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PSYOP 1.pdf | estraint (15 systematic reviews) summarised subsequent studies related to CTOs in 2016,
and the experience of all the persons involved in its use concluding that no new evidence existed (Rugkåsa, 2016).
(five systematic reviews). The harmful effects of these These systematic reviews reveal an overlapping of stud-
measu... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | isk of bias. the scarcity of new studies, thus highlighting the diffi-
However, it is clear that more evidence is needed regard- culties encountered when performing randomised con-
ing the prevalence and effectiveness of this approach. trolled trials on this subject. Nevertheless, it is surprising
Sailas and Fenton (20... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | et al. (2018).
clinical trials to study mechanical restraint and seclu- Studying informal coercion remains a challenge for
sion involves ethical, methodological and professional mental health professionals, and studies on the topic are
challenges, as it implies that, when faced with a complex scarce; as a result, it i... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | clude the very
lack of evidence on its effectiveness and the violation of rules or restrictions that govern an inpatient unit, as well
human rights it represents has motivated international as constant and intensive observation of users in their
regulations to suppress its use (United Nations Human room, or surveillanc... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | ed from the per- decision-making, and synonymous with informal coer-
spective of its related factors and the alternatives to re- cion), based on the experience and perspectives of mental
duce its use, which was one of the subcategories with the health service users. They concluded that psychological
14470349,
2024,
2,
... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | t (treatment pressure) and and actions to be taken when he/she is no longer capable
to social rules, and can be exerted not only by mental of making decisions (Edan et al., 2021; Suess-Schwend
health professionals, but also by family and friends, as et al., 2016). Examples include determining preferences
described by P... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | cating, cision-maker on their behalf, among others (Jankovic
which is highly dependent on additional contextual fac- et al., 2020).
tors, such as the quality of the interpersonal relationship,
the institutional setting, the spatial environment and the
type of discourse. Hence, this might explain why certain STRENGTHS A... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | processes.
when coercive measures are applied one of the main eth- In this umbrella review, these limitations have been
ical challenges is to find a balance between promoting compensated through an inclusive search strategy and
good (beneficence) and inflicting harm (maleficence). a rigorous and independent methodolog... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | nd on are heterogeneous, which made it difficult to perform
the attitudes and behaviour of professionals, in addi- meta-analyses.
tion to reducing coercive measures. According to Berge
et al. (2018), professionals should express their concern
and empathy towards users and strive to improve their CONCLUSION
own communic... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | erience of coercion can influ- the quality and risk of bias of the reviews included. The
ence users' satisfaction with the mental healthcare they main research topic of the systematic reviews included
receive. In this context, the findings of two reviews was seclusion and restraint, and we considered the ob-
excluded f... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | The physical and emotional consequences of
some critical elements contributing to a better percep- coercive measures are well known, but the prevalence of
tion of coercion and to higher satisfaction levels, such their use remains high or unclear in all population groups.
as confidence, the use of informed consent, saf... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | hem is necessary.
decisions regarding their hospitalisation, treatment or
therapeutic plan, though since then advance directives
have been put in place to address this. Advance direc- RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL
tives are intended to avoid these situations by respecting PRACTICE AND RESEARCH
the rights and wishes of those r... |
PSYOP 1.pdf |
Library
for
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AN UMBRELLA REVIEW ON COERCION 277
suppress the use of coercive measures, but coercion con- study. There is a clear need for research about precise
tinues to be employed and is a phenomenon that arouses interventions to red... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | practice are man- but also in terms of organisational aspects. The evidence
ifested in this review. The harmful effects of the ap- available on informal coercion, its characterisation and
plication of coercive measures for all those involved is its consequences both for professionals and users is still
reflected in the... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | on: MAC and VSM.
the therapeutic paradigm and to facilitate their own
anger management is likely to help reduce the employ- ACKNOW LED GEM ENTS
ment of coercive measures. From an ethical perspective, The authors thank Laura Queipo Oller and Manuel
mental health nurses could benefit from training in the Álvarez Vizcaíno... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | d help manage their main calls: The Spanish Mental Health Nurses Association
ethical concern; namely that the lack of culturally appro- (AEESME) 2020 Research Grant and the Foundation
priate care implies that belonging to ethnical minorities for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of
means receiving more co... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | Y STATEMENT
reduce the use of coercive measures in this vulnerable The data that supports the findings of this study are
population, as they have proven to be effective in pre- available in the Supporting Information of this article.
vious studies.
Evidence of the effectiveness of the use of CTOs and ETHICS STATEMENT
o... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | ceive training and Jofré Hospital (Valencia). The study protocol was also
institutional support in this process. approved by the hospital's medical director and super-
The perspective of acute mental healthcare users con- visors of the nursing staff. Prior to each interview, the
firms that negative attitudes among staf... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | rded.
tured interventions that have been proven to be effective
in reducing coercion and which can be classified as pa- ORCID
tient-centred care, prevention and professional training. Miriam Aragonés-Calleja https://orcid.
There are also implications for research. The effec- org/0000-0002-7192-680X
tiveness of the trai... |
PSYOP 1.pdf | ARAGONÉS-CALLEJA and SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ
Clausen, L. & Jones, A. (2014) A systematic review of the frequency,
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How to cite this article: Aragonés-Calleja, M. &
cion. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 24(9–10),
Sánchez-Martínez, V. (2024) Evidence synthesis on
681–698. Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jpm. 12410
United Nations Human Rights Council. ... |
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PSYOP 8.pdf | Psychological Operations
Principles and Case Studies
Editor
FrankL. Goldstein, Col, USAF
Co-editor
Benjamin F. Findley, Jr., Col, USAFR
AirUniversity. Press
MaxwellAirForceBase,Alabama
September 1996
(cid:9)(cid:9)
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData
Psychological operations : principles and case studiesj ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | heviews
expressed inthispublicationarethoseoftheauthors and donotreflect theofficial policyor position
ofthe DepartmentofDefense orthe United States government.
This publication hasbeen reviewed by securityand policyreviewauthorities and iscleared for
public release.
For SalebytheSuperintendent ofDocuments
US Governmen... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ed
3 No More Tactical Information Detachments:
US Military PsychologicalOperations
in Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Col Alfred H. Paddock, Jr., USA, Retired
4 Blending Military andCivilian PSYOP
Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 51
Col Benjamin F.Findley, Jr., USAFR
PART II
N... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | Analysis of US PSYOP . . . . . . . . 121
Lt Col Philip P. Katz, USA, Retired
Ronald D. McLaurin
Preston S. Abbott
PART III
Strategic, Tactical, and Operational PSYOP
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
10 Soviet Active Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
DeWitt S. Copp
11 What Soviet PSYOP Mir... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | Element ofNational Power . . . . . . . . . 333
MajJamesV. Keifer, USAF, Retired
25 PSYOP in Desert Shield/Desert Storm . . . . . , , 341
Col FrankL. Goldstein, USAF
Col Daniel W. Jacobowitz, USAF,Retired
EPILOGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Lt Gen SamuelV. Wilson, USA, Retired
CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | " poster . . . . . . .271
10 Military Support Group (MSG) . . . . 273
Table
1 Exhibit I PSYOPEffort andRelative
Effectiveness in the Persian Gulf . . . . .~ . 349
Foreword
From a military commander's perspective, the role of
psychological operations (PSYOP) inthe successfulplanning and
execution ofmodern military opera... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | andCase Studies serves
as a fundamental guide to PSYOP philosophy, concepts,
principles, issues, and thoughtfor both those new to, and those
experienced in, the PSYOPfieldand PSYOPapplications. This
bookclarifies the value ofPSYOP asacost-effective weapon and
incorporates itas apsychological instrument ofUS militaryand... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | and
serves as an introduction to the overall nature, historical
background, concepts, and principles ofpsychological
operations. Theseindependentarticles, which reflect the broad
scope ofhistoricaldevelopment and thought aboutPSYOP, are
intendedto beafoundation for understanding the basic nature
and key elements ofPSYO... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | dministered, and implemented.
PartIIIdeals with the objectives andactivities of strategic,
tactical, operational, and other types ofPSYOP. These authors
emphasize that all forms ofPSYOP should primarily support
the attainment of national policy and objectives. They
conclude that the key to allUS PSYOP is credibility of... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | berty in
Panama. They address (1) our national antidrug policy and its
relationship to therole of military psychological operations
and (2) the importance of the political-psychological
dimensions ofconflict and insurgency.
By addressing the breadth and depth of psychological
operations thought, this collection ofPSYOP... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ndCase Studies is not acollectivework
and does not attempt to be.Each article isan independent effort
and together theyrepresent acrosssection ofwhatthe "bestand
brightest" feelis key toboth offensive and defensive psycho-
logical operations. Whatthe 24 contributors share, besides their
own particularexpertise inPSYOP,... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | tion whilehostile
PSYOPefforts against the US aremisunderstood and often
ineffectively countered.
Although the Soviet threat has ended, three Soviet PSYOP
articles are deliberately included because the classic Soviet
PSYOP model has been taught and integrated into third world
countries all overthe world and will contin... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | erations; it directed that PSYOPbe
considered forimmediate and effective use in crises and
hostilities; and itdirected the use ofovert PSYOP programs in
peacetime. Theplanpresented an across-the-board baseline of
problem areas and laidout specific remedial actions for
fundamental improvementsin ourcapabilityto employ P... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ify articles with related
themes intoacommon category.
We mustunderscorethe fact that these essays are indepen-
dentofeach other. Manywere written and published decades
ago, and most were originallypublished indifferingformats with
differing style requirements. Those thatwere written inthe
present tenseyears ago have b... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | mofthe firstpage.
We are grateful to the 24 contributing authors and regret
that we couldnot include biographical information onall of
them; unfortunately, we were unable to obtain biographical
dataonPreston S. Abbott. We thankJ. Schmier, B.Karabaich,
and C. Williamson, who providedassistanceto MSgtBlair and
ColGoldste... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ANG.
and SOIcpoerpaetoifons
PART
Nature
Psychological
(PSYOP)
Introduction
The scope of military PSYOP during World War II, the
Korean War, andinmuch ofthe 1960s was primarily limited
to combat propaganda and psychologicalwarfare (psywar).
During those times, it was accepted as aspecializedtactical
application and asa... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | calandmilitary goals.
Part I serves as an introduction to the overall nature,
historical background, and concepts ofPSYOP, and to some
principles that can be used for training in the field of
psychological operations. The independent articles in this
section reflectthe broadrange ofhistorical development and
thought ab... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ychological operations. The
six major military objectives ofPSYOP are condensedfor the
reader.
The late Col Fred W. Walker, USAF, Retired, presents
strategicconcepts formilitary PSYOP to enhance the overall
understandingofthePSYOPdimension and its challenges. His
emphasis is on the public's understanding that the US
go... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | vides abrief
perspective on the evolution ofmilitaryPSYOP. He addresses
the 1985 Department ofDefense (DOD) PSYOPMaster Plan as
themajorframework forrebuilding worldwidemilitary PSYOP
capabilities in support of national objectives in peace and
crisis and atall levels ofconflict. Colonel Paddock presents
several essenti... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | tactics to successfully
influenceperceptions, motivations, attitudes, and opinions to
achieve results, so military PSYOP canand should employ
similar approaches to market our country. Colonel Findley
focuses on basic persuasion andmarketingprinciples and on
business lessons learned.
Psychological Operations
An Introdu... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | itary, economic,and ideological actions. Properly
employed, PSYOP reduces the morale and combat efficiencyof
enemy troops and creates dissidence and disaffection within
their ranks. Psychological operations can promote resistance
within a civilian populace against a hostile regime or be
employed to enhance the image of... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ial presented in any
particular overtPSYOP message will be verifiable against
independent sources.
Truth and falsehood in propaganda must beseparated from
overt and covert operations and the issue ofwhite, gray, and
black (false) propaganda. Overt propagandais produced by a
government or organizationthat takes responsi... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | for it. Gray propaganda is material that is
distributed without an identified source. It may be true or
false. Blackpropaganda is material produced by onesource
that purports to have emanated from anothersource. Such
covert produytions maybe used to damage the credibility ofa
white (truthful) source by disseminating o... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | e and
falsifies allthe invader's claims of a "just" war.
Propaganda maylegitimately be economical ofthe truth. For
example, in describing the triumph ofdemocracy there is no
particular obligation to discuss the role ofBoss 'tweed in
urban politics.
Military psychological operations are inherently joint
operations. Unif... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | he psychological dimension covers the battlefield as well as
the effects upon the soldiers fighting the battle, their military
leaders and staffs, the political leaders, and the civilian
population. On the field ofbattle, US forces want to face an
enemywho is both unsure abouthis cause and capabilities
GOLDSTEIN/JACOBO... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ypointalong theoperationalcontinuum. The
operational environmentinwhich psychological operations are
conducteddoes not, by itself, dictate or limit PSYOP actions or
the levelof PSYOPapplied.
In environments short ofdeclared war, national PSYOP
policy is normally derived from official policy statements and
declarations ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | products reflectand support
national policy,these overtmessages are as official as any
White House press release. Therefore, appropriatePSYOP
policy and strategy must fullyintegrateDepartment of Defense
(DOD) PSYOPinto theseinternational information programs to
alleviate the potential for disseminating contradictory
in... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ance groups, and other messages. The effectiveness of
this communication on the target audience depends on their
perceptions of the communicator's credibility-does the
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS
communicator have the capability to carryout the threatened
actions?
PSYOP actions convey information not only to intended
targe... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | n is broadcast. The methodology ofovert
propaganda analysis is arcane anddifficult, as much derived
from art as science. Some practitioners believethe method is
more valid when aimed at totalitarian propaganda than PSYOP
produced by democracies. Democratic propaganda normally is
farless patterned, possiblybecausethe pr... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | policymakers
must articulate our nationalandmilitaryactions (ifwe don't,
otherswill). Communicating unambiguously to allies, enemies,
and neutrals is a key element of US national strategy. The
effectiveness of deterrence,powerprojection, and other strategic
concepts hinges on ourability to influence the perceptions of
... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ng the secretary ofstate, congressional leaders, and
GOLDSTEIN/JACOBOWITZ
military commanders, similarly are tacticalelements carrying
outthe information strategy.Tactical actions ofthis nature,
delivered atthe strategic level, are analogous tothe actual
tactical delivery ofweapons to targets ofa strategic nature in a
... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | tion's fate requires skillful performance.Military
PSYOP may be undertakenatthe strategic level, augmenting
othernational communications systems, particularly in areas
for whichthe peacetime national systems-such as the United
States InformationAgency-have no access.
In every case, it iscrucial thatmilitary PSYOPbe int... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | gn perceptions ofUS military capability, determination,
and responsiveness to US political goalsand to supportoverall
USpolicy.
Psychological operations are an important dimension of
overall military operations. They may be usedby commanders
to influence the attitudes and behavior offoreign groups in a
manner favorable... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | Strategic psychological operations are usually considered an
aspect ofpublic diplomacy and are normally established and
guided by intergovernment working groups created for a
particular short-term situationor regional area ofconcern.
The intergovernment groups meet periodically to clarify
strategic PSYOP policy in ligh... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | n merits. PSYOP messages
cannot replacetactical performance or redeem inadequate
training, weapons, or tactics that result in poor combat
performance. However, the methodology can increase the
overallfunctional degradation ofenemycapability. Missiles,
bombs, bullets, and maneuvers establish the context for
PSYOPmultipl... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | estern circles, truthfulness is adesirable
goal in itself,andis the principal means forbuildingcredibility
among targeted audiences. Success in PSYOP rests on
thorough analysis and planning.
Modern PSYOPplanning includes a target analysis that
consists of several phases. The first phase identifies possible
targetaudien... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | tal factors-social,
economic, political, military,and physical-that influence the
target audience. Audience effectiveness is the capability ofthe
targetaudience tocarry out the psyopser's desired response.
The concept of audience effectiveness is fundamental to
PSYOP success at strategic andtactical levels. If thegoal ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | strikes of
previously damaged targets may dissuade them from
voluntarily working. However, if they are slave laborers, the
audience may be nonresponsive regardless of their suscep-
tibility. The responsive audience may be taskmasters, or
high-level commanders. Forexample, the susceptibility ofthe
high-level audiences m... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | t chapterin a long history of PSYOP as an
integral part ofmilitary strategy. Throughout much ofmilitary
history, PSYOP's presence has been felt in battlefield cam-
paigns. Psychological operations were integrated into the
commander's scheme ofmaneuver before the labelofPSYOP
wasinvented andwithoutthebenefitofthorough o... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | mingly, relevant
andeffective.
As early as the Battle of Bunker Hill, colonial military
PSYOP operators used leaflets designed to work on the
susceptibilities of theeffective audience. Leaflets distributed
amongBritish troops inBoston by trusted colonial agents
were based upon analysis ofthe situation and the condition... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | e
hope ofachieving enough riches to obtain farmland. Themost
effective message slightly pointed outthat to obtain land inthe
colonies, asoldierneeded merely to desert and walk west until
he foundasuitable plot. Hessian mercenaries in particular
respondedto this appeal laterin thewar, and aconsiderable
number of the pre... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | nthe Franco-American
force that was victorious at Yorktown-but also helped bring
Lafayette, Pulaski, andKosciuszko toAmerican shores. The
campaignswithin Britain that drained political supportforthe
war were most effective. Battlefield competence was important
to thesuccess ofthis effort and included not only victories... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | the hope of winning
support for theirrespective causes. It remains questionable,
however, thatthese campaigns had been formally planned and
that theproper resources were marshaled to execute them.
The Southern campaign was virtually undercut by the
Confederate refusal to sell cotton to Great Britain. This
economic suic... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | d matter.
Howthe PSYOP detailswere integrated into the shooting war
ofthe day, or how well PSYOPinduced surrenders, was not
recorded for history. What is known, however, is that
surrenders occurred with a positive correlation to PSYOP
activities. Thus, military analysts began taking a newlook at
PSYOPas an ingredient w... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | , military
actionswere undertaken fortheir PSYOP effect. The Doolittle
raid againstJapanwas considered an importantPSYOPevent
for atleast two reasons. The carefully plannedraid demon-
strated credibly to the Japanese thatthe US could reach and
bomb their homeland, prompting them to take unnecessary
steps for home defen... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | OP maturedas a combat force
multiplier, albeit through aseries ofstarts and stops. During
the 1950s, the Soviet Union made great strides in both
strategicand internal PSYOP. Soviet client-statesbeganvery
elaborate psychological operations forforeigninsurgents and
home consurhption. At the same time, little was apparent... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | heir PSYOP. The US government
wasineffective inboth public informationand publicpolicy in
mobilizing itspublic for the war. As a result of this negative
experience in Vietnam, the US government learned the
importance of domestic and foreign support ofmajorpolicy
goals.
In the more recent conflicts, PSYOPhas been integr... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | nalization ofthe concept
proposed by Sun Tzu, the Chinesemilitary strategist, that to
fight and conquerin allyour battles is notsupreme excellence;
supreme excellence consists of breaking the enemy's
14
GOLDSTEIN /JACOBOWITZ
resistance withoutresorting to fighting. Because soldiers and
civilians have not fundamentally ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | lement of deliberate misinformation-or even
some public lies-involved in such activity. It is time thatthese
misperceptions were set straight. The public must understand
thatthe United States government does not engage inpublic
disinformation activities inpursuing national policy. This
article concentrates on peacetime... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ar."
This is demonstrably any program that supports a long-term
effort to achieve a nationalor regionalforeignpolicy objective
through persuasion. We might consider the term persuasive
communications to mean the same thing as psychological
operations.
How did we become focused on strategic psychological
activities? Qui... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ves inalllegal and
proper areas.
Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger ordered an
extensive study on how best to implement the president's
direction. This action resulted in a master plan torevitalize
military capabilities and better apply them to support
long-termpeacetime national security objectives. Keyelements... |
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