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PSYOP 2.pdf | Personality
The personality represents a dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that
determine the unique adaptation of the individual in the environment (Gordon W. Allport on
Personality - Dictionary of Arguments, n.d.). The emotional and motivational segment of
the personality is the principal target, conside... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | 3).
Analyzing the personality from a security perspective uncovers a variety of risks of
manipulation, targeting its formative elements. The principal vulnerability can be seen in the
emotional and motivational components of the personality, that when influenced by certain
techniques may lead to a lasting modification ... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | dual definition of human emotion. The first component sees
emotions as the objective assentation of one’s own actions, and the actions of other
individuals and the rest of the phenomenon in the individual’s immediate surroundings. The
second component sees emotions as a complex psychological process which enables the
2... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | roduce behavior that benefits the manipulator (PsyOps operator). Specifically, the
modification and channeling of emotional responses of the individual in reference to certain
relevant phenomenon within a targeted population, in order to cause a reaction that would
benefit the manipulator forms the basis for psychologi... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | gical drivers that drive the individual to
a specific action. Most theoreticians agree that internal motivation has a phenomenological
basis. Hal focuses on the behavioral – homeostatic model, proposing that motivation is
derived from the reactive potential (sEr), that determines the tendency of the individual to
respo... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | nature but with a deeper, holistic characteristic.
Adding to this are the analytical capabilities of human beings (Palekcic, 1985).
When motivation is viewed from a security standpoint, it is unavoidably
contextualized with the formation of morals and moral values. Influencing the formation of
morals is a key component... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | with the well-being of an entire society
(Diel, 1970). The proposed correlation of motivation with morality essentially amplifies the
risk of targeting motivation within psychological operations. Influencing an individual’s
motivation, following Dills model, effectively threatens the unhindered development of
morality... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | n
interpersonal communication between two or more people or via channels for mass
communication. Persuasion can be utilized to cause an emotional reaction or it could be
aimed at influencing the cognitive processes that are linked with these emotional responses.
Heider proposes the term “cognitive tradition” to describ... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | tention to a given message, understanding the message and accepting the message. Each
consecutive phase is preconditioned by the success of the previous phases. This means that
there will be no successful persuasion if the individual does not receive, understand and
accept the presented message. The Yale attitude chang... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | eliefs and
adopting new attitudes or viewpoints (Ajzen, 1992).
2.3 Proposing a theoretical circular model for psychological operations
The multiphasic approach in persuasion and the feedback loop formed by the process of
cognitive tradition stated above forms the basis for proposing an elementary circular model
for the... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | cal operation based on subject reaction
237
The model effectively forms a closed loop based on the behaviorist S-O-R
schematic. The stimulus causes a reaction that may or may not be in compliance with the
interests and intent of the manipulating entity. The monitoring of reactions determines
whether or not the desired ... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | onses, cognitive processes, motivation and morals;
• Environmental factors (situational variables) such as socio – economic structure,
culture;
• The interaction of subjects in the targeted environment: hierarchical structure as
opposed to a non-formalized structure (vertical or horizontal), as well as tendencies
towar... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | ion. This,
however does not always happen, as:
• certain stimuli can cause different reactions, depending on the influence of other
variables;
• certain stimuli can cause more than one reaction (divergence), and the resulting
surplus reactions may prove difficult to control effectively. Some may even discourage
the beh... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | reflexive control model was proposed by psychologist Lefebvre, who created
equations to predict the large-scale consequences of individual actions. The key component
is reflexion, described as the process of thinking of oneself on the basis of feedback from
the individual’s surroundings. In 1965 Lefebvre focused on st... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | h the use of such reflexive equations provide the basis for
assessing the state of enemy forces and provide an insight into expected reactions for
resolving problems in line with their ideological standpoints. All of this information can be
utilized for securing an advantage (Vasara, 2020). Lefebvre defines this proces... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | it his interests
(Russia`s Reflexive Control Theory and the Military, n.d.).
Thomas proposes the following definition: Reflexive control is defined as a way of
transmitting a catered message to a partner or opponent that will cause the receiver to come
to a voluntary decision that the initiator of the action finds favo... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | lize this expression to
discredit reputable sources of information. “Fake news” has been used to describe a form of
peacetime psychological operations, that is commonly referred to as information warfare.
While in the 1990s the term “information warfare” was used to describe abuse of information
on IT systems, in the 2... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | Malinformation: information that is based in reality, used to cause harm or damage
to an individual, social group, organization or state (Handbook for Journalism
Education and Training UNESCO Series on Journalism Education, 2018).
Whether via traditional media (print, radio and television) or through social
networks, ... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | ation, an important variable that should be
accounted for and has been extensively studied in psychology is the halo effect. In
239
psychology this effect is defined as a widespread tendency for forming impressions based
on the assumption that if the individual possesses certain positive or negative characteristics,
th... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | g the belief that trustworthiness follows an established
pattern. It may also color the subsequent reactions to certain information as problematic,
sparking doubts about censorship or government control. If the first information is accepted
as true, all subsequent information, however unrealistic may also be considered... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | n and
malinformation, and it relates to a psychological phenomenon known as instant gratification,
referring to the feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that an individual experiences from the
positive reactions of others, usually other users of social networks. This is described by the
Uses and Gratification theory (U... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | planations as to why individuals accept conspiracy theories is
theorized to be the feeling of gratification and importance that an individual experiences
from believing that they are presenting to the world (or other users) something that has
previously been unknown or has been kept a secret from the public (Пешев, 202... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | pages use the results from data analysis to point the user to similar
content that promises engagement and increased usage time of a given service (more time
spent on a social network). All of this can prevent users from finding new sources of
information (Digital Media Literacy, n.d.).
With users grouped in personal n... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | e to
objective criteria or to the performance of their peers or of people in general (Dunning-
Kruger Effect | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica, n.d.).
240
All of these factors combined, alongside some additional variables, form the basis
of the battlefield in contemporary information warfare.
5. CONCLUSION
T... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | liefs. All of these factors are targeted by
complex messaging via a multitude of channels, whether it is interpersonal communication,
mass media or via social networks. In identifying an information offensive or attempts for
superimposing influence in the form of psychological warfare, all of these factors must be
take... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | security risk to a collective, and therefore, they should not be
restrictively described as mere propaganda or “fake news”. Future research on this topic may
be conducted for identifying additional factors, variables and approaches in psychological
operations and information warfare that may threaten the collective se... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | n Echo Chamber? (n.d.). GCFGlobal.Org.
Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/digital-media-
literacy/what-is-an-echo-chamber/1/
5. Dunning-Kruger effect | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. (n.d.).
Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/science/Dunning-
Kruger-eff... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | etails-
241
psychology.php?id=1767056&a=$a&first_name=Gordon%20W.&author=Allport
&concept=Personality
10. Handbook for Journalism Education and Training UNESCO Series on Journalism
Education. (2018). http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en
11. Lefebvre, V. A. (1982). Algebra of Conscience. In Algebra of C... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | sretstva.
16. Reeber, A. S., & Reeber, E. (2001). The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology.
Penguin.
17. Russia`s Reflexive Control Theory and the Military. (n.d.). Studylib.Net. Retrieved
December 6, 2022, from https://studylib.net/doc/18228712/russia-s-reflexive-
control-theory-and-the-military
18. Sharabati, A.-A. A., ... |
PSYOP 2.pdf | nnuclear Strategic
Weapons of Choice. The Cyber Defense Review, 5(2), 125–144.
21. Vasara, A. (2020). Theory of Reflexive Control.
22. Батиќ, Д. (2022). Психологија на комуникација (второ издание). Факултет за
Безбедност - Скопје.
23. Баткоска, Л. (2013). Криминалистичка психологија. Центар за н аучно
истражувачка рабо... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | Volume 66
Number 1
Spring 2009
A journal of
Isolation, Sensory Deprivation, and 2
legal theory
Sensory Overload: History, Research,
and practice
and Interrogation Policy, from the 1950s
“to the end to the Present Day
that human Jeffrey S. Kaye
rights shall
be more Reliability, Waterboarded Confessions 18
sacred than an... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | cond annual National Lawyers Guild Convention in 1938 an upwardly
mobile guild member named Robert H. Jackson rose to champion “an economic
bill of rights that will protect our people from irresponsible exercise of economic
power, just as past generations worked toward the constitutional bill of rights
which has long r... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | he common sense of mankind demands that law shall
not stop with the punishment of petty crimes by little people,” Justice Jackson
explained. “It must also reach men who possess themselves of great power and
make deliberate and concerted use of it to set in motion evils which leave no
home in the world untouched.”2
Sixt... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | (aka Boalt Hall). The latter is a federal appellate court judge with
a lifetime appointment.
Reasonable minds have little patience for Nazi analogies in contemporary
political discourse, the so-called reductio ad Hitlerum. They are as tedious as they
are unhelpful. There was only one Nazi Germany and we, thank God, don... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | 132 Nassau Street, # 922, New York NY 10038. POSTMASTER: Send change of address
to: Guild Practitioner, 132 Nassau Street, # 922, New York NY 10038. Address all editorial correspondence
and law-related poems, criticisms, articles and essays to: Editor-in-Chief, Guild Practitioner, 132 Nassau
Street, # 922, New York NY... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | A. Johnson, Silvia Lopez, Denise R. Oliveira, Melissa J. Sachs, Brenna Sharp, Deborah Willis,
Lisa Wong, Lester Roy Zipris.
The opinions expressed in the articles are those of the various authors, and each article is Copyright, 2010,
by the author and by Guild Practitioner. This issue was revised April 21, 2010.
Advis... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | . Yoo, Bybee and
their ilk are the most dangerous and morally opprobrious kind of legal advisers
the American legal system has ever produced: sycophantic courtiers who used
their superior legal training to serve and embolden an executive branch deter-
mined to wage a campaign of aggressive war that knew no temporal, ge... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | nst
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the
Geneva Conventions; the U.S. War Crimes Act, et al.
It is all the more galling that the federal government, feigning outrage, sought
to conceal its zealous implementation of Yoo-and-Bybee-type torture with an act
of class exploitation and sc... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | dents-playing-guards in the Bush administration’s
reenactment of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment, remain under its heel.
Contrasting the likes of Yoo and Bybee with that of Graner and England we
see the two abovementioned speeches of Justice Jackson, one on the crimes of
the rich and powerful against the poor, th... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | , 2009 that Yoo had
engaged in “intentional professional misconduct” and that Bybee showed a “reck-
less disregard” for his duty, the OPR recommendation for disciplinary action
was countermanded by Associate Deputy Attorney General David Margolis in
his memo of January 5, 2010.3 Those of us who doubted whether the “cha... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | Northern District of California, claiming a causal link between the coun-
Continued inside the back cover
JEFFREY S. KAYE
ISOLATION, SENSORY DEPRIVATION,
AND SENSORY OVERLOAD:
HISTORY, RESEARCH, AND
INTERROGATION POLICY, FROM
THE 1950s TO THE PRESENT DAY
Over the past several years, a controversy has arisen over the u... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | f
the criticism of this program, and its putative legality or illegality, has focused
on dramatically abusive forms of coercive interrogation, such as waterboarding.
Less well known, but perhaps just as injurious to its victims, are practices such
as long-term isolation, sensory deprivation, sensory overload or over-st... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | the CIA
and the Pentagon to understand and implement these techniques. As a result of
this research, sensory deprivation, prolonged isolation, and later, sensory over-
load became an integral part of the U.S. coercive interrogation paradigm. The
primary document summarizing and implementing this material, constructing... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | cs code. In the
background of the controversies, there exists the presence of a decades-long
history of psychologist participation in research on these methods on psycho-
logical torture.
_________________
Jeffrey S. Kaye, Ph.D is a licensed psychologist in private practice in San Francisco, CA,
who also serves as a cl... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | well
documented.5 Even more recently, the Obama administration’s Interrogations
Task Force has recommended use of the 2006 Army Field Manual (AFM) as a
standard reference for appropriate interrogation techniques,6 despite complaints
by human rights organizations such as PHR, Center for Constitutional Rights,
and Amnest... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | havioral and medical research journals on the topic of
sensory deprivation and sensory disruption in general.9 Papers were presented as
well at numerous conferences. By the mid-to-late 1970s, the explosion in research
on sensory deprivation topics trailed off precipitously. The last presentation on
the subject at an AP... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ied materials and studies. Much of the
research was done by intelligence and military entities and kept secret. While
some materials have surfaced in recent years,11 much of the classified material was
ordered destroyed in 1973 by then CIA director Richard Helms and Sidney Got-
tlieb, head of CIA’s Technical Services S... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | program.
In 1951, the CIA launched a determined search for offensive mind-control methods
in close collaboration with its British and Canadian allies….
Consequently, in the words of a Canadian inquiry by George Cooper, QC, “a high-
level meeting took place at the Ritz Carlton Hotel in Montreal on June 1, 1951.”
Attendi... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | udies were conducted at McGill University in
Montreal. Donald Hebb, a past president of the American Psychological Asso-
ciation and an important researcher and theoretician in psychology, was an early
researcher into sensory deprivation’s effects upon adult human beings. Although
Hebb received approximately $10,000 fr... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | not permitted to say so in the first publishing….
The chief impetus, of course, was the dismay at the kind of “confessions” being
produced at the Russian Communist trials. “Brainwashing” was a term that came
a little later, applied to Chinese procedures. We did not know what the Russian
procedures were, but it seemed ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | Human Resources Research Office in Monterey, California;
the Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland; the University of
Manitoba; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Research Center for Mental
Health at New York University, headed up by psychoanalysts Robert R. Holt
and Leo Goldberger; the Albert... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | mon 1961; Zubek 1969).
Much of the work on behavioral science during this period, such as the U.S.
Army’s Task ENDORSE,18 was funded by military and intelligence organizations.
“Nearly every scientist on the frontiers of brain research found men from secret
agencies looking over his shoulders, impinging on the research... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | e from the military, and the Office of Naval Research was leading sponsor
of psychological research from any source in the immediate postwar years. The
CIA found ways to support large number of Ivy League academics, often without
the professors’ knowledge, as its funds were passed through dummy foundations
that often g... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | trasts with a brief history of the importance of military psychology
and its division within APA presented at a meeting of the Division of Military
Psychology in September 1969, where military psychology was presented as a
field with very little power in the APA apparatus, with “so few APA members
[who] would allocate ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | , but could be due to controversies
over revelations of these and other programs by the military and CIA (Greenfield
1977). The decline in research coincides with the cancellation of the CIA’s MK-
SEARCH program in June 1972. A direct participant in the sensory deprivation
and LSD research of the 1950s and 1960s gave a... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | TM).25 The manual explains, “The purpose of all coercive
techniques is to induce psychological regression in the subject by bringing a
superior outside force to bear on his will to resist.”26
HRETM goes on to list “three major principles involved in the successful ap-
plication of coercive technique:” debility, or the ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | of sensory stimuli, the CIA training manual explains
that “Solitary confinement acts on most persons as a powerful stress,” that it
produces “unbearable” anxiety for most subjects.
How much they are able to stand depends upon the psychological characteristics of
the individual…. As the “Questioner” becomes linked in th... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ver the previous
three to four decades. Psychologist Jack Vernon examined the effects of sensory
deprivation and isolation on a group of eighteen volunteer graduate students at
Princeton University and reported the results to a symposium of behavioral sci-
entists at Harvard in 1958. He found that sensory deprivation h... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | logist Woodburn Heron, only eighteen of twenty-four subjects
stayed in the isolation setting long enough to complete the testing.31 Heron was
using a schedule of two to three days of isolation and sensory deprivation. Other
studies showed that psychotic symptoms could be produced in volunteers within
twelve to thirty s... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | recruited
subjects from outside the geographical area, quit rates grew precipitously. In fact,
so many quit that the experiment had to be abandoned. Vernon speculated that
the higher drop-out rate was due to the “strangeness” of the experiment environ-
ment.33 “They could easily distrust [the researchers], could easil... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | gguuiilldd pprraaccttiittiioonneerr isolation, sensory deprivation, and sensory overload 77
tion of variables, of controls, and even of definitions.35 A dramatic example was
the appearance of hallucinations in the early McGill studies. In one early study,
Hebb’s researchers reported twenty-five of twenty-nine subjects ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ed by SD. The data indicate that this phenomenon
originates with the lack of information anchors in the SD situation: the subject
is at loose ends, without guidelines for his behavior, unable to concentrate, and
in a state of stimulus- and information-hunger…. This condition has the effect
of maximizing the impact and ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | berger and Holt found that the
ability to handle primary process internal stimuli, as well as other measures of
ego-strength, separated individuals better able to adapt to sensory deprivation
and isolation environments from individuals who scored low on these variables.40
These results were consistent with others, incl... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | resourceless mental condition devoid of sublimative and assimila-
tive interests—all these are among the factors which are provocative of mental
abnormality in the isolated setting.42
Other individual correlates considered relevant to demonstrative individual
differences include rapid perceptual satiation,43 field dep... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ity assessment.44
Over the years, researchers discovered other effects of the sensory deprivation
situation. These included unexplained weight loss, a progressive slowing of EEG
88 gguuiilldd pprraaccttiittiioonneerr 99
activity, and changes in perceptual motor functioning. The latter is demonstrated
by a significant d... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | on unstructured behaviors such as projective test performance.”46
Another finding often replicated was that sensory deprivation increases
sensitivity to pain, at least in its initial stages.47 At a symposium held in April
1956 by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, researcher Harold Woolf
reported:”We also hav... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | d civilian volunteers at experiments done at Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base in Ohio, they described a series of eight experiments utilizing vary-
ing levels of sensory deprivation and conditions of isolation. They found that by
the last experiment, in which the conditions allowed the least specific amount
of structuri... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | yet been reported in
which the subject is not allowed to leave the chamber if he “wants out”, it seems
likely that such an experiment would produce behavior unlike that observed where
an escape route is available.51
Ruff et al. found that there were three phases to a subject’s experience under
SD conditions. In this, ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | estless, and may ask that the experiment be terminated….
These individuals usually dislike the experience, and may voice strong negative
opinions regarding the experiment and the experimenters. Depression is not
often seen, but somatization and querulous, defensive irritability are common.
88 gguuiilldd pprraaccttiitti... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | on or depatterning it. While the subject tries to create a sense of continu-
ity with reality by drawing upon internal resources, and thereby giving meaning
to the situation, the situation is rendered “tolerable only as long as the sense of
continuity is maintained.”55
In the second key article, which was written for t... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ective or paranoid think-
ing.”56 As the DBF condition worsens, confabulation and suggestibility increase,
while intellectual functions deteriorate. Judgment becomes unreliable, as does
memory function. The entire sensorium become “increasingly clouded”, advanc-
ing “to the borderline of the pathological.”57
Hinkle des... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | mptoms here) under conditions of isolation, sensory deprivation, sleep
deprivation and fatigue are consistent with those of organically produced DBF,
although there is greater variability in individual response.59
Hinkle concludes:
From the interrogator’s viewpoint it has seemed to be the ideal way of “breaking
down” a... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | rivation,
studies on excessive sensory stimulation were far fewer, and less focused.61 Adam
Lipowski conducted a literature review of the research extant some 30 years ago.62
He reported on some of the work of the Japanese researchers at Tohoku University,
1100 gguuiilldd pprraaccttiittiioonneerr 1111
whose reports ech... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | anxiety, and sadness. Two subjects reported
“hallucinationlike” phenomena.63
These findings were replicated by U.S. researchers, with one researcher finding
that 40 percent of subjects reported mild to profound disturbances in reality testing.
Researchers Haer and Gottschalk found exposure to sensory overload “elicited... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ntel-
lectual impairment “Specifically, the speech content of subjects who received
the sensory overload condition approximated that of persons characterized as
schizophrenic or cerebrally impaired.”66
Joachim Wohlwill distinguished five dimensions of the sensory deprivation and
overload conditions: level, diversity, p... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ion, respiration, EEG, and blood-oxygen saturation.68
Recently, Physicians for Human Rights and Human Rights First published a
summary of current findings on the effects of a number of interrogation tech-
niques.69 They concluded:
Use of lights and loud music is intended to cause physiological distress and encour-
ages... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ding to data
from studies. In studies involving professional drivers, headlight glare was shown
to increase blood pressure, especially in drivers with underlying cardiac disease.
Adverse effects of headlight glare in the laboratory include electrocortical arousal,
EEG desynchronization, a rise in diastolic blood pressu... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | errogators abroad.71 (SERE stands for Survival, Evasion, Resis-
tance, and Escape, and is a military training program meant to inoculate selected
military personnel against the rigors of enemy capture, imprisonment, and torture.
Its origins as a military program postdate the Korean War.72
Sensory manipulation, torture,... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ld of meaning from the visual field because there
is such intimate fusion between meaning and what is seen. Even a child of two
years, when asked to repeat the sentence “Tanya is standing up” when Tanya is
sitting in front of her, will change it to “Tanya is sitting down.”74
This dynamic between the sensory stimulus an... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ing medical
harm had resulted from the use of these techniques on U.S. military personnel
over many years in SERE training.”75 In fact, the military had conducted no
long-term scientific follow-up studies of the effects of SERE training on U.S.
military personnel. However, published studies on SERE subjects—including
t... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | ived of sight and sound through the use of blindfolds, earmuffs, and
hoods” during the flight….
In a “prototypical interrogation,” the detainee begins his first interrogation
session stripped of his clothes, shackled, and hooded, with the walling collar over
his head and around his neck.77
Hooding is “a form of sensory... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | tendencies.”79
The CIA was not the only state agency pushing the reverse-engineering of
SERE techniques for use in coercive interrogations. The Pentagon was interested
in doing much the same thing.80 The memorandum, referenced in Sen. Levin’s
statement to the Senate Armed Services Committee,81 described the migration
o... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | tainee persons. The premise
behind this is that the tactics used at military SERE schools are appropriate for
use in real-world interrogations. These tactics and techniques are used at SERE
school to “break” SERE detainees. The same tactics and techniques can be used
to break real detainees during interrogation operati... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | lation included restrictions against visits by chaplains or the Interna-
tional Red Cross and a prohibition on reading materials. The period of isolation is
to last for four weeks, or “[u]ntil the JIG commander changes his classification.”85
The element of sensory deprivation comes from the impoverished environment
all... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | Biderman’s Principles, and the theory and practi-
cal application of selected physical pressures…”87
These “Principles” included the use of “Isolation,” which is described as a
technique that deprives the prisoner of all social support and “ability to resist”.
It “makes [the] victim dependent upon [the] interrogator.”... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | eliminat[ing] stimuli compet-
ing with those controlled by captor,” frustrating all action “not consistent with
compliance.”89
A final example of contemporary use of isolation and sensory deprivation
in U.S. interrogations is, as mentioned above, the current version of the Army
Field Manual (AFM).90 The Army incorporat... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | sibility that it could be perceived as
an impermissible act.”91
The AFM lists a preference for “physical separation” of prisoners into solitary
confinement, but allows the “field expedient” type of separation when the former
is not feasible.92 “Field expedient” separation is defined as the use of “goggles
or blindfolds... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | sory deprivation is “[l]imited to 12 hours of initial
duration at the initial interrogation site,” not including “the time that goggles or
blindfolds and earmuffs are used on detainees for security purposes during transit
and evacuation.” As with the method of “physical separation,” “field expedient”
sensory deprivatio... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | under U.S. law, in particular the War Crimes Act and
the Torture Act. “The lasting depression and posttraumatic stress disorder that
victims of isolation suffer constitute the prolonged and/or non-transitory mental
harm required for mental pain to be considered severe or serious. Moreover, isola-
tion and sensory depr... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | these issues, to end the practice of torture and cruel, inhu-
man, and degrading treatment of prisoners, the more the society itself becomes
degraded. The psychological and psychiatric communities in particular have been
complicit, as this article shows, in the research and implementation of torture by
the U.S. govern... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | TORTURE BY U.S. FORCES. (2005).
3. COUNTER INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION
(1963) [hereinafter KUBARK], available at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/
NSAEBB27/01-01.htm.
4. Stephen Soldz & Brad Olson, Psychologists, Detainee Interrogations, and Torture: Varying
Perspectives on Interrog... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | TERROGATION (2004); Alfred McCoy, Legacy of a Dark Decade: CIA
Mind Control, Classified Behavioral Research, and the Origins of Modern Medical Ethics,
in THE TRAUMA OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE 40 (Almerindo E. Ojeda ed., 2008) [herein-
after McCoy, Legacy]; MICHAEL OTTERMAN, AMERICAN TORTURE: FROM THE COLD WAR
TO ABU GHRA... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | rights.
org/library/news-2009-08-24.html; Close Torture Loopholes in the Army Field Manual,
http://ccrjustice.org/get-involved/action/close-torture-loopholes-army-field-manual; The
Army Field Manual: Sanctioning Cruelty?, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, March 19, 2009,
http://www.amnesty.org.au/hrs/comments/20575/.
8 Jeffrey S.... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | on, and sensory overload 1155
11. McCoy, Legacy, supra note 5.
12. JOHN D. MARKS, THE SEARCH FOR THE “MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE:” THE CIA AND MIND
CONTROL: THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (1979).
13. McCoy, Legacy, supra note 5, at 45.
14. ALFRED MCCOY, A QUESTION OF TORTURE: CIA INTERROGATION, FROM THE COLD W... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | OF SENSORY
DEPRIVATION (1961).
19. MARKS, supra note 12, at 151.
20. Id. at 65.
21. Louis Porter, Evidence Suggests CIA Funded Experiments at State Hospital, RUTLAND
HERALD (Vermont), Nov. 30, 2008, available at www.rutlandherald.com/apps/pbcs.dll/
article?AID=/20081130/NEWS/811300299.
22. M.P. Crawford, Military Psyc... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | andwritten or strike-out changes, which are visible in the declassified text. I have
left out such later editing as not representative of the original intent of the authors of the
manual. I have tried to stay as close as I could to the operational assumptions and definitions
of the manual’s original authors by sticking... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | 61); S.I. Cohen et al., Problems in Isolation Studies, in SENSORY DEPRIVATION: A SYM-
POSIUM HELD AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, supra note 16, at 114.
36. SENSORY DEPRIVATION: A SYMPOSIUM HELD AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, supra note
16, at 17.
37. Jack A. Vernon et al., Factors Used to Increase the Susceptibility of Individ... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | nafter Motivating Effects].
39. Peter Suedfeld, Theoretical Formulations: II, in SENSORY DEPRIVATION: FIFTEEN YEARS OF
RESEARCH, supra note 9, at 433.
40. LEO GOLDBERGER & ROBERT R. HOLT, NEW YORK RESEARCH CENTER FOR MENTAL HEALTH,
A COMPARISON OF ISOLATION EFFECTS AND THEIR PERSONALITY CORRELATES IN TWO
DIVERGENT SAMP... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | SIUM HELD AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, supra note
16.
48. Vernon, supra note 37.
49. G.E. Ruff et al., Factors Influencing Reactions to Reduced Sensory Input, in SENSORY DE-
PRIVATION: A SYMPOSIUM HELD AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, supra note 16, at 72.
50. Id. at 76.
51 Id. at 80.
52. VERNON, supra note 33.
53. Id. at 85.
... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | owski, Sensory and Information Inputs Overload: Behavioral Effects, 16 COMPRE-
HENSIVE PSYCHIATRY 199 (1975).
63. Id.
64. Id. at 210.
65. D.E. Bates, The Effect of Sensory Overload on Behavioral and Biochemical Measures 1-73
(1975) (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California Irvine).
66. Id.
67. Lipowski, supra note ... |
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