now dated 757), of King Sigeberht of Wessex being deposed by Cynewulf, is notably fuller than earlier entries. Asia December 16 – General An Lushan begins the Anshi Rebellion against Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang Dynasty (China). His army surges down from Fanyang (near modern Beijing), and moves rapidly along the Grand Canal. Meanwhile, Xuan Zong sends Feng Changqing, governor of Fanyang, to build up defenses at the eastern capital of Luoyang. Trisong Detsen becomes emperor of Tibet. During his reign he plays |
Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decides that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria; his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames. The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem. Births Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman historian (approximate date) Procopius, Roman general and usurper (approximate date) Wang Meng (or Jinglüe), Chinese prime minister (d. 375) Deaths October 18 – Ming of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 299) Iamblichus, Syrian philosopher and writer (b. 245) Licinius, Roman consul and emperor (executed) | as emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty. During his reign, he is largely advised by regents, his uncle Yu Liang and high-level officials. By topic Art Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is started to be made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Religion May 20 – First Council of Nicaea: Constantine I summons an ecumenical council of bishops in Nicaea (Turkey). The Nicene Creed, adopted on June 19, declares that the members of the Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decides that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria; his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames. The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem. Births Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman historian |
December 31, 389. Significant people References | January 1, 380, to December |
used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Gratian moves the capital to Mediolanum (modern Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates Pontifex Maximus as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome. The Gallic city of Cularo is renamed Gratianopolis (later Grenoble), in honor of Gratian having created a bishopric. Europe The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people foederati in a state within a state. Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395. The Sciri ally themselves with the Huns. By topic Religion First Council of Constantinople | emperor Theodosius I that makes his people foederati in a state within a state. Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395. The Sciri ally themselves with the Huns. By topic Religion First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian churches consider this an Ecumenical council. Council of Aquileia: Ambrose and the council depose the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum. Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch. Timothy succeeds Peter II as Patriarch of Alexandria. Nectarius succeeds Gregory Nazianzus as Archbishop of Constantinople. John Chrysostom becomes a deacon. Births Helian Bobo, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia (d. 425) Deaths February 15 – Faustinus of Brescia, |
1, 640, to December 31, 649. | Significant people References Sources |
Significant people Popes: Martin I, Eugene I, Vitalian Byzantine Emperor: Constans | 650, to December 31, 659. Significant people |
The 660s decade ran from January | to December 31, 669. Significant people References |
ran from January 1, 670, to | ran from January 1, 670, to December |
from January 1, 680, to December | 1, 680, to December 31, |
The 690s decade ran from January 1, 690, | The 690s decade ran from January 1, |
policy of iconoclasm. Constantine seeks the support of the Anatolic theme. Europe October 22 – Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, dies in his palace at Quirzy-sur-Oise (modern-day Picardy). His territories are divided between his adult sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, although the Frankish Kingdom has had no true king since the death of Theuderic IV (see 737). Lands to the east, including Austrasia and Alemannia (with Bavaria as a vassal) go to Carloman, while Pepin receives Neustria and Burgundy (with Aquitaine as a vassal). Grifo, youngest son of Charles, succeeds him as mayor of the palace, and probably receives a strip of land between Neustria and Austrasia. Pepin the Short marries Bertrada of Laon, daughter of Count Charibert of Laon. Switzerland In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as Centoprato, another document in 863 as Centiprata, inspired by the Latin name Centum Prata. A nunnery given by the Alamannic noblewoman Beata on Lützelau island is first mentioned. In 744, the nunnery is sold to Einsiedeln Abbey. Ufenau island in Switzerland is first mentioned in 741 as "Hupinauia", and in 744 as "Ubinauvia" — island of Huppan of Huphan. Africa The Great Berber Revolt: Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik appoints Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi as governor (wali) of Ifriqiya (North Africa). A fourth expedition is sent from Syria by the Umayyad Caliphate to crush the rebellion in the Atlas region, but is defeated at the Battle of Bagdoura, in the plain of the Ghrab (modern Morocco). The counter-attack of the Kharijite rebels | successful, but fails to conquer Kairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, (the Sufrists) however, manages to take the city soon after. By topic Religion November 28 – Pope Gregory III dies at Rome, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by Zachary, as the 91st pope of the Catholic Church. April 23 – A fire destroys the English city of York Minster, including its Church. The church is later rebuilt as a more impressive structure, containing thirty altars. Japanese authorities decree that Buddhist temples should be established throughout the country (approximate date). Births Amalberga of Temse, Lotharingian nun and saint (d. 772) Sugano no Mamichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 814) Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria (approximate date) Deaths February 10 or 11 - Lady Six Sky, Maya queen of Naranjo March 28 – Hatsusebe, Japanese princess June 18 – Leo III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire October 22 – Charles Martel, Frankish statesman and founder of the |
(DCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 688 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor). Justinian II reestablishes Byzantine settlement on Cyprus, signing a treaty with Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (and paying an annual tribute) for joint occupation of the island. Europe King Perctarit of the Lombards is assassinated by | Wessex abdicates the throne and departs on a pilgrimage to Rome, possibly because of the wounds he suffered while fighting on the Isle of Wight. The power vacuum is filled by Ine, son of his second cousin, sub-king Coenred of Dorset. King Æthelred of Mercia establishes Mercian dominance over most of Southern England. He installs Oswine, minor member of the Kentish royal family (second cousin of king Eadric), as king of Kent. Prince Swæfheard of Essex is given West Kent. By topic Religion Eadberht is appointed bishop of Lindisfarne (Northumbria). He founds the holy shrine to his predecessor Cuthbert, a place that becomes a centre of great pilgrimage in later years. Births Charles Martel, Frankish statesman and founder of the Carolingian Dynasty (d. 741) Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 763) Wang Zhihuan, Chinese poet (d. 742) Deaths May 24 – Ségéne, bishop of Armagh (b. c. 610) Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, Muslim scholar (or 689) Máel Dúin mac Conaill, king of Dál Riata (Scotland) Perctarit, king of the Lombards Rictrude, Frankish abbess References |
spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses. Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government. Europe King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian | a small raiding army (12,000 men) to strike into the southwest of Macedonia, and capture Berzitia. Emperor Constantine V is informed about this raid by his spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses. Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government. Europe King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of patrician. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli. June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself "Prince of Benevento". Saxon |
Khaganate attempts to expel Kutrigurs who had fled the Göktürks, ordering them to go south of the Sava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks. Britain Æthelric succeeds his brother Adda as king of Bernicia (modern Scotland). He rules from 568–572 (approximate date). Battle of Wibbandun: Ceawlin of Wessex defeats Æthelberht of Kent (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Asia The Turks and Sassanids succeed in destroying the Hepthalites on the eastern frontier (approximate date). A Turkish khan sends emissaries to the Byzantine Empire (approximate date). By topic Religion Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send the Cross of Justin II ("Vatican Cross") to Rome, to improve the relations with the Byzantine Empire. Paulinus I, patriarch of Aquileia, flees with the treasures of his church and transfers them to the island of Grado. Births Feng Deyi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 627) Ingund, princess, spouse of Visigoth prince Hermenegild (d. 584) Liu Wenjing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 619) Deaths Adda, king of Bernicia (approximate date) Galswintha, queen | Provence (Southern Gaul). Avar Khaganate attempts to expel Kutrigurs who had fled the Göktürks, ordering them to go south of the Sava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks. Britain Æthelric succeeds his brother Adda as king of Bernicia (modern Scotland). He rules from 568–572 (approximate date). Battle of Wibbandun: Ceawlin of Wessex defeats Æthelberht of Kent (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Asia The Turks and Sassanids succeed in destroying the Hepthalites on the eastern frontier (approximate date). A Turkish khan sends emissaries to the Byzantine Empire (approximate date). By topic Religion Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send the Cross of Justin II ("Vatican Cross") to Rome, to improve the relations with the Byzantine Empire. Paulinus I, patriarch of Aquileia, flees with the treasures of his church and transfers them to the island of Grado. Births Feng Deyi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 627) Ingund, |
January 1, 470, to December 31, | decade ran from January 1, |
(d. 1687) February 18 – Giovanni Giuseppe Cosattini, Italian painter (d. 1699) February 21 – Joan Huydecoper II, Dutch mayor (d. 1704) March 1 – William Gregory, English politician and judge (d. 1696) March 14 – Daniel Gittard, French architect (d. 1686) March 25 Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (d. 1680) John Collins, English mathematician (d. 1683) April–June April 4 – Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1669) April 5 – Domenico Maria Canuti, Italian painter of the Baroque period (d. 1684) April 18 – Sir John Baber, English physician to Charles II (d. 1704) April 25 – John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg (1665–1679) (d. 1679) May 9 – George Pitt, English politician (d. 1694) May 11 – Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels, Regent of Oels (1664–1672) (d. 1686) May 13 – Carlo Maratta, Italian painter (d. 1713) May 23 – John Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. 1690) May 25 John Davies, Welsh translator and writer (d. 1693) Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1694) June 8 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian astronomer and engineer (d. 1712) June 10 – János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1659) June 16 – Samuel Chappuzeau, French scholar (d. 1701) June 17 – Peder Hansen Resen, Danish historian (d. 1688) June 22 – Henry Cromwell-Williams, English politician (d. 1673) June 23 – John Fell, English churchman and influential academic (d. 1686) July–September July 9 – Sarah Rapelje, first white European Christian female born in New Netherland (d. 1685) July 10 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703) July 27 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672) July 30 – Philippe François, 1st Duke of Arenberg (d. 1674) August 9 – Hans Rosing, Norwegian bishop (d. 1699) August 10 Johann Deutschmann, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1706) Augustine Reding, Swiss abbot and theologian (d. 1692) August 13 – Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician and scientist (d. 1698) August 14 – François de Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris (d. 1695) August 20 – Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1709) August 21 – John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688) September 2 – Federico Baldeschi Colonna, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1691) September 4 – Johan van Rensselaer, Dutch noble (d. 1663) September 5 – Charles II Otto, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1669–1671) (d. 1671) September 7 – Henry Frederick, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1628–1699) (d. 1699) September 8 – William Bond, first Speaker of the Massachusetts Province House of Representatives (d. 1695) September 13 – Thomas Reynell, English politician (d. 1698) September 16 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic saint (d. 1697) September 23 – Ferdinand Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Baden, father of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1669) September 24 – Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (d. 1672) October–December October 2 – Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass, English noble (d. 1687) October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (d. 1661) October 5 – Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (d. 1663) October 6 – Francis Small, English trader and landowner residing primarily in Kittery, Maine (d. 1714) October 9 – Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras, French noble (d. 1704) October 10 – Erik Dahlbergh, Swedish engineer, soldier and field marshal (d. 1703) October 19 – Pierre Nicole, French Jansenist (d. 1695) October 23 – Charles Cheyne, 1st Viscount Newhaven, English Member of Parliament (d. 1698) October 26 – Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1680) October 31 – Christen Jensen Lodberg, Danish bishop (d. 1693) November 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop, martyr and saint (d. 1681) November 7 – Henri II, Duke of Nemours, 7th Duc de Nemours (1652–59) (d. 1659) November 8 – Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, 7th daughter of Richard Boyle (d. 1678) November 12 – Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1684) November 13 – William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Germany (d. 1681) November 20 Tønne Huitfeldt, Norwegian landowner and military officer (d. 1677) Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (d. 1654) November 30 – Jean Domat, French jurist (d. 1696) December 8 – Margaret Mostyn, English Carmelite nun (d. 1679) December 10 – Melchior Barthel, German sculptor (d. 1672) December 14 – Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, French orientalist (d. 1695) December 16 – Erhard Weigel, German mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (d. 1699) December 20 Tamás Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1652) David Gregory, Scottish physician and inventor (d. 1720) December 24 – Johann Rudolph Ahle, German composer and organist (d. 1673) Date unknown Margareta Beijer, director of the Swedish royal post office (d. 1675) Deaths January–March January/February – Robert Cushman, English Plymouth Colony settler (b. 1577) January 5 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (b. 1573) January 7 – Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer (b. c. 1560) January 17 – Maria Dolgorukova, first spouse of Tsar Michael I of Russia (b. c. 1601) January 18 – John Pakington, English noble (b. 1549) January 23 – Count John III of Rietberg (b. 1566) January 27 – Adrianus Valerius, Dutch National Anthem writer (b. c. 1575) January 29 – Jacob Gretser, German Jesuit writer (b. 1562) February 6 – Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1584) February 19 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, English peer (b. 1563) February 26 Anna Vasa of Sweden, Polish and Swedish | for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead. July–December July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall. August 6 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed as stadtholder of Groningen. August 16 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed stadtholder of Drenthe. September 8 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain. September 13 – A total of 16 rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem. September 15 – After several skirmishes in the preceding days, troops under the Marquis of Toiras successfully recapture the island of Ré, forcing the Duke of Soubise to flee to England, and ending the second Huguenot rebellion. September 24 – A Dutch fleet attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico. October 25 – A Dutch fleet attacks the Portuguese garrison at Elmina castle at modern-day Elmina, Ghana, but is defeated with heavy casualties. This defeat, along with the defeats at Bahia and Puerto Rico, causes a five-year-long lull in Dutch attacks on Spanish and Portuguese colonies. November 1–7 – Cádiz Expedition: English forces commanded by Admiral George Villiers (which set out from Plymouth on October 8) are decisively defeated by the Spanish at Cádiz. December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark, during his military campaigns in Germany. Date unknown The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City. The capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo, is founded by King Andrianjaka. In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea. An English colony is established in Barbados. The first members of the Society of Jesus move to Quebec, Canada. Approximate date – Shyaam a-Mbul begins to unify the Kuba Kingdom in Central Africa. Births January–March January 29 – Thieleman J. van Braght, Dutch Anabaptist author (d. 1664) February 1 – Leopold Louis, Count Palatine of Veldenz, German noble (d. 1694) February 9 – Jobst Herman, Count of Lippe, Sternberg and Schwalenberg (d. 1678) February 14 – Countess Palatine Maria Eufrosyne of Zweibrücken, Swedish princess (d. 1687) February 18 – Giovanni Giuseppe Cosattini, Italian painter (d. 1699) February 21 – Joan Huydecoper II, Dutch mayor (d. 1704) March 1 – William Gregory, English politician and judge (d. 1696) March 14 – Daniel Gittard, French architect (d. 1686) March 25 Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (d. 1680) John Collins, English mathematician (d. 1683) April–June April 4 – Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1669) April 5 – Domenico Maria Canuti, Italian painter of the Baroque period (d. 1684) April 18 – Sir John Baber, English physician to Charles II (d. 1704) April 25 – John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg (1665–1679) (d. 1679) May 9 – George Pitt, English politician (d. 1694) May 11 – Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels, Regent of Oels (1664–1672) (d. 1686) May 13 – Carlo Maratta, Italian painter (d. 1713) May 23 – John Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. 1690) May 25 John Davies, Welsh translator and writer (d. 1693) Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1694) June 8 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian astronomer and engineer (d. 1712) June 10 – János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1659) June 16 – Samuel Chappuzeau, French scholar (d. 1701) June 17 – Peder Hansen Resen, Danish historian (d. 1688) June 22 – Henry Cromwell-Williams, English politician (d. 1673) June 23 – John Fell, English churchman and influential academic (d. 1686) July–September July 9 – Sarah Rapelje, first white European Christian female born in New Netherland (d. 1685) July 10 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703) July 27 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672) July 30 – Philippe François, 1st Duke of Arenberg (d. 1674) August 9 – Hans Rosing, Norwegian bishop (d. 1699) August 10 Johann Deutschmann, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1706) Augustine Reding, Swiss abbot and theologian (d. 1692) August 13 – Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician and scientist (d. 1698) August 14 – François de Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris (d. 1695) August 20 – Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1709) August 21 – John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688) September 2 – Federico Baldeschi Colonna, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1691) September 4 – Johan van Rensselaer, Dutch noble (d. 1663) September 5 – Charles II Otto, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1669–1671) (d. 1671) September 7 – Henry Frederick, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1628–1699) (d. 1699) September 8 – William Bond, first Speaker of the Massachusetts Province House of Representatives (d. 1695) September 13 – Thomas Reynell, English politician (d. 1698) September 16 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic saint (d. 1697) September 23 – Ferdinand Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Baden, father of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1669) September 24 – Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (d. 1672) October–December October 2 – Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass, English noble (d. 1687) October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (d. 1661) October 5 – Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (d. 1663) October 6 – Francis Small, English trader and landowner residing primarily in Kittery, Maine (d. 1714) October 9 – Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras, French noble (d. 1704) October 10 – Erik Dahlbergh, Swedish engineer, soldier and field marshal (d. 1703) October 19 – Pierre Nicole, French Jansenist (d. 1695) October 23 – Charles Cheyne, 1st Viscount Newhaven, English Member of Parliament (d. 1698) October 26 – Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1680) October 31 – Christen Jensen Lodberg, Danish bishop (d. 1693) |
February 28 – Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (d. 1703) March 9 Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk, English noble (d. 1677) Walter Moyle, English politician (d. 1701) March 14 – Roelant Roghman, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1692) March 27 – Sir Stephen Fox, English politician (d. 1716) April–June April 9 – Johann Caspar Kerll, German baroque composer and organist (d. 1693) April 22 – Tsarevna Irina Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1679) May 4 – Giuseppe Francesco Borri, Italian alchemist (d. 1695) May 16 Willem van Aelst, Dutch artist (d. 1683) Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1704) May 17 – Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine, Governor of Acadia from 1670 to 1673 (d. 1696) May 29 Anne, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess and duchess (d. 1693) Nikolaj Nissen, Danish judge (d. 1684) June 4 – Eiler Holck, Danish military officer (d. 1696) June 14 – Johann Abraham Ihle, German amateur astronomer (d. 1699) June 19 – Thomas Richardson, 2nd Lord Cramond, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674) July–September July 1 – Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, consort of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1669) July 3 – Juan Ortega y Montañés, Spanish Catholic bishop, colonial administrator in Guatemala and New Spain (d. 1708) July 18 – Henry Howard, 5th Earl of Suffolk, youngest son of Theophilus Howard (d. 1709) July 20 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (d. 1691) July 28 – John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1652–1699) (d. 1699) August 1 – Princess Louise of Savoy, Hereditary Princess of Baden-Baden (d. 1689) August 2 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter of the Golden Age (d. 1678) August 8 Bartolomé Garcia de Escañuela, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Durango (1676–1684), Bishop of Puerto Rico (1670–1676) (d. 1684) Joseph Moxon, English printer (d. 1691) August 21 Louis Cousin, French translator (d. 1707) August of Legnica, Silesian nobleman (d. 1679) August 26 – Philipp Jakob Sachs, German physician (d. 1672) August 30 Margaretha van Godewijk, Dutch Golden Age poet and painter (d. 1677) Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1705) September 11 – John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1662–1683) (d. 1683) September 12 – Humbertus Guilielmus de Precipiano, Belgian Catholic archbishop (d. 1711) September 27 – Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French bishop and theologian (d. 1704) October–December October 1 – Galeazzo Marescotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1726) October 3 – William Crispin, one of five English Commissioners appointed by William Penn for settling Pennsylvania (d. 1681) October 4 Sir John Fagg, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1701) Francisco Varo, Spanish linguist (d. 1687) November 5 – Herman Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, High Chamberlain of the Elector of Bavaria (d. 1674) November 12 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (d. 1672) November 14 – Marie Jonas de la Motte, Dutch prostitute (d. 1683) November 16 – Erasmus Finx, German polymath (d. 1694) November 17 – John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1660–1693) (d. 1693) November 20 – Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, German noble (d. 1686) November 24 – Theophil Großgebauer, German theologian (d. 1661) November 27 – Isaac Eastey, Massachusetts colonist, husband of accused witch Mary Eastey (d. 1712) November 29 – John Ray, English biologist (d. 1705) December 3 – St John Brodrick, Irish Member of Parliament (d. 1711) December 7 | – Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (d. 1703) March 9 Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk, English noble (d. 1677) Walter Moyle, English politician (d. 1701) March 14 – Roelant Roghman, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1692) March 27 – Sir Stephen Fox, English politician (d. 1716) April–June April 9 – Johann Caspar Kerll, German baroque composer and organist (d. 1693) April 22 – Tsarevna Irina Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1679) May 4 – Giuseppe Francesco Borri, Italian alchemist (d. 1695) May 16 Willem van Aelst, Dutch artist (d. 1683) Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1704) May 17 – Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine, Governor of Acadia from 1670 to 1673 (d. 1696) May 29 Anne, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess and duchess (d. 1693) Nikolaj Nissen, Danish judge (d. 1684) June 4 – Eiler Holck, Danish military officer (d. 1696) June 14 – Johann Abraham Ihle, German amateur astronomer (d. 1699) June 19 – Thomas Richardson, 2nd Lord Cramond, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674) July–September July 1 – Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, consort of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1669) July 3 – Juan Ortega y Montañés, Spanish Catholic bishop, colonial administrator in Guatemala and New Spain (d. 1708) July 18 – Henry Howard, 5th Earl of Suffolk, youngest son of Theophilus Howard (d. 1709) July 20 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (d. 1691) July 28 – John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1652–1699) (d. 1699) August 1 – Princess Louise of Savoy, Hereditary Princess of Baden-Baden (d. 1689) August 2 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter of the Golden Age (d. 1678) August 8 Bartolomé Garcia de Escañuela, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Durango (1676–1684), Bishop of Puerto Rico (1670–1676) (d. 1684) Joseph Moxon, English printer (d. 1691) August 21 Louis Cousin, French translator (d. 1707) August of Legnica, Silesian nobleman (d. 1679) August 26 – Philipp Jakob Sachs, German physician (d. 1672) August 30 Margaretha van Godewijk, Dutch Golden Age poet and painter (d. 1677) Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1705) September 11 – John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1662–1683) (d. 1683) September 12 – Humbertus Guilielmus de Precipiano, Belgian Catholic archbishop (d. 1711) September 27 – Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French bishop and theologian (d. 1704) October–December October 1 – Galeazzo Marescotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1726) October 3 – William Crispin, one of five English Commissioners appointed by William Penn for settling Pennsylvania (d. 1681) October 4 Sir John Fagg, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1701) Francisco Varo, Spanish linguist (d. 1687) November 5 – Herman Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, High Chamberlain of the Elector of Bavaria (d. 1674) November 12 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (d. 1672) November 14 – Marie Jonas de la Motte, Dutch prostitute (d. 1683) November 16 – Erasmus Finx, German polymath (d. 1694) November 17 – John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1660–1693) (d. 1693) November 20 – Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, German noble (d. 1686) November 24 – Theophil Großgebauer, German theologian (d. 1661) November 27 – Isaac Eastey, Massachusetts colonist, husband of accused witch Mary Eastey (d. 1712) November 29 – John Ray, English biologist (d. 1705) December 3 – St John Brodrick, Irish Member of Parliament (d. 1711) December 7 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau, Electress Consort of Brandenburg (1646–1667) (d. 1667) December 10 – Jean Baptiste de Champaigne, Flemish painter (d. 1681) December 24 – Daniel Pawłowski, Polish writer (d. 1673) December 28 – Alessandro Rosi, Italian artist (d. 1697) Date unknown Maria Sofia De la Gardie, Swedish countess and industrialist (d. 1694) Sir John Flavel, English dissenter (d. 1691) Philip Fruytiers, Flemish painter (d. 1666) Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1682) Greenland shark, large fish (currently the oldest living vertebrate) Approximate date Ariana Nozeman, Dutch actress (d. 1661) Deaths January 14 – |
the Duke of Nevers, who is supported by France. William Harvey publishes Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in Frankfurt, containing his findings about blood circulation. Publication of Sir Edward Coke's Institutes of the Lawes of England begins with A Commentary upon Littleton. This will remain an influential legal text on both sides of the Atlantic for three centuries. The Collegiate School, the oldest surviving educational institution in North America, is established. The first black slaves arrive in Dutch Manhattan. Births January–March January 1 – Christoph Bernhard, German composer (d. 1692) January 3 – Alvise II Mocenigo, Doge of Venice (d. 1709) January 8 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, French general (d. 1695) January 10 John Bennet, English landowner and politician (d. 1663) Jan Theunisz Blanckerhoff, Dutch Golden Age marine painter (d. 1669) January 12 – Charles Perrault, French folklorist (d. 1703) January 14 – Sir Roger Bradshaigh, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1684) January 19 – Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, English noble (d. 1672) January 20 – Henry Cromwell, 4th son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier (d. 1674) January 23 – Johann Reinhard II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German aristocrat (d. 1666) January 30 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687) February 1 – Jan Hackaert, Dutch painter (d. 1685) February 5 – César d'Estrées, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1714) February 14 – Valentine Greatrakes, Irish faith healer (d. 1682) February 24 – Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of the Balbases and 3rd Duke of San Severino and Sesto (d. 1699) February 25 – Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé, French noblewoman (d. 1694) March 2 – Cornelis Speelman, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1684) March 10 Marcello Malpighi, Italian biologist and physician (d. 1694) François Girardon, French sculptor (d. 1715) March 12 – Jacques Frémin, French Jesuit missionary to Canada (d. 1691) March 17 – Daniel Papebroch, Flemish Jesuit hagiographer (d. 1714) March 20 – Sir John Hobart, 3rd Baronet, English landowner and politician (d. 1683) March 24 – Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1685) April–June April 2 – Constantin Christian Dedekind, German poet, dramatist and composer | 1677) June 15 – Walter Marshall, British theologian (d. 1680) June 21 – Alexander Parker, English Quaker preacher and author (d. 1689) June 30 – Miguel de Molinos, Spanish mystic (d. 1696) July–September July 11 – Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (d. 1701) July 12 – Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk (d. 1684) July 17 – Richard Powle, English politician (d. 1678) August 12 – Gabriel Gerberon, French Jansenist monk (d. 1711) August 20 – Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano, Prince of Savoy (d. 1709) August 29 Jan Pieter Brueghel, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1664) John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (d. 1701) September 7 – Sir William Courtenay, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1702) September 21 – Barend Graat, Dutch painter (d. 1709) September 23 – David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl, German artist (d. 1698) October–December October 12 Hermann of Baden-Baden, Imperial field marshal and president of the Hofkriegsrat (d. 1691) William Christopher of Baden-Baden, margrave of Baden and canon at Cologne (d. 1652) October 21 – Úrsula Micaela Morata, Spanish writer (d. 1703) October 23 – Henry Eyre, English politician and lawyer (d. 1678) October 24 – Lucrezia Barberini, Italian noblewoman (d. 1699) November 20 – Matthias Sention Jr., Connecticut settler (d. 1728) November 30 (baptised) – John Bunyan, English writer (d. 1688) December 2 – Johannes Rothe, Dutch preacher (d. 1702) December 10 – Jan Baptist Martin Wans, Flemish painter (d. 1684) December 12 – Anna Salome of Manderscheid-Blankenheim, German abbess of Thorn Abbey, later abbess of Essen Abbey (d. 1691) December 19 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (d. 1631) December 21 – Samuel Capricornus, Czech composer (d. 1665) December 25 – Noël Coypel, French painter (d. 1707) December 26 – John Page, American politician (d. 1692) Probable Josias Fendall, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1687) Anne Greene, English domestic servant and execution survivor (d. 1659) Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael, Dutch landscape painter (d. 1682) Deaths January 12 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (b. 1565) January 21 – Gregor Aichinger, German composer (b. c. 1565) January 23 – Shahryar, fifth son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir (b. 1605) January 29 – Philip Ernest, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1610–1628) (b. 1584) March 12 – John Bull, English composer (b. c. 1562) March 29 – Tobias Matthew, English Archbishop of York (b. 1546) April 17 – Rudolf Christian, Count of East Frisia, ruler of East Frisia (b. 1602) June 8 – Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (b. 1547) July 11 – David Origanus, German astronomer (b. 1558) July 13 – Robert Shirley, English adventurer (b. c. 1581) July 18 – John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (b. 1582) August 6 – |
(d. 1682) January 13 – Lelio Colista, Italian composer and lutenist (d. 1680) January 16 – Theodorick Bland of Westover, American politician (d. 1671) January 23 – Adolph, Prince of Nassau-Schaumburg and Count of Nassau-Schaumburg (1653–1676) (d. 1676) February 5 – Henry Muddiman, English journalist and publisher (d. 1692) February 16 – Gert Miltzow, Norwegian clergyman and historical writer (d. 1688) February 25 – Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Germany (d. 1666) February 26 Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll, Scottish peer (d. 1685) Iver Leganger, Norwegian priest, non-fiction writer (d. 1702) March 1 – Abraham Teniers, Flemish painter (d. 1670) March 5 – Philip Howard, English politician (d. 1711) March 8 – Johannes Caioni, Transylvanian Franciscan friar (d. 1687) March 9 – Sebastian Valfrè, Italian Oratorian priest (d. 1710) March 10 – Metcalfe Robinson, English politician (d. 1689) March 29 – Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. 1676) April–June April 1 – Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French harpsichordist and composer (d. 1691) April 7 – John of Austria the Younger, Spanish general (d. 1679) April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (d. 1695) April 23 – Jan Commelin, Dutch botanist (d. 1692) May 8 – Niels Juel, Danish admiral (d. 1697) May 23 – William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1637–1663) (d. 1663) June 5 – George Mason I, American politician (d. 1686) July–September July 2 – Elizabeth Claypole, daughter of Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658) July 26 – John Ferrers, English politician (d. 1680) July 27 – Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy, Princess of Savoy (d. 1692) August 6 – Thomas Walcot, British judge (d. 1685) August 10 – Agostino Scilla, Italian painter and scientist (d. 1700) August 12 – Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1685) August 17 – King John III Sobieski, of Poland (d. 1696) August 18 – Agneta Horn, Swedish writer (d. 1672) August 20 – Matthew Wren, English politician (d. 1672) August 31 – Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg, Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (d. 1686) September 1 – Dorothea Elisabeth Christiansdatter, daughter of king Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1687) September 3 Lady Mary Dering, English composer (d. 1704) Cornelis Tromp, Dutch naval officer (d. 1691) September 4 – Lorenzo Pasinelli, Italian painter (d. 1700) September 10 – John Heydon, English Neoplatonist occult philosopher (d. 1667) September 17 – Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet, Irish nobleman (d. 1665) September 21 – Philip Howard, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1694) September 24 – Raj Singh I, Maharaja of Mewar (d. 1680) October–December October 3 Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers of Rethel (d. 1665) Armand Jean de Vignerot du Plessis, French duke (d. 1715) October 7 – George Ernest, Count of Erbach-Wildenstein, Count of Erbach and Wildenstein (1647–1669) (d. 1669) October 10 – Richard Towneley, English mathematician and astronomer from Towneley near Burnley (d. 1707) October 11 – Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, Frondeur (d. 1666) October 17 – Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias (d. 1646) October 18 – Lodewijk Meyer, Dutch physician and scholar (d. 1681) October 21 – Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince (d. 1689) October 28 – Maria van Riebeeck, South African settler (d. 1664) October 29 – Agnes Block, Dutch horticulturalist (d. 1704) November 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (d. 1681) November 11 – Lodewijck van Ludick, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1724) November 20 | Walcot, British judge (d. 1685) August 10 – Agostino Scilla, Italian painter and scientist (d. 1700) August 12 – Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1685) August 17 – King John III Sobieski, of Poland (d. 1696) August 18 – Agneta Horn, Swedish writer (d. 1672) August 20 – Matthew Wren, English politician (d. 1672) August 31 – Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg, Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (d. 1686) September 1 – Dorothea Elisabeth Christiansdatter, daughter of king Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1687) September 3 Lady Mary Dering, English composer (d. 1704) Cornelis Tromp, Dutch naval officer (d. 1691) September 4 – Lorenzo Pasinelli, Italian painter (d. 1700) September 10 – John Heydon, English Neoplatonist occult philosopher (d. 1667) September 17 – Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet, Irish nobleman (d. 1665) September 21 – Philip Howard, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1694) September 24 – Raj Singh I, Maharaja of Mewar (d. 1680) October–December October 3 Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers of Rethel (d. 1665) Armand Jean de Vignerot du Plessis, French duke (d. 1715) October 7 – George Ernest, Count of Erbach-Wildenstein, Count of Erbach and Wildenstein (1647–1669) (d. 1669) October 10 – Richard Towneley, English mathematician and astronomer from Towneley near Burnley (d. 1707) October 11 – Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, Frondeur (d. 1666) October 17 – Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias (d. 1646) October 18 – Lodewijk Meyer, Dutch physician and scholar (d. 1681) October 21 – Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince (d. 1689) October 28 – Maria van Riebeeck, South African settler (d. 1664) October 29 – Agnes Block, Dutch horticulturalist (d. 1704) November 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (d. 1681) November 11 – Lodewijck van Ludick, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1724) November 20 – Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1698) December 2 – Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1704) December 7 – Ezekiel, Freiherr von Spanheim, Swiss diplomat (d. 1710) December 11 – Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1681) December 12 – Symeon of Polotsk, Belarusian churchman and poet (d. 1680) December 16 – Ahasverus Fritsch, German jurist, poet and hymn writer (d. 1701) December 19 – Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1708) December 20 – Pieter de Hooch, Dutch painter (d. 1684) December 23 – Paul Rycaut, British diplomat (d. 1700) December 26 – Jaswant Singh of Marwar, ruler of Marwar in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan (d. 1678) Date unknown Katherine Austen, English diarist and poet (d. c. 1683) Don John of Austria the Younger, soldier (d. 1679) Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh (Roderick O'Flaherty), Irish chieftain and historian (d. 1718) Deaths January 7 – Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate (b. 1614) January 13 – Sri Chand, founder of the ascetic sect of Udasi (b. 1494) January 19 – Abbas the Great, 5th Safavid Shāh of Persia (b. 1571) January 23 – Andreas Schott, Flemish philologist, academic, linguist and Jesuit priest (b. 1552) January 27 – Hieronymus Praetorius, German composer (b. 1560) March 16 – Countess Emilia of Nassau, Dutch noble, daughter of William the Silent (b. 1559) March 23 – Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, English politician (b. c. 1580) March 25 – John Guy, English merchant venturer and first Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1568) March 26 – Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania, later Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1584) March 27 – George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English noble, general and administrator (b. 1555) March 29 – Jacob de Gheyn II, Dutch painter and engraver (b. c. 1585) April 8 – Willem Teellinck, Dutch pastor (b. 1579) April |
modern-day Alabama, killing paramount chief Tuskaloosa. Date unknown Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about seven months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up, and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses, caused by lack of safe drinking water. However, this year's vintage from Würzburger Stein and other vineyards is particularly notable. Georg Joachim Rheticus publishes De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima in Danzig, an abstract of Copernicus' as yet unpublished De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, and the first printed publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Martin Luther expels theologian Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia. Paracelsus visits Villach. approximate date – The musket is introduced into Japan from Europe. Births January 18 – Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza, claimant to the Portuguese throne in 1580 (d. 1614) January 25 – Edmund Campion, English Jesuit and Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1581) January 28 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (d. 1610) February 12 – Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (d. 1597) February 23 – Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1602) February 25 – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614) March 1 – Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spanish noble (d. 1607) March 17 – Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1570) April 3 – Maria de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1557) April 8 – Toyotomi Hidenaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1591) May 9 – Maharana Pratap, Indian warrior king (d. 1597) May 14 Paolo Paruta, Italian historian (d. 1598) Bartholomäus Scultetus, German mayor of Görlitz, astronomer (d. 1614) May 22 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (d. 1541) May 31 – Henry Cheyne, 1st Baron Cheyne, English politician and baron (d. 1587) June 3 – Charles II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (d. 1590) June 9 – Shima Sakon, Japanese samurai (d. 1600) June 11 – Barnabe Googe, English poet (d. 1594) June 29 – Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli, Spanish countess (d. 1592) June 30 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim, Duchess of Saxony (d. 1594) July 7 – John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (d. 1571) July 11 – Adolf of Nassau, Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (d. 1568) July 16 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (d. 1565) July 19 – Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, spouse of Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1569) August 4 – Sisto Fabri, Italian theologian (d. 1594) August 5 – Joseph Justus Scaliger, French Protestant scholar (d. 1609) August 25 – Lady Catherine Grey, English noblewoman, potential successor to the throne (d. 1568) September 5 – Magnus, Duke of Holstein, Prince of Denmark (d. 1583) September 9 – John VII, Count of Oldenburg (d. 1603) October 1 – Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss Protestant clergyman (d. 1617) November 12 – Anna of Veldenz, Margrave of Baden (d. 1586) November 16 – Princess Cecilia of Sweden (d. 1627) December 8 – Giovanni Vincenzo Gonzaga, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1591) December 21 – Thomas Schweicker, German artist (d. 1602) December 28 – Charles I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1610) December 31 – Silvio Antoniano, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1603) date unknown Andrea Andreani, Italian wood engraver (d. 1623) Francis Drake, English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, pirate and politician (d. 1596) Christopher Hatton, English politician (d. 1591) George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon, English nobleman (d. 1604) Pierre Jeannin, French statesman (d. 1622) François Viète, French mathematician (d. 1603) Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1610) | the Ottoman Empire, and many of its leading citizens are taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito. September 3 – Gelawdewos succeeds his father Lebna Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia. September 27 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Paul III, in his bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae. October 1 – Battle of Alborán: A Habsburg Spanish fleet, under the command of Bernardino de Mendoza, destroys an Ottoman fleet commanded by Ali Hamet off Alborán Island in the Mediterranean. October 18 – An expedition led by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto destroys the fortified village of Mabila in modern-day Alabama, killing paramount chief Tuskaloosa. Date unknown Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about seven months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up, and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses, caused by lack of safe drinking water. However, this year's vintage from Würzburger Stein and other vineyards is particularly notable. Georg Joachim Rheticus publishes De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima in Danzig, an abstract of Copernicus' as yet unpublished De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, and the first printed publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Martin Luther expels theologian Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia. Paracelsus visits Villach. approximate date – The musket is introduced into Japan from Europe. Births January 18 – Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza, claimant to the Portuguese throne in 1580 (d. 1614) January 25 – Edmund Campion, English Jesuit and Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1581) January 28 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (d. 1610) February 12 – Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (d. 1597) February 23 – Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1602) February 25 – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614) March 1 – Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spanish noble (d. 1607) March 17 – Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1570) April 3 – Maria de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1557) April 8 – Toyotomi Hidenaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1591) May 9 – Maharana Pratap, Indian warrior king (d. 1597) May 14 Paolo Paruta, Italian historian (d. 1598) Bartholomäus Scultetus, German mayor of Görlitz, astronomer (d. 1614) May 22 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (d. 1541) May 31 – Henry Cheyne, 1st Baron Cheyne, English politician and baron (d. 1587) June 3 – Charles II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (d. 1590) June 9 – Shima Sakon, Japanese samurai (d. 1600) June 11 – Barnabe Googe, English poet (d. 1594) June 29 – Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli, Spanish countess (d. 1592) June 30 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim, Duchess of Saxony (d. 1594) July 7 – John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (d. 1571) July 11 – Adolf of Nassau, Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (d. 1568) July 16 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (d. 1565) July 19 – Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, spouse of Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1569) August 4 – Sisto Fabri, Italian theologian (d. 1594) August 5 – Joseph Justus Scaliger, French Protestant scholar (d. 1609) August 25 – |
of Guise. March 7 – A Spanish-led expedition, commanded by Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, overruns the Tunisian island of Djerba. March 17 – Leaders of the Amboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the château of Amboise, where the young French king and queen are residing. La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over 1,000 of his followers. April 15 – Denmark–Norway buys the Estonian island of Øsel, from its last prince-bishop. May 11 – Battle of Djerba: The Ottoman fleet, commanded by Piali Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European (mainly Spanish) fleet, sinking about half its ships. June 12 – Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto. July–December July 6 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland, ending the Siege of Leith. The French withdraw from Scotland, largely ending the Auld Alliance between the two countries, and also ending the wars between England and its northern neighbour. August 2 – Livonian War – Battle of Ergeme: Russians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, precipitating the dissolution of the order. August 17 – The Scottish Reformation Parliament adopts a Protestant confession of faith and rejects papal authority, beginning the Scottish Reformation, and disestablishing Roman Catholicism in Scotland. August 21 – A total eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe. September 29 – Eric XIV becomes King of Sweden, upon the death of his father Gustav Vasa. December 5 – Ten-year-old Charles IX succeeds his brother Francis as King of France. Francis's mother (Mary's mother-in-law), Catherine de' Medici, becomes regent of France. Date unknown The complete Geneva Bible is published. The first tulip bulb is brought from Constantinople to the Netherlands (probable date). The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae, is founded in Naples by Giambattista della Porta. Solihull School is founded in the West Midlands of England. The oldest surviving violin (dated inside), known as the Charles IX, is made in Cremona, in northern Italy. Bairam Khan loses power in the Mughal Empire. The Mongols invade and occupy Qinghai. The great age of piracy in the Caribbean starts around this time. Births January 3 – John Bois, English scholar (d. 1643) January 17 – Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1624) January 29 – Scipione Dentice, Neapolitan keyboard composer (d. 1633) March 13 – William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch count (d. 1620) March 29 – Erekle I, Prince of Mukhrani, Georgian noble (d. 1605) April 19 – Count Jobst of Limburg (d. 1621) May 6 – Guido Pepoli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1599) June 25 – Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon (d. 1634) June 28 – Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1657) July | was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–June January 7 – In the Kingdom of Scotland, French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn. February 27 – Treaty of Berwick: Terms are agreed upon with the Lords of the Congregation in Scotland, for forces of the Kingdom of England to enter Scotland, to expel French troops defending the Regency of Mary of Guise. March 7 – A Spanish-led expedition, commanded by Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, overruns the Tunisian island of Djerba. March 17 – Leaders of the Amboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the château of Amboise, where the young French king and queen are residing. La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over 1,000 of his followers. April 15 – Denmark–Norway buys the Estonian island of Øsel, from its last prince-bishop. May 11 – Battle of Djerba: The Ottoman fleet, commanded by Piali Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European (mainly Spanish) fleet, sinking about half its ships. June 12 – Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto. July–December July 6 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland, ending the Siege of Leith. The French withdraw from Scotland, largely ending the Auld Alliance between the two countries, and also ending the wars between England and its northern neighbour. August 2 – Livonian War – Battle of Ergeme: Russians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, precipitating the dissolution of the order. August 17 – The Scottish Reformation Parliament adopts a Protestant confession of faith and rejects papal authority, beginning the Scottish Reformation, and disestablishing Roman Catholicism in Scotland. August 21 – A total eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe. September 29 – Eric XIV becomes King of Sweden, upon the death of his father Gustav Vasa. December 5 – Ten-year-old Charles IX succeeds his brother Francis as King of |
September – John Spofford arrives in Boston Harbor, on the ship John of London, and is one of the first people to establish Rowely, Essex County, Massachusetts. October 21 – The Great Thunderstorm breaks out in Widecombe-in-the-Moor, England. November – The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow, by King Charles I of England. December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes the first adviser to French potentate Richelieu, on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay. December 21 – The full moon is in total eclipse from 1:12 to 2:47 UT, and the solstice occurs later in the day, at 16:05 UT. December 25 – Capture of Baghdad by the Ottomans under Sultan Murad IV. Date unknown Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle, to compose responses to the Bishops of Aberdeen. Pedro Teixeira makes the first ascent of the Amazon River, from its mouth to Quito, Ecuador (the same trip had been made in the opposite direction, in 1541). Dutch merchant Willem Kieft is appointed Director of New Amsterdam, by the Dutch East Indian Company. The Netherlands colonizes Mauritius. The Dutch settle in Ceylon. The Finnish postal service, now called Suomen Posti, is founded. New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his sons capture the city of Kandahar, from the Safavids. Shipwrecked English buccaneer Peter Wallace, called Ballis by the Spanish, settles near and perhaps gives his name to the Belize River, the first known European settlement in Belize. The Peking Gazette makes an official switch in its production process of newspapers, from woodblock printing to movable type printing (private newspapers in Ming Dynasty China were first mentioned in 1582). Births January–March January 1 Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières, French writer (d. 1694) Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (d. 1685) Nicolas Steno, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (d. 1686) January 7 Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (d. 1723) Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noblewoman (d. 1687) January 8 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1665) January 12 – Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1701) January 20 – Sir William Glynne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1690) January 21 David Elias Heidenreich, German poet, dramatist, librettist and translator (d. 1688) Beata Rosenhane, Swedish writer (d. 1674) February 13 – Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1688) February 18 – Ikeda Tsunamasa, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Okayama Domain (d. 1714) February 25 – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Governor of the Danish West Indies (d. 1683) February 28 – John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford, Scottish nobleman (d. 1710) March 6 Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, First Lord’s of the British Admiralty (d. 1696) Statz Friedrich von Fullen, German-born nobleman, Geheimrat of war for Poland (d. 1703) March 10 – John Vesey, Irish archbishop (d. 1716) March 14 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic and religious leader, critic of Lutheranism (d. 1710) March 15 – Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1661) March 16 – François Crépieul, Jesuit missionary in Canada (d. 1702) March 28 – Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1731) April–June April 2 Sir Henry Beaumont, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1689) John Covel, English clergyman and scientist, Master of Christ's College (d. 1722) May 9 – Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos, Colombian painter (d. 1711) May 11 – Guy-Crescent Fagon, French physician and botanist (d. 1718) May 12 – Pedro Atanasio Bocanegra, Spanish artist (d. 1688) May 13 – Richard Simon, | Construction begins on the Red Fort in Delhi (India) for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan who is transferring his capital there from Agra. May 23 – The Kandyan Treaty is signed between Singhala King Rajasimha II and the Dutch, to rid Ceylon of the Portuguese. June 20 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Kallo: Spanish troops under Ferdinand of Austria defeat a much larger Dutch force, near Antwerp. June 27 – Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason, and strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries, on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command. July–December September 21 – The Treaty of Hartford is signed, ending the Pequot War between British American colonists and the Pequot. September – John Spofford arrives in Boston Harbor, on the ship John of London, and is one of the first people to establish Rowely, Essex County, Massachusetts. October 21 – The Great Thunderstorm breaks out in Widecombe-in-the-Moor, England. November – The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow, by King Charles I of England. December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes the first adviser to French potentate Richelieu, on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay. December 21 – The full moon is in total eclipse from 1:12 to 2:47 UT, and the solstice occurs later in the day, at 16:05 UT. December 25 – Capture of Baghdad by the Ottomans under Sultan Murad IV. Date unknown Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle, to compose responses to the Bishops of Aberdeen. Pedro Teixeira makes the first ascent of the Amazon River, from its mouth to Quito, Ecuador (the same trip had been made in the opposite direction, in 1541). Dutch merchant Willem Kieft is appointed Director of New Amsterdam, by the Dutch East Indian Company. The Netherlands colonizes Mauritius. The Dutch settle in Ceylon. The Finnish postal service, now called Suomen Posti, is founded. New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his sons capture the city of Kandahar, from the Safavids. Shipwrecked English buccaneer Peter Wallace, called Ballis by the Spanish, settles near and perhaps gives his name to the Belize River, the first known European settlement in Belize. The Peking Gazette makes an official switch in its production process of newspapers, from woodblock printing to movable type printing (private newspapers in Ming Dynasty China were first mentioned in 1582). Births January–March January 1 Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières, French writer (d. 1694) Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (d. 1685) Nicolas Steno, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (d. 1686) January 7 Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (d. 1723) Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noblewoman (d. 1687) January 8 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1665) January 12 – Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1701) January 20 – Sir William Glynne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1690) January 21 David Elias Heidenreich, German poet, dramatist, librettist and translator (d. 1688) Beata Rosenhane, Swedish writer (d. 1674) February 13 – Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1688) February 18 – Ikeda Tsunamasa, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Okayama Domain (d. 1714) February 25 – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Governor of the Danish West Indies (d. 1683) February 28 – John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford, Scottish nobleman (d. 1710) March 6 Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, First Lord’s of the British Admiralty |
off the coast of Flanders. August 8–9 – The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders, to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma. The Duke of Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain. August 12 – The fleeing Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed by storms, as it sails for home around Scotland and Ireland. October 7 – The first biography of Nicolaus Copernicus (d.1543) is completed by Bernardino Baldi. December 5 – The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as the Día de la Recolección or Day of Recollection. December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side with Henry of Navarre. Unknown William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible is published. The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I of England is created, to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself. Sword hunt in Japan. Births January–June January 4 – Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer (d. 1657) January 6 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (d. 1633) January 20 – Francesco Gessi, Italian painter (d. 1649) February 2 – Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, German nobleman (d. 1644) February 15 – Benjamin Bramer, German mathematician (d. 1652) March 12 – Herman de Neyt, Flemish painter (d. 1642) March 21 – Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Bavarian count and field-marshal (d. 1635) March 22 – Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1611) March 27 – Celestyn Myślenta, Polish theologian (d. 1653) March 29 – Margherita Aldobrandini, Parmesan regent (d. 1646) March – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (d. 1638) April 4 – Padovanino, Italian painter (d. 1649) April 5 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d. 1679) April 15 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (d. 1653) April 16 – Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (d. 1624) May 2 – Étienne Pascal, French mathematician (d. 1651) May 9 – Herman Hugo, Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d. 1629) May 13 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and antiquary (d. 1654) May 28 – Pierre Séguier, Chancellor of France (d. 1672) June 3 – Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (1617–16135) (d. 1635) June 9 – Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and music theorist (d. 1666) June 11 – George Wither, English poet and satirist (d. 1667) June 14 – Hoshina Masasada, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d. 1661) June 30 – Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian composer, organist and | 12 – Herman de Neyt, Flemish painter (d. 1642) March 21 – Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Bavarian count and field-marshal (d. 1635) March 22 – Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1611) March 27 – Celestyn Myślenta, Polish theologian (d. 1653) March 29 – Margherita Aldobrandini, Parmesan regent (d. 1646) March – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (d. 1638) April 4 – Padovanino, Italian painter (d. 1649) April 5 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d. 1679) April 15 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (d. 1653) April 16 – Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (d. 1624) May 2 – Étienne Pascal, French mathematician (d. 1651) May 9 – Herman Hugo, Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d. 1629) May 13 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and antiquary (d. 1654) May 28 – Pierre Séguier, Chancellor of France (d. 1672) June 3 – Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (1617–16135) (d. 1635) June 9 – Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and music theorist (d. 1666) June 11 – George Wither, English poet and satirist (d. 1667) June 14 – Hoshina Masasada, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d. 1661) June 30 – Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian composer, organist and teacher (d. 1649) July–December July 7 – Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1588–1640) (d. 1640) July 29 – William Spring of Pakenham, Member of Parliament (d. 1638) August 25 – Elizabeth Poole, English settler in Plymouth Colony (d. 1654) August – François de La Mothe Le Vayer, French writer (d. 1672) September 1 – Henri, Prince of Condé (d. 1646) September 8 – Marin Mersenne, French theologian (d. 1648) September 10 – Nicholas Lanier, English composer (d. 1666) September 13 – Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden, English baron (d. 1661) October 7 – Sir Drue Drury, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1632) October 16 – Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d. 1657) October 17 – Matthias Gallas, Austrian soldier (d. 1647) November 25 – Gilbert Ironside the elder, English bishop (d. 1671) December 10 Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (d. 1634) Isaac Beeckman, Dutch philosopher and scientist (d. 1637) December 15 Charles de Condren, French theologian (d. 1641) Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1592–1628 and again 1631–1658) (d. 1658) December 23 – Claude Bernard, French priest (d. 1641) December 24 – Constance of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1631) Date unknown John Danvers, English politician (d. 1655) John Endecott, English politician (d. 1665) Robert Filmer, English political writer (d. 1653) Accepted Frewen, English churchman (d. 1664) Madame Ke, influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (approximately; d. 1627) Francis Higginson, colonial American Puritan (d. 1630) Jan Janssonius, Dutch cartographer (d. 1664) Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet (d. 1665) John Winthrop, influential Puritan in the history |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4th year of the 1450s decade. It is sometimes cited as the notional end of the Middle Ages by historians who define the medieval period as the time between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire. Events January–December April – Tarabya and Studius are taken by the Ottoman Empire, in preparation for the assault on Constantinople, as are the Prince Islands, by the Ottoman fleet under Admiral Baltaoglu. April 6–May 29 – Siege and Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror puts a decisive final end to the Eastern Roman Empire, nearly one and a half thousand years after its foundation by Augustus, by capturing the capital, Constantinople. Mortars are (perhaps) used in battle for the first time in this action. The consequent closure of the traditional overland route from Western Europe to the Far East, and need to identify new maritime routes, leads to the Age of Discovery, and ends the Middle Ages. May 22 – May 1453 lunar eclipse, a partial eclipse, is visible during the siege of Constantinople. July 17 – Battle of Castillon: In the last pitched battle of the Hundred Years' War, the French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed. July 23 – Battle of Gavere in Flanders: Philip the Good, | and Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror puts a decisive final end to the Eastern Roman Empire, nearly one and a half thousand years after its foundation by Augustus, by capturing the capital, Constantinople. Mortars are (perhaps) used in battle for the first time in this action. The consequent closure of the traditional overland route from Western Europe to the Far East, and need to identify new maritime routes, leads to the Age of Discovery, and ends the Middle Ages. May 22 – May 1453 lunar eclipse, a partial eclipse, is visible during the siege of Constantinople. July 17 – Battle of Castillon: In the last pitched battle of the Hundred Years' War, the French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed. July 23 – Battle of Gavere in Flanders: Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious over the rebels of Ghent, leading to surrender of their city and the end of the Revolt of Ghent. October 19 – The French recapture Bordeaux, ending the Hundred Years' War and leaving the English retaining only Calais on French soil. October 28 – Ladislaus the Posthumous is crowned King of Bohemia, although George of Poděbrady remains in control of the government. November 10 – Sejo of Joseon kills his |
31, 1209. Significant people References | 1200, and ended on December 31, |
the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1300, | ended on December 31, 1309. Significant people |
January 1, 1310, and ended on December 31, | Significant people Louis the Bavarian Wang Zhen |
1320, and ended on December 31, 1329. Significant | 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329. Significant |
1380s was a decade of the Julian Calendar | December 31, 1389. Significant people References |
The 430s decade ran from | 1, 430, to December 31, |
work The City of God and other works that will have influence on Christianity. Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition (approximate date). Peter the Iberian founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. Births Asclepigenia, Athenian philosopher and mystic (d. 485) Julius Nepos, Western Roman Emperor (d. 480) Marcia Euphemia, Roman Empress (approximate date) Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and diplomat (approximate date) Syagrius, Roman official and son of Aegidius Victor Vitensis, African bishop (approximate date) Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 464) Deaths August 28 – Augustine of Hippo, bishop and | along the Mediterranean Sea, and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop). Flavius Aetius gains appointment as master of both services (magister utriusque militiae), after gaining victories in Gaul over Visigoth and Frankish forces. The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed. Flavius Felix, his wife and a deacon are accused of plotting against Aetius. They are arrested in Ravenna and executed. Aetius is granted the title of patricius (Roman nobility). Asia Feng Ba abdicates |
Carthaginian invasion. Roman Republic The Battle of Mount Gaurus is fought between the Romans and the Samnites. The battle is a success for the Romans, who, it is said, are led by Marcus Valerius Corvus. Fought at the foot of Mount Gaurus, near Cumae, it is the most notable engagement of the First Samnite War. China In the course of the Warring States period, the army of the state of Qi defeats the army of the state of Wei in the Battle of Maling. This battle involves the military strategy of the general Sun Bin (descendant of Sun Tzu), and is the first battle in recorded history to give a reliable account of the handheld crossbow with trigger mechanism. Births Menander, Greek playwright (d. 291 BC) Deaths Pang Juan, Chinese general Antiphon, Greek arsonist, execution References | Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor his son, Alexander. As the leading intellectual figure in Greece, Aristotle is commissioned to prepare Alexander for his future role as a military leader. Philip begins a series of campaigns in Thrace with the aim of annexing it to be a province of Macedonia. When the Macedonian army approaches Thracian Chersonese (the Gallipoli Peninsula), an Athenian general named Diopeithes ravages this district of Thrace, thus inciting Philip's rage for operating too near one of his towns in the Chersonese. Philip demands his recall. In response, the Athenian Assembly is convened. Demosthenes convinces the Athenians not to recall Diopeithes. Sicily The Corinthian general Timoleon spreads his rule over Sicily, removing a number of other tyrants and preparing Sicily for another |
Lombards, at Pavia. Charlemagne repudiates his Lombard wife Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, after one year of marriage. He marries the 13-year-old Swabian girl Hildegard, who will bear him nine children. Desiderius, furious at Charlemagne, plans a punitive campaign against the Franks and Rome. Britain King Offa of Mercia defeats the Haestingas, and joins their little region to his sub-kingdom of Sussex.Simeon of Durham's. History of the Kings, | the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe December 4 – King Carloman I, youngest son of Pepin III ("the Short"), dies (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source) at the Villa of Samoussy, leaving his brother Charlemagne sole ruler of the now reunified Frankish Kingdom. Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees with her two sons to the court of King Desiderius of the Lombards, at Pavia. Charlemagne repudiates his Lombard wife Desiderata, daughter of |
1, 1090, and ended on December 31, | 1090s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began |
the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him. May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday). June 2–6 – The Crusaders occupy Arsuf and turn inland towards Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates Bethlehem. June 7 – Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused. June 13 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the Damascus Gate. June 17 – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of Jaffa, all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet. July 8 – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender. July 13 – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold. July 15 The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault. They enter the city and begin, for two days, an unprecedented slaughter against the Muslims and Jews. Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard. July 22 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established in the Middle East. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri. August 10 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at Yibna (Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to Ascalon. August 12 – Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to Egypt. November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon. December 21 – The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later, Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, is installed as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. By topic Religion The commune in Emilia | display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place First Crusade January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama). January 22 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future Krak des Chevaliers castle). February – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and Robert II, count of Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders. February 14 – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli. February 17 – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under Raymond Pilet to attack the port of Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by |
June 28 – Following the Holy Lance discovery by Peter Bartholomew in Antioch, the Crusaders under Bohemond I (leaving only 200 men) sortie from the city and defeat the Seljuk army. Kerbogha is forced to withdraw to Mosul, the garrison in the citadel surrenders to Bohemond personally (who raises his banner above the city) and the Crusaders occupy Antioch. The Crusade is delayed for the rest of the year. July 14 – Donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) to the Republic of Genoa. This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in the Levant. August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy (or Aimar), French bishop and nominal leader of the First Crusade, dies during an epidemic (probably typhus). With this, Rome's direct control over the Crusade effectively ends. August – Fatimid forces under Caliph Al-Musta'li recapture Jerusalem and occupy Palestine. The Crusaders threaten the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate which already has lost the Emirate of Sicily (see 1091). December 12 – Siege of Ma'arra: The Crusaders capture the city of Ma'arra after a month's siege and massacre part of the population. Short of supplies, the army is accused of widespread cannibalism. Britain June or July – Battle of Anglesey Sound: A Norwegian fleet led by King Magnus Barefoot reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of North Wales. Magnus conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man. King Edgar of Scotland signs a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong to Norway. At Dunfermline Abbey, Edgar seeks support from Anselm of Canterbury. By topic Religion March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, is founded by Robert of Molesme, founder of the Cistercian Order. October – The Council of Bari presided by Pope Urban II discusses relations between the Western and the Eastern Church. Births Amadeus I, Swiss nobleman (House of Geneva) (d. 1178) Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, Persian philosopher and poet (d. 1131) Hedwig of | establishes the first crusader state. Baldwin marries Arda of Armenia, daughter of Lord Thoros of Marash, and consolidates his conquered territory. June 3 – Siege of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I capture Antioch after a 8-month siege. He established secret contact with Firouz, an Armenian guard who controlled the "Tower of the Two Sisters". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates the Principality of Antioch. June 5 – Battle of Antioch: Emir Kerbogha, ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, arrives at Antioch with a Seljuk army (35,000 men) to relieve the city. He lays siege to the Crusaders who have just captured the city themselves (although they do not have full control of it). A Byzantine relief force led by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos turns back after Count Stephen of Blois convinces them that the situation in Antioch is hopeless. June 28 – Following the Holy Lance discovery by Peter Bartholomew in Antioch, the Crusaders under Bohemond I (leaving only 200 men) sortie from the city and defeat the Seljuk army. Kerbogha is forced to withdraw to Mosul, the garrison in the citadel surrenders to Bohemond personally (who raises his banner above the city) and the Crusaders occupy Antioch. The Crusade is delayed for the rest of the year. July 14 – Donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) to the Republic of Genoa. This marks the beginning |
unknown Publication of Moses Amyraut's Traite des Religions. Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma's Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke. Births January–March January 1 or 1632 – Katherine Philips, Anglo-Welsh poet (d. 1664) January 2 – Anthonie van Borssom, Dutch painter (d. 1677) January 6 – Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, Scottish peeress (d. 1716) January 12 – Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa (d. 1670) January 23 – Vincent Houdry, French Jesuit preacher and writer on ascetics (d. 1729) February 6 – Edward Abney, English politician (d. 1727) February 10 – Louise of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess suo jure of Oława and Wołów (1672–1680) (d. 1680) February 22 – Peder Syv, Danish historian (d. 1702) March 3 – Esaias Boursse, Dutch painter (d. 1672) March 9 – Claude-François Ménestrier, French heraldist, Jesuit, courtier (d. 1705) March 13 – Lodewijck Huygens, Dutch diplomat (d. 1699) March 16 – René Le Bossu, French critic (d. 1680) April–June April 8 – Cornelis de Heem, Dutch painter (d. 1695) April 15 Piero de Bonzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1703) Walter Vincent, English politician (d. 1680) April 21 – Francesco Maidalchini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1700) April 29 – Joseph Bridger, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1686) May 2 – John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl (d. 1703) May 4 – William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton, English politician (d. 1680) May 10 – Flavio Chigi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1693) May 18 – Stanislaus Papczyński, Polish priest (d. 1701) May 19 – Christoffel Pierson, Dutch painter (d. 1714) May 28 – Louis André, French Jesuit priest, missionary and translator (d. 1715) May 29 – Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth, English politician, earl (d. 1683) June 13 – Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (d. 1674) June 17 – Gauharara Begum, Mughal noblewoman (d. 1706) June 22 – Francis Rombouts, Dutch Mayor of New York City (d. 1691) June 25 – António das Chagas, Portuguese Franciscan friar and ascetical writer (d. 1682) June 26 – Vincenzo Albrici, Italian composer (d. 1695) July–September July 4 – John Roettiers, English engraver (d. 1703) July 15 Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (d. 1718) Jens Juel, Danish diplomat (d. 1700) August 5 – Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician (d. 1700) August 7 – Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet, England (d. 1679) August 19 Maffeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina (d. 1685) John Dryden, English writer (d. 1700) August 24 – Philip Henry, English minister (d. 1696) August 29 – Henry Noris, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1704) September 1 – Anne Crawford-Lindsay, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1689) September 6 – Charles Porter, English-born judge (d. 1696) September 29 Richard Edlin, English astrologer (d. 1677) Johann Heinrich Roos, Dutch painter (d. 1685) October–December October 1 Toussaint de Forbin-Janson, French Catholic cardinal and Bishop of Beauvais (d. 1713) Eugene Maximilian, | cardinal (d. 1704) September 1 – Anne Crawford-Lindsay, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1689) September 6 – Charles Porter, English-born judge (d. 1696) September 29 Richard Edlin, English astrologer (d. 1677) Johann Heinrich Roos, Dutch painter (d. 1685) October–December October 1 Toussaint de Forbin-Janson, French Catholic cardinal and Bishop of Beauvais (d. 1713) Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes (d. 1709) October 3 – Sebastian Anton Scherer, German organist and composer (d. 1712) October 6 – Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1670) October 12 – George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton, English Member of Parliament (d. 1714) October 13 – Richard Hampden, English politician (d. 1695) October 18 Heinrich Müller, German theologian and writer (d. 1675) Michael Wigglesworth, American Puritan minister (d. 1705) October 22 – Gilles Boileau, French translator (d. 1669) October 26 – Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch, Hungarian Catholic cardinal (d. 1707) October 30 – Pierre Beauchamp, French choreographer, dancer and composer (d. 1705) November 4 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (d. 1660) November 10 – Daniel Harvey, English merchant and politician (d. 1672) November 17 – Marco d'Aviano, Italian Capuchin friar (d. 1699) November 21 – Catharina Questiers, Dutch poet (d. 1669) November 28 – Abraham Brueghel, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1690) December 14 – Anne Conway, English philosopher (d. 1679) December 24 Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach, Swedish general, Prince-Abbot of Fulda and Kempten, and cardinal (d. 1677) Gabrielle Suchon, French Catholic moral philosopher, feminist (d. 1703) Date unknown William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. 1701) Klara Izabella Pacowa, politically active Polish court official (d. 1685) Deaths January 1 – Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase "Hobson's choice" (b. 1544) January 3 – Michelagnolo Galilei, Italian composer and lutenist, younger brother of Galileo Galilei (b. 1575) January 14 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (b. 1628) January 20 – Jacob Matham, Dutch artist (b. 1571) January 26 – Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1617–1631) (b. 1586) January 30 – Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577-1592) (b. 1561) February 7 – Gabriel Harvey, English writer (b. c. 1552/3) February 14 – Tsugaru Nobuhira, Japanese daimyō (b. 1586) March 24 – Philipp Dulichius, German composer (b. 1562) March 31 – John Donne, English writer and prelate (b. 1572) March 28 – Juan van der Hamen, Spanish artist (b. 1596) April 2 – Nicolò Contarini, Doge of Venice (b. 1553) April 5 – Sinibaldo Scorza, Italian painter (b. 1589) April 23 – Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, last Duke of Urbino (b. 1549) May 6 – Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington, English politician (b. 1570) May 26 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian and diplomat (b. 1576) June 17 – Mumtaz Mahal, favorite wife of Shah Jahan (b. 1593) June 18 – Robert Payne, English politician (b. 1573) June 21 – John Smith of |
Governor of Jersey (d. 1703) November 11 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (d. 1695) November 15 – Gesina ter Borch, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1690) November 20 – Étienne de Carheil, French Jesuit priest, missionary to the Iroquois and Huron Indians (d. 1726) November 26 – Johann Christoph Wagenseil, German Christian Hebraist (d. 1705) December 18 – Willem van de Velde the Younger, Dutch painter (d. 1707) December 27 – Jean de Lamberville, French missionary (d. 1714) December 29 Jean Le Pelletier, French polygraph and alchemist (d. 1711) Johannes Zollikofer, Swiss vicar (d. 1692) Date unknown Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1708) Deaths January 15 – Polykarp Leyser II, German theologian (b. 1586) January 20 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (b. 1588) March 1 – George Herbert, English poet and orator (b. 1593) March 3 – Magnus Brahe, Swedish noble (b. 1564) April 21 – Scipione Dentice, Neapolitan keyboard composer (b. 1560) May 5 – Thomas Freke, English politician (b. 1563) May 16 – Magdalena of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1547) May 21 – Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein, German count (b. 1560) June – Étienne Brûlé, French explorer (b. c. 1592) June 11 – Johannes Crellius, Polish–German theologian (b. 1590) June 14 – Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø (1622–1633) (b. 1570) July 5 – Archduchess Margaret of Austria (b. 1567) July 7 – Lew Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1557) July 16 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (b. 1564) July 22 – Trijntje Keever, Dutchwoman, presumed to have been the tallest woman ever (b. 1616) August 5 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1562) August 10 – Anthony Munday, English writer (b. 1553) August 12 Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (b. 1561) Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1611) August 17 – Gertrude More, English nun (b. 1606) August 30 – Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (b. 1553) September – Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland (b. c. 1575) September 4 – Richard Cecil, English politician (b. 1570) September 22 – Joam Mattheus Adami, Italian Jesuit missionary (b. 1576) September 26 – Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (b. 1579) October 2 – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (b. 1577) October 24 – Jean Titelouze, French organist (b. c.1562) October 26 – Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1596) November 3 – Lucio Massari, Italian painter (b. 1569) November 7 – Cornelis Drebbel, Dutch inventor (b. 1572) November 8 Xu Guangqi, Chinese astronomer, Roman Catholic convert, mathematician, scholar, scientist and servant of God (b. 1562) Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (b. 1566) November 14 – William Ames, English philosopher (b. 1576) December | arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed. March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu. April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625. June 22 – The Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove. July–December July 7 – The Dutch East India Company fleet, led by Hans Putmans, attacks by surprise its ally Zheng Zhilong's base, near Xiamen. July 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf – The Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf. July 8 – The epoch of the Javanese calendar, created by Sultan Agung of Mataram. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing Saka calendar, thus making the calendar starts from year 1555 instead of 1. August 6 – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. September 25 – Entry of King Louis XIII of France into Nancy marking the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by France. September 26 – A group from the Plymouth Colony settles in Windsor, Connecticut, making it the first settlement in the state. October 17 – Thirty Years' War: Siege of Rheinfelden – Spain recaptures Rheinfelden from Sweden. October 22 – Battle of Liaoluo Bay: A large Ming dynasty fleet under Zheng Zhilong defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet at the island of Quemoy. Date unknown The Jews of Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter. Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries. Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan issues the Sakoku Edict of 1635 outlawing Christianity, enforcing a policy of extreme isolationism (sakoku) until 1853. St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed. Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars. English colonists settle what will become the town of Hingham, Massachusetts. A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at the University of Cambridge in England. Births January–March January 20 – Edmund Maine, English Member of Parliament (d. 1711) January 31 – Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew of England (d. 1721) February 20 – Jan de Baen, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1702) February 23 Charles Patin, French physician (d. 1693) Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (d. 1703) February 26 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and last Administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1695) March 1 – Yi Seo-woo, Korean scholar (d. 1709) March 7 – Giovanni Battista Volpati, Italian painter (d. 1706) March 12 – Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet, of Godstone, English noble (d. 1671) March 17 – Alessandro Marchetti, Italian mathematician (d. 1714) March 25 – Samuel Whiting, Jr., American clergyman (d. 1713) March 26 – Mary Beale, British artist (d. 1699) March 30 Miron Costin, Moldavian (Romanian) political figure and chronicler (d. 1691) Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, German general, Landgraf of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1708) April–June April 16 – Salomon Jansz van den Tempel, Dutch shipbuilder (d. 1673) April 19 Willem Drost, Dutch painter (d. 1659) Abraham Hill, British merchant (d. 1721) April 20 – Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654) April 24 Paolo Boccone, Italian botanist from Sicily (d. 1704) Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare, English politician and earl (d. 1689) May 1 Walter Chetwynd, English antiquary, politician (d. 1693) Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, French noble and military engineer noted for designing fortifications (d. 1707) May 21 – Joseph Chabanceau de La Barre, French composer (d. 1678) June 1 |
of the Julian Calendar which began on | which began on January 1, 1070, and ended on December 31, |
John Doukas and his political advisor Michael Psellos (after his return in Constantinople). Michael VII (Doukas) is crowned co-emperor – and his mother Eudokia is forced to retire to a monastery. Europe February 22 – Battle of Cassel: Robert I (the Frisian) defeats his sister-in-law Richilde (widow of Baldwin VI) and her nephew Arnulf III, in a succession struggle for the County of Flanders. Robert is appointed count by King Philip I (the Amorous). April 15 – Siege of Bari: The capital of Bari, the last Byzantine-controlled city in the Catepanate of Italy, is captured by Italo-Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard after a 32-month siege. England The English rebels under Hereward (the Wake) and Morcar, Saxon former earl of Northumbria, are forced to retreat to their stronghold on the Isle of Ely. They make a desperate stand against the Norman forces led by King William I (the Conqueror), but are defeated. Edwin, earl of Mercia, rebels against William I, but is | Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Emperor Romanos IV meets the Seljuk Turk forces of Sultan Alp Arslan, near the town of Manzikert. Although the armies are initially evenly matched, as the Byzantines advance, the Seljuk Turks withdraw before them, launching hit-and-run attacks on the Byzantine flanks. While attempting to withdraw, the Byzantine army falls apart, either through treachery or confusion; the battle ends in a decisive defeat for the Byzantine Empire. Romanos is captured (later released by Alp Arslan within a week), and much of the elite Varangian Guard is destroyed. This would prove catastrophic for the Byzantine Empire. October 24 – Romanos IV is deposed by Caesar John Doukas and his political advisor Michael Psellos (after his return in Constantinople). Michael VII (Doukas) is crowned co-emperor – and his mother Eudokia is forced to retire to a monastery. Europe February 22 – Battle of Cassel: Robert I (the Frisian) defeats his sister-in-law Richilde (widow of Baldwin VI) and her nephew Arnulf III, in a succession struggle for the County of Flanders. Robert is appointed count by King Philip I (the Amorous). April 15 – Siege of Bari: The |
Calendar which began on January 1, 1060, and ended on December 31, 1069. Significant people | 1060s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began |
the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1170, and | a decade of the Julian Calendar which |
ran from January 1, 900, to | 1, 900, to December 31, |
January 1, 1100, and ended on December 31, 1109. Significant people | 1109. Significant people Henry I of England Su Song |
910s decade ran from January 1, | to December 31, 919. Significant |
ran from January 1, 920, to | ran from January 1, 920, to |
930s decade ran from January | 930s decade ran from January 1, |
ran from January 1, 940, to | 1, 940, to December 31, 949. |
January 1, 950, to December | decade ran from January |
ran from January 1, 960, to | decade ran from January 1, |
963–986 Eric the Red (950–1003), Norse Explorer Richard I of Normandy (933–996), Duke of Normandy, r. 942–996 Mieszko I of Poland (945?–992), Duke of Poland, r. c.960–992 | ran from January 1, 970, to December 31, 979. Significant people Mar Abdisho I, Patriarch of the |
from January 1, 980, to December | December 31, 989. Significant people |
from January 1, 990, | The 990s decade ran from |
near Mecklenburg. The Elbe Slavs are forced to pay tribute, and accept a peace agreement. England November 23 – King Eadred (or Edred) dies childless after a 9-year reign at Frome (Somerset). He is succeeded by his 15-year-old nephew, Eadwig, as King of England. Africa The Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribe revolts against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and destroys the city of Oran (modern Algeria). They construct a new capital, Ifgan, near Mascara. By topic Religion November 8 – Pope Agapetus II dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by John XII, the son of Alberic II (the late ruler of Rome), as the 130th pope of the Catholic Church. Births May 10 – Al-Aziz Billah, caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 996) October 22 – Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 991) November 9 – Gyeongjong of Goryeo, ruler of Korea (d. 981) Aboazar Lovesendes, Portuguese nobleman (approximate date) Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot and writer (approximate date) Arduin of Ivrea (I), Lombard margrave and king of Italy (approximate date) Eido I (or | the Hungarians along the Lech River. The German losses are heavy, among them Conrad ("the Red") and many other nobles. The commanders of the Hungarian army, Bulcsú and Lehel, are captured and executed. This victory puts an end to the Hungarian campaigns into West Europe. October 16 – Battle on the Raxa: Otto I, allied with the Rani tribe, defeats the Obotrite federation, led by Nako and his brother Stoigniew (probably at the Recknitz or Elde rivers) near Mecklenburg. The Elbe Slavs are forced to pay tribute, and accept a peace agreement. England November 23 – King Eadred (or Edred) dies childless after a 9-year reign at Frome (Somerset). He is succeeded by his 15-year-old nephew, Eadwig, as King of England. Africa The Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribe revolts against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and destroys the city of Oran (modern Algeria). They construct a new capital, Ifgan, near Mascara. By topic Religion November 8 – Pope Agapetus II dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded |
Danegelds. November 19: The beginning of the reign of Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad, under the tutelage of the Buyids and following the deposition of At-Ta'i. Unknown dates Count Odo I of Blois, who captured Melun, is driven out of the city by the coalition of King Hugh Capet, Count Fulk III of Anjou and Richard I of Normandy; Odo is defeated in Orsay by Bouchard I of Vendôme, a faithful vassal of Capet charged with guarding Melun. Stavoren is sacked in Viking raids on the ports of Frisia and the mouths of the Rhine. Pietro II Orseolo becomes the 26th Doge of Venice. Venice establishes a protectorate on the coast of the Dalmatian Islands. Taranto is sieged by Sicilian Arabs. The Dagome iudex, a document which enumerates the possessions of Mieszko I, is written and entrusted to Pope John XV, who places the Polish territories under papal protection. Mount Vesuvius erupts. Births Airlangga, ruler (rajah) of Kahuripan (Indonesia) (d. 1049) Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 992) Pons II (or Pons William), count of Toulouse (d. 1060) | of Pope John XV, who had no involvement in the decision. August 11: Following a raid by Olaf Tryggvason at the mouth of the River Thames, ealdorman Byrhtnoth is killed in the Battle of Maldon in Essex, which is commemorated in the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon. Æthelred the Unready is forced to pay a tribute of 22,000 pounds of silver for Tryggvason to withdraw his troops; this is the first in a series of Danegelds. November 19: The beginning of the reign of Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad, under the tutelage of the Buyids and following the deposition of At-Ta'i. Unknown dates Count Odo I of Blois, who captured Melun, is driven out of the city by the coalition of King Hugh Capet, Count Fulk III of Anjou and Richard I of Normandy; Odo is defeated in Orsay by Bouchard I of Vendôme, a faithful vassal of Capet charged with guarding Melun. Stavoren is sacked in Viking raids on |
in this numbering scheme. The Anno Domini dating system was devised in AD 525 by Dionysius Exiguus. The Julian calendar, a 45 BC reform of the Roman calendar, was the calendar used by Rome in AD 1. Events By place Roman Empire Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5). Asia Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Baocheng Xuan Ni Gong. By topic Religion Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think that Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus). Births Sextus Afranius Burrus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. AD 62) Deaths Amanishakheto, queen of Kush (Nubia) Gaius Antistius Vetus, Roman consul (b. | year 0 in this numbering scheme. The Anno Domini dating system was devised in AD 525 by Dionysius Exiguus. The Julian calendar, a 45 BC reform of the Roman calendar, was the calendar used by Rome in AD 1. Events By place Roman Empire Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5). Asia Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Baocheng Xuan Ni Gong. By topic Religion Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think that Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology |
Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius (or, less frequently, year 756 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 3" for this year has been used since the early medieval period when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The | years. Events By place Roman Empire The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period. Europe Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, king of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony. China Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from |
represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops. Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace. Augustus pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, along with Aemilia Lepida, the granddaughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor. Middle East King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia—the beginning of the interregnum. Korea Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date). China Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence. Wang Mang is given the title "superior duke". By topic Arts and sciences Nicolaus of Damascus writes the 15-volume History of the World. Births Columella, Roman Latin writer (d. AD 70) Daemusin, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. AD 44) Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger, Roman nobleman (d. AD 27) Possible date – Jesus, Jewish preacher and religious leader (executed c. AD 30/33) Deaths February 21 – Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (b. 20 BC) June 26 | Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir. Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir. The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves. A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops. Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace. Augustus pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, along with Aemilia Lepida, the granddaughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor. Middle East King |
on Thursday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna (or, less frequently, year 758 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 5" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Rome | ambassadors to Rome. Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior. Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin. Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius. Births Habib the Carpenter, Syrian disciple, martyr Paul the Apostle, Jewish leader of the Christians Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Xuan of Han (d. AD 25) Yin Lihua, empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 64) Deaths See also Ab urbe condita |
freedmen and slaves freed specifically for the purpose. Tiberius marches back from the northern border to Illyricum to commence operations against the Illyrians. Gaius Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia, and is heavily involved in the first battles of the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt. Marcus Plautius Silvanus is made governor of Galatia and Pamphylia and suppresses an uprising of the Isaurians in Pamphylia. Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul. Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces destroying the Dardani. Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas of Galilee, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master. China January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month. | the city of Wiesbaden. The Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia and Pannonia revolt and begin the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt. Troops are levied in Rome to send to Illyricum from freedmen and slaves freed specifically for the purpose. Tiberius marches back from the northern border to Illyricum to commence operations against the Illyrians. Gaius Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia, and is heavily involved in the first battles of the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt. Marcus Plautius Silvanus is made governor of Galatia and Pamphylia and suppresses an uprising of the Isaurians in Pamphylia. Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul. Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces destroying the Dardani. Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas of Galilee, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master. China January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month. February 3 – The boy emperor, Ping Di, dies of unexpected causes at age 14; Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, Ruzi Ying, age 2, starting the Jushe era of the Han Dynasty. Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations. The imperial Liu clan suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a |
of the Temple of Concord begins. China Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong), emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han. Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes. Persia Vonones I becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire (approximate date). Births Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman general (d. AD 67) Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla | charged with organizing Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which creates dissension among the Germanic tribes. Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene. Construction of the Temple of Concord begins. China Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong), emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han. Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes. Persia Vonones I becomes |
the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues. Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina Camilla. Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (modern-day Constanța). Europe Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king. Persia | is found in the Temple of Jerusalem reasoning with the learned men of Judea. China Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin Dynasty. By topic Arts After completing Metamorphoses, Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman calendar. Births Drusus Caesar, member of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty (d. AD 33) Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of Vespasian (d. AD 69) Deaths Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC) References Sources |
the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for counting years. Events By place Roman Empire Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones. Senatus consultum Silanianum is adopted. Central Asia The Greek dynasty in Bactria is brought to an end. China The usurper Wang Mang (who rules during a brief interregnum known as the Xin Dynasty) outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu, the later Emperor Guangwu of Han, buys crossbows | Roman Empire Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones. Senatus consultum Silanianum is adopted. Central Asia The Greek dynasty in Bactria is brought to an end. China The usurper Wang Mang (who rules during a brief interregnum known as the Xin Dynasty) outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu, the later Emperor Guangwu of Han, buys crossbows in the |
Events By place Roman Empire Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus. Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defenses along the Rhine and the Danube. An edict is issued effecting an empire-wide ban on divinatory practices, especially astrology. The edict requires | Germanicus. Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defenses along the Rhine and the Danube. An edict is issued effecting an empire-wide ban on divinatory practices, especially astrology. The edict requires any consultation between a |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito (or, less frequently, year 765 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 12 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea. Augustus orders a major invasion of | will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito (or, less frequently, year 765 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 12 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events |
14 – Sir John Reresby, 2nd Baronet, 17th-century English politician and diarist (d. 1689) April 25 – Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, English politician (d. 1683) May 4 – Lady Katherine Ferrers, English aristocrat and heiress (d. 1660) May 7 – Richard Legh, English politician (d. 1687) May 8 – Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray, Scottish nobleman (d. 1701) June 1 – Roeloff Swartwout, American city founder in New York (d. 1715) June 6 – Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1665) June 14 – Nathaniel Bond, English politician (d. 1707) June 20 – Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1675) June 27 – Andreas Cleyer, German physician, pharmacist, botanist, and trader of the Dutch East India Company (d. 1698) July–September July 3 – Countess Palatine Dorothea Catherine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler, Countess of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. 1715) July 8 – Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (d. 1680) July 12 – John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (d. 1686) July 14 – Pasquier Quesnel, French Jansenist theologian (d. 1719) July 18 – Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1695) July 23 – Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1705) August 12 – Adam Colonia, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1685) August 16 – Johann Daniel Major, German professor of theoretical medicine (d. 1693) August 24 – Mary Eastey, American witch (d. 1692) August 31 – Paul Amman, German physician, botanist (d. 1691) September 4 – Robert South, English churchman known for his combative preaching (d. 1716) September 6 – Thomas Tryon, British hat maker (d. 1703) September 7 – Sir Richard Bulkeley, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1685) September 22 – Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, duchess consort of Saxe-Merseburg (1650–1691) (d. 1701) October–December October 10 – Jan van Neck, Dutch painter (d. 1714) October 18 – Luca Giordano, Italian late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching (d. 1705) November 6 – Giuseppe Ghezzi, Italian painter (d. 1721) November 7 – Francis Winnington, Solicitor-General for England and Wales (d. 1700) November 23 – Paulet St John, 3rd Earl of Bolingbroke, English politician (d. 1711) November 25 – Richard Slater, English politician (d. 1699) November 27 – Roger Toothaker, victim of the Salem witch trials (d. 1692) November 28 – Marie Luise von Degenfeld, morganatic second wife of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine of Germany (d. 1677) December 15 – Thomas Kingo, Danish bishop (d. 1703) December 22 – Mariana of Austria (d. 1696) December 31 – Hotta Masatoshi, Japanese rōjū to Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna (d. 1684) Deaths January 17 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (b. 1574) February 15 – Anna Maria of Ostfriesland, German noblewoman (b. 1601) February 25 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian general (assassinated) (b. 1583) March 23 – Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea, English countess (b. 1556) April 2 – Maria Celeste, Italian nun, daughter of Galileo Galilei (b. 1600) April 8 – Giovanni Srofenaur, Italian musician (b. 1580) May 12 – George Chapman, English author (b. c.1559) May 15 (bur.) – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (b. 1585) June 22 – Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (b. 1588) June 25 – John Marston, English dramatist (b. 1576) July 25 – Francesco de' Medici, Tuscan prince (b. 1614) August 9 – William Noy, English jurist (b. 1577) August 11 – Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1591) August 18 – Urbain Grandier, French priest (b. 1590) September 3 – Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. 1552) September 6 – Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1616) September 26 – Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1607) October 6 – Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, Swedish general in | Reresby, 2nd Baronet, 17th-century English politician and diarist (d. 1689) April 25 – Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, English politician (d. 1683) May 4 – Lady Katherine Ferrers, English aristocrat and heiress (d. 1660) May 7 – Richard Legh, English politician (d. 1687) May 8 – Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray, Scottish nobleman (d. 1701) June 1 – Roeloff Swartwout, American city founder in New York (d. 1715) June 6 – Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1665) June 14 – Nathaniel Bond, English politician (d. 1707) June 20 – Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1675) June 27 – Andreas Cleyer, German physician, pharmacist, botanist, and trader of the Dutch East India Company (d. 1698) July–September July 3 – Countess Palatine Dorothea Catherine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler, Countess of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. 1715) July 8 – Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (d. 1680) July 12 – John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (d. 1686) July 14 – Pasquier Quesnel, French Jansenist theologian (d. 1719) July 18 – Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1695) July 23 – Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1705) August 12 – Adam Colonia, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1685) August 16 – Johann Daniel Major, German professor of theoretical medicine (d. 1693) August 24 – Mary Eastey, American witch (d. 1692) August 31 – Paul Amman, German physician, botanist (d. 1691) September 4 – Robert South, English churchman known for his combative preaching (d. 1716) September 6 – Thomas Tryon, British hat maker (d. 1703) September 7 – Sir Richard Bulkeley, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1685) September 22 – Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, duchess consort of Saxe-Merseburg (1650–1691) (d. 1701) October–December October 10 – Jan van Neck, Dutch painter (d. 1714) October 18 – Luca Giordano, Italian late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching (d. 1705) November 6 – Giuseppe Ghezzi, Italian painter (d. 1721) November 7 – Francis Winnington, Solicitor-General for England and Wales (d. 1700) November 23 – Paulet St John, 3rd Earl of Bolingbroke, English politician (d. 1711) November 25 – Richard Slater, English politician (d. 1699) November 27 – Roger Toothaker, victim of the Salem witch trials (d. 1692) November 28 – Marie Luise von Degenfeld, morganatic second wife of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine of Germany (d. 1677) December 15 – Thomas Kingo, Danish bishop (d. 1703) December 22 – Mariana of Austria (d. 1696) December 31 – Hotta Masatoshi, Japanese rōjū to Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna (d. 1684) Deaths January 17 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (b. 1574) February 15 – Anna Maria of Ostfriesland, German noblewoman (b. 1601) February 25 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian general (assassinated) (b. 1583) March 23 – Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea, English countess (b. 1556) April 2 – Maria Celeste, Italian nun, daughter of Galileo Galilei (b. 1600) April 8 – Giovanni Srofenaur, Italian musician (b. 1580) May 12 – George Chapman, English author (b. c.1559) May 15 (bur.) – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (b. 1585) June 22 – Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (b. 1588) June 25 – John Marston, English dramatist (b. 1576) July 25 – Francesco de' Medici, Tuscan prince (b. 1614) August 9 – William Noy, English jurist (b. 1577) August 11 – Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1591) August 18 – Urbain Grandier, French priest (b. 1590) September 3 – Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. 1552) September 6 – Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1616) September 26 – Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1607) October 6 – Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War |
June 3 – Philippe Quinault, French writer (d. 1688) June 10 – Federico Caccia, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. 1699) June 15 – Theodor Undereyk, German theologian (d. 1693) June 20 – Patrick Chaworth, 3rd Viscount Chaworth, Irish politician (d. 1693) June 21 – Laurent d'Arvieux, French traveler (d. 1702) July–September July 11 – Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer, German jurist (d. 1699) July 13 – Jacques Bruyas, French missionary (d. 1712) July 19 – Francine Descartes, daughter of French philosopher Rene Descartes (d. 1640) July 23 – Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, iconic figure in the history of New France (d. 1660) July 28 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (d. 1703) July 29 – Christian Louis, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1645–1692) and Count of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1692–1706) (d. 1706) August 9 – Philip Traherne, British book collector (d. 1686) August 24 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish statesman and royal favourite (d. 1699) August 30 – Pieter Spierinckx, Flemish painter (d. 1711) September 1 – Armand de Camboust, duc de Coislin, French lieutenant général (d. 1702) September 5 – Joseph Mezger, Austrian Benedictine (d. 1683) September 7 – Paul I, Prince Esterházy, Hungarian prince (d. 1713) September 9 – Andrzej Stech, Polish painter (d. 1697) September 17 – Peter Colleton, English politician (d. 1694) September 18 – Joana, Princess of Beira, Portuguese infanta (princess) (d. 1653) October–December October 7 Christopher Comstock, American settler (d. 1702) Roger de Piles, French painter (d. 1709) October 28 – Constantin Ranst de Jonge, son of Hieronimus Rans(t) (1607–1660) (d. 1714) November 1 – Johann Michael Vansleb, German theologian (d. 1679) November 3 – Johann Sturm, German philosopher (d. 1703) November 6 – Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1692) November 11 – Justus Danckerts, Dutch artist (d. 1701) November 15 – Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy, duchess consort of Parma (d. 1663) November 19 – Mingju, Qing Dynasty statesman (d. 1708) November 22 – Francis Willughby, English biologist (d. 1672) November 27 – Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV of France (d. 1719) December 11 – Sir William Twysden, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1697) December 15 – Valentin Alberti, Silesian philosopher, theologian (d. 1697) December 23 – Ottaviano Jannella, Italian sculptor (d. 1661) December 28 – Elizabeth Stuart, second daughter of King Charles I of England (d. 1650) December 31 – Sir Robert Southwell, English diplomat (d. 1702) Date unknown Thomas Betterton, English actor (d. 1710) Deaths February 19 – Franco Burgersdijk, Dutch logician (b. 1590) March – Thomas Randolph, English poet March 27 – Robert Naunton, English politician (b. 1563) March 28 – Patrick Forbes, bishop in the Church of Scotland (b. 1564) April 13 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman Emir of Chouf (b. 1572) April 21 – Maria Musch, Dutch shipowner April 23 – Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley, English courtier (b. 1576) April 25 Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (b. 1565) Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (b. 1588) April 27 Antonio Zapata y Cisneros, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1550) Wolfgang Ratke, German educational reformer (b. 1571) July 10 – Alonso Jerónimo de Salas Barbadillo, Spanish novelist and dramatist (b. c. 1580) August (bur.) – Richard Whitbourne, English colonist of Newfoundland (b. 1561) August 7 – Friedrich von Spee, German writer (b. 1591) August 9 – John II, | Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is completed. Nagyszombat University (predecessor of Budapest University) is established. Boston Latin School, the oldest school in the United States of America, is founded in Boston, Massachusetts. Japan forbids merchants to travel abroad, under penalty of death. A Japanese imperial memorandum decrees: "Hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded." Willem and Joan Blaeu publish the first edition of their Atlas Novus, in Amsterdam. Births January–March January 2 – Wilhelmus à Brakel, Dutch theologian (d. 1711) January 6 – Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, Member of Parliament and House of Lords (d. 1691) January 8 – Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero, Spanish Archbishop of Toledo (d. 1709) January 10 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, Italian military leader (d. 1689) January 13 – Philipp Spener, German Christian theologian known as the Father of Pietism (d. 1705) January 25 – Daniel Casper von Lohenstein, German writer, diplomat and lawyer (d. 1683) February 1 – Marquard Gude, German archaeologist and classical scholar (d. 1689) February 2 – William Godolphin, English politician (d. 1696) February 18 – Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (d. 1680) February 21 – Thomas Flatman, British artist (d. 1688) February 25 – Walrad, Prince of Nassau-Usingen, German prince and founder of the line of Nassau-Usingen (d. 1702) March 2 – Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons, Italian noble (d. 1673) March 4 – Emilia Butler, Countess of Ossory, English countess (d. 1688) March 10 – Jan van Buken, Flemish painter (d. 1690) March 15 – Sulaiman Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1662) March 31 – Patrick Gordon, Scottish-born Russian general, rear admiral (d. 1699) April–June April 16 – Frans van Mieris the Elder, Dutch Golden Age genre and portrait painter (d. 1681) April 17 – Edward Stillingfleet, British theologian and scholar (d. 1699) April 25 – William Harbord, British politician (d. 1692) May 4 – Willem van Outhoorn, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1720) May 6 – Johann Joachim Becher, German chemist (d. 1682) May 9 – Augustus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg (d. 1699) May 26 – Sir Thomas Lee, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1691) June 3 – Philippe Quinault, French writer (d. 1688) June 10 – Federico Caccia, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. 1699) June 15 – Theodor Undereyk, German theologian (d. 1693) June 20 – Patrick Chaworth, 3rd Viscount Chaworth, Irish politician (d. 1693) June 21 – Laurent d'Arvieux, French traveler (d. 1702) July–September July 11 – Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer, German jurist (d. 1699) July 13 – Jacques Bruyas, French missionary (d. 1712) July 19 – Francine Descartes, daughter of French philosopher Rene Descartes (d. 1640) July 23 – Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, iconic figure in the history of New France (d. 1660) July 28 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (d. 1703) July 29 – Christian Louis, Count of |
de Fermat makes a notation, in a document margin, claiming to have proof of what will become known as Fermat's Last Theorem. René Descartes promotes intellectual rigour in his Discourse on the Method, and introduces the Cartesian coordinate system in its appendix La Géométrie (published in Leiden). France places a few missionaries in the Ivory Coast, a country it will rule more than 200 years later. The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice. Scottish army officer Robert Monro publishes Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys in London, the first military history in English. Elizabeth Poole becomes the first female founder of a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas. Richard Norwood's book The Seaman's Practice is published for the first time. Births January–March January 14 – Mattia de Rossi, Italian painter (d. 1695) January 18 – Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, Spanish religious writer, Catholic prelate and bishop (d. 1699) February 10 Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau, daughter of Frederick Henry (d. 1708) William Paget, 6th Baron Paget, English peer and ambassador (d. 1713) February 11 – Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns, German organist and composer (d. 1718) February 12 – Jan Swammerdam, Dutch biologist and microscopist (d. 1680) February 13 – Denis Granville, English priest (d. 1703) February 21 – William Beveridge, English Bishop of St. Asaph (d. 1708) March 1 – Thomas Watson, Bishop of St. David's (d. 1717) March 2 – Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1709) March 5 – Jan van der Heyden, Dutch Baroque-era painter (d. 1712) March 14 – Fitz-John Winthrop, Governor of the Connecticut Colony (d. 1707) March 17 – Anne of England, daughter of King Charles I (d. 1640) March 30 – Samuel Pitiscus, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1727) April–June April 6 – Sir William Whitmore, 2nd Baronet, English politician and baronet (d. 1699) April 16 Jean-Jacques Clérion, French sculptor who worked mainly for King Louis XIV (d. 1714) Johan Vibe, Norwegian noble (d. 1710) April 19 – Mateo Cerezo, Spanish artist (d. 1666) May 13 – Giacinto Cestoni, Italian naturalist (d. 1718) May 22 – John Kyrle, British philanthropist (d. 1724) May 31 – Louis Laneau, French bishop active in the kingdom of Siam (d. 1696) June 1 – Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1675) June 11 – Tamura Muneyoshi, Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (d. 1678) June 21 – Asano Tsunaakira, Lord of Hiroshima Domain (d. 1673) June 22 Takatsukasa Fusasuke, Japanese court noble of the early Edo period (d. 1700) Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1717) Joseph Werner, Swiss painter (d. 1710) June 25 – Christophe Veyrier, French sculptor (d. 1689) July–September July 24 – Nathaniel Fairfax, English divine and physician (d. 1690) August 16 – Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen, German noblewoman and hymn author (d. 1706) August 19 – Roemer Vlacq, Dutch naval commander (d. 1703) August 20 – Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, first Dutch governor of Suriname (d. 1688) August 23 – Francis Turner, British bishop (d. 1700) August 27 – Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1715) September 1 – Nicolas Catinat, French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV (d. 1712) September 15 – James Brodie, Scottish politician (d. 1708) September 16 – Elisha Cooke, Sr., Massachusetts colonial politician and judge (d. 1715) September 26 – Sébastien Leclerc, French painter (d. 1714) October–December October 3 – George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. 1720) October 13 – Paul Fugger von Kirchberg und Weißenhorn, German politician (d. 1701) October 22 – Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford (d. 1685) October 24 – Lorenzo Magalotti, Italian philosopher (d. 1712) October 27 – Al-Mahdi Muhammad, Yemeni imam (d. 1718) November 4 – Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli, Spanish politician (d. 1691) November 23 – Paul Mezger, Austrian Benedictine theologian and academic (d. 1702) November 25 – Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche, French nobleman (d. 1673) November 30 – Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1698) December 6 – Edmund Andros, English colonial administrator in North America (d. 1714) December 7 William Neile, English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society (d. 1670) Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer of operas (d. 1710) December 10 – Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville (d. 1710) December 19 – Sir William Leman, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1701) December 24 – Pierre Jurieu, French Protestant leader (d. 1713) December 27 – Petar Kanavelić, Venetian writer (d. 1719) December 30 – William Cave, English divine (d. 1713) Deaths January 23 – Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (b. 1559) February 15 – Ferdinand | Samuel Pitiscus, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1727) April–June April 6 – Sir William Whitmore, 2nd Baronet, English politician and baronet (d. 1699) April 16 Jean-Jacques Clérion, French sculptor who worked mainly for King Louis XIV (d. 1714) Johan Vibe, Norwegian noble (d. 1710) April 19 – Mateo Cerezo, Spanish artist (d. 1666) May 13 – Giacinto Cestoni, Italian naturalist (d. 1718) May 22 – John Kyrle, British philanthropist (d. 1724) May 31 – Louis Laneau, French bishop active in the kingdom of Siam (d. 1696) June 1 – Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1675) June 11 – Tamura Muneyoshi, Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (d. 1678) June 21 – Asano Tsunaakira, Lord of Hiroshima Domain (d. 1673) June 22 Takatsukasa Fusasuke, Japanese court noble of the early Edo period (d. 1700) Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1717) Joseph Werner, Swiss painter (d. 1710) June 25 – Christophe Veyrier, French sculptor (d. 1689) July–September July 24 – Nathaniel Fairfax, English divine and physician (d. 1690) August 16 – Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen, German noblewoman and hymn author (d. 1706) August 19 – Roemer Vlacq, Dutch naval commander (d. 1703) August 20 – Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, first Dutch governor of Suriname (d. 1688) August 23 – Francis Turner, British bishop (d. 1700) August 27 – Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1715) September 1 – Nicolas Catinat, French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV (d. 1712) September 15 – James Brodie, Scottish politician (d. 1708) September 16 – Elisha Cooke, Sr., Massachusetts colonial politician and judge (d. 1715) September 26 – Sébastien Leclerc, French painter (d. 1714) October–December October 3 – George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. 1720) October 13 – Paul Fugger von Kirchberg und Weißenhorn, German politician (d. 1701) October 22 – Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford (d. 1685) October 24 – Lorenzo Magalotti, Italian philosopher (d. 1712) October 27 – Al-Mahdi Muhammad, Yemeni imam (d. 1718) November 4 – Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli, Spanish politician (d. 1691) November 23 – Paul Mezger, Austrian Benedictine theologian and academic (d. 1702) November 25 – Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche, French nobleman (d. 1673) November 30 – Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1698) December 6 – Edmund Andros, English colonial administrator in North America (d. 1714) December 7 William Neile, English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society (d. 1670) Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer of operas (d. 1710) December 10 – Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville (d. 1710) December 19 – Sir William Leman, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1701) December 24 – Pierre Jurieu, French Protestant leader (d. 1713) December 27 – Petar Kanavelić, Venetian writer (d. 1719) December 30 – William Cave, English divine (d. 1713) Deaths January 23 – Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (b. 1559) February 15 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1578) March 10 – Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1580) March 12 Cornelius a Lapide, Flemish Jesuit exegete (b. 1567) Anders Arrebo, Danish writer (b. 1587) March 19 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (b. 1570) April 4 – Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, Spanish diplomat (b. 1583) April 30 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (b. 1571) May 2 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VI, King of Mysore (b. 1603) May 5 |
noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great (d. 1722) January 5 – Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck, Swedish military officer (d. 1688) January 16 – John Proby, English politician (d. 1710) January 17 – Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1667) January 19 – Noël Alexandre, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian (d. 1724) January 20 – Hungerford Dunch, English politician (d. 1680) January 29 – Gover Le Buen, Dutch revolutionary fighter (d. 1712) January 31 – Duke Bernhard of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, German-Danish general (d. 1676) February 4 – Alessandro Melani, Italian composer (d. 1703) February 6 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar (d. 1691) February 12 – Juan García de Salazar, Spanish Baroque composer (d. 1710) February 17 – Claude Estiennot de la Serre, French historian (d. 1699) February 27 – Adriaen van Bloemen, Flemish painter, printmaker, draughtsman and engraver (d. 1697) March 7 – Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, English nobleman (d. 1672) March 20 – Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of Ukraine (d. 1709) March 30 – Elanor Allerton, English-born American colonist (d. 1674) April–June April 3 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (k. 1682) April 12 – Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician (d. 1712) April 13 – Joan Leonardsz Blasius, Dutch writer (d. 1672) April 16 – Alessandro Baratta, Italian painter, engraver (d. 1714) April 24 – Johann Benedict Carpzov II, German theologian (d. 1699) April 29 – François Nepveu, French Jesuit writer on ascetical subjects (d. 1708) May 8 – Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (d. 1709) May 10 – Peleg Sanford, Rhode Island colonial governor (d. 1701) May 19 – Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland, English nobleman (d. 1665) May 27 – Laura Martinozzi, Duchess consort of Modena (d. 1687) June 21 – Increase Mather, American minister (d. 1723) July–September July 8 – John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery, English politician and Irish nobleman (d. 1713) July 15 – Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, Irish soldier (d. 1686) August 18 – William Lowther, English landowner and politician (d. 1705) August 28 – Marie Mancini, Italian courtier, third of the five Mancini sisters (d. 1715) August 30 – Cornelia van der Veer, Dutch poet (d. 1704) September 7 – David Martin, French theologian (d. 1721) September 8 – William Trumbull, English diplomat and politician (d. 1716) September 17 – Hans Herr, Swiss-born Mennonite bishop (d. 1725) September 21 – Robbert Duval, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1732) September 29 William Russell, Lord Russell, English politician (d. 1683) Sir John Seton, 1st Baronet of Nova Scotia (d. 1686) October–December October 14 – Simon van der Stel, last Commander and first Governor of the Cape Colony (d. 1712) October 17 – Charles-Claude Genest, French dramatist and playwright (d. 1719) November 17 – Eleazer Kimberly, Secretary of the State of Connecticut (d. 1709) November 21 – Fortunatus Hueber, German Franciscan historian and theologian (d. 1706) December 3 – Isidoro de Atondo y Antillon, Spanish admiral (d. 1689) December 18 – Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer, first 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin (d. 1710) December 22 – Jean Racine, French dramatist (d. 1699) December 28 – Dirk van Bleiswijk, Dutch politician, writer (d. 1681) December 29 – Muhammad Sultan, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1676) Date unknown Yair Bacharach, German rabbi (d. 1702) Consort Donggo, concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (d. 1660) Dirck Ferreris, Dutch painter (d. 1693) Caspar Netscher, Dutch painter (d. 1684) Samuel Peterson, early Swedish settler of New Sweden, founder of modern-day Wilmington (d. 1689) Deaths January – Shackerley Marmion, English dramatist (b. 1603) January 14 – Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duchess of Hunters Village (b. 1563) January 20 – Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1592) January 23 – Francisco Maldonado da Silva, Peruvian Jewish poet (b. 1592) January 24 – Georg Jenatsch, Swiss politician (b. 1596) February 5 – Augusta of Denmark, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp (b. 1580) March 16 – Pieter de Neyn, Dutch painter (b. 1597) April 1 – Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, German Duke (b. 1597) April 2 – Nicolaes Olycan, Dutch businessman (b. 1599) April 6 Berlinghiero Gessi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1563) John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (b. 1582) April 9 – Albret Skeel, State Admiral of Denmark (b. 1572) May 13 – Peter Lauremberg, German writer and professor (b. 1585) May 21 – Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian and poet (b. 1568) June 1 – Melchior Franck, German composer (b. c. 1579) June 6 – Peter Crüger, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1580) July 18 – Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, German general (b. 1604) August | is signed between Charles I and the Scots. July–December August 22 – The British East India Company buys a strip of land from King Peda Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire for the construction of Fort St. George, the first settlement of British India, so founding modern-day Chennai, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (celebrated as Madras Day). October 31 – Naval Battle of the Downs: A Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters. December 4 – English astronomer Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first successful prediction and observation of a transit of Venus. Date unknown The Casiquiare canal, a river forming a natural channel between the Amazon River and Orinoco River basins, is first encountered by Europeans, an expedition led by Pedro Teixeira and Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña. French nobleman Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière obtains the seigneurial title to the island of Montreal in New France (modern-day Quebec) in the name of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize indigenous peoples. The House of Assembly of Barbados meets for the first time. Russian Cossacks advance over the Urals to the Pacific, to Okhotsk. Sakoku, the isolationist foreign policy of Japan, comes fully into effect. Dejima, an island trading post off Nagasaki, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for Europeans, with the multi-national United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual broker for them. Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from Hirado are sent to Batavia (Asian headquarters of the VOC, renamed Jakarta by the Japanese around three centuries later) on Dutch ships. The Treaty of Zuhab is signed between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Safavid Persia, delineating the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines. Births January–March January 1 Jacob Knijff, Dutch painter (d. 1681) Sir Thomas Spencer, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1685) January 3 – Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, French Huguenot noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great (d. 1722) January 5 – Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck, Swedish military officer (d. 1688) January 16 – John Proby, English politician (d. 1710) January 17 – Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1667) January 19 – Noël Alexandre, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian (d. 1724) January 20 – Hungerford Dunch, English politician (d. 1680) January 29 – Gover Le Buen, Dutch revolutionary fighter (d. 1712) January 31 – Duke Bernhard of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, German-Danish general (d. 1676) February 4 – Alessandro Melani, Italian composer (d. 1703) February 6 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar (d. 1691) February 12 – Juan García de Salazar, Spanish Baroque composer (d. 1710) February 17 – Claude Estiennot de la Serre, French historian (d. 1699) February 27 – Adriaen van Bloemen, Flemish painter, printmaker, draughtsman and engraver (d. 1697) March 7 – Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, English nobleman (d. 1672) March 20 – Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of Ukraine (d. 1709) March 30 – Elanor Allerton, English-born American colonist (d. 1674) April–June April 3 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (k. 1682) April 12 – Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician (d. 1712) April 13 – Joan Leonardsz Blasius, Dutch writer (d. 1672) April 16 – Alessandro Baratta, Italian painter, engraver (d. 1714) April 24 – Johann Benedict Carpzov II, German theologian (d. 1699) April 29 – François Nepveu, French Jesuit writer on ascetical subjects (d. 1708) May 8 – Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (d. 1709) May 10 – Peleg Sanford, Rhode Island colonial governor (d. 1701) May 19 – Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland, English nobleman (d. 1665) May 27 – Laura Martinozzi, Duchess consort of Modena (d. 1687) June 21 – Increase Mather, American minister (d. 1723) July–September July 8 – John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery, English politician and Irish nobleman (d. 1713) July 15 – Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, Irish soldier (d. 1686) August 18 – William Lowther, English landowner and politician (d. 1705) August 28 – Marie Mancini, Italian courtier, third of the five Mancini sisters (d. 1715) August |
the distances to one tenth that of 10BASE-T. Another faction wanted to change to a polling architecture from the hub (they called it "Demand Priority Protocol") in order to maintain the 10BASE-T distances, and also to make it a deterministic protocol. The first faction argued that, since IEEE 802.3 was the Ethernet committee, it was not the place to develop a different protocol. Thus, the IEEE 802.12 committee was formed and standardized 100BaseVG. Physical layer The physical layer requires four twisted pairs of "voice-grade" cabling for a link, so category 3 cables or better can be used. While control signaling uses two pairs for each direction simultaneously, all four pairs are switched to a single direction during data transmission, as required and defined during control signaling. This makes 100BaseVG an inherently half-duplex medium like e.g. 10BASE5 (yet faster) but without the CSMA/CD drawbacks. 100BaseVG also supports full-duplex operation over optical fiber or over two pairs of shielded twisted pair. 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet Multiplexing Instead of following the Fast Ethernet standard for twisted pair cabling by using only 2 pairs of wires, 100VG-AnyLAN used all four pairs in either Category 3 or Category 5 twisted pair cable. The design goals were to avoid the radio frequency radiation emitted at the higher frequencies required by Fast Ethernet and to leverage existing wiring installations of Category 3 cabling that most organizations had recently installed to support 10 megabit twisted-pair Ethernet. This had the additional advantage of being less susceptible to external | the higher frequencies required by Fast Ethernet and to leverage existing wiring installations of Category 3 cabling that most organizations had recently installed to support 10 megabit twisted-pair Ethernet. This had the additional advantage of being less susceptible to external sources of RF interference such as other network cables, fluorescent lights, and high power lines. They multiplexed the signal across all 8 wires thereby lowering the frequency and making it more robust. This presented a problem with early installations that borrowed one unused twisted pair for telephone traffic but those installations were uncommon. Deterministic When Ethernet became Fast Ethernet, it continued to use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) mechanism to manage traffic on the network cable. 100VG took advantage of the token passing concept that made ARCNET and Token Ring popular in order to provide consistent performance no matter how large the network became. It removed the token passing responsibility from the wiring and network nodes and placed it internal to the 100VG-AnyLAN hubs. These hubs contained the rotating token that never left the hub itself. When a node wanted to transmit data, it would raise a bit on its hub port connection that indicating to the hub that it was ready. As the token passed by a ready hub port, it would then open up traffic to that node. Because the token stayed within the hub, it did not have to traverse long cables going to every node as in ARCNET and Token Ring, therefore, becoming faster than those other deterministic networking standards and being less susceptible to cabling problems, network card failures, and line interference. Real-life load testing showed 100VG-AnyLAN reaching 95% of its theoretical network |
reflected, rather than dissipated, when it reaches the end. This reflected signal is indistinguishable from a collision, so no communication can take place. Some terminators have a metallic chain attached to them for grounding purposes. The cable should be grounded at one end. Grounding the terminators at both may produce a ground loop and can cause network outages or data corruption when swells of electricity traverse the coaxial cabling's outer shield. When wiring a 10BASE2 network, special care has to be taken to ensure that cables are properly connected to all T-connectors. Bad contacts or shorts are especially difficult to diagnose. A failure at any point of the network cabling tends to prevent all communications. For this reason, 10BASE2 networks can be difficult to maintain and were often replaced by 10BASE-T networks, which (provided category 5 cable or better was used) also provided a good upgrade path to 100BASE-TX. Comparisons to 10BASE-T 10BASE2 networks cannot generally be extended without breaking service temporarily for existing users and the presence of many joints in the cable also makes them very vulnerable to accidental or malicious disruption. There were proprietary systems that claimed to avoid these problems (e.g. SaferTap) but these never became widespread, possibly due to a lack of standardization. 10BASE-T can be extended by making a new connection to a hub. A fault in a one hub connection does not necessarily compromise other connections to the hub. 10BASE2 systems do have a number of advantages over 10BASE-T. No hub is required as with 10BASE-T, so the hardware cost is minimal, and wiring can be particularly easy since only a single wire run is needed, which can be sourced from the nearest computer. These characteristics mean that 10BASE2 is ideal for a small network of two or three machines, perhaps in a home where easily concealed wiring may be an advantage. For a larger complex office network, the difficulties of tracing poor connections make it impractical. Unfortunately for 10BASE2, by the time multiple home computer networks became common, the format had already been practically superseded by 10BASE-T. Comparisons to 10BASE5, use of AUI 10BASE2 uses RG-58A/U cable or similar for a maximum segment length of 185 m as opposed to the thicker RG-8-like cable used in 10BASE5 networks with a maximum length of 500 m. The RG-58 type wire used by 10BASE2 in addition to being smaller and much more flexible than the specialized RG-8 variant, was also inexpensive. An Ethernet network interface controller (NIC) may include the 10BASE2 transceivers and thus directly provide a 10BASE2 BNC connector (that the T-connector plugs into), or it may offer an AUI connector that | terminators have a metallic chain attached to them for grounding purposes. The cable should be grounded at one end. Grounding the terminators at both may produce a ground loop and can cause network outages or data corruption when swells of electricity traverse the coaxial cabling's outer shield. When wiring a 10BASE2 network, special care has to be taken to ensure that cables are properly connected to all T-connectors. Bad contacts or shorts are especially difficult to diagnose. A failure at any point of the network cabling tends to prevent all communications. For this reason, 10BASE2 networks can be difficult to maintain and were often replaced by 10BASE-T networks, which (provided category 5 cable or better was used) also provided a good upgrade path to 100BASE-TX. Comparisons to 10BASE-T 10BASE2 networks cannot generally be extended without breaking service temporarily for existing users and the presence of many joints in the cable also makes them very vulnerable to accidental or malicious disruption. There were proprietary systems that claimed to avoid these problems (e.g. SaferTap) but these never became widespread, possibly due to a lack of standardization. 10BASE-T can be extended by making a new connection to a hub. A fault in a one hub connection does not necessarily compromise other connections to the hub. 10BASE2 systems do have a number of advantages over 10BASE-T. No hub is required as with 10BASE-T, so the hardware cost is minimal, and wiring can be particularly easy since only a single wire run is needed, which can be sourced from the nearest computer. These characteristics mean that 10BASE2 is ideal for a small network of two or three |
"frozen yellow garden hose". 10BASE5 coaxial cables had a maximum length of . Up to 100 nodes could be connected to a 10BASE5 segment. Transceiver nodes can be connected to cable segments with N connectors, or via a vampire tap, which allows new nodes to be added while existing connections are live. A vampire tap clamps onto the cable, a hole is drilled through the outer shielding, and a spike is forced to pierce the outer three layers and contact the inner conductor while other spikes bite into the outer braided shield. Care is required to keep the outer shield from touching the spike; installation kits include a "coring tool" to drill through the outer layers and a "braid pick" to clear stray pieces of the outer shield. Transceivers should be installed only at precise 2.5-meter intervals. This distance was chosen to not correspond to the signal's wavelength; this ensures that the | and a spike is forced to pierce the outer three layers and contact the inner conductor while other spikes bite into the outer braided shield. Care is required to keep the outer shield from touching the spike; installation kits include a "coring tool" to drill through the outer layers and a "braid pick" to clear stray pieces of the outer shield. Transceivers should be installed only at precise 2.5-meter intervals. This distance was chosen to not correspond to the signal's wavelength; this ensures that the reflections from multiple taps are not in phase. These suitable points are marked on the cable with black bands. The cable is required to be one continuous run; T-connections are not allowed. As is the case with most other high-speed buses, segments must be terminated at each end. For coaxial-cable-based Ethernet, each end of the cable has a 50 ohm resistor attached. Typically this resistor is built into a male N connector and attached to the cable's end just past the last device. With termination missing, or if there is a break in the cable, the signal on the bus will be reflected, rather than dissipated when it reaches the end. This reflected signal is indistinguishable from a collision and prevents communication. Disadvantages Adding new stations to the network is |
of the Ming Dynasty. It races south down along the Grand Canal of China and the densely populated settlements there, from the northern terminus at Beijing, to the fertile Jiangnan region. In some local areas and towns it wipes out 90% of the local populace. Births January–March January 6 – Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen, German nobleman (d. 1709) January 13 – Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, Scottish statesman (d. 1724) January 18 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (d. 1691) February 2 – Claude de la Colombière, French Jesuit priest and saint (d. 1682) February 3 – Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1659–1695) (d. 1695) February 4 – Jerolim Kavanjin, Croatian poet (d. 1714) February 8 Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh, Irish politician (d. 1712) Robert Knox, English sea captain in the service of the British East India Company (d. 1720) February 24 – Gabriel Tammelin, Lutheran clergyman (d. 1695) March 14 – Hyeonjong of Joseon, 18th monarch of the Korean Joseon Dynasty (d. 1674) March 19 – Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, Muslim scholar (d. 1731) March 29 – Johann Zahn, 17th-century German author of Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium (d. 1707) April–June April 4 – Sir James Oxenden, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1708) April 8 Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English politician and army officer (d. 1704) (bapt.) – William Wycherley, English playwright (d. 1716) April 15 – Robert Sibbald, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. 1722) May – Juan Núñez de la Peña, Spanish historian (d. 1721) May 8 – Nicolaes Witsen, Mayor of Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 1717) May 16 – Dudley North, English economist, merchant and politician (d. 1691) May 17 – Pierre Monier, French painter (d. 1703) May 18 – Olimpia Giustiniani, Italian noblewoman (d. 1729) May 28 – Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, Slovenian polymath (d. 1693) May 31 – Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarch (d. 1707) June 15 – Bernard de la Monnoye, French lawyer (d. 1728) June 19 – Jan Claus, leading Quaker in Amsterdam (d. 1729) June 28 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, French-born Polish consort to King John III Sobieski (d. 1716) June 29 – Pierre Cholonec, French Jesuit missionary and biographer in New France (d. 1723) June 30 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, English general (d. 1719) July–September July 9 – Jan Jansen Bleecker, Mayor of Albany, New York (d. 1732) July 13 – Juan de Santiago y León Garabito, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Guadalajara and Bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1694) July 14 – William Boynton, English politician (d. 1689) July 29 – Sir William Thomas, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1706) July 30 – Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1673) August – John Hathorne, American magistrate (d. 1717) August 2 – Jacob Bobart the Younger, English botanist (d. 1719) August 3 – Hildebrand Alington, 5th Baron Alington, Irish peer (d. 1723) August 28 – Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg (1662–1701) (d. 1701) September 1 – Jean Barbier d'Aucour, French lawyer and satirist (d. 1694) September 5 – Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English diplomat (d. 1702) September 7 – Tokugawa Ietsuna, Japanese Tokugawa shōgun (d. 1680) September 16 – Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Bohemian noble (d. 1689) September 20 – Henri Arnaud, pastor of the Waldensians in Piedmont (d. 1721) September 22 – Titus van Rijn, Dutch art dealer (d. 1668) September 26 – Nehemiah Grew, English plant anatomist and physiologist (d. 1712) October–December October 1 – Hans Adam von Schöning, German general (d. 1696) October 5 – Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1707) October 6 – Sir William Maynard, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1685) October 10 – Wolfgang Printz, German composer (d. 1717) October 14 Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar, Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz, by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz (d. 1675) Joachim Tielke, German musical instrument maker (d. 1719) October 28 – Philip Skippon, English naturalist and Member of Parliament (d. 1691) November 5 – Empress Xiaohuizhang, Qing Dynasty empress and consort of the Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1718) November 10 – Edward Lake, English churchman (d. 1704) November 14 – Albert Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1662–1710) (d. 1710) November 17 – André, marquis de Nesmond, French naval commander (d. 1702) November 23 – Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720) December 7 – Louis, Count of Armagnac, French noble (d. 1718) December 11 – Jean-Louis Bergeret, holder of the 8th seat of the Académie française (d. 1694) December 20 – Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist (d. 1724) December 29 – Pier Simone Fanelli, Italian painter (d. 1703) date unknown Pierre Allix, French Protestant clergyman (d. 1717) Diego Ladrón de Guevara, viceroy of Peru (d. 1718) Dodo von Knyphausen, German nobleman (d. 1698) Deaths January 3 – | Telescopium (d. 1707) April–June April 4 – Sir James Oxenden, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1708) April 8 Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English politician and army officer (d. 1704) (bapt.) – William Wycherley, English playwright (d. 1716) April 15 – Robert Sibbald, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. 1722) May – Juan Núñez de la Peña, Spanish historian (d. 1721) May 8 – Nicolaes Witsen, Mayor of Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 1717) May 16 – Dudley North, English economist, merchant and politician (d. 1691) May 17 – Pierre Monier, French painter (d. 1703) May 18 – Olimpia Giustiniani, Italian noblewoman (d. 1729) May 28 – Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, Slovenian polymath (d. 1693) May 31 – Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarch (d. 1707) June 15 – Bernard de la Monnoye, French lawyer (d. 1728) June 19 – Jan Claus, leading Quaker in Amsterdam (d. 1729) June 28 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, French-born Polish consort to King John III Sobieski (d. 1716) June 29 – Pierre Cholonec, French Jesuit missionary and biographer in New France (d. 1723) June 30 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, English general (d. 1719) July–September July 9 – Jan Jansen Bleecker, Mayor of Albany, New York (d. 1732) July 13 – Juan de Santiago y León Garabito, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Guadalajara and Bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1694) July 14 – William Boynton, English politician (d. 1689) July 29 – Sir William Thomas, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1706) July 30 – Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1673) August – John Hathorne, American magistrate (d. 1717) August 2 – Jacob Bobart the Younger, English botanist (d. 1719) August 3 – Hildebrand Alington, 5th Baron Alington, Irish peer (d. 1723) August 28 – Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg (1662–1701) (d. 1701) September 1 – Jean Barbier d'Aucour, French lawyer and satirist (d. 1694) September 5 – Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English diplomat (d. 1702) September 7 – Tokugawa Ietsuna, Japanese Tokugawa shōgun (d. 1680) September 16 – Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Bohemian noble (d. 1689) September 20 – Henri Arnaud, pastor of the Waldensians in Piedmont (d. 1721) September 22 – Titus van Rijn, Dutch art dealer (d. 1668) September 26 – Nehemiah Grew, English plant anatomist and physiologist (d. 1712) October–December October 1 – Hans Adam von Schöning, German general (d. 1696) October 5 – Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1707) October 6 – Sir William Maynard, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1685) October 10 – Wolfgang Printz, German composer (d. 1717) October 14 Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar, Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz, by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz (d. 1675) Joachim Tielke, German musical instrument maker (d. 1719) October 28 – Philip Skippon, English naturalist and Member of Parliament (d. 1691) November 5 – Empress Xiaohuizhang, Qing Dynasty empress and consort of the Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1718) November 10 – Edward Lake, English churchman (d. 1704) November 14 – Albert Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1662–1710) (d. 1710) November 17 – André, marquis de Nesmond, French naval commander (d. 1702) November 23 – Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720) December 7 – Louis, Count of Armagnac, French noble (d. 1718) December 11 – Jean-Louis Bergeret, holder of the 8th seat of the Académie française (d. 1694) December 20 – Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist (d. 1724) December 29 – Pier Simone Fanelli, Italian painter (d. 1703) date unknown Pierre Allix, French Protestant clergyman (d. 1717) Diego Ladrón de Guevara, viceroy of Peru (d. 1718) Dodo von Knyphausen, German nobleman (d. 1698) Deaths January 3 – Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer (b. c. 1618) January 9 – Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate, German noble (b. 1632) January 11 Juan de Jáuregui, Spanish poet and painter (b. 1583) Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (b. 1563) February 15 – Sara Copia Sullam, Italian poet and writer (b. 1592) February 17 – Krisztina Nyáry, Hungarian noblewoman (b. 1604) February 24 – Francesco Usper, Italian composer (b. 1561) February 27 – Pau Claris i Casademunt, Catalan ecclesiastic (b. 1586) March 8 – Xu Xiake, Chinese adventurer and geographer (b. 1587) March 14 – Adam, Count of Schwarzenberg, German politician (b. 1583) March 23 – Claude Bernard, French priest (b. 1588) April 6 – Domenico Zampieri (Domenichino), Italian painter (b. 1581) April 13 – Richard Montagu, English clergyman (b. 1577) April 27 – Wilhelm von |
the specified characteristics are attenuation, characteristic impedance, propagation delay, and several types of crosstalk. Cable testers are widely available to check these parameters to determine if a cable can be used with 10BASE-T. These characteristics are expected to be met by 100 meters of 24-gauge unshielded twisted-pair cable. However, with high-quality cabling, reliable cable runs of 150 meters or longer are often achievable and are considered viable by technicians familiar with the 10BASE-T specification. 100BASE-TX follows the same wiring patterns as 10BASE-T, but is more sensitive to wire quality and length, due to the higher bit rates. 1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally using hybrid circuits and cancellers. Data is encoded using 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) with five voltages, −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V. While +2 V to −2 V may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 V, +0.5 V, 0 V, −0.5 V and −1 V. 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T were both designed to require a minimum of category 5 cable and also specify a maximum cable length of . Category 5 cable has since been deprecated and new installations use Category 5e. Shared cable 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX require only two pairs (pins 1–2, 3–6) to operate. Since common Category 5 cable has four pairs, it is possible to use the spare pairs (pins 4–5, 7–8) in 10- and 100-Mbit/s configurations for other purposes. The spare pairs may be used for power over Ethernet (PoE), for two plain old telephone service (POTS) lines, or for a second 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX connection. In practice, great care must be taken to separate these pairs as 10/100-Mbit/s Ethernet equipment electrically terminates the unused pins. Shared cable is not an option for Gigabit Ethernet as 1000BASE-T requires all four pairs to operate. Single-pair In addition to the more computer-oriented two and four-pair variants, the 10BASE-T1, 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 single-pair Ethernet physical layers are intended for industrial and automotive applications or as optional data channels in other interconnect applications. The single pair operates at full duplex and has a maximum reach of (100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1 link segment type A) or up to (1000BASE-T1 link segment type B) with up to four in-line connectors. Both physical layers require a balanced twisted pair with an impedance of 100 Ω. The cable must be capable of transmitting 600 MHz for 1000BASE-T1 and 66 MHz for 100BASE-T1. 2.5 Gb/s, 5 Gb/s, and 10 Gb/s over a 15 m single pair is standardized in 802.3ch-2020. As of 2021, the P802.3cy Task Force is examining having 25, 50, 100 Gb/s speeds at lengths up to 11 m. Similar to PoE, Power over Data Lines (PoDL) can provide up to 50 W to a device. Connectors 8P8C modular connector: For stationary uses in controlled environments, from homes to datacenters, this is the dominant connector. Its fragile locking tab otherwise limits its suitability and durability. Bandwidths supporting up to Cat 8 cabling are defined for this connector format. M12X: This is the M12 connector designated for Ethernet, standardized as IEC 61076-2-109. It is a 12mm metal screw that houses 4 shielded pairs of pins. Nominal bandwidth is 500MHz (Cat 6A). The connector family is used in chemically and mechanically harsh environments such as factory automation and transportation. Its size is similar to the modular connector. ix Industrial: This connector is designed to be small yet strong. It has 10 pins and a different locking mechanism than the modular connector. Standardized as IEC 61076-3-124, its nominal bandwidth is 500MHz (Cat 6A). Single-pair Ethernet defines its own connectors: IEC 63171-1 “LC”: This is a 2-pin connector with a similar locking tab to the modular connector, if thicker. IEC 63171-6 “industrial”: This standard defines 5 2-pin connectors that differ in their locking mechanisms and one 4-pin connector with dedicated pins for power. The locking mechanisms range from a metal locking tab to M8 and M12 connectors with screw or push-pull locking. The 4-pin connector is only defined with M8 screw locking. Autonegotiation and duplex Ethernet over twisted-pair standards up through Gigabit Ethernet define both full-duplex and half-duplex communication. However, half-duplex operation for gigabit speed is not supported by any existing hardware. Higher speed standards, 2.5GBASE-T up to 40GBASE-T running at 2.5 to 40 Gbit/s, consequently define only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches, and do not support the traditional shared-medium CSMA/CD operation. Many different modes of operations (10BASE-T half-duplex, 10BASE-T full-duplex, 100BASE-TX half-duplex, etc.) exist for Ethernet over twisted pair, and most network adapters are capable of different modes of operation. Autonegotiation is required in order to make a working 1000BASE-T connection. When two linked interfaces are set to different duplex modes, the effect of this duplex mismatch is a network that functions much more slowly than its nominal | specification. 100BASE-TX follows the same wiring patterns as 10BASE-T, but is more sensitive to wire quality and length, due to the higher bit rates. 1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally using hybrid circuits and cancellers. Data is encoded using 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) with five voltages, −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V. While +2 V to −2 V may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 V, +0.5 V, 0 V, −0.5 V and −1 V. 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T were both designed to require a minimum of category 5 cable and also specify a maximum cable length of . Category 5 cable has since been deprecated and new installations use Category 5e. Shared cable 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX require only two pairs (pins 1–2, 3–6) to operate. Since common Category 5 cable has four pairs, it is possible to use the spare pairs (pins 4–5, 7–8) in 10- and 100-Mbit/s configurations for other purposes. The spare pairs may be used for power over Ethernet (PoE), for two plain old telephone service (POTS) lines, or for a second 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX connection. In practice, great care must be taken to separate these pairs as 10/100-Mbit/s Ethernet equipment electrically terminates the unused pins. Shared cable is not an option for Gigabit Ethernet as 1000BASE-T requires all four pairs to operate. Single-pair In addition to the more computer-oriented two and four-pair variants, the 10BASE-T1, 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 single-pair Ethernet physical layers are intended for industrial and automotive applications or as optional data channels in other interconnect applications. The single pair operates at full duplex and has a maximum reach of (100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1 link segment type A) or up to (1000BASE-T1 link segment type B) with up to four in-line connectors. Both physical layers require a balanced twisted pair with an impedance of 100 Ω. The cable must be capable of transmitting 600 MHz for 1000BASE-T1 and 66 MHz for 100BASE-T1. 2.5 Gb/s, 5 Gb/s, and 10 Gb/s over a 15 m single pair is standardized in 802.3ch-2020. As of 2021, the P802.3cy Task Force is examining having 25, 50, 100 Gb/s speeds at lengths up to 11 m. Similar to PoE, Power over Data Lines (PoDL) can provide up to 50 W to a device. Connectors 8P8C modular connector: For stationary uses in controlled environments, from homes to datacenters, this is the dominant connector. Its fragile locking tab otherwise limits its suitability and durability. Bandwidths supporting up to Cat 8 cabling are defined for this connector format. M12X: This is the M12 connector designated for Ethernet, standardized as IEC 61076-2-109. It is a 12mm metal screw that houses 4 shielded pairs of pins. Nominal bandwidth is 500MHz (Cat 6A). The connector family is used in chemically and mechanically harsh environments such as factory automation and transportation. Its size is similar to the modular connector. ix Industrial: This connector is designed to be small yet strong. It has 10 pins and a different locking mechanism than the modular connector. Standardized as IEC 61076-3-124, its nominal bandwidth is 500MHz (Cat 6A). Single-pair Ethernet defines its own connectors: IEC 63171-1 “LC”: This is a 2-pin connector with a similar locking tab to the modular connector, if thicker. IEC 63171-6 “industrial”: This standard defines 5 2-pin connectors that differ in their locking mechanisms and one 4-pin connector with dedicated pins for power. The locking mechanisms range from a metal locking tab to M8 and M12 connectors with screw or push-pull locking. The 4-pin connector is only defined with M8 screw locking. Autonegotiation and duplex Ethernet over twisted-pair standards up through Gigabit Ethernet define both full-duplex and half-duplex communication. However, half-duplex operation for gigabit speed is not supported by any existing hardware. Higher speed standards, 2.5GBASE-T up to 40GBASE-T running at 2.5 to 40 Gbit/s, consequently define only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches, and do not support the traditional shared-medium CSMA/CD operation. Many different modes of operations (10BASE-T half-duplex, 10BASE-T full-duplex, 100BASE-TX half-duplex, etc.) exist for Ethernet over twisted pair, and most network adapters are capable of different modes of operation. Autonegotiation is required in order to make a working 1000BASE-T connection. When two linked interfaces are set to different duplex modes, the effect of this duplex mismatch is a network that functions much more slowly than its nominal speed. Duplex mismatch may be inadvertently caused when an administrator configures an interface to a fixed mode (e.g. 100 Mbit/s full-duplex) and fails to configure the remote interface, leaving it set to autonegotiate. Then, when the auto-negotiation process fails, half-duplex is assumed by the autonegotiating side of the link. Variants See also Classic |
1st Earl of Caithness (d. 1484) probable Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (d. 1497) Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (d. 1479) Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (d. 1473) Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1480) Deaths March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (b. 1335) March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (b. 1373) May 3 – Antipope Alexander V, (b. 1339) May 18 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (b. 1352) May 31 – Martin of Aragon (b. 1356) July 15 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (in battle) (b. | Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken. Date unknown Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague. Antipope John XXIII is elected. Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands. The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. Births January 30 – William Calthorpe, English knight (d. |
for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Emperor Augustus initiates his third census of the Roman Empire after 20 years. Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene. The Senate passes a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester. China Last year (3rd) of Shijianguo era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty. Considered the lucky number of those from the Chinese Xin Dynasty. By topic Arts and sciences Strabo publishes his book on the shape of the Earth. | of Osroene. The Senate passes a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester. China Last year (3rd) of Shijianguo era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty. Considered the lucky number of those from the Chinese Xin Dynasty. By topic Arts and sciences Strabo publishes his book on the shape of the Earth. Ovid publishes books 1-3 of his Epistulae ex Ponto. </onlyinclude> Births Casperius Aelianus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. AD 98) Gaius Silius, Roman politician (d. |
of the Consulship of Caesar and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 768 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 15 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Early (approx.) – Emona (on the site of modern-day Ljubljana) is founded by Legio XV Apollinaris. May – As part of his campaign against the Germanic peoples, Germanicus captures Thusnelda, wife of Arminius. Summer – Germanicus launches a two-pronged attack from Vetera and Moguntiacum. On his return | Legio XV Apollinaris. May – As part of his campaign against the Germanic peoples, Germanicus captures Thusnelda, wife of Arminius. Summer – Germanicus launches a two-pronged attack from Vetera and Moguntiacum. On his return journey, he recaptures the aquila of Legio XIX and visits the battlefield of the Teutoburg Forest. Germanicus arranges the burial for the remains of Varus' army. Varna (Odessus), on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, is annexed to the Roman province of Moesia. In Rome, the election of magistrates passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate. The river Tiber floods parts |
Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine Delta, aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at the Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return, the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms. Vonones, the beleaguered king of Armenia, is summoned to Syria, by Roman governor Creticus Silanus. By topic Arts and sciences Ovid's "Epistulae ex Ponto" appears. Births September 16 – Julia Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. AD 38) Claudius Drusus, son of Claudius and Plautia Urgulanilla (approximate | army of 50,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a great victory at Idistaviso, defeating the German war chief Arminius, and recovering the lost eagles of Varus' legions. Germanicus employs the North Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine Delta, aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at the Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return, the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms. Vonones, the beleaguered king of Armenia, |
becomes Praetorian prefect. Europe A civil war begins in Germania. Maroboduus, King of the Marcomanni, is defeated by Arminius and his Germanic tribes. Africa Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army, begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the Limes Tripolitanus a fortified zone (limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa. Judea Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, builds the city Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, in honor of Tiberius. Asia Minor An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis and damages several other cities. Deaths Antiochus III, King of | his Germanic tribes. Africa Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army, begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the Limes Tripolitanus a fortified zone (limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa. Judea Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, builds the city Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, in honor of Tiberius. Asia Minor An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis and damages several other cities. |
Artaxias III. Parthia Germanicus concludes a peace treaty with Artabanus II of Parthia, in which he is recognized as king and friend of Rome. China After a flooding of the Yellow River in China, farmers are forced to rebel. Emperor Wang Mang reacts by sending an army (some 100,000 men) against the agrarian rebels. The rebel leaders, concerned that during battle it will become impossible to tell friend from foe, order that their men color their eyebrows red – and this is where the name Chimei ("The Red Eyebrows") comes from. Korea Daemusin becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. India In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila. Births Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (approximate date) (d. AD 41) Deaths Crinagoras, Greek epigrammatist (b. 70 BC) Herod Archelaus, Jewish ruler (ethnarch) (b. 23 BC) Mother Lü, | of Parthia, in which he is recognized as king and friend of Rome. China After a flooding of the Yellow River in China, farmers are forced to rebel. Emperor Wang Mang reacts by sending an army (some 100,000 men) against the agrarian rebels. The rebel leaders, concerned that during battle it will become impossible to tell friend from foe, order that their men color their eyebrows red – and this is where the name Chimei ("The Red Eyebrows") comes from. Korea Daemusin becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. India In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila. Births Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (approximate date) (d. AD 41) Deaths Crinagoras, Greek epigrammatist (b. 70 BC) Herod Archelaus, Jewish ruler (ethnarch) (b. 23 BC) Mother Lü, rebel leader against the Xin dynasty Publius Ovidius Naso, Roman poet (or AD 17) Yang Xiong, Chinese |
leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 773 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 20 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Galba, the future emperor, is | leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 773 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 20 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar |
Julius Sacrovir; the revolt is suppressed by Gaius Silius. Emperor Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time. The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi, in southern Slovakia. Barracks are constructed for the Praetorian Guard, on the Quirinal (located on the Seven Hills of Rome). Korea | Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire The Aedui revolt under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir; the revolt is suppressed by Gaius Silius. Emperor Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time. The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi, in southern Slovakia. Barracks are |
the Year of the Consulship of Agrippa and Galba (or, less frequently, year 775 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 22 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By | since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Drusus Julius Caesar receives the tribunicia potestas (tribunician power). Births Valeria Messalina, third wife of Emperor Claudius |
of Wang Mang's troops in the Battle of Kunyang, ushering in the fall of Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty and restoration of the Han Dynasty. October 6 — Emperor Liu Xuan's forces kill Wang Mang at the end of a three-day siege. Births Pliny the Elder, Roman scientist and writer (d. 79 AD) Deaths September 14 – Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Emperor Tiberius (b. 14 BC) October 6 – Wang Mang, Chinese emperor of the Xin Dynasty (b. c. 45 BC) Juba II, king of Mauretania (b. c. 50 BC) Liu Xin, Chinese astronomer, mathematician and politician (b. c. 50 BC) Liu Yan, Chinese general and politician | of the Han Dynasty royal family and leader of insurgents against the Xin Dynasty, proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang. July – After being under siege for two months, about 19,000 insurgents under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops in the Battle of Kunyang, ushering in the fall of Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty and restoration of the Han Dynasty. October 6 — Emperor Liu Xuan's forces kill Wang Mang at the end of a three-day siege. Births Pliny the Elder, Roman scientist and writer (d. 79 AD) Deaths September |
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