id stringlengths 1 3 | translation dict |
|---|---|
400 | {
"en": "c The potential abductors",
"fr": "c Les éventuels éleveurs "
} |
401 | {
"en": "81 The Convention contains no express provision on this matter",
"fr": "81 La Convention ne contient aucune disposition expresse à ce propos "
} |
402 | {
"en": "Nevertheless two comments may be drawn from the text as a whole which shed light upon this question in relation to the Conventions scope ratione personae",
"fr": "Néanmoins de l'ensemble du texte nous pouvons déduire deux remarques qui éclairent cet aspect relatif au domaine d'application ratione personae ... |
403 | {
"en": "The first concerns the physical persons who may be responsible for the removal or retention of a child",
"fr": "La première concerne les personnes physiques qui peuvent être responsables du déplacement ou du non retour d'un enfant "
} |
404 | {
"en": "On this the Convention upholds the point of view adopted by the Special Commission bi not attributing such acts exclusively to one of the parents",
"fr": "Sur ce sujet la Convention maintient le point de vue adopté par la Commission spéciale de ne pas attribuer de telles actions exclusivement à des parents... |
405 | {
"en": "Since the idea of family was more or less wide depending on the different cultural conceptions which surround it it was felt better to hold a wide view which would for example allow removals by a grandfather or adoptive father to be characterized as child abduction in accordance with the Conventions use of t... |
406 | {
"en": "82 The second comment relates to the possibility of an institution or any other body acting as an abductor ",
"fr": "82 La deuxième remarque a trait à la possibilité de ce qu'une institution ou tout autre organisme agisse comme enleveur "
} |
407 | {
"en": "In this regard it is difficult to imagine how any body whatever could remove either by force or by deception a child from a foreign country to its own land",
"fr": "A cet égard il est difficilement imaginable qu'un organisme quelconque puisse déplacer par la force ou par la ruse un enfant d'un pays étrange... |
408 | {
"en": "On the other hand if a child were entrusted by virtue of a judicial or administrative decision ie compulsory placement of the child to such a body in the country of its habitual residence the parent who sought to obtain the actual enjoyment of custody rights would stand little chance of being able to invoke ... |
409 | {
"en": "In fact by virtue of the fact that such bodies would as a rule exercise jurisdiction except as regards the possible recognition of parental authority such a claim would not come within the scope of the Convention since custody in the sense understood by the Convention would belong to the body in question",
... |
410 | {
"en": "Article 5 Certain terms used in the Convention",
"fr": "Article 5 De certaines expressions utilisées dans la convention "
} |
411 | {
"en": "83 The Convention following a longestablished tradition of the Hague Conference does not define the legal concepts used by it",
"fr": "83 Suivant une tradition bien établie de la Conférence de La Haye la Convention ne définit pas les concepts juridiques dont elle se sert "
} |
412 | {
"en": "However in this article it does make clear the sense in which the notions of custody and access rights are used since an incorrect interpretation of their meaning would risk compromising the Conventions objects ",
"fr": "Pourtant dans cet article elle précise le sens dans lequel sont utilisées les notions ... |
413 | {
"en": "84 As regards custody rights the Convention merely emphasizes the fact that it includes in the term rights relating to the care of the person of the child leaving aside the possible ways of protecting the childs property ",
"fr": "84 En ce qui concerne le droit de garde la Convention se limite à souligner ... |
414 | {
"en": "It is therefore a more limited concept than that of protection of minors despite attempts made during the Fourteenth Session to introduce the idea of protection so as to include in particular those cases where children are entrusted to institutions or bodies",
"fr": "Il s'agit donc d'une notion plus restri... |
415 | {
"en": "But since all efforts to define custody rights in regard to those particular situations failed one has to rest content with the general description given above",
"fr": "Mais tous les efforts faits pour préciser la notion de droit de garde par rapport à ces situa Lions ayant échoué il faut s'en tenir au con... |
416 | {
"en": "The Convention seeks to be more precise by emphasizing as an example of the care referred to the right to determine the childs place of residence",
"fr": "La Convention essaie de le préciser en mettant en relief comme indice des soins dont il s'agit le droit de décider du lieu de résidence de l'enfant "
} |
417 | {
"en": "However if the child although still a minor at law has the right itself to determine its own place of residence the substance of the custody rights will have to be determined in the context of other rights concerning the person of the child",
"fr": "Cependant lorsque l'enfant quoique mineur du point de vue... |
418 | {
"en": "On the other hand although nothing is said in this article about the possibility of custody rights being exercised singly or jointly such a possibility is clearly envisaged ",
"fr": "D'autre part bien que dans cet article rien ne soit dit sur la possibilité que la garde soit exercée par son titulaire seul ... |
419 | {
"en": "In fact a classic rule of treaty law requires that a treatys terms be interpreted in their context and by taking into account the objective and end sought by the treaty and the whole tenor of article 3 leaves no room for doubt that the Convention seeks to protect joint custody as well",
"fr": "En effet un... |
420 | {
"en": "As for knowing when joint custody exists that is a question which must be decided in each particular case and in the light of the law of the childs habitual residence",
"fr": "Quant à savoir quand existe une garde conjointe c'est une question qui doit être déterminé dans chaque cas d'espèce à la lumière du... |
421 | {
"en": "85 As regards access rights subparagraph b of this article merely points out that they include the right to take a child for a limited period of time to a place other than the childs habitual residence",
"fr": "85 Quant au droit de visite la lettre b de cet article se limite à signaler qu'il comprend le dr... |
422 | {
"en": "Clearly therefore it is not intended that the Convention exclude all other ways of exercising access rights",
"fr": "L'intention de la Convention n'est évidemment pas d'exclure toutes les autres modalités du droit de visite"
} |
423 | {
"en": "Quite simply it seeks to emphasize that access rights extend also to what is called residential access that aspect of access rights about which the person who has custody of the child is particularly apprehensive",
"fr": "Plus simplement elle a voulu souligner que cette notion s'étend aussi au droit dit d'... |
424 | {
"en": "Moreover since this explanatory provision in no way qualifies this other place to which the child may be taken one must conclude that access rights in terms of the Convention also include the right of access across national frontiers",
"fr": "De plus étant donné que cette norme explicative ne qualifie poin... |
425 | {
"en": "86 A proposal was made to include in this article a definition of the judicial or administrative authorities mentioned throughout the Conventions rules",
"fr": "86 Une proposition a été faite en vue d'inclure dans cet article une définition des autorités judiciaires ou administratives visées tout au long d... |
426 | {
"en": "The difficulties encountered as much in reaching a systematic viewpoint on this as in devising a definition wide enough to encompass all possible contingencies made for its exclusion",
"fr": "Les difficultés rencontrées tant pour la localisation d'un point de vue systématique que pour trouver une rédaction... |
427 | {
"en": "Now as was mentioned earlier it is clear that these arc the authorities who have the power according to the internal law of each Contracting State to determine questions concerning a childs custody or protection",
"fr": "Or il est clair qu'il s'agit comme nous l'avons déjà souligné des autorités compétente... |
428 | {
"en": "Besides it is precisely because of differences amongst these laws that reference is always made to judicial or administrative authorities so as to embrace all authorities which have jurisdiction in the matter without regard to their legal characterization in each State",
"fr": "D'ailleurs c'est justement e... |
429 | {
"en": "CHAPTER II CENTRAL AUTHORITIES",
"fr": "CHAPITRE II AUTORITES CENTRALES "
} |
430 | {
"en": "Article 6 Creation of Central Authorities",
"fr": "Article 6 Création des autorités centrales "
} |
431 | {
"en": "87 The role played by the Central Authorities crucial factors as they are in the application of the Convention has already been dealt with at length",
"fr": "87 Le rôle joué par les Autorités centrales pièces clés dans l'application de la Convention a déjà été longuement présenté "
} |
432 | {
"en": "As for those States which may appoint more than one Central Authority the idea which prevailed was that the determining factor should be the existence of several territorial organizations for the protection of minors",
"fr": "En ce qui concerne les Etats susceptibles de désigner plus d'une Autorité central... |
433 | {
"en": "Thus there was added to those cases of Federal States and States with more than one system of law that of States having autonomous territorial organizations a term which is to be interpreted broadly",
"fr": "En conséquence on a ajouté aux hypothèses des Etats fédéraux et plurilégislatifs le cas des Etats a... |
434 | {
"en": "Article 7 Obligations of Central Authorities",
"fr": "Article 7 Obligations des Autorités Centrales"
} |
435 | {
"en": "88 This article summarizes the role played by Central Authorities in bringing into play the system established by the Convention",
"fr": "88 Cet article résume le rôle des Autorités centrales dans la mise en œuvre du système instauré par la Convention "
} |
436 | {
"en": "The article is structured in two paragraphs the first of which drafted in general terms sets out an overall duty of cooperation while the second lists from subparagraphs a to i some of the principal functions which the Central Authorities have to discharge",
"fr": "L'article est structuré en deux alinéas d... |
437 | {
"en": "Both result from a compromise between on the one hand those delegations which wanted strong Central Authorities with wideranging powers of action and initiative and on the other hand those which saw these Authorities as straightforward administrative mechanisms for promoting action by the parties",
"fr": "... |
438 | {
"en": "Now since these diverse attitudes reflected most of the deep differences which existed amongst the systems represented at the Conference the ultimate solution had to be flexible and such as would allow each Central Authority to act according to the law within which it has to operate ",
"fr": "Or puisque ce... |
439 | {
"en": "Therefore although the Convention clearly sets out the principal obligations laid upon the Central Authorities it lets each Contracting State decide upon the appropriate means for discharging them ",
"fr": "Donc bien que la Convention précise les principales obligations confiées à la charge des Autorités c... |
440 | {
"en": "And it is in this sense that the sentence occurring at the beginning of the second paragraph must be understood which states that the Central Authorities are to discharge their listed functions either directly or through any intermediary",
"fr": "D'ailleurs c'est dans ce sens qu'il faut interpréter la phra... |
441 | {
"en": "It is for each Central Authority to choose one or the other options while working within the context of its own internal law and within the spirit of the general duty of cooperation imposed upon it by the first paragraph",
"fr": "C'est à chaque Autorité centrale de choisir entre l'une ou l'autre option en ... |
442 | {
"en": "89 As we have just said the rule in the first paragraph sets out the general duty of Central Authorities to cooperate so as to ensure the Conventions objects are achieved",
"fr": "89 Comme nous venons de le dire la norme insérée dans le premier alinéa énonce l'obligation générale de coopérer des Autorités ... |
443 | {
"en": "Such cooperation has to develop on two levels the Central Authorities must firstly cooperate with each other; how ever in addition they must promote cooperation among the authorities competent for the matters dealt with within their respective States",
"fr": "Une telle coopération doit se développer à deu... |
444 | {
"en": "Whether this cooperation is promoted effectively will depend to a large extent on the freedom of action which each internal law confers upon the Central Authorities",
"fr": "La réalisation effective de cette promotion dépendra dans une large mesure de la capacité d'action que chaque droit interne accorde a... |
445 | {
"en": "90 The functions listed in the second paragraph seek to trace in broad outline the different stages of intervention by Central Authorities in the typical case of child removal",
"fr": "90 Les fonctions détaillées au deuxième alinéa essaient de suivre dans leurs grandes lignes les différents stades de l'int... |
446 | {
"en": "Nonetheless it is clear that this list is not exhaustive",
"fr": "Néanmoins il est évident que cette énumération n'est pas exhaustive"
} |
447 | {
"en": "For example since the intervention of Central Authorities necessarily depends on their having been initially seized of the matter either directly by the applicant or by the Central Authority of a Contracting State then in the latter case the Central Authority initially seized will have to send the applicatio... |
448 | {
"en": "Now this obligation is not spelled out in article 7 but later in the context of article 9",
"fr": "Or cette obligation n'est pas précisée à l'article 7 mais plus tard dans le contexte de l'article 9 "
} |
449 | {
"en": "On the other hand it is also clear that the Central Authorities are not obliged to fulfil in every specific case all the duties listed in this article ",
"fr": "D'autre part il est évident aussi que les Autorités centrales ne sont pas tenues de remplir dans chaque cas d'espèce toutes les obligations énumér... |
450 | {
"en": "In fact the circumstances of each particular case will dictate the steps which are to be taken by the Central Authorities; for example it cannot be maintained that every Central Authority must discover the whereabouts of a child when the applicant knows full well where it is ",
"fr": "En effet ce sont les ... |
451 | {
"en": "91 In addition to finding the whereabouts of the child where necessary subparagraph a the Central Authority must take or cause to be taken any provisional measures which could help prevent further harm to the child or prejudice to interested parties subparagraph b",
"fr": "91 En plus de la localisation de ... |
452 | {
"en": "The drafting of this subparagraph clearly brings out once again a fact which was emphasized above namely that the ability of Central Authorities to act will vary from one State to another",
"fr": "La rédaction de ce sous alinéa met à nouveau en relief un fait souligné auparavant : la capacité d'agir des Au... |
453 | {
"en": "Basically the provisional measures envisaged are designed in particular to avoid another removal of the child",
"fr": "Quant au fond les mesures provisoires qui ont été envisagées se centrent tout particulièrement sur l'idée d'éviter un nouveau déplacement de l'enfant "
} |
454 | {
"en": "92 Subparagraph c sets out the duty of Central Authorities to try to find an extrajudicial solution",
"fr": "92 La lettre c consacre le devoir des Autorités centrales d'essayer de trouver une solution extrajudiciaire à l'affaire "
} |
455 | {
"en": "In actual fact in the light of experience as spoken to by some delegates a considerable number of cases can be settled without any need to have recourse to the courts",
"fr": "En effet d'après l'expérience évoquée par certains délégués le nombre de cas qu'il est possible de résoudre sans avoir besoin de re... |
456 | {
"en": "But once again it is the Central Authorities which in those stages preceding the possible judicial or administrative proceedings will direct the development of the problem; it is therefore for them to decide when the attempts to secure the voluntary return of the child or to bring about an amicable resolutio... |
457 | {
"en": "93 Subparagraph d relates to the exchange of information about the social background of the child ",
"fr": "93 La lettre d porte sur les échanges d'informations relatives à la situation sociale de l'enfant "
} |
458 | {
"en": "This duty is made subject to the criteria adopted by the Central Authorities involved in a particular case",
"fr": "L'obligation à cet effet est subordonnée au critère des Autorités centrales impliquées dans chaque cas d'espèce "
} |
459 | {
"en": "Indeed the insertion of the phrase where desirable demonstrates that there is no wish to impose an inflexible obligation here the possibility of there being no information to provide as well as the fear that reference to this provision might be used by the parties as a delaying tactic are some of the argumen... |
460 | {
"en": "On the other hand a proposal which would have made the transmission of certain information conditional upon its remaining confidential was rejected",
"fr": "D'autre part on a rejeté une proposition rendant possible que certaines informations soient transmises à condition qu'elles restent confidentielles "
... |
461 | {
"en": "94 The obligation 1aid upon Central Authorities to provide information on the content of the law in their own States for the application of the Convention appears in subparagraph e",
"fr": "94 L'obligation faite aux Autorités centrales de fournir des informations sur le contenu du droit dans leur Etat pour... |
462 | {
"en": "This duty applies in particular to two situations",
"fr": "Ce devoir couvre notamment deux aspects"
} |
463 | {
"en": "Firstly where the removal occurs prior to any decision as to the custody of the child the Central Authority of the State of the childs habitual residence is to produce for the purposes of the Conventions application a certificate on the relevant law of that State",
"fr": "D'une part dans le cas où le dépla... |
464 | {
"en": "Secondly the Central Authority must inform the individuals about how the Convention works and 3Dout the Central Authorities as well as about the procedures available",
"fr": "D'autre part l'Autorité centrale devra renseigner les particuliers sur le fonctionnement de la Convention et des Autorités centrales... |
465 | {
"en": "On the other hand the possibility of going further by obliging the Central Authorities to give legal advice in individual cases is not envisaged by this rule",
"fr": "Par contre la possibilité d'aller plus loin c'est à dire d'obliger les Autorités centrales à donner des conseils juridiques sur des cas conc... |
466 | {
"en": "95 When it is necessary in order to obtain the childs return for the judicial or administrative authorities of the State in which it is located to intervene the Central Authority must itself initiate proceedings if that can be done under its internal law or facilitate the institution of proceedings",
"fr":... |
467 | {
"en": "This duty also extends to proceedings which prove to be necessary for organizing or securing the effective exercise of rights of access subparagraph J ",
"fr": "Cette obligation qui s'étend aussi aux procédures qui s'avèrent nécessaires pour permettre l'organisation ou l'exercice effectif du droit de visit... |
468 | {
"en": "96 Where the Central Authority is not able to apply directly to the competent authorities in its own State it must provide or facilitate the provision of legal aid and advice for the applicant in terms of article 25 subparagraph g",
"fr": "96 Dans les cas où l'Autorité centrale ne peut pas saisir directeme... |
469 | {
"en": "It is appropriate to point out here very briefly that the phrase where the circumstances so require in this subparagraph refers to the applicants lack of economic resources as determined by the criteria laid down by the law of the State in which such assistance is sought and that it does not therefore refer ... |
470 | {
"en": "97 Following the method adopted by this paragraph subparagraph h includes among the Central Authorities obligations the bringing into play in each case of such ad ministrative arrangements as may be necessary and appropriate to secure the safe return of the child",
"fr": "97 Au terme du processus suivi pa... |
471 | {
"en": "98 Finally subparagraph i sets forth an obligation on the part of Central Authorities which docs not directly concern individuals but only the Convention itself",
"fr": "98 En dernier lieu la lettre i énonce une obligation des Autorités centrales qui ne concerne pas directement les particuliers mais la Con... |
472 | {
"en": "It is the duty to keep each other informed with respect to the operation of the Convention and as far as possible to eliminate any obstacles to its application",
"fr": "Il s'agit du devoir de se tenir mutuellement informées sur le fonctionnement de la Convention et autant que possible de lever les obstacle... |
473 | {
"en": "This obligation is to operate on two complementary levels firstly at the level of bilateral relations between States which are Party to the Convention and secondly on a multilateral level through participating when required in commissions called for this purpose by the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conferenc... |
474 | {
"en": "CHAPTER III RETURN OF THE CHILD",
"fr": "CHAPITRE III – RETOUR DE L’ENFANT"
} |
475 | {
"en": "Article 8 Applications to Central Authorities",
"fr": "Article 8 La saisine des Autorités centrales "
} |
476 | {
"en": "99 In terms of the first paragraph an application for the return of a child can be addressed to any Central Authority which from that point will be bound by all the obligations laid down by the Convention",
"fr": "99 D'après le premier alinéa une demande en vue d'obtenir le retour d'un enfant peut être adr... |
477 | {
"en": "This demonstrates that the applicant is free to apply to the Central Authority which in his opinion is the most appropriate",
"fr": "Cela signifie que le demandeur est libre de saisir l'Autorité centrale qu'il estime la plus adéquate"
} |
478 | {
"en": "However for reasons of efficiency the Central Authority of the childs habitual residence is expressly mentioned in the text but this must not be understood as signifying that applications directed to other Central Authorities are to be regarded as exceptional",
"fr": "Néanmoins pour des raisons d'efficacit... |
479 | {
"en": "100 Since use of the model form is merely recommended il was necessary to include in the text of the Convention the elements which any application submitted to a Central Authority must contain in order to be admissible as well as the optional documents which may accompany or supplement such an application ",... |
480 | {
"en": "The elements which every application to a Central Authority must contain in this context are those listed in the second paragraph of article 8",
"fr": "Les éléments que doit contenir toute demande adressée à une Autorité centrale dans ce contexte sont énumérés au deuxième alinéa de l'article 8 "
} |
481 | {
"en": "In particular they arc facts which allow the child and interest ed parties to be identified such as those which may be able to help in locating the child subparagraphs a b and d ",
"fr": "Il s'agit notamment des données qui permettent l'identification de l'enfant et des parties concernées ainsi que de cel... |
482 | {
"en": "As regards information on the childs date of birth the Convention makes it clear that this should be supplied only where available ",
"fr": "En ce qui concerne l'information sur la date de naissance de l'enfant la Convention signale qu'elle sera apportée seulement s'il est possible de se la procurer "
} |
483 | {
"en": "This provision is intended to favor action by an applicant who is ignorant of such a fact but who will however always have to supply precise information on the age of the child since the provisions of article 4 may result in his application being rejected in terms of article 27 ",
"fr": "Par cette précisio... |
484 | {
"en": "Moreover the application must contain the grounds on which the applicants claim for return of the child is based subparagraph c ",
"fr": "De plus il faut que la demande contienne les motifs sur lesquels se base le demandeur pour réclamer le retour de l'enfant lettre c "
} |
485 | {
"en": "This requirement is logical in that it allows the application of article 27 concerning the right of Central Authorities to reject applications which are clearly not wellfounded ",
"fr": "Ceci est une exigence logique qui permettra d'ailleurs l'application de l'article 27 concernant la faculté qu'ont les Au... |
486 | {
"en": "The grounds must in principle refer to the two elements legal and factual contained in article 3 ",
"fr": "Les motifs invoqués doivent en principe se référer aux deux éléments juridique et de fait retenus à l'article 3 "
} |
487 | {
"en": "Now since the legal clement in particular may depend on the provisions of the law of the childs habitual residence or upon a decision or agreement it might have been expected that documentary support would be required at this initial stage ",
"fr": "Or puisque l'élément juridique peut notamment s'appuyer s... |
488 | {
"en": "However the Convention chose to follow a different route and placed this evidence amongst those documents which may optionally accompany or supplement the application ",
"fr": "Pourtant la Convention a choisi une voie différente et place cette preuve parmi les documents qui d'une manière facultative peuven... |
489 | {
"en": "The reason for this is that obtaining the documents in question is sometimes difficult and what is more could take up precious time better spent in speedily discovering the whereabouts of the child ",
"fr": "La raison en est que l’obtention des documents en question sera parfois difficile de plus elle peu... |
490 | {
"en": "Moreover whenever a Central Authority succeeds in bringing about the voluntary return of the child or an amicable resolution of the affair such requirements may seem merely accessory",
"fr": "D'ailleurs chaque fois que l'Autorité centrale réussit à obtenir la remise volontaire de l'enfant ou une solution a... |
491 | {
"en": "101 Understood thus the first two subparagraphs of the third paragraph dealing with the optional provision of documents which may accompany or supplement applications arc seen to refer to documents which are fundamental to a claim for the return of the child ",
"fr": "101 En ce sens les deux premières lett... |
492 | {
"en": "It must be emphasized firstly that the requirement that copies of any decision or agreement be authenticated in no way contradicts the provision in article 23 that no legalization or similar formality may be required in the context of this Convention ",
"fr": "A cet effet il faut souligner d'abord que l'ex... |
493 | {
"en": "It is simply a matter of verifying what were originally copies or private documents so as to guarantee that they correspond to the originals and thus to secure their free circulation ",
"fr": "Il s'agit simplement de vérifier des copies ou des documents privés à l'origine pour en garantir la concordance av... |
494 | {
"en": "Secondly proof of the substantive law of the State of the childs habitual residence may be established by either certificates or affidavits that is to say documents which include solemn statements for which those who make them assume responsibility",
"fr": "En second lieu la preuve du contenu du droit de l... |
495 | {
"en": "As regards those persons who may adduce such statements the Convention chose to define them widely a fact which must make the task of the applicant easier subparagraph",
"fr": "Quant à savoir qui peut produire lesdites déclarations la Convention a choisi une formule large qui doit faciliter la tâche du dem... |
496 | {
"en": "Thus they may emanate from any qualified person for example an attorney solicitor or barrister or research institution as well as from the Central Authorities and the other competent authorities of the State of the childs habitual residence",
"fr": "Ainsi en plus des Autorités centrales et des autres autor... |
497 | {
"en": "On the other hand it should be stressed that at a later stage when the judicial or administrative authorities of the State of refuge have been called upon to intervene they may in terms of article 15 request the production of certain documents which were considered to be optional at the time of application t... |
498 | {
"en": "Lastly the Convention acknowledges that the application may be accompanied or supplemented by any other relevant document subparagraph g",
"fr": "Finalement la Convention admet la possibilité que la demande soit accompagnée ou complétée par tout autre document utiles lettre g "
} |
499 | {
"en": "In theory since it is the dispossessed guardian of the child who brings the application it is for him to provide these supplementary documents",
"fr": "En principe étant donné que la demande est introduite par le gardien dépossédé c'est lui qui pourra apporter ces documents complémentaires "
} |
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