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PSYOP 8.pdf | he British master of international
influence activities, counseled thattruth is thevery essence of
strategicpeacetimeforeignpolicy effortsand that it should be
ourfundamentalguideline. US policymust endorsehis astute
recommendation.
DOD is stillengagedina period oftransition to revitalize its
military PSYOP capabilitie... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | to attack
and conflict has been deterred. His mental decision, based
upon his perception ofour capabilities and resolve, is the key
element in the process of deterrence. Military PSYOP in
support of this fundamental defense objective, then, should
seek to clarify and focus this perception.
18
WALKER
Military PSYOP prog... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ns against it. There were two
reasonsfor this: (1) theterm evoked subconscious perceptions
ofscienV fiction andfantasyamong various publicaudiences
and (2) "wars" is perceived as aggressive rather than defensive.
As a result, there was little supportfor the program.Never-
theless, little was done to decouple this negat... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | duped
into referring to Iranianterrorists andkidnappers as students
at the outsetofthe Iranian Embassyhostage debacle in 1979.
These are clear examples ofhow terminology cansway public
perceptionson a global basis.
Certainly, strategic military PSYOPprograms should play a
significantrole incountering terrorism. In add... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | fforts to reduce or eliminate foreign governmental
support to terrorist groups. With firm evidence that the
governmentsofLibya, North Korea, and Cuba support various
19
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
terroristgroups, we canandshould make publicly supported
diplomatic efforts against such governments.Although we
have the capa... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | and seemed preposterous to most
Americans, thedisinformation wasfound credible by several
audiences elsewhere in the world.We are only at the beginning
ofthelevel offearthat this epidemic can causeinourworld,
but the Soviets and others recognized early on that fear
inhibits rational thinking and vastly enhances the ef... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | by a comprehensive and coordinated foreign
policythat vigorously exposes and describesdisinformation
campaigns while pointing outextensiveUS efforts to control
the disease.
Many areprobably not aware that the Soviet Unionengaged
in a sinister andvery dangerous game ofeconomic warfare
against the United States. The are... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | 20
WALKER
dimension is obvious from the extent to which defense
systems depend on technology.
The Soviets attempted to keep their supplies in thebank-
mostlyin Siberia, under the ice. They were content to compete
with the US on the world market, thus driving up the price. In
various countries ofAfrica, we saw propagand... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | Propaganda in these areas is increasingly
more subtle and less noticed, but it should be monitored.
Resulting evaluations should be placed in our national se-
curity and foreign policy development processes. And wemust
ensure that the military dimension is properly coordinated.
There is a military dimension in negotiat... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ng enough repetition so that the message is
received and reinforced. Various target audiences have
differing perceived needs, scripts, and priorities; therefore, the
same message must be packaged in different ways in order to
appeal to a wider spectrum.
The United States government has awide variety ofcom-
munication c... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ion
programming, such as the "Voice ofAmerica" and the new
"Worldnet," are able to reach vast audiences.
Areas where there is the most room for improvement are in
(1) coordinating various government agencies and (2) packag-
ing themessage to fit the audience. Oftenin crisis situations
or periods of tension, the need fo... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | hen
get on to the next item of business. Butpolicy statements
don'tnecessarily have a life of their own. Unless repeated in
various ways andrelated anew to emerging situations, they
tend to submerge in piles of records and gather dust in
archives.
The Soviets clearlydemonstrated thatthe most blatantlies
can be successf... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | thecompetition.
Initial changes by MikhailS. Gorbachevto the Sovietglobal
propaganda machine reflecteda stepped-up effort to supplant
US power and influence. After the Twenty-seventh Party
Congress in the spring of1986, theirpropaganda apparatus
was restructured andeven more centralized.TheInternational
Information De... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | efficiency can be gained through
centralization.
At the same time, Gorbachev's reforms (under his program
of glasnost) were being widely touted in the West. Many were
led to believe that this change represented a welcome softening
of formerly hard Soviet propaganda lines. In fact, one of the
major propaganda efforts t... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ow Peace Forum,
dissident releases, rock concerts, and televisionshows, sought
to take advantage of easily co-optedWestern participants in
orderto improve external opinion of the Soviet Union,further
Soviet propaganda lines, and secure badly needed Western
technology.
Those events should have been viewed with extreme d... |
PSYOP 8.pdf |
Still, the Soviets lost control of glasnost, affording an
opportunity to project democratic messages to various Soviet
audiences while those channels were open.
If US government agencies can improve their coordination
and persuasive communications capabilities, wemay be able
to slow and then reverse our losing trend i... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | H. Paddock, Jr., USA, Retired
US military PSYOP today faces an uncertainfuture. This
paperprovides a briefperspective on the evolution ofUS
military PSYOP during the twentieth century, examines the
conditions that led to a revitalization of these capabilities
during the 1980s, contrasts this revitalization with theinte... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | y,
PSYOP will precede, accompany,and follow all applications of
force. The military should carry out this course of action under
the broader umbrella ofnational policy. In addition, it should
coordinate fully and carefully the military component ofthe
overall PSYOP effort with otheragencies of government.
More specific... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | S Military
Psychological Operations
The level of interest in military psychological operations
during this century has been episodic, basically rising and
falling during and after the major conflicts in which US forces
have been committed. Over this period, most ofthe activity in
military PSYOP centered on the Army. Th... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | adios did not exist as a means of communication, and loud-
speakers were primitive. Military propaganda concentrated on
producing surrenderappeals; balloons and airplanes were the
primary method for their dissemination.
From 1918 to 1941, no psychological warfare office existed
in the War Department. The lessons of exp... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | t the order of
Gen Dwight D.Eisenhower. It was expanded in February 1944
to the Psychological Warfare Division, Supreme Headquarters,
Allied Expeditionary Force (PWD/SHAEF). Psychological
warfare was defined as "the dissemination ofpropaganda
designed to undermine the enemy's will to resist, demoralize
his forces and s... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ort of frontline conventional
combat units. Five such units eventually served under
PWD/SHAEF.Although theseunits resulted from improvi-
sation in 1943 and 1944, the doctrinal and organizational
concepts they embodied reappeared in the psychological
warfareunitsformed during theKorean conflict.
During 1945-46, Army psy... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | dLeaflet(L&L) Company.
Sent to Koreain thefall of1950,it served as the Eighth Army's
tactical propaganda unit throughout the conflict. Tactical
propaganda,sometimescalled combat propaganda, wasdirected
at aspecific audience in theforward battle areas and used in
support oflocalized operations. Mobile loudspeakers mount... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | nemy-occupied areas. The
1stRB&L Group hadthe equipment and capability to produce
newspapers and leaflets, and to augment or replace other
means of broadcasting radio propaganda. The group
supervised aradio station network, known as the "Voice ofthe
United Nations," and oftenproduced more than 200 million
leaflets a we... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | I.Its MRB Company borea direct linkage to the mobile
radio broadcasting companies formed under PWD/SHAEF to
conduct operations inNorth Africa and the European theater
during 1944-45.However, the MRB companies were organized
during WorldWar II to perform tactical psywar; radiolater
became an essentially strategic weapon... |
PSYOP 8.pdf |
the 6th Radio and Broadcasting Group, a psychological
warfare board, and the 10th Special Forces Group. The
mission ofthis unprecedented center:
To conduct individual training and supervise unittraining in
Psychological Warfare and SpecialForcesOperations; todevelopand
testPsychological Warfare and Special Forces doct... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ofPSYOP-trained officers
were available when the 6th Psychological Operations
Battalion was activated in Vietnam in 1965. By 1967, the
Army's PSYOP forces in Vietnam had been expanded to a
group (the 4th) with fourbattalions, one in each of, the four
corps tactical zones (CTZ). The group served under the
commander, US ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | . Thegroup headquarters operated a
50,000-watt radio station and high-speed heavy printing
presses, published a magazine for Vietnamese employees
workingforUS government andcivilian agencies, and could
research anddevelop propaganda materials.
In contrast, PSYOPbattalions had light printing presses, a
research and prop... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | the
Army stationedPSYOPunits at Fort Bragg and in Germany,
Panama, and Okinawa. These units were established in
addition to the4th Psychological Operations Group in the
Republic of Vietnam. By the mid-1970s, however, all that
remained in the active component was an inadequately staffed
and antiquatedly equipped group ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | pinionsupporting him, President
Reagan embarked upon alarge buildup ofthe US defense
establishment-a buildupthat benefited military PSYOP.
29
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
The presidentthen outlined,in a number ofnational se-
curity directives,his approach to the psychological dimension
of national power. His initial nation... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | he U.S. Government designed to generate supportfor our
national security objectives." The term generally evolved to
embracea broad range ofinformational and cultural activities.
The decision also established an interagency mechanism to
plan and coordinate public affairs, information, political, and
broadcasting activit... |
PSYOP 8.pdf |
organization, forcestructure, operational concepts, planning,
programming, training, logistics, intelligence support, readi-
ness, personnelprograms, and-most importantly-attitude,
underscoring the need for education and heightened aware-
ness at all levels ofmilitary and civilian organizations.
DOD PSYOP Master Plan ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ented over several years. Several essential
themesmanifested themselves.
The first theme highlighted the need to develop a compre-
hensive joint doctrine for the formulation, direction, coordi-
nation, and conduct of PSYOPin peace, crisis, and war. In effect,
this doctrine provided a foundation for the revitalization e... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | leled by major
improvements in PSYOP planning, the second theme ofthe
1985 Master Plan. It devoted insufficient human talent to
full-time, meaningful, sustained PSYOP planning at appro-
priate staff levels. The report card on this major deficiency
offers mixed reviews, but some evidence ofprogress exists.
Creation of a... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | staff created a psychological operations and civil
affairs division, where before only one full-time officer had
been assigned to this activity.
Outside the Pentagon, a few changes occurred.Among the
unified commands, United States Southern Command
(USSOUTHCOM) created aPSYOP detachment to augment its
staff capability.... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | headquarters of
146personnel (later reducedto 80) serves all active and reserve
component Armycivil affairs and psychological operations units.
Thisnew organization reports tothe US ArmySpecial Operations
Command (USASOC)atFortBragg.
Muchmoreremains to bedonein this area, however.Perhaps
the key requirement isthat staf... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | fitstypeamongthe services.
Development ofadequate numbers ofPSYOP planners is
where the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corpscan make an
important contribution to the revitalization envisaged in the
1985Master Plan. The conduct ofpsychological operations is
notthe exclusive domainofsuch specialized units as those in
the Ar... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | P staff
planning course in 1988. A large proportionofits students
have been from the Army's reserve component PSYOP
community. Too few representatives from the other services
have participated, and it is uncertain how many ofthem
actually wereassigned to staffpositions where their expertise
couldbe utilized. Reportedly... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | to educate our officer corpson
psychological operations, the thirdtheme.Asindicated earlier,
the 1985Master Planstated that the rootcause ofthe atrophy of
ourmilitary PSYOPcapabilitieswas alackofunderstanding of
psychological operations, theirvalue, and theirapplication.
Someimprovement was made in this critical area a... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ly, the PSYOP courses being presented byboththe
Air Force and the Armyhelpto address the deficiencies inthis
area ofPSYOPawareness and understanding. The AirForce's
Joint Senior Psychological Operations Course, heldfourtimes a
year by their Special Operations School at Hurlburt Field,
Florida, provides selected senior ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | o fit athree-or four-day course awayfromthe office into
theirbusy schedules. A shorter orientation-perhaps fourhours,
presented by a traveling team-should be considered as an
addition tothe present course.
Aswas the casebefore the Vietnam War, the 1985Master
Planstated thatPSYOPinstruction in our mainstream service
sch... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ing thesecretary of defense's
intentionto revitalize our military PSYOP capabilities and
offeringan OSD presentation on psychological operations to
commandants of the colleges and the command and staff
colleges. The intent was to stimulate interest in a more
extensive treatment ofPSYOP in service school curricula. The
... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | urriculaoftheirschools. Nor have greatspeakers made
presentations on PSYOP to service schools in acoherent and
consistent manner (somepresentations are made in electives).
InstitutionalizationofPSYOP understandingwill notoccuruntil
serviceschools have removed this deficiency.
Thefourth broadtheme in the 1985 Master Pla... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | s. The Air Force has a National Guardsquadron of
speciallyfitted C-130 aircraft forradioand television support
ofPSYOP alongwith otherduties.Also, ahandful ofAirForce
officers with PSYOP expertise areserving in keypositions in
the Pentagon, amongthe unifiedcommands, and attheir
Special Operations School at Hurlburt Fie... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | onsibilities. The 4th provides supporttoall levels ofDOD,
from unifiedcommand through division. It supports both
conventional forcesand specialoperations forces. In addition,
it is often nailed upon to provide support to national level
agencies and organizations. If anyone military unit can be
adjudged a "national asse... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | unique; they provide thefoundation for establishing
psychological objectives that support US goals related to
foreign nations or groups. Research and analysis is therefore
essential to accomplishment of the second broad activity:
planning and executing PSYOP campaigns that employ
communications media and othertechniqu... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | and advice to headquarters and to
other major commands.
It should be eminently clear from the foregoing that one
active duty PSYOP organization cannot support all unified
command requirements for mid- or high-level intensity
35
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS
conflicts. The reserves are, therefore, avital component ofthe
"PSY... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | his effort.
Generally speaking, then, USACAPOC and the 4th Psycho-
logical Operations Group act as a "strategic nucleus" for the
PSYOP community; theyprovide the bulk ofpeacetime and
low-intensity conflict requirements, give direction and
guidance to the PSYOP community for contingency planning
and participation in pea... |
PSYOP 8.pdf |
low-intensity conflict requirements. While mid- and high-
intensity conflict requires either partial or general mobilization
of the reserve component, the active component must provide
most PSYOP activities during peacetime and at the lower end
of the conflict spectrum.
As aresult of initiatives undertaken in the earl... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | the high quality of personnel being
trained under this specialty have been encouraging.
36
PADDOCK
Less encouraging was the Army's decision in the mid-1980s
to remove its officer PSYOP and civil affairs MOS from the
foreign area officer (FAO) specialty. The change was disturbing
because it separated psychological oper... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | cision will provide the quality officers that
previously had been producedby the FAO program.
With respect to the modernization of psychological operations
equipment, the progress has been more positive. Several Army
initiatives in the early and mid-1980s upgraded active and re-
serve component print, radio, loudspeake... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | (the
TRT-22s) in the PSYOP community have not been replaced.
PSYOP loudspeakers once again need upgrading, and the Air
Force needs a device that can rapidly release leaflets in
high-altitude operations.
Two ofthe most controversial themes ofthe 1985 DOD
PSYOP Master Plan were the organizational separation of
psychologi... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | Plan, therefore, called for separatingpsycho-
logical operations from special operations throughout DOD,
including departmental levels and all headquarters and staffs
ofthe JCS, the services, the unified and specified commands,
and the component and subordinate commands. The plan
outlined several reasons for separatin... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | objectives, policy, and strategy,and that
require in-theaterinteragency cooperation.
Further, the subordination ofpsychological operations units
tothe special operations field, including its command and
control structure,contributed to the lackofunderstanding of
PSYOP, its uses and capabilities, bymilitary officers and... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | d reserve-were designated by contingency
plansto support special operationsunits inwartime.
Similarly, the argument forseparation of PSYOP from
special operations was implicit in the Army's and JCS's
arrangements for wartime command andcontrol ofpsycho-
logical operations. In wartime, most ofthe PSYOPforcesare
aligned ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | e,
some importantinitial stepswere taken. Anew OSD psycho-
logicaloperations directorate established in January 1986 was
assigned to the principaldeputy under secretaryofdefense for
policyandwas separatedfrom special operations in terms of
overall policyresponsibilities. On thejoint staff, PSYOPwas
removedfrom the Join... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ok the
position that separation applied only to stafflevels, not forces.
Amajor reason for thedelay, ofcourse, was the uncertainty
resulting from the congressionallymandated reorganization of
specialoperations forces. This subject will be discussed later
in more detail. Suffice it to say atthis point that full separ-
a... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | The responsibilities forthe center envisagedin the 1985
Master Plan included long-range strategic psychological
operations plans; continuing education andtraining ofper-
sonnel research andanalytical studies; anddevelopmentof
equipment. The center was also to assist OJCS andOSD to
develop, plan,andcoordinate the defens... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | 4th Psychological
Operations Group along with PSYOP spacesin the Army's
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. This
concept wouldhave used existing PSYOP units and personnel
spaces toprovide the nucleus of initial manpower requirements.
The planindicated that initially the center probably would
be under Ar... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ly affected by the initiative.
Implementation of both initiatives-the separation of PSYOP
from special operations and the creation ofajoint psycho-
logical operations center-became, in effect, hostage to the
resolution of several issues that resulted from the congres-
sionally mandated reorganization of special operati... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | low-intensity conflict. Particularly important, it directed the
secretary of defense to create amajorforce program category
for DOD's five-year defense plan for special operationsforces.
After passage of this legislation, amajor question arose on
whether to include PSYOP and civil affairs units in the
assignment offorc... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | considered. After a lengthy review of this issue,
Secretary Weinberger decided to assign Army and AirForce
active and reserve component psychological operations andcivil
affairs units to USSOCOM, effective 15 October 1987.
Secretary Weinberger's decision, of course, sealed the fate of
the two most controversial and fa... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | May 1992, overall policy respon-
sibility for PSYOP in OSD was moved to the Office ofthe
Assistant Secretary of Defense (OASD) for Special Operations
andLow-Intensity Conflict.
The secretary's decision also made moot the creation ofa
joint PSYOP center, as originally conceived in the 1985 Master
Plan. The forces and p... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ychological Operations Group-
establishing an enlisted PSYOP MOS, modernizing PSYOP-
unique equipment for both active and reserve component
units, and undertaking detailed PSYOP contingency planning
in support of the unified commands-were all undertaken by
the Army in the early 1980s, prior to the 1985 plan. To be
sure... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | e a reality. In the final
analysis, perhaps the greatest benefit to the PSVOP
community was the morale-enhancing evidence ofsenior-level
interest, due in large part tothe dedication ofthe late Gen
Richard G. Stilwell, USA,Retired, who spearheaded the 1985
planwhileserving as the deputy under secretary ofdefense for
pol... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | gencies,
PSYOP forces employed a wide range ofmedia, including
loudspeaker broadcasts, radio transmissions, posters, and leaflets.
Principal PSYOPobjectives were to (1) cause the enemy to cease
resistance and surrender, (2) solicit information and the tum-in of
weapons, (3) inform civilians and keep themout ofthe battl... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | tsbrought aboutbyrevitalization.4
Thus, the revitalization ofmilitary PSYOP capabilities that
took place duringthe 1980s was fueledby a presidentially
inspired public perception ofthe common threat (i.e., the
Soviet Union), a "defense consensus" which enabled massive
increases in military budgets, several key Reagan ad... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | s change inattitudewas the
emergence ofMikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leaderin 1985. His
domestic political and economic reforms, the withdrawal of
troops fromAfghanistan,the cessation of"Voice ofAmerica"
jamming, his announced intention to reduce Soviet military
forces by 500,000 men and cuttheir budget by 14.2 percent,
... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | e,
they shouldconsider that the subsequent years have been
truly mind-boggling. The dissolution ofthe WarsawPact and
the liberationofEastern Europe,the reunification ofGermany
and its emergence as a major power, andthe disintegration of
the former SovietUnionhave been revolutionary geopolitical
changes that few could h... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | cit, and deep-rooted problems of
43
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS
the cities (as vividly seeninthe Los Angeles riots) have taken
their toll. InFebruary 1992, the conferenceboard's measure of
consumer confidence registered its lowest level in 17 years;
and in April, four-fifths ofAmericans surveyed said they
believedthe count... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | licheis true: this is anewera, butwe are only in the
openingphases.It is fruitless to search forapoliticallycorrectconcept
ofthenational interest tojustifyAmerican foreignpolicy. Debatingin
these categoriesisitself an intellectual hangover fromthe Cold
War. . . . The US defense posture isonlyinthe preliminary stages of... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | benefitpsychological operationsat the policylevel.
Nevertheless, threebroad areasmust be addressed ifthe
PSYOPcommunity is to emerge from this period oftransition
to play a viablerolein our nation's security: (1) education of
senior civilian and military officials on the value ofthe
psychological dimension; (2) plannin... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ational elementofnationalpowerthan
didthoseofRonald Reagan. The Reagan administration direc-
tivesthat createdinteragencypublic diplomacymechanisms, and
that played a vital rolein revitalizing DOD's psychological
operations,have lain dormant. The NSC haspaidlittle attention to
this area.
A review of ournational securit... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | level NSC
mechanism to integrate and direct the information and
psychological operations activities ofthe various agencies.
Such a forum alsowould provide a vehicleto overcome the
differences in operational terminology thathave plaguedpast
efforts to integrate interagencyplanning in these areas.
To meet its needs ina c... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | This
process should beginafter a majorturnover ofsenior civilian
officials has taken place.A good vehicle to accomplish this is
the DOD PSYOPMaster Plan. Inclusionofkey advisors in the
final staffing of the document wouldprovide an opportunity for
them to educate themselves on psychological operations.
There is some sy... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | y, both of which should follow
publication ofthe president's national security strategy.
Indeed, the current national military strategy, published in
January 1992, contains no mention of the psychological
dimension.
Renewed efforts must be made to indoctrinate the main-
stream ofthe officer corps on psychological opera... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | nada, Panama, and the Persian Gulf would
enhance thelearning experience for commanders and staff
officers. PSYOP should be integratedinto computer-assisted
war games and simulations. High-quality articles on psycho-
logical operations in professional military journals would help
to publicize the successful use of this ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ond:
Where strategy used to be something that we could think ofas a plan
to be executed, now it must be increasingly a set ofcapabilities for
dealing with contingencies. Where strategy once was a matter of
inventing the future, nowitis increasingly a matter ofadapting to it. 7
46
PADDOCK
This, ofcourse, is what our pre... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | etime activities
ofthe CINCsand othergovernment agencies, such asthe USIA
and CIA.
Firstpriority, however,must go to planning military PSYOPthat
will assist the unifiedcommands-the combatantcommands-
and the conventional forces assigned to support them for
various contingencies. As the military services reduce in size
... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | isting regional analytical studies will re-
quire revision, or the development ofnewones, to provide the
foundation for detailed PSYOPplanning. Finally, supporting
PSYOP plans should anticipate the new contingency plans of
the unifiedcommands andtheir assigned forces.
In addition toplanning formid- or high-intensity co... |
PSYOP 8.pdf |
port for DOD andnon-DOD agencies.PSYOP forces-indeed,
all specialoperations forces-provide versatile capabilities for
47
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
the National Command Authorityto consider in the uncertain
futureenvironment.$
Closely related is this major challenge: to continue
modernization ofthe PSYOPforcestructurein... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ade to avoidthefate experienced by the PSYOP community
afterevery major conflict in this century.As recently as the
early 1980s, the 4th Psychological Operations Group con-
sistently reported the lowest readiness ratings in both per-
sonnel and equipment-and many reserve component units
lacked items vital to mission ac... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ). Continued high-level emphasis is needed to attract
quality officers for this specialty, to provide them with
excellent training, andtooffer sufficient field grade billets for
theirutilization and career advancement.
The modernization ofPSYOP-unique equipment undertaken
in the 1980s, while beneficial, still has not b... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | K
However, aspeedy resolution ofwhether ornot military PSYOP
will fully participate in MFP-11 for special operations forces is
needed.
At the same time, the PSYOP community must demonstrate
a fiscally responsible attitude by making maximum use of
existing resources. This usage includes not only continued
reliance on th... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | the JCS and OSD PSYOP offices-in
neither of which have area experts been assigned. The use of
new technologies to enhance military psychological operations
capabilities without increasing personnel requirements also
must be pursued. Overall, thekeys will be cost-effectiveness
and the utility of military PSYOP in bothpe... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | iable capability
for an uncertain future. To address these challenges, emphasis
must be placed on educating senior civilian and military
officials concerning the value of psychological operations, on
aggressive planning to support the emerging contingency and
peacetime missions of PSYOP within the unified commands,
and... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | nd continued profession-
alism in accomplishing new missions. Working together, the
goal ofboth the PSYOP community and its special operations
leadership should be to ensure "no more Tactical Information
Detachments" during this period oftransition.
Notes
1. SeeAlfred H. Paddock, Jr., U.S. Anny Special Warfare:Its Orig... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | illiamJ. Hyland,"The Case forPragmatism," ForeignAffairs, Ameri-
canandtheWorld, 1991-1992, 42f.
7. Paul Y.Hammond, "The DevelopmentofNational Strategyin theEx-
ecutive Branch: Overcoming Disincentives" in GrandStrategy andthe
Decisionmaking Process, ed. JamesC.Gaston (Washington, D.C.: National
DefenseUniversityPress,... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | of the many
similarities and successful applications of proven BMS
approaches, both macro and micro, andhow they relate to
strategic and tactical objectives in PSYOPscenarios.The goal is
to improve the reader's understanding that integratingthe
effectivepractices ofcivilian marketingsystems into the military
PSYOP sect... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | na socially responsible manner.Since every
aspect ofourlives is affected by business marketingpractices,
often in ways we do noteven consider,we need to understand
the basic principles and concepts ofeffective marketing. Then
we need to apply them to PSYOP.
Business Marketing Philosophy
TheAmerican MarketingAssociation... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | d in industrial societies. Nevertheless, the
basic concept of exchange is the same. To understand the
BMS philosophy, we must distinguish between a sales
orientation and amarketing orientation. Asales orientation
assumes that customers will resist purchasingproducts and
services not deemed essential and that the task o... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | afterthe customer's
need hasbeen established. If the marketing job has been done
well, the customer doesn't need much persuading.
Military Psychological
Operations Philosophy
Military PSYOP is a specialized fieldof persuasive communi-
cations. Itinvolves formulation, conceptualization, implemen-
tation, and evaluation ... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | to demoralize, disorient, and con-
fuse them. It can induce defection, encourage dissident ele-
ments, and reduce combat effectiveness by adversely affecting
the enemy's discipline and command and control functions.
Directed toward neutral orfriendly target audiences, it can be
52
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used tounite them, boost their... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | and the truth:
the United States government does not engage in public
disinformation activities!
Business Marketing Process
Acompany'scomplete marketing system consists of many
processes and variables, some controllable and some uncon-
trollable. Marketing mix is the term that describes the com-
bination of thefour mai... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | mix also involves decisions about which product
quantities to offer with which brands, in which packages,
where, andwhen.
The promotion mixprocess begins with an analysis ofthe
organization's overall mission, from which specific promotion
objectives are determined. The promotion process consists of
decisionsand activit... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ERATIONS
considered. The promotion mixdirectly relates to the military
PSYOP process andwill be addressedlater.
The distribution mix involves decisions abouttranspor-
tation, storage, and inventory. It also includes decisions about
the type, quantity, and qualityof wholesalers and retailers
required.
Theprice mix inclu... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ofsuppliers, marketing inter-
mediaries,and customers.
Military Psychological Operations Process
Psychologicaloperations can be divided into three general
categories: strategic, operational, and tactical. Strategic
psychological operations are conducted to advancebroad or
long-term objectives designed to create afavora... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | egrees ofthe conflict spectrum-low intensity, midintensity,
and high intensity. Overlapping missions and objectives can
blurthe distinctionbetweenthecategories ofPSYOP.
Propaganda developmentforPSYOP involves a multistep
process that is very similar to the promotion mixprocess for the
BMS. Initially, the unit's mission... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | cording to specific
indicators.
Just as there are strategic, operational, andtactical levels of
military PSYOP, thereare corresponding levels in marketing
planning. Louis E. Boone andDavid L. Kurtzdefine strategic
marketing planning as "the process ofdetermining the primary
(long-term) objectivesof an organization andt... |
PSYOP 8.pdf | ry PSYOP
specialist must understand a variety of influences on the
promotion and persuasion processes in trying to satisfy the
needsandwants ofthetargetaudience. Culture is at once the
most basic and the broadest environmental determinantof
individual behavior. Culture is comprised of values, ideas,
attitudes, andother... |
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