id stringlengths 1 3 | translation dict |
|---|---|
600 | {
"en": "Article 16 Prohibition against deciding upon the merits of custody rights",
"fr": "Article 16 Prohibition de statuer sur le fond du droit de garde "
} |
601 | {
"en": "121 This article so as to promote the realization of the Conventions objects regarding the return of the child seeks to prevent a decision on the merits of the right to custody being taken in the State of refuge ",
"fr": "121 En vue de faciliter la réalisation de l'objectif conventionnel relatif au retour ... |
602 | {
"en": "To this end the competent authorities in this State arc forbidden to ad judicate on the matter when they have been informed that the child in question has been in terms of the Convention wrongfully removed or retained",
"fr": "Dans ce but il interdit aux autorités compétentes de cet Etat de statuer sur ce... |
603 | {
"en": "This prohibition will dis appear when it is shown that according to the Convention it is not appropriate to return the child or where a reason able period of time has elapsed without an application under the Convention having been lodged ",
"fr": "Cette prohibition disparaîtra: lorsqu'il sera établi qu'i... |
604 | {
"en": "The two sets of circumstances which can put an end to the duly contained in the article are very different both in the reasons behind them and in their consequences ",
"fr": "Les deux circonstances qui peuvent mettre fin au devoir consacré dans cet article sont très différentes tant par leur justification ... |
605 | {
"en": "In fact it is perfectly logical to provide that this obligation will cease as soon as it is established that the conditions for a childs return have not been met either because the parties have come to an amicable arrangement or because it is appropriate to consider on the exceptions provided for in articles... |
606 | {
"en": "Moreover in such cases the decision on the merits of the custody rights will finally dispose of the case ",
"fr": "De surcroit dans de tels cas la décision sur le fond du droit de garde réglera l'affaire de façon définitive "
} |
607 | {
"en": "On the other hand since the notice which may justify the prohibition against deciding upon the merits of the case must derive either from an application for the return of the child which is submitted directly by the applicant or from an official communication from the Central Authority of the same State it i... |
608 | {
"en": "Moreover if such situations do exist the ambiguity in the phrase reasonable time could lead to decisions being taken before the period of one year contained in article 12 first paragraph has expired; in such a case this decision would coexist alongside the duty to return the child in accordance with the Conv... |
609 | {
"en": "Article 17 The existence of a decision on custody in the requested State",
"fr": "Article 17 Existence d'une décision relative à la garde dans l'Etat requis "
} |
610 | {
"en": "122 The origins of this article clearly demonstrate the end pursued",
"fr": "122 La genèse de cet article montre clairement l'objectif qu'il poursuit: la Première commission a initialement adopté une disposition qui donnait priorité absolue à l'application de la Convention en faisant prévaloir l'obligation... |
611 | {
"en": "The First Commission initially adopted a provision which gave absolute priority to the application of the Convention by making the duty to return the child prevail over any other decision on custody which had been issued or was likely to be issued in the requested State",
"fr": "En même temps elle a accep... |
612 | {
"en": "At the same time it accepted the possibility of a reservation allowing the return of the child to be refused when its return was shown to be incompatible with a decision existing in the State of refuge prior to the abduction ",
"fr": "Le texte actuel est donc le produit d'un compromis en vue d'éliminer une... |
613 | {
"en": "The current text is therefore the result of a compromise which was reached in order to eliminate a reservation in the Convention without at the same time reducing the extent of its acceptability to the States ",
"fr": "En ce sens on a remanié la disposition originale en soulignant que ne fera pas obstacle ... |
614 | {
"en": "In this way the original provision was recast by emphasizing that the sole fact that a decision existed would not of itself prevent the return of the child and by allowing judges to take into consideration the reasons for this decision in coming to a decision themselves on the application for the childs retu... |
615 | {
"en": "123 The solution contained in this article accords perfectly with the object of the Convention which is to discourage potential abductors who will not be able to defend their action by means either of a dead decision taken prior to the removal but never put into effect or of a decision obtained subsequently ... |
616 | {
"en": "Consequently the competent authority of the requested State will have to regard the application for the childs return as proof of the fact that a new factor has been introduced which obliges it to reconsider a decision which has not been put into effect or which was taken on the basis of exorbitant grounds o... |
617 | {
"en": "Moreover since the decision on the return of the child is not concerned with the merits of custody rights the reasons for the decision which may be taken into consideration are limited to those which concern the application of the Convention",
"fr": "Quant à la situation provoquée par une décision rendue p... |
618 | {
"en": "A situation brought about by a decision issued by the authorities of the State of a childs habitual residence prior to its abduction and which granted custody to the abductor would normally be resolved by applying article 3 of the Convention since the existence of a claimed right to custody must be understoo... |
619 | {
"en": "Article 19 Scope of the decisions on the return of the child",
"fr": "Article 19 Portée des décisions sur le retour de l’enfant "
} |
620 | {
"en": "124 This provision express s an idea which underlies the whole of the Convention as a matter of fact in this Report we have already been concerned on several occasions as much with the reasons for it as with commenting upon it",
"fr": "124 Cette disposition exprime l'idée qui se trouve à la base même de to... |
621 | {
"en": "This article is restricted to stating the scope of decisions taken regarding the return of the child which the Convention seeks to guarantee a return which so as to be forthwith or speedy must not prejudge the merits of custody rights this provision seeks to prevent a later decision on these rights being inf... |
622 | {
"en": "CHAPTER IV RIGHTS OF ACCESS",
"fr": "CHAPITRE IV – DROIT DE VISITE"
} |
623 | {
"en": "Article 21",
"fr": "Article 21 "
} |
624 | {
"en": "125 Above all it must be recognized that the Convention does not seek to regulate access rights in an exhaustive manner; this would undoubtedly go beyond the scope of the Conventions objectives",
"fr": "125 Avant tout il s'impose de reconnaître que la Convention n'essaie pas d'établir une réglementation ex... |
625 | {
"en": "Indeed even if the attention which has been paid to access rights results from the belief that they are the normal corollary of custody rights it sufficed at the Convention level merely to secure cooperation among Central Authorities as regards either their organization or the protection of their actual exer... |
626 | {
"en": "In other respects the best indication of the high level of agreement reached regarding access rights is the particularly short amount of time devoted to them by the First Commission",
"fr": "Par ailleurs le temps particulièrement court que lui a consacré la Première commission est peut être le meilleur ind... |
627 | {
"en": "126 As we have just pointed out the article as a whole rests upon cooperation among Central Authorities",
"fr": "126 Comme nous venons de l'indiquer l'article repose dans son ensemble sur la coopération entre Autorités centrales "
} |
628 | {
"en": "A proposal which sought to insert a provision in a new paragraph that both the authorities and the law of the State of the childs habitual residence should have exclusive jurisdiction in questions of access rights was rejected by a large majority",
"fr": "Une proposition visant à introduire dans un nouvel ... |
629 | {
"en": "The organizing and securing of the actual exercise of access rights was thus always seen by the Convention as an essential function of the Central Authorities",
"fr": "L'organisation et la protection de l'exercice effectif du droit de visite sont donc toujours envisagées par la Convention comme une fonctio... |
630 | {
"en": "Understood thus the first paragraph contains two important points in the first place the freedom of individuals to apply to the Central Authority of their choice and secondly the fact that the purpose of the application to the Central Authority can he either the organization of access rights ie their establi... |
631 | {
"en": "Now recourse to legal proceedings will arise very frequently especially when the application seeks to organize rights which are merely claimed or when their exercise runs up against opposition from the holder of the rights of custody ",
"fr": "Or le recours à des procédures légales s'imposera très fréquemm... |
632 | {
"en": "With this in view the articles third paragraph envisages the possibility of Central Authorities initiating or assisting in such proceedings either directly or through intermediaries",
"fr": "À cet effet le troisième alinéa de l'article envisage la possibilité pour les Autorités centrales d'entamer ou de fa... |
633 | {
"en": "127 The nature of the problems tackled in the second paragraph is very different",
"fr": "127 Les problèmes abordés au deuxième alinéa sont de nature très différente "
} |
634 | {
"en": "Here it is a question of securing the peaceful enjoyment of access rights without endangering custody rights ",
"fr": "Il s'agit d'assurer l'exercice paisible du droit de visite sans qu'il mette en danger le droit de garde "
} |
635 | {
"en": "This provision therefore contains important elements for the attainment of this end ",
"fr": "Dans ce sens cette disposition contient des éléments importants pour atteindre ce but "
} |
636 | {
"en": "Once again cooperation among Central Authorities is placed of necessity in the very center of the picture and it is a cooperation designed as much to promote the exercise of access rights as to guarantee the fulfilment of any conditions to which their exercise may be subject ",
"fr": "Au centre même de la ... |
637 | {
"en": "Of all the specific ways of securing the exercise of access rights article 21 contains only one where it points out that the Central Authority must try to remove as for as possible all obstacles to the exercise of such rights obstacles which may he legal ones or may originate in possible criminal liability",... |
638 | {
"en": "The rest is left up to the cooperation among Central Authorities which is regarded as the best means of ensuring respect for the conditions imposed upon the exercise of access rights",
"fr": "Le reste est laissé à la coopération entre Autorités centrales considérée comme la meilleure méthode pour obtenir q... |
639 | {
"en": "In fact such respect is the only means of guaranteeing to the custodian that their exercise will not harm his own rights",
"fr": "En effet ce respect constitue pour le titulaire de la garde la seule garantie qu'un tel exercice ne serait pas nuisible à ses propres droits "
} |
640 | {
"en": "128 The Convention gives no examples of how Central Authorities are to organize this cooperation so as to secure the innocent exercise of access rights since such examples could have been interpreted restrictively",
"fr": "128 Sur la question de savoir comment les Autorités centrales vont organiser cette c... |
641 | {
"en": "Mention could however be made purely indicatively as in the Report of the preliminary draft Convention of the fact that it would be advisable that the childs name not appear on the passport of the holder of the right of access whilst in transfrontier access cases it would be sensible for the holder of the ac... |
642 | {
"en": "A copy of such an undertaking would then be sent to the Central Authority of the habitual residence of the holder of the access rights as well as to the Central Authority of the State in which he has stated his intention of staying with the child ",
"fr": "Une copie d'un tel compromis serait par la suite t... |
643 | {
"en": "This would enable the authorities to know the whereabouts of the child at any time and to set in motion proceedings for bringing about its return as soon as the stated time limit has expired",
"fr": "Cela permettrait de connaître à tout moment la localisation de l'enfant et de déclencher la procédure pour ... |
644 | {
"en": "Of course none of the measures could by itself ensure that access rights are exercised properly but in any event we believe that this Report can go no further the specific measures which the Central Authorities concerned arc able to take will depend on the circumstances of each case and on the capacity to ac... |
645 | {
"en": "CHAPTER V GENERAL PROVISIONS",
"fr": "Chapitre V Dispositions Générales "
} |
646 | {
"en": "129 This chapter contains a series of provisions which differ according to the topics with which they deal and which had to be dealt with outside the framework of the foregoing chapters",
"fr": "129 Ce chapitre contient une série de dispositions hétérogènes en raison de la matière dont elles s'occupent mai... |
647 | {
"en": "On the one hand there are certain procedural provisions common both to the proceedings for the return of the child and to the organization of access rights and on the other hand there arc provision; for regulating the problems arising out of the Conventions application in States with more than one system of ... |
648 | {
"en": "Article 22 Cautio judicatum solvi",
"fr": "Article 22 Cautio Judicatum solvi "
} |
649 | {
"en": "130 Following a marked tendency to favor the deletion from the Convention of procedural measures which dis criminated against foreigners this article declares that no security bond or deposit however described shall be required within the context of the Convention ",
"fr": "130 Suivant une tendance marqué... |
650 | {
"en": "Two short comments are in order here",
"fr": "Le texte mérite deux brefs commentaires "
} |
651 | {
"en": "The first concerns the scope of the stated prohibition ratione personae on this point an extremely liberal solution was arrived at such as was required by a convention built upon the basic idea of protecting children",
"fr": "Le premier concerne le domaine d'application ratione personae de la prohibition c... |
652 | {
"en": "Secondly the security bond or deposit from which foreigners arc exempt are those which in any legal system and howsoever described are meant to guarantee respect for decisions on the payment of costs and expenses arising out of legal proceedings ",
"fr": "En second lieu la caution ou dépôt dont sont exonér... |
653 | {
"en": "The article in its concern for coherence states that the rule will apply only to those judicial or administrative proceedings falling within the scope of the Convention and avoids a wider formulation which could have been interpreted as applicable for example to proceedings raised directly for a decision on ... |
654 | {
"en": "On the other hand it can clearly he inferred from the preceding observations that it does not prevent other types of security bond or deposit being required particularly those which are imposed so as to guarantee the proper exercise of access rights",
"fr": "D'autre part il se déduit clairement de ce qui p... |
655 | {
"en": "Article 23 Exemption from legalization",
"fr": "Article 23 Exemption de légalisation "
} |
656 | {
"en": "131 This article repeats word for word the text of the equivalent article in the preliminary draft Convention which merely set forth in a separate provision an idea which is to be found in all Hague Conventions involving the transmission of documents among Contracting States",
"fr": "131 Cet article reprod... |
657 | {
"en": "The fact that it has been drafted in wide terms means that not only diplomatic legalization but also any other similar sort of requirement is forbidden ",
"fr": "Il se déduit de sa rédaction ouverte qu'il n'interdit pas seulement les légalisations diplomatiques mais toute autre exigence de ce genre"
} |
658 | {
"en": "However any requirement of the internal law of the authorities in question that copies or private documents be authenticated remains outside the scope of this provision",
"fr": "Cependant reste dehors de cette disposition l’exigence possible d'authentification des copies ou documents privés selon la loi in... |
659 | {
"en": "Article 24 Translation of documents",
"fr": "Article 24 Traduction des documents "
} |
660 | {
"en": "132 As regards the languages which are to be used as among Central Authorities the Convention upheld the approach in the Preliminary Draft by which documents are to be sent in their original language accompanied by a translation into one of the official languages of the requested State or where that is not f... |
661 | {
"en": "In this matter the Convention also allows a reservation to be made in terms of article 42 under which a Contracting State can object to the use of one or other of the substitute languages but this reservation cannot of course exclude the use of both ",
"fr": "Sur ce point d'ailleurs la Convention admet la ... |
662 | {
"en": "Finally it must be emphasized firstly that the scheme which has been chosen offers only a minimal facility and may be improved upon by other conventions which exclude any requirement of translation as among States which are Party to them and secondly that it governs only communications among Central Authorit... |
663 | {
"en": "Consequently applications and other documents sent to internal judicial or administrative authorities will have to conform to the rules regarding translation laid down by the law of each State",
"fr": "En conséquence de quoi les demandes et autres documents adressés aux autorités judiciaires ou administrat... |
664 | {
"en": "Article 25 Legal aid and advice",
"fr": "Article 25 Assistance judiciaire et juridique "
} |
665 | {
"en": "133 The relevant provision here enlarges the scope of legal aid in two respects",
"fr": "133 La disposition sur ce point élargit le domaine de T'assistance judiciaire dans une double perspective"
} |
666 | {
"en": "Firstly it includes among the possible beneficiaries persons habitually resident in a Contracting State as well as that States own nationals ",
"fr": "D'un côté par l'inclusion parmi les éventuels bénéficiaires en plus des nationaux des Etats parties des personnes qui auraient dans ces Etats leur résidence... |
667 | {
"en": "Secondly the legal aid available is extended to cover legal advice as well which is not invariably included in the various systems of legal aid operated by States",
"fr": "De l'autre par l'extension de l'assistance visée à la consultation juridique un aspect qui n'est pas toujours couvert par les divers sy... |
668 | {
"en": "Article 26 Costs arising out of the Conventions application",
"fr": "Article 26 Frais découlant de l'application de la Convention "
} |
669 | {
"en": "134 The principle enunciated in the first paragraph under which each Central Authority bears its own costs in applying the Convention met no opposition",
"fr": "134 Le principe exprimé au premier alinéa d'après lequel chaque Autorité centrale assumera ses propres frais en appliquant la Convention n'a pas r... |
670 | {
"en": "Quite simply it means that a Central Authority cannot claim costs from another Central Authority ",
"fr": "Il implique avant tout qu'une Autorité centrale ne peut pas réclamer ces frais à une autre Autorité centrale "
} |
671 | {
"en": "It must however be admitted that the costs envisaged will depend on the actual services provided by each Central Authority according to the freedom of action conferred upon it by the internal law of the State concerned ",
"fr": "Quant à savoir quels sont les frais visés il faut convenir qu'ils dépendront d... |
672 | {
"en": "135 On the other hand the second paragraph refers to one of the most controversial matters dealt with by the Fourteenth Session a matter which in the end had to be resolved by accepting the reservation in the third paragraph of the same article ",
"fr": "135 Par contre le second alinéa a trait à l'un des p... |
673 | {
"en": "In fact the argument between those delegations which wanted the applicant to be exempt from all costs arising out of the application of the Convention including exemption from all costs and expenses not covered by the legal aid and advice system such as those which arise out of legal proceedings or where app... |
674 | {
"en": "The reason for this was that since different criteria for the granting of legal aid were rooted in the very structure of the legal systems concerned any attempt to make one approach pre vail absolutely over the others would have led to the automatic exclusion of certain States from the Convention a result w... |
675 | {
"en": "However there was total agreement as regards the rule contained in the last sentence of the second paragraph authorizing the Central Authorities to require the payment of the expenses incurred or to be incurred in implementing the return of the child",
"fr": "Par contre l'accord a été total en ce qui conce... |
676 | {
"en": "136 The fourth paragraph contains a quite different type of provision by which the competent internal authorities may direct the abductor or the person who prevented the exercise of access rights to pay necessary expenses occurred by or on behalf of the applicant including travel expenses any costs incurred ... |
677 | {
"en": "But since this rule is only an opt10nal provision which recognizes the discretion which may be exercised by the courts in each case its scope would seem to be particularly symbolic a possible deterrent to behavior which is contrary to the objects of the Convention",
"fr": "Mais étant donné qu'il s'agit d'u... |
678 | {
"en": "Article 27 Possible rejection of an application",
"fr": "Article 27 Possibilité de rejeter une demande "
} |
679 | {
"en": "137 Common sense would indicate that Central Authorities cannot be obliged to accept applications which belong outside the scope of the Convention or are manifestly without foundation",
"fr": "137 Le bon sens indique qu'on ne peut pas obliger les Autorités centrales à accepter les demandes qui se situent ... |
680 | {
"en": "In such cases the only duty of Central Authorities is to inform forthwith the applicant or the Central Authority through which the application was submitted as the case may be of its reasons",
"fr": "Dans ces cas là la seule obligation des Autorités centrales est d'informer immédiatement de leurs motifs le... |
681 | {
"en": "This means that an application may be rejected by the Central Authority to which the applicant applied directly as well as by a Central Authority which was initially brought into the case by another Central Authority ",
"fr": "Cela signifie que le rejet d'une demande peut être fait tant de l'Autorité centr... |
682 | {
"en": "Article 28 Authorization required by the Central Authority",
"fr": "Article 28 Procuration exigée par l'Autorité centrale "
} |
683 | {
"en": "138 The provision in this article is merely another example of the Conventions attitude to the organization and powers of Central Authorities",
"fr": "138 La disposition contenue dans cet article n'est qu'un autre manifestation du point de vue adopté par la Convention en ce qui concerne l'organisation et l... |
684 | {
"en": "Since the aim is to avoid requiring States to change their own law in order to be able to accept the Convention the Convention takes into consideration the fact that in terms of the law of various Member States of the Conference the Central Authority would have the power to require some authorization from th... |
685 | {
"en": "As a matter of fact the model form as an example of the documents which might be attached to an application see note to No IX brings in a reference to the authorization empowering the Central Authority to act on behalf of the applicant an authorization which every time it is required by a Central Authority w... |
686 | {
"en": "Article 29 Direct application to competent internal authorities",
"fr": "Article 29 Saisine directe des autorités internes compétentes "
} |
687 | {
"en": "139 The Convention does not seek to establish a system for the return of children which is exclusively for the benefit of the Contracting States",
"fr": "139 La Convention n'essaie pas d'établir un système exclusif entre les Etats contractants pour obtenir le retour des enfants "
} |
688 | {
"en": "It is put forward rather as an additional means for helping persons whose custody or access rights have been breached ",
"fr": "Elle se présente au contraire comme un instrument complémentaire se proposant d'aider les personnes dont le droit de garde ou de visite a été violé "
} |
689 | {
"en": "Consequently those persons can either have recourse to the Central Authorities in other words use the means provided in the Convention or else pursue a direct action before the competent authorities in matters of custody and access in the State where the child is located ",
"fr": "Par conséquent ces person... |
690 | {
"en": "In the latter case whenever the persons concerned opt to apply directly to the relevant authorities a second choice is open to them in that they can submit their application whether or not under the provisions of this Convention ",
"fr": "Dans la seconde hypothèse donc quand les personnes concernées optent... |
691 | {
"en": "In the latter case the authorities are not of course obliged to apply the provisions of the Convention unless the State has incorporated them into its internal law in terms of article 2 of the Convention ",
"fr": "Dans le dernier cas évidemment les autorités ne seront pas tenues d'appliquer les disposition... |
692 | {
"en": "Article 30 Admissibility of documents",
"fr": "Article 30 Recevabilité des documents "
} |
693 | {
"en": "140 This provision was intended to resolve the problem which existed in some Member States regarding the admissibility of documents",
"fr": "140 Par cette disposition la Convention a entendu résoudre le problème existant dans certains Etats membres de la Conférence en ce qui concerne la recevabilité des do... |
694 | {
"en": "It merely seeks to facilitate ad mission before the judicial or administrative authorities of Contracting States of applications submitted either directly or through the intervention of a Central Authority as well as documents which may be attached or supplied by the Central Authorities",
"fr": "Il s'agit... |
695 | {
"en": "In fact this article must not be understood to contain a rule on the evidential value which is to be placed on these documents since that problem falls quite outwith the scope of the Convention",
"fr": "En effet on ne doit pas interpréter cet article comme incorporant une règle sur la valeur de preuve qu'i... |
696 | {
"en": "Articles 31 to 33 Application of the Convention in relation to States with more than one system of law",
"fr": "Articles 31 à 33 Application de la Convention en ce qui concerne les Etats plurilégislatifs "
} |
697 | {
"en": "141 These three articles govern the Conventions application to States with nonunitary legal systems",
"fr": "141 Ces trois articles règlent l'application de la Convention en ce qui concerne les Etats à systèmes juridiques non unifiés "
} |
698 | {
"en": "As in recent conventions of the Hague Conference a distinction has been drawn between States which have several systems of law applicable in different territorial units and those with several systems of law applicable to different categories of persons",
"fr": "A l'instar des dernières conventions élaborée... |
699 | {
"en": "To be more precise the solution adopted received its inspiration from that reached by the conventions drawn up during the Thirteenth Session of the Conference",
"fr": "Plus précisément les solutions retenues s'inspirent de celles adoptées dans les conventions élaborées au cours de la Treizième session de l... |
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