id stringlengths 1 3 | translation dict |
|---|---|
500 | {
"en": "This does not preclude the Central Authority to which the application was originally made where the application is sent to another Central Authority from accompanying the application by inter alia information concerning the social background of the child if it has such information at its disposal and conside... |
501 | {
"en": "Article 9 Transmission of the application to the Central Authority of the State where the child is located",
"fr": "Article 9 Transmission de la demande à l’autorité centrale de l’Etat où se trouve l’enfant "
} |
502 | {
"en": "102 A direct consequence of the applicants right to apply to the Central Authority of his choice is the duty imposed on the latter to transmit the application to the Central Authority of the State in which it has reason to believe the child is located; this duty arises also when the Central Authority which i... |
503 | {
"en": "This is a task which supplements the framework of duties outlined in article 7 since it relates directly to the duty of cooperation amongst Central Authorities established by the first paragraph of that article",
"fr": "Il s'agit là d'une fonction qui vient compléter le cadre esquissé à L'article 7 puisqu'... |
504 | {
"en": "Now although the meaning of article 9 may be dear it has not been very artfully drafted ",
"fr": "Or si le sens de l'article 9 est clair sa rédaction n'en est pas très heureuse "
} |
505 | {
"en": "The requesting Central Authority to which this article refers exists only where the application submitted in accordance with article 8 has been transmitted to another Central Authority in terms of article 9 itself ",
"fr": " L'Autorité centrale requérante à laquelle cet article se réfère existe seulement l... |
506 | {
"en": "Consequently the duty to inform a requesting Central Authority exists only when the application has been transmitted to a third Central Authority the child not being located in the State of the second Central Authority to which the application was sent ",
"fr": "En conséquence l'obligation d'informer une A... |
507 | {
"en": "But on the other hand the duty to transmit an application in terms of this article devolves upon any Central Authority independently of the fact that it was seized of the matter either directly or through the intervention of another Central Authority since this provision must be understood as applying to bot... |
508 | {
"en": "Article 10 Voluntary return of the child",
"fr": "Article 10 La remise volontaire de l'enfant "
} |
509 | {
"en": "103 The duty of Central Authorities stated in article 72c to take all appropriate measures to secure the voluntary return of the child is given preferential treatment in this article which highlights the interest of the Convention in seeing parties have recourse to this way of proceeding ",
"fr": "103 La f... |
510 | {
"en": "The phrase before the institution of any legal or ad ministrative proceedings which preceded this provision in the Preliminary Draft and restricted the duty included within it to a particular point in time was deleted from the text of the Convention",
"fr": "Dans le texte de la Convention on a supprimé le... |
511 | {
"en": "The reason for this deletion is the difficulty experienced by some legal systems in accepting that a public authority such as a Central Authority could act before an application had been brought before the competent authorities; however the whole tenor of the provision shows that the Central Authorities of o... |
512 | {
"en": "On the other hand it is in no way an inflexible obligation for two reasons firstly efforts to secure the voluntary return of the child which were begun prior to the referral of the matter to the judicial or administrative authorities may be pursued thereafter and secondly in so far as the initiative for the ... |
513 | {
"en": "Moreover the measures envisaged in this article are not intended to prejudice the efforts of Central Authorities to prevent further removals of the child pursuant to article 72b",
"fr": "D'ailleurs il est entendu que les démarches visées dans cet article ne doivent pas préjuger de l'action des Autorités ce... |
514 | {
"en": "Article 11 The use of expeditious procedures by judicial or administrative authorities",
"fr": "Article 11 L'utilisation des procédures d'urgence par les autorités judiciaires ou administratives "
} |
515 | {
"en": "104 The importance throughout the Convention of the time factor appears again in this article",
"fr": "104 L'importance du facteur temps dans toute la matière apparaît de nouveau dans cet article "
} |
516 | {
"en": "Whereas article 2 of the Convention imposes upon Contracting States the duty to use expeditious procedures the first paragraph of this article restates the obligation this time with regard to the authorities of the State to which the child has been taken and which are to decide upon its return",
"fr": "Si ... |
517 | {
"en": "There is a double aspect to this duty firstly the use of the most speedy procedures known to their legal system; secondly that applications are so far as possible to be granted priority treatment",
"fr": "L'obligation considérée a un double aspect : d'une part l'utilisation des procédures les plus rapides ... |
518 | {
"en": "105 The second paragraph so as to prompt internal authorities to accord maximum priority to dealing with the problems arising out of the international removal of children lays down a nonobligatory time limit of six weeks after which the applicant or Central Authority of the request ed State may request a st... |
519 | {
"en": "Moreover after the Central Authority of the requested State receives the reply it is once more under a duty to inform a duty owed either to the Central Authority of the requesting State or to the applicant who has applied to it directly",
"fr": "De plus quand l'Autorité centrale de l'Etat requis aura reçu ... |
520 | {
"en": "In short the provisions importance cannot be measured in terms of the requirements of the obligations imposed by it but by the very fact that it draws the attention of the competent authorities to the decisive nature of the time factor in such situations and that it determines the maximum period of time with... |
521 | {
"en": "Articles 12 and 18 Duty to return the child",
"fr": "Articles 12 et 18 Obligation de retourner l'enfant "
} |
522 | {
"en": "106 These two articles can be examined together since they complement each other to a certain extent despite their different character",
"fr": "106 Ces deux articles peuvent être examinés ensemble car malgré leur nature différente ils présentent un certain caractère complémentaire "
} |
523 | {
"en": "Article 12 forms an essential part of the Convention specifying as it does those situations in which the judicial or administrative authorities of the State where the child is located arc obliged to order its return",
"fr": "L'article 12 constitue une pièce essentielle de la Convention étant donné que c'es... |
524 | {
"en": "That is why it is appropriate to emphasize once again the fact that the compulsory return of the child depends in terms of the Convention on a decision having been taken by the competent authorities of the requested State",
"fr": "C'est pourquoi il convient de souligner une fois encore que la remise non vo... |
525 | {
"en": "Consequently the obligation to return a child with which this article deals is laid upon these authorities",
"fr": "En conséquence l'obligation de retour dont traite cet article s'impose auxdites autorités "
} |
526 | {
"en": "To this end the article highlights two cases; firstly the duty of authorities where proceedings have begun within one year of the wrongful removal or retention of a child and secondly the conditions which attach to this duty where an application is submitted after the aforementioned time limit ",
"fr": "A ... |
527 | {
"en": "107 In the first paragraph the article brings a unique solution to bear upon the problem of determining the period during which the authorities concerned must order the return of the child forthwith",
"fr": "107 Dans le premier alinéa l'article apporte une solution unique au problème soulevé par la détermi... |
528 | {
"en": "The problem is an important one since in so far as the return of the child is regarded as being in its interests it is clear that after a child has become settled in its new environment its return should take place only after an examination of the merits of the custody rights exercised over it something whic... |
529 | {
"en": "Now the difficulties encountered in any attempt to state this test of integration of the child as an objective rule resulted in a time limit being fixed which although perhaps arbitrary nevertheless proved to be the least bad answer to the concerns which were voiced in this regard ",
"fr": "Or les difficul... |
530 | {
"en": "108 Several questions had to be faced as a result of this approach firstly the date from which the time limit was to begin to run; secondly extension of the time limit; thirdly the date of expiry of the time limit",
"fr": "108 Dans l'approche adoptée il a fallu affronter une pluralité de questions : primo ... |
531 | {
"en": "As regards the first point ie how to determine the date on which the time limit should begin to run the article refers to the wrongful removal or retention",
"fr": "En ce qui concerne le premier point c'est à dire la détermination du moment où commence à courir le délai l'article se réfère au déplacement o... |
532 | {
"en": "The fixing of the decisive date in cases of wrongful retention should be understood as that on which the child ought to have been returned to its custodians or on which the holder of the right of custody refused to agree to an extension of the childs stay in a place other than that of its habitual residence ... |
533 | {
"en": "Secondly the establishment of a single time limit of one year putting on one side the difficulties encountered in establishing the childs whereabouts is a substantial improvement on the system envisaged in article 11 of the Preliminary Draft drawn up by the Special Commission ",
"fr": "En second lieu la co... |
534 | {
"en": "In fact the application of the Convention was thus clarified since the inherent difficulty in having to prove the existence of those problems which can surround the locating of the child was eliminated ",
"fr": "En effet par ce biais on a clarifié l'application de la Convention en éliminant les difficultés... |
535 | {
"en": "Thirdly as regards the terminus ad quern the article has retained the date on which proceedings were commenced instead of the date of decree so that potential delays in acting on the part of the competent authorities will not harm the interests of parties protected by the Convention",
"fr": "Troisièmement ... |
536 | {
"en": "To sum up whenever the circumstances just examined are found to be present in a specific case the judicial or ad ministrative authorities must order the return of the child forthwith unless they aver the existence of one of the exceptions provided for in the Convention itself",
"fr": "En résumé chaque foi... |
537 | {
"en": "109 The second paragraph answered to the need felt strongly throughout the preliminary proceedings to lessen the consequences which would flow from the adoption of an inflexible time limit beyond which the provisions of the Convention could not be invoked",
"fr": "109 Le deuxième alinéa répond à la nécessi... |
538 | {
"en": "The solution finally adopted plainly extends the Conventions scope by maintaining indefinitely a real obligation to return the child",
"fr": "La solution finalement retenue étend nettement le domaine d'application de la Convention en consacrant pour une période indéfinie une véritable obligation de retourn... |
539 | {
"en": "In any event it cannot be denied that such an obligation disappears whenever it can be shown that the child is now settled in its new environment",
"fr": "De toute façon on ne peut pas ignorer qu'une telle obligation disparaît si on arrive à établir que l'enfant s'est intégré dans son nouveau milieux "
} |
540 | {
"en": "The provision does not state how this fact is to be proved but it would seem logical to regard such a task as falling upon the abductor or upon the person who opposes the return of the child whilst at the same time preserving the contingent discretionary power of internal authorities in this regard ",
"fr"... |
541 | {
"en": "In any case the proof or verification of a childs establishment in a new environment opens up the possibility of longer proceedings than those envisaged in the first paragraph ",
"fr": "En tout cas la preuve ou la constatation du nouvel enracinement de l'enfant ouvre la porte à la possibilité d'une procédu... |
542 | {
"en": "Finally and as much for these reasons as for the fact that the return will in the very nature of things always occur much 1ater than one year after the abduction the Convention does not speak in this context of return forthwith but merely of return",
"fr": "En définitive tant pour ces raisons que du fait q... |
543 | {
"en": "110 One problem common to both of these situations was determining the place to which the child had to be returned",
"fr": "110 Un problème commun aux deux situations examinées est la détermination du lieu où il faut retourner l'enfant "
} |
544 | {
"en": "The Convention did not accept a proposal to the effect that the return of the child should always be to the State of its habitual residence before its removal ",
"fr": "A cet égard la Convention n'a pas retenu une proposition tendant à préciser que le retour se ferait toujours vers l'Etat de la résidence h... |
545 | {
"en": "Admittedly one of the underlying reasons for requiring the return of the child was the desire to prevent the natural jurisdiction of the courts of the State of the childs residence being evaded with impunity by force ",
"fr": "Certes une des raisons sous jacentes à l'idée de retourner l'enfant est le souci... |
546 | {
"en": "However including such a provision in the Convention would have made its application so inflexible as to be useless ",
"fr": "Néanmoins l'inclusion d'une telle précision dans le texte de la Convention en aurait rendu l'application inutilement rigide "
} |
547 | {
"en": "In fact we must not forget that it is the right of children not to be removed from a particular environment which sometimes is a basically family one which the fight against international child abductions seeks to protect ",
"fr": "En effet nous ne devons pas ignorer que ce qu'on entend protéger en luttant... |
548 | {
"en": "Now when the applicant no longer lives in what was the State of the childs habitual residence prior to its removal the return of the child to that State might cause practical problems which would be difficult to resolve ",
"fr": "Or si le demandeur n'habite plus l'Etat de la résidence habituelle antérieure... |
549 | {
"en": "The Conventions silence on this matter must therefore be understood as allowing the authorities of the State of refuge to return the child directly to the applicant regardless of the latters present place of residence ",
"fr": "Le silence de la Convention sur ce point doit donc être interprété comme permet... |
550 | {
"en": "111 The third paragraph of article 12 introduces a perfectly logical provision inspired by considerations of procedural economy by virtue of which the authorities which are acquainted with a case can stay the proceedings or dismiss the application where they have reason to believe that the child has been tak... |
551 | {
"en": "The reasons by which they may come to such a conclusion are not stated in the article and will therefore depend on the internal law of the State in question",
"fr": "Les moyens par lesquels elles peuvent arriver à une telle conviction ne sont pas envisagés dans l'article ils dépendront par conséquent du dr... |
552 | {
"en": "112 Finally article 18 indicates that nothing in this chapter limits the power of a judicial or administrative authority to order the return of the child at any time",
"fr": "112 Finalement l'article 18 signale que rien dans ce chapitre ne limite le pouvoir de l'autorité judiciaire ou administrative saisie... |
553 | {
"en": "This provision which was drafted on the basis of article 15 of the Preliminary Draft and which imposes no duty underlines the non exhaustive and complementary nature of the Convention ",
"fr": "Rédigée sur la base de l'article 15 de l'avant projet cette disposition qui n'impose aucune obligation souligne l... |
554 | {
"en": "In fact it authorizes the competent authorities to order the return of the child by invoking other provisions more favorable to the attainment of this end ",
"fr": "En effet elle autorise les autorités compétentes à ordonner le retour de l'enfant en invoquant d'autres dispositions plus favorables à ce but ... |
555 | {
"en": "This may happen particularly in the situations envisaged in the second paragraph of article 12 ie where as a result of an application being made to the authority after more than one year has elapsed since the removal the return of the child may be refused if it has become settled in its new social and family... |
556 | {
"en": "Articles 13 and 20 Possible exceptions to the return of the child",
"fr": "Articles 13 et 20 Exceptions possibles au retour de l’enfant "
} |
557 | {
"en": "113 In the first part of this Report we commented at length upon the reasons for the origins and scope of the exceptions contained in the articles concerned",
"fr": "113 Dans la première partie de ce Rapport nous avons commenté longuement la justification l'origine et la portée des exceptions consacrées da... |
558 | {
"en": "We shall restrict ourselves at this point to making some observations on their literal meaning ",
"fr": "Nous nous limiterons ici à faire quelques considérations sur sa teneur littérale "
} |
559 | {
"en": "In general it is appropriate to emphasize that the exceptions in these two articles do not apply automatically in that they do not invariably result in the childs retention; nevertheless the very nature of these exceptions gives judges a discretion and does not impose upon them a duty to refuse to return a c... |
560 | {
"en": "114 With regard to article 13 the introductory part of the first paragraph highlights the fact that the burden of proving the facts stated in subparagraphs a and bis imposed on the person who opposes the return of the child be he a physical person an institution or an organization that person not necessarily... |
561 | {
"en": "The solution adopted is indeed limited to stating the general legal maxim that he who avers a fact or a right must prove it but in making this choice the Convention intended to put the dispossessed person in as good a position as the abductor who in theory has chosen what is for him the most convenient forum... |
562 | {
"en": "115 The exceptions contained in a arise out of the fact that the conduct of the person claiming to be the guardian of the child raises doubts as to whether a wrongful removal or retention in terms of the Convention has taken place ",
"fr": "115 Les exceptions retenues à la lettre a sont établies en raison ... |
563 | {
"en": "On the one hand there are situations in which the person who had the care of the child did not actually exercise custody rights at the time of the removal or retention ",
"fr": "D'une part il s'agit des situations où celui qui avait le soin de la personne de l’enfant n'exerçait pas effectivement le droit d... |
564 | {
"en": "The Convention includes no definition of actual exercise of custody but this provision expressly refers to the care of the child ",
"fr": "La Convention n'inclut pas une définition de ce qu'il faut entendre par exercice effectif de la garde mais cette disposition se réfère de façon expresse au soin de la p... |
565 | {
"en": "Thus if the text of this provision is compared with that of article 5 which contains a definition of custody rights it can be seen that custody is exercised effectively when the custodian is concerned with the care of the childs person even if for perfectly valid reasons illness education etc in a particular... |
566 | {
"en": "It follows from this that the question of whether custody is actually exercised or not must be determined by the individual judge according to the circumstances of each particular case",
"fr": "Il s'ensuit que la détermination du caractère effectif ou non d'une garde doit être établi par le juge d'après le... |
567 | {
"en": "Moreover by relating this paragraph to the definition of wrongful removal or retention in article 3 one must conclude that proof that custody was not actually exercised does not form an exception to the duty to return the child if the dispossessed guardian was unable actually to exercise his rights precisely... |
568 | {
"en": "In fact the categorization of protected situations contained in article 3 governs the whole Convention and cannot be contradicted by a contrary interpretation of any of the other articles",
"fr": "En effet la délimitation des situations protégées contenue à l'article 3 préside toute la Convention el on ne ... |
569 | {
"en": "On the other hand the guardians conduct can also alter the characterization of the abductors action in cases where he has agreed to or thereafter acquiesced in the removal which he now seeks to challenge ",
"fr": "D'autre part la conduite du gardien peut aussi altérer la qualification de l'action du raviss... |
570 | {
"en": "This fact allowed the deletion of any reference to the exercise of custody rights in good faith and at the same time prevented the Convention from being used as a vehicle for possible bargaining be tween the parties ",
"fr": "Cette précision a donné la possibilité de supprimer toute référence à l'exercice... |
571 | {
"en": "116 The exceptions contained in b deal with situations where international child abduction has indeed occurred but where the return of the child would be contrary to its interests as that phrase is understood in this subparagraph",
"fr": "116 Les exceptions consacrées à la lettre b concernent des situation... |
572 | {
"en": "Each of the terms used in this provision is the result of a fragile compromise reached during the deliberations of the Special Commission and has been kept unaltered",
"fr": "Chacun des termes employés dans cette disposition reflète un délicat compromis atteint au cours des travaux de la Commission spécial... |
573 | {
"en": "Thus it cannot be inferred a contrario from the rejection during the Fourteenth Session of proposals favoring the inclusion of an express provision stating that this exception could not be invoked if the return of the child might harm its economic or educational prospects",
"fr": "En conséquence on ne peut... |
574 | {
"en": "117 Nothing requires to be added to the preceding commentary on the second paragraph of this article notably in No 31 supra",
"fr": "117 Il n'y a rien à ajouter aux commentaires déjà faits sur le deuxième alinéa de cet article notamment supra No 31 "
} |
575 | {
"en": "The third paragraph contains a very different provision which is in fact procedural in nature and seeks on the one hand to compensate for the burden of proof placed on the person who opposes the return of the child and on the other hand to increase the usefulness of information supplied by the authorities of... |
576 | {
"en": "Such information emanating from either the Central Authority or any other competent authority1 may be particularly valuable in allowing the requested authorities to determine the existence of those circumstances which underlie the exceptions contained in the first two para graphs of this article",
"fr": "... |
577 | {
"en": "118 It is significant that the possibility acknowledged in article 20 that the child may not be returned when its return would not be permitted by the fundamental principles of the requested State relating to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms has been placed in the last article of the c... |
578 | {
"en": "As for the substance of this provision two comments only are required",
"fr": "Quant à savoir quel est le contenu de cette disposition nous nous limiterons à faire deux remarques"
} |
579 | {
"en": "Firstly even if its literal meaning is strongly reminiscent of the terminology used in international texts concerning the protection of human rights this particular rule is not directed at developments which have occurred on the international level but is concerned only with the principles accepted by the la... |
580 | {
"en": "Consequently so as to be able to refuse to return a child on the basis of this article it will be necessary to show that the fundamental principles of the requested State concerning the subject matter of the Convention do not permit it; it will not be sufficient to show merely that its return would be incom... |
581 | {
"en": "Secondly such principles must not be invoked any more frequently nor must their invocation be more readily admissible than they would be in their application to purely internal matters",
"fr": "En second lieu l'invocation de tels principes ne devra en aucun cas être plus fréquente ni plus facilement admise... |
582 | {
"en": "Otherwise the provision would be dis criminatory in itself and opposed to one of the most widely recognized fundamental principles in internal laws ",
"fr": "Le contraire serait discriminatoire en soi c'est à dire opposé à l'un des principes fondamentaux les plus généralement reconnus dans les droits inte... |
583 | {
"en": "A study of the case law of different countries shows that the application by ordinary judges of the laws on human rights and fundamental freedoms is undertaken with a care which one must expect to see maintained in the international situations which the Convention has in view",
"fr": "Or l'étude de la juri... |
584 | {
"en": "Article 14Relaxation of the requirements of proof of foreign law",
"fr": "Article 14 Assouplissement de la prévue du droit étranger "
} |
585 | {
"en": "119 Since the wrongful nature of a childs removal is made to depend in terms of the Convention on its having occurred as the result of a breach of the actual exercise of custody rights conferred by the law of the childs habitual residence it is clear that the authorities of the requested State will have to t... |
586 | {
"en": "In this sense the provision in article 13 of the preliminary draft Convention that the authorities shall have regard to the law of the childs habitual residence could be regarded as superfluous",
"fr": "En ce sens la disposition incluse dans l'article 13 de l'avant projet15 d'après laquelle ces autorités t... |
587 | {
"en": "However such a provision would on the one hand underline the fact that there is no question of applying that law but merely of using it as a means of evaluating the conduct of the parties while on the other hand in so far as it applied to decisions which could underlie the custody rights that had been breach... |
588 | {
"en": "Since the first aspect of article 14 necessarily derives from other provisions of the Convention the actual purport of article 14 is concerned only with the second",
"fr": "Puisque le premier aspect découlait nécessairement d'autres dispositions conventionnelles la teneur actuelle de l'article 14 s'occupe ... |
589 | {
"en": "The article therefore appears as an optional provision for proving the law of the childs residence and according to which the authority concerned may take notice directly of the law of and of judicial or administrative decisions formally recognized or not in the State of habitual residence of the child witho... |
590 | {
"en": "There is no need to stress the practical importance this rule may have in leading to the speedy decisions which are fundamental to the working of the Convention ",
"fr": "Il n'est pas nécessaire d'insister sur l'importance pratique que cette norme peut avoir pour aboutir aux décisions rapides qui sont à la... |
591 | {
"en": "Article 15 The possibility of requesting a decision or other determination from the authorities of the childs habitual residence",
"fr": "Article 15 Possibilité de demander une décision ou une attestation des autorités de la résidence habituelle de l'enfant "
} |
592 | {
"en": "120 This article answers to the difficulties which the competent authorities of the requested State might experience in reaching a decision on an application for the return of a child through being uncertain of how the law of the childs habitual residence will apply in a particular case",
"fr": "120 Cet ar... |
593 | {
"en": "Where this is so the authorities concerned can request that the applicant obtain from the authorities of the State of the habitual residence of the child a decision or other determination",
"fr": "Si tel est le cas les autorités en question peuvent demander la production par le demandeur d'une décision ou ... |
594 | {
"en": "Only two comments will be made here",
"fr": "A ce propos nous ferons seulement deux remarques "
} |
595 | {
"en": "The first concerns the voluntary nature of the request in the sense that the return of the child cannot be made conditional upon such decision or other determination being provided",
"fr": "La première concerne la nature non contraignante de la pétition en ce sens que le retour de l'enfant ne peut pas être... |
596 | {
"en": "This conclusion arises in fact as much from the actual terms of the article which speaks of requesting and not requiring as from the fact acknowledged in the same provision that it may be impossible to obtain the requested documents in the State of the childs residence",
"fr": "Une telle conclusion s'impos... |
597 | {
"en": "Now with regard to this last point the duty which the article places upon Central Authorities to help the applicant obtain the decision or determination must make his task easier since the Central Authority can provide a certificate concerning its relevant law in terms of article 83f ",
"fr": "Or sur ce de... |
598 | {
"en": "Secondly the contents of the decision or certificate must have a bearing upon the wrongful nature in the Convention sense of the removal or retention ",
"fr": "En second lieu le contenu de la décision ou attestation doit porter sur le caractère illicite au sens de la Convention du déplacement ou du non ret... |
599 | {
"en": "This means in our opinion that one or the other will have to contain a decision on the two elements in article 3 and thus establish that the removal was in breach of custody rights which prima facie were being exercised legitimately and in actual fact in terms of the law of the childs habitual residence",
... |
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