id stringlengths 1 3 | translation dict |
|---|---|
300 | {
"en": "The first point to be considered concerns the law a breach of which determines whether a removal or retention is wrongful in the Convention sense ",
"fr": "Le premier aspect que nous devons considérer a trait au droit dont la violation détermine l'existence d'un déplacement ou d'un non retour illicites au ... |
301 | {
"en": "As we have just said this is a matter of custody rights ",
"fr": "Il s'agit comme nous venons de le dire du droit de garde"
} |
302 | {
"en": "Although the problems which can arise from a breach of access rights especially where the child is taken abroad by its custodian were raised during the Fourteenth Session the majority view was that such situations could not be put in the same category as the wrongful removals which it is sought to prevent ",... |
303 | {
"en": "This example and others like it where breach of access rights profoundly upsets the equilibrium established by a judicial or administrative decision certainly demonstrate that decisions concerning the custody of children should always be open to review",
"fr": "Cet exemple et d'autres similaires où la viol... |
304 | {
"en": "This problem however defied all efforts of the Hague Conference to coordinate views thereon ",
"fr": "Mais ce problème échappe à l'effort de coordination entrepris par la Conférence de La Haye"
} |
305 | {
"en": "A questionable result would have been attained had the application of the Convention by granting the same degree of protection to custody and access rights led ultimately to the substitution of the holders of one type of right by those who held the other ",
"fr": "On aurait abouti à des résultats contestab... |
306 | {
"en": "66 The second question which should be examined concerns the law which is chosen to govern the initial validity of the claim ",
"fr": "66 La deuxième question à examiner se réfère au droit choisi pour évaluer la validité initiale du titre invoqué "
} |
307 | {
"en": "We shall not dwell at this point upon the notion of habitual residence a wellestablished concept in the Hague Conference which regards it as a question of pure fact differing in that respect from domicile ",
"fr": "Nous ne nous arrêterons pas ici sur le concept de la résidence habituelle il s'agit en effet... |
308 | {
"en": "Moreover the choice of the law of habitual residence as the factor which is to determine the lawfulness of the situation flouted by the abduction is logical ",
"fr": "D'ailleurs le choix du droit de la résidence habituelle en tant que critère déterminant de la légalité de la situation violée par l'enlèveme... |
309 | {
"en": "In actual fact to the arguments in favor of its being accorded a preeminent role in the protection of minors as in the Hague Convention of 1961 must be added the very nature of the Convention itself viz its limited scope ",
"fr": "En fait aux arguments qui ont agi en faveur de lui accorder un rôle préémine... |
310 | {
"en": "In this regard two points must be made on the one hand the Convention does not seek to govern definitively questions concerning the custody of children a fact which weakens considerably those arguments favoring the application of national law; on the other hand the rules of the Convention rest largely upon t... |
311 | {
"en": "From a different viewpoint our attention should also be drawn to the fact that the Convention speaks of the law of the State of habitual residence thus breaking with a long established tradition of Hague Conventions on applicable law since 1955 which refer to a particular internal law to govern the matters ... |
312 | {
"en": "Of course in such cases the word law has to be understood in its widest sense as embracing both written and customary rules of law whatever their relative importance might be and the interpretations placed upon them by caselaw ",
"fr": "Certes dans ces cas le terme de loi doit être compris dans son sens le... |
313 | {
"en": "However the adjective internal implies the exclusion of all reference to the conflict of law rules of the particular legal system ",
"fr": "Cependant l'adjectif interne implique l'exclusion de toute référence aux règles de conflit de la loi désignée "
} |
314 | {
"en": "Therefore since the Convention has abandoned its traditional formulation by speaking of the law of the habitual residence this difference cannot be regarded as just a matter of terminology ",
"fr": "Donc si la Convention a abandonné la formule traditionnelle pour parler du droit de la résidence habituelle ... |
315 | {
"en": "In fact as the preliminary proceedings of the Commission demonstrate it was intended right from the start to expand considerably the range of provisions which have to be considered in this context ",
"fr": "En effet comme le montrent les travaux prépa ratoires dès le début l'intention a été d'élargir davan... |
316 | {
"en": "Actually a proposal was made during the Fourteenth Session that this article should make it clear that the reference to the law of the habitual residence extends also to the rules of private international law ",
"fr": "En fait il y a même eu au cours de la Quatorzième session une proposition tendant à expl... |
317 | {
"en": "The fact that this proposal was rejected was due to the Conferences view that its inclusion was unnecessary and became implicit anyway once the text neither directly nor indirectly excluded the rules in question ",
"fr": "Si la proposition a été rejetée c'est parce que la Conférence était convaincue qu'une... |
318 | {
"en": "67 The foregoing considerations show that the law of the childs habitual residence is invoked in the widest possible sense ",
"fr": "67 Les considérations antérieures nous montrent que l'invocation du droit de la résidence habituelle de l'enfant est aussi large que possible "
} |
319 | {
"en": "Likewise the sources from which the custody rights which it is sought to protect derive are all those upon which a claim can be based within the context of the legal system concerned ",
"fr": "De même les sources dont peut découler le droit de garde qu'on essaie de protéger sont toutes celles qui peuvent f... |
320 | {
"en": "In this regard paragraph 2 of article 3 takes into consideration some no doubt the most important of those sources while emphasizing that the list is not exhaustive ",
"fr": "A cet égard l'alinéa 2 de l'article 3 considère certaines les plus importantes sans doute de ces sources mais en soulignant la natur... |
321 | {
"en": "This paragraph provides that the rights of custody mentioned in subparagraph a above may arise in particular thus underlining the fact that other sorts of rights may exist which are not contained within the text itself",
"fr": "Cet alinéa dispose en effet que le droit de garde visé en a peut notamment résu... |
322 | {
"en": "Now as we shall see in the following paragraphs these sources cover a vast juridical area and the fact that they are not exhaustively set out must be understood as favoring a flexible interpretation of the terms used which allows the greatest possible number of cases to be brought into consideration",
"fr"... |
323 | {
"en": "68 The first source referred to in article 3 is law where it is stated that custody may arise by operation of law ",
"fr": "68 La première des sources à laquelle l'article 3 fait allusion est la loi quand il dit que la garde peut résulter d'une attribution de plein droits "
} |
324 | {
"en": "That leads us to stress one of the characteristics of this Convention namely its application to the protection of custody rights which were exercised prior to any decision thereon ",
"fr": "Cela nous amène à insister sur l'un des traits caractéristiques de celte Convention nommément son applicabilité à la ... |
325 | {
"en": "This is important since one cannot forget that in terms of statistics the number of cases in which a child is removed prior to a decision on its custody are quite frequent ",
"fr": "Le point est important car on ne peut pas ignorer que dans une perspective statistique les cas où l'enfant est déplacé avant ... |
326 | {
"en": "Moreover the possibility of the dispossessed parent being able to recover the child in such circumstances except within the Convention s framework is practically nonexistent unless he in his turn resorts to force a course of action which is always harmful to the child ",
"fr": "D'ailleurs dans de telles si... |
327 | {
"en": "In this respect by including such cases within its scope the Convention has taken a significant step towards resolving the real problems which in the past largely escaped the control of the traditional mechanisms of private international law ",
"fr": "A cet égard en introduisant ces cas dans son domaine d'... |
328 | {
"en": "As for knowing the legal system which according to the Convention is to attribute the custody rights which it is desired to protect it is necessary to go back to the considerations developed in the previous paragraph ",
"fr": "Quant à savoir quel est selon la Convention le système juridique qui peut attrib... |
329 | {
"en": "Thus custody ex lege can be based either on the internal law of the State of the childs habitual residence or on the law designated by the conflict rules of that State ",
"fr": "Ainsi donc la garde ex lege pourra se baser soit sur la loi interne de l'Etat de la résidence habituelle de l'enfant soit sur la ... |
330 | {
"en": "The scope of the first option is quite clear; the second implies for example that the removal by its French father of a child born out of wedlock which had its habitual residence in Spain where it lived with its mother both mother and child being of French nationality should be considered wrongful in the Con... |
331 | {
"en": "69 The second source of custody rights contained in article 3 is a judicial or administrative decision",
"fr": "69 La deuxième source du droit de garde retenue à l'article 3 est l'existence d'une décision judiciaire ou administrative "
} |
332 | {
"en": "Since the Convention does not expand upon this it must be deemed on the one hand that the word decision is used in its widest sense and embraces any decision or part of a decision judicial or administrative on a childs custody and on the other hand that these decisions may have been issued by the courts of t... |
333 | {
"en": "Now in the latter case that is to say when custody rights were exercised in the State of the childs habitual residence on the basis of a foreign decree the Convention does not require that the decree had been formally recognized ",
"fr": "Or dans cette dernière hypothèse c'est à dire lorsque le droit de ga... |
334 | {
"en": "Consequently in order to have the effect described it is sufficient that the decision he regarded as such by the State of habitual residence ie that it contain in principle certain minimum characteristics which are necessary for setting in motion the means by which it may be confirmed or recognized ",
"fr"... |
335 | {
"en": "Wide interpretation that is moreover confirmed by the whole tenor of article 14",
"fr": "Interprétation large qui se trouve d'ailleurs confirmée par la teneur de l'article 14 de la Convention "
} |
336 | {
"en": "70 Lastly custody rights may arise according to article 3 by reason of an agreement having legal effect under the law of that State",
"fr": "70 Finalement le droit de garde peut découler d'après l'article 3 d'un accord en vigueur selon le droit de cet Etat "
} |
337 | {
"en": "In principle the agreements in question may be simple private transactions between the parties concerning the custody of their children The condition that they have legal effect according to the law of the State of habitual residence was inserted during the Fourteenth Session in place of a requirement that i... |
338 | {
"en": "The change was made in response to a desire that the conditions imposed upon the acceptance of agreements governing matter of custody which the Convention seeks to protect should be made as clear and as flexible as possible ",
"fr": "La condition d'être en vigueurs selon le droit de l'Etat de la résidence ... |
339 | {
"en": "As regards the definition of an agreement which has legal effect in terms of a particular law it seems that there must be included within it any sort of agreement which is not prohibited by such a law and which may provide a basis for presenting a legal claim to the competent authorities",
"fr": "La modifi... |
340 | {
"en": "Now to go back to the wide interpretation given by article 3 to the notion of the law of the State of the childs habitual residence the law concerned can equally as well be the internal law of that State as the law which is indicated as applicable by its conflict rules",
"fr": "Sur le point précis de savoi... |
341 | {
"en": "It is for the authorities of the State concerned to choose between the two alternatives although the spirit of the Convention appears to point to the choice of the one which in each particular case would recognize that custody had actually been exercised ",
"fr": "Or pour en revenir au sens large que la no... |
342 | {
"en": "On the other hand the Convention does not state in substance or form the conditions which these agreements must fulfil since these will change according to the terms of the law concerned",
"fr": "D'autre part la Convention ne précise point les conditions de fond ou de forme que ces accords doivent remplir... |
343 | {
"en": "71 Leaving aside a consideration of those persons who can hold rights of custody until the commentary on article 4 which concerns the scope of the Convention ratione personae it should be stressed now that the intention is to protect all the ways in which custody of children can be exercised ",
"fr": "71 T... |
344 | {
"en": "Actually in terms of article 3 custody rights may have been awarded w the person who demands that their exercise be respected and to that person in his own right or jointly",
"fr": "En effet aux termes de l'article 3 le droit de garde peut avoir été attribué seul ou conjointement à la personne qui demande ... |
345 | {
"en": "It cannot be otherwise in an era when types of joint custody regarded as best suited to the general principle of sexual nondiscrimination are gradually being introduced into internal law ",
"fr": "Il ne pouvait en être autrement à une époque où les législations internes introduisent progressivement la moda... |
346 | {
"en": "Joint custody is moreover not always custody ex lege in as much as courts are increasingly showing themselves to be in favor where circumstances permit of dividing the responsibilities inherent in custody rights between both parents",
"fr": "D'ailleurs la garde conjointe n'est pas toujours une garde ex leg... |
347 | {
"en": "Now from the Conventions stand point the removal of a child by one of the joint holders without the consent of the other is equally wrongful and this wrongfulness derives in this particular case not from some action in breach of a particular law but from the fact that such action has disregarded the rights ... |
348 | {
"en": "The Conventions true nature is revealed most clearly in these situations it is not concerned with establishing the person to whom custody of the child will belong at some point in the future nor with the situations in which it may prove necessary to modify a decision awarding joint custody on the basis of fa... |
349 | {
"en": "It seeks more simply to prevent a later decision on the matter being influenced by a change of circumstances brought about through unilateral action by one of the parties ",
"fr": "Elle essaie plus simplement d'éviter qu'un décision ultérieure à cet égard puisse être influencée par un changement des circon... |
350 | {
"en": "c The factual element",
"fr": "c L’élément de fait "
} |
351 | {
"en": "72 The second element characterizing those relationships protected by the Convention is that the custody rights which it is claimed have been breached by the childs removal were actually exercised by the holder",
"fr": "72 Le deuxième élément qui caractérise les rapports protégés par la Convention est que ... |
352 | {
"en": "In fact as soon as an approach to the subjectmatter of the Convention was adopted which deviated from the pure and simple international recognition of custody rights attributed co parents the Convention put its emphasis on protecting the right of children to have the stability which is so vital to them respe... |
353 | {
"en": "In other words the Convention protects the right of children not to have the emotional social etc aspects of their lives altered unless legal arguments exist which would guarantee their stability in a new situation",
"fr": "C'est à dire du droit des enfants à ne pas voir altérées les conditions affectives ... |
354 | {
"en": "This approach is reflected in the scope of the Convention which is limited to custody rights actually exercised",
"fr": "Cette approche est reflétée dans la limite du domaine d'application de la Convention aux droits de garde effectivement exercés "
} |
355 | {
"en": "What is more such a notion is justified within the framework of international relations by a complementary argument which concerns the fact that contradictory decisions arise quite frequently in this particular context decisions which are basically of little use in protecting the stability of a childs life "... |
356 | {
"en": "73 Actually this idea was not opposed to any extent",
"fr": "73 En réalité cette conception a été à peine contestée"
} |
357 | {
"en": "However several proposals were put forward for the deletion from article 3 of any reference to the actual exercise of custody rights",
"fr": "Pourtant plusieurs propositions ont été présentées en vue de supprimer de l'article 3 toute référence à l'exercice effectif de la garde"
} |
358 | {
"en": "The reason for this was that its retention could place on the applicant the burden of proving a point which would sometimes be difficult to establish",
"fr": "La raison en était que par ce biais on imposait au demandeur le fardeau d'une preuve sur un point qui serait parfois difficile à établir "
} |
359 | {
"en": "The situation became even more complicated when account was taken of the fact that article 13 which concerns the possible exceptions to the obligation to order the return of the child requires the abductor this time to prove that the dis possessed party had not actually exercised the custody rights he now c... |
360 | {
"en": "Now it is indeed by considering both provisions together that the true nature of the condition set forth in article 3 can be seen clearly",
"fr": "Or c'est justement en rapprochant les deux dispositions que l'on fait apparaître nettement la véritable nature de la condition prévue à l'article 3 "
} |
361 | {
"en": "This condition by defining the scope of the Convention requires that the applicant provide only some preliminary evidence that he actually took physical care of the child a fact which normally will he relatively easy to demonstrate",
"fr": "En effet cette condition en délimitant le domaine d'application de... |
362 | {
"en": "Besides the informal nature of this requirement is highlighted in article 8 which simply includes in subparagraph c the grounds on which the applicants claim for return of the child is based amongst the facts which it requires to be contained in applications to the Central Authorities",
"fr": "D'ailleurs l... |
363 | {
"en": "On the other hand article 13 of the Convention 12 in the Preliminary Draft shows us the real extent oft he burden of proof placed upon the abductor; it is for him to show if he Wishes to prevent the return of the child that the guardian had not actually exercised his rights of custody ",
"fr": "Par contre ... |
364 | {
"en": "Thus we may conclude that the Convention taken as a whole is built upon the tacit presumption that the person who has care of the child actually exercises custody over it ",
"fr": "Donc nous pouvons en arriver à la conclusion que l'ensemble de la Convention est construit sur la présomption non explicite qu... |
365 | {
"en": "This idea has to be overcome by discharging the burden of proof which has shifted as is normal with any presumption ie discharged by the abductor if he wishes to prevent the return of the child",
"fr": "Cette idée devra être détruite en vertu de l'inversion du fardeau de la preuve qui est le propre de tout... |
366 | {
"en": "74 However there is expressly included amongst the matters which the Convention is intended to protect the situation which arises when actual custody cannot be exercised precisely because of the removal of the child; that is the situation envisaged in the last alternative set out in article 3b",
"fr": "74... |
367 | {
"en": "Theoretically the underlying idea is perfectly in keeping with the spirit of the Convention and it is therefore from a practical point of view that it may be wondered whether such a provision needed to be added",
"fr": "En théorie l'idée sous jacente s'accorde parfaitement avec l'esprit qui inspire la Conv... |
368 | {
"en": "From this viewpoint the hypothetical situations which this provision is designed to protect are of two types one of which falls clearly within the scope of the Convention while the other failing this rule would probably require too strained an interpretation of its provisions ",
"fr": "Dans cette optique l... |
369 | {
"en": "On the one hand there are cases where an initial decision on custody is rendered worthless by the removal of the child",
"fr": "Il s'agit d'une part des cas soulevés lorsqu'une première décision sur la garde est mise en échec par le déplacement de l'enfant"
} |
370 | {
"en": "In so far as such a description follows the disruption of normal family life after a reasonable lapse of time the holder of the rights could be regarded as having exercised them from the outset so that the situation described fulfils all the conditions laid down within the scope of the Convention ",
"fr": ... |
371 | {
"en": "However if a decision on custody by the courts of the childs habitual residence is considered which modifies a prior decision and cannot be enforced because of the action of the abductor it could be that the new holder of the right to custody has not exercised it within the extended time limit ",
"fr": "Po... |
372 | {
"en": "The difficulties which would be encountered in seeking to apply the Convention to such situations and perhaps to others not herein mentioned are obvious",
"fr": "Les difficultés qu'un rencontrerait dans de telles situations et peut être dans d'autres non visées dans ces lignes pour invoquer la Convention s... |
373 | {
"en": "To conclude although this provision must not be expected to come into play very often it has to he said finally that its inclusion in the Convention might prove to be useful",
"fr": "En conclusion et quoiqu'il faille s'attendre à ce que le jeu de cette disposition ne soit pas fréquent nous devons conclure ... |
374 | {
"en": "Article 4 Conventions scope ratione personae",
"fr": "Article 4 Domaine d'application ratione personae "
} |
375 | {
"en": "75 This article concerns only the Conventions scope ratione personae as regards the children who arc to be protected",
"fr": "75 Cet article ne concerne que le domaine d'application ratione personae de la Convention par rapport aux enfants protégés "
} |
376 | {
"en": "However for the sake of completeness we shall also deal with the other aspects of the problem in their proper context that is to say those potential holders of custody and access rights and those who could be regarded as abductors within the terms of the Convention",
"fr": "Pourtant dans un souci de systém... |
377 | {
"en": "a The children protected",
"fr": "a Les enfants protégés"
} |
378 | {
"en": "76 The Convention applies to children of less than sixteen years of age who were habitually resident in a Contracting State immediately before any breach of custody or access rights",
"fr": "76 La Convention s'applique aux enfants âgés de moins de seize ans qui avaient leur résidence habituelle dans un Eta... |
379 | {
"en": "As regards the requirement that they be habitually resident reference must again be made to those considerations previously expressed about the nature of the Convention which lead to the conclusion that a convention based on cooperation among authorities can only become fully operational after the relations... |
380 | {
"en": "77 The age Jimit for application of the Convention raises two important questions",
"fr": "77 L'âge limite pour l'application de la Convention soulève deux questions importantes "
} |
381 | {
"en": "Firstly the matter of age in the strict sense gave rise to virtually no dispute",
"fr": "La première la question de l'âge stricto sensu a été à peine débattue "
} |
382 | {
"en": "The Convention kept the age at sixteen and therefore held to a concept of the child which is more restrictive than that accepted by other Hague Conventions",
"fr": "La Convention retient l'âge de seize ans consacrant ainsi une notion d'enfant plus restrictive que celle admise par d'autres Conventions de La... |
383 | {
"en": "The reason for this derives from the objects of the Convention themselves; indeed a person of more than sixteen years of age generally has a mind of his own which cannot easily be ignored either by one or both of his parents or by a judicial or administrative authority ",
"fr": "La raison découle des objec... |
384 | {
"en": "As for deciding upon the point at which this age should exclude the Conventions application the most restrictive of the various options available was retained by the Convention",
"fr": "Quant à la détermination du moment où cet âge interdit l'application de la Convention celle ci parmi les diverses options... |
385 | {
"en": "Consequently no action or decision based upon the Conventions provisions can be taken with regard to a child after its sixteenth birthday ",
"fr": "En conséquence aucune action ou décision basée sur les dispositions conventionnelles ne peut être adoptée à l'égard d'un enfant après son seizième anniversaire... |
386 | {
"en": "78 The second problem deals with the situation of children under sixteen years of age who have the right to choose their own place of residence",
"fr": "78 Le deuxième problème a trait à la situation des enfants âgés de moins de seize ans qui ont le droit de fixer leur lieu de résidence "
} |
387 | {
"en": "Considering that this right to choose ones residence generally forms part of the right to custody a proposal was put forward to the effect that the Convention should not apply in such cases ",
"fr": "Compte tenu du fait que ce droit fait en général partie du droit de garde une proposition a été faite dans ... |
388 | {
"en": "However this proposal was rejected on various grounds inter alia the following 1 the difficulty of choosing the legal system which should determine whether such a possibility exists since there are at least three different laws which could be applicable namely national law the law of habitual residence prior... |
389 | {
"en": "On the other hand the decision taken in this regard cannot be isolated from the provision in article 13 second paragraph which allows the competent authorities to have regard to the opinion of the child as to its return once it has reached an appropriate age and degree of maturity ",
"fr": "D'autre part la... |
390 | {
"en": "Indeed this rule leaves it open to judicial or administrative authorities whenever they are faced with the possibility of returning a minor legally entitled to decide on his place of residence to take the view that the opinion of the child should always be the decisive factor",
"fr": "En effet celte norme ... |
391 | {
"en": "The point could therefore be reached where an optional provision of the Convention becomes automatically applicable but such a result seems preferable to an overall reduction in the Conventions scope",
"fr": "On peut arriver ainsi à l'application automatique d'une disposition facultative de la Convention m... |
392 | {
"en": "b The holders of custody and access rights",
"fr": "b Les titulaires des droits de garde et de visite "
} |
393 | {
"en": "79 The problems raised by both of these rights in this regard arc quite different",
"fr": "79 Les problèmes soulevés à cet égard par l'un et l'autre des droits visés sont nettement différents "
} |
394 | {
"en": "Firstly as regards access rights it is obvious by the very nature of things that they will always be held by individuals whose identity will depend on the law which app1ies to the organizing of these rights",
"fr": "D'abord en ce qui concerne le droit de visite il est évident que par la nature même des cho... |
395 | {
"en": "These persons will as a rule be dose relatives of the child and normally will be either its father or mother",
"fr": "En principe ces personnes appartiendront a la proche famille de l'enfant et il s'agira normalement soit du père soit de la mère "
} |
396 | {
"en": "80 On the other hand legal persons can also in terms of the Convention hold rights of custody",
"fr": "80 Par contre des personnes morales peuvent aussi être titulaires d'un droit de garde au sens de la Convention "
} |
397 | {
"en": "Article 3 envisages the possibility of custody rights being attributed to an institution or any other body and is expressed in deliberately vague and wide terms",
"fr": "A cet égard l'article 3 considère la possibilité de l'attribution du droit de garde à une institution ou tout autre organisme en utilisan... |
398 | {
"en": "In fact during the Fourteenth Session the inclusion within the scope of the Convention of situations in which the child is entrusted to an institution was not challenged",
"fr": "En effet au cours de la Quatorzième session l'inclusion dans le domaine conventionnel des hypothèses où la personne de l'enfant ... |
399 | {
"en": "Now since there are bodies other than institutions which have children in their care the term used was extended so as to apply equally to those bodies with legal personality and to those which as an arm of the State lack separate personality",
"fr": "Or étant donné qu'il y a des organismes autres que les i... |
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