wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
38 mammal species and includes nine species that are endemic or near endemic, several of which are limited to montane habitats. These include the Seram bandicoot, Moluccan flying fox, Seram flying-fox, Manusela mosaic-tailed rat, spiny Ceram rat and the Ceram rat, all considered threatened.
Saltwater crocodiles exist within some of the island's rivers, including the Salawai River.
In the eastern part of the island, Manusela National Park has been established in 1997, covering an area of 1,890 km² (11% of the island).
# History.
Most central Moluccans consider Seram to be their original ancestral home and it is still known colloquially as Nusa Ina (Mother Island).
In the fifteenth and sixteenth | 11,800 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
centuries, Seram was generally within the sphere of influence of Ternate, although it was often ruled more directly by the Ternaten vassal state of Buru. The expedition of António de Abreu (as captain) and Francisco Serrão sighted and explored the entire southern coast of Seram in early 1512, for the first time for Europeans. Portuguese missionaries were active there in the 16th century. Dutch trading posts were opened in the early 17th century, and the island came under nominal Dutch control c. 1650. In the 1780s, Seram provided a key base of support for Prince Nuku of Tidore's long-running rebellion against Dutch rule. From 1954 until 1962 the island's mountain terrain was the scene of an | 11,801 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
armed guerilla struggle against Indonesian rule by the counter revolutionary Republic of South Moluccas movement led by Soumokil.
# Administration.
Seram includes three of the regencies within the province of Maluku. West Seram (Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat), capital at Dataran Hunipopu, had a population (2003) of 140,657; and Eastern Seram (Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur), capital at Dataran Hunimoa, had a population (2003) of 78,336. The Central Maluku Regency (Kabupaten Maluku Tengah), with its capital at Masohi, includes the middle part of Ceram, as well as some other smaller islands.
# Religion.
Seram has been traditionally associated with the animism of the indigenous Alfur (or Nuaulu), | 11,802 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
a West Melanesian people who reputedly retained a custom of headhunting until the 1940s. Today, however, most of the population of Seram is either Muslim or Christian due to both conversion and immigration. Seram was affected by the violent inter-religious conflict that swept Maluku province starting in late 1998, resulting in tens of thousands of displaced persons across the province but after the Malino II Accord of 2002 tempers cooled. Seram has been peaceful for many years but towns like Masohi remain informally divided into de facto Christian and Muslim sections.
Around 7,000 people belonging to the Manusela tribe follow Hinduism.
# Economy.
Copra, resin, sago, and fish are important | 11,803 |
512111 | Seram Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram%20Island | Seram Island
go, and fish are important products. Oil is produced in the northeast near Bula by CITIC Seram Energy who took over from KUFPEC (Indonesia) Limited in 2006. The Oseil oil field is located onshore in the northeast of the island in the Seram Non-Bula Production Sharing Contract area. The discovery well was drilled in 1993. As of end 2010 the Seram Non-Bula Block had estimated proven oil reserves of 9.7 million barrels. Most production comes from the Jurassic Manusela carbonate formation.
# See also.
- Islands of Indonesia
- Alfur
- Manusela
- Wemale
- Alune
- 1899 Ceram earthquake
# External links.
- Seacology Seram Island Health Clinic Project Seacology
- Alifuru Consciousness Video | 11,804 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
Focus puller
A focus puller or first assistant camera (1st AC) is a member of a film crew's camera department whose primary responsibility is to maintain image sharpness on whatever subject or action is being filmed.
"Pulling focus" or "rack focusing" refers to the act of changing the lens's focus distance setting in correspondence to a moving subject's physical distance from the focal plane. For example, if an actor moves from 8m to 3m away from the focal plane within a shot, the focus puller will change the distance setting on the lens during the take in precise relation to the changing position of the actor. Additionally, the focus puller may shift focus from one subject to another within | 11,805 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
the frame, as dictated by the specific requirements of the shot.
A good focus puller will have an intimate knowledge of cinematographic and optical theory. Depending on the parameters of a given shot, there is often very little room for error. As such, the role of a focus puller is extremely important within the realm of a film production; a "soft" image will, in most circumstances, be considered unusable, since there is no way to fix such an error in post-production. One must also consider that an actor may not be able to duplicate his or her best performance in a subsequent take, so the focus puller is expected to perform flawlessly on every take. Because of these factors, some production | 11,806 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
personnel consider the focus puller to have the most difficult job on set.
British cinematographer Oliver Stapleton has written:
During production, 1st ACs are also responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of all camera equipment and accessories, including; lenses, filters, batteries, film magazines/recording media, matte boxes, etc., as well as configuring the camera and its accessories in multiple ways for different setups. 1st ACs arrive on set before the director, director of photography (DoP) and camera operator, and ensures the camera and all required lenses are prepared for the day's shoot. During filming, the 1st AC is responsible for moving the camera to each setup as directed by | 11,807 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
the Director of Photography. On larger budget productions, the camera is usually mounted on a dolly for most of the day, which is operated by the Dolly Grip. At the end of each shooting day, 1st ACs clean the equipment and pack it up in preparation for the next day. If there is a problem with the rushes (such as a scratch on the film), the focus puller communicates with the film lab to fix any faults with the camera or film stock.
# Focus pulling.
Sharp focus is fundamental to reproducing a realistic, appealing image, and a viewer's attention is automatically drawn to sharper areas. When done correctly, good pulling goes mostly unnoticed by the audience.
The shooting of a scene typically | 11,808 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
begins with a blocking rehearsal, in which the various actors' positions are established. During the rehearsal, the 2nd AC lays tape marks on the floor at all points an actor pauses movement. The actors then leave set to go through hair and makeup, and stand-ins come in to take their places at these various positions for the purposes of lighting, framing, and focus-mark setting. Once a camera position is established by the director of photography and camera operator, the 1st AC begins to measure the various distances between the actors' marks and the focal plane of the camera. These distances are recorded in a series of grease pencil/pen marks on the focus barrel of the lens, and/or the marking | 11,809 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
disc on the follow focus device. Using the stand-ins or 2nd AC, marks are checked through the viewfinder and/or the onboard monitor for accuracy. Marks may be repositioned in order to provide specific framing desired, and the 1st AC must be aware of this and re-measure/re-set his marks accordingly. Additionally, the 1st AC may have the 2nd AC lay down specific distance marks on the floor which will be referenced during the take as actors move between their marks, in order to assist in accurately adjusting the focus to the correct intermediate distances.
When the actors return to set, there is usually a rehearsal for camera in which the focus puller and operator will practice the shot and make | 11,810 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
sure everything has been set up properly. During a take, the focus puller modifies the focus based on the dialog, movement of the actors or subject, movement of the camera, the DoP's directions, and compensates on the fly for actors missing their marks or any unforeseen movement. In cases where an obstruction prevents the focus puller from seeing all his marks, he may request the 2nd AC call the marks for him over a 2-way radio during the shot. In some situations, such as on long lenses, wide apertures, very close distances, or any combination of the three, a subject moving even a few millimeters may require immediate and very precise focus correction.
After a take, if the focus puller feels | 11,811 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
he's made a mistake—be it a timing error, a missed mark, or any other issue which may have rendered some part of the take "soft," he or she will typically report this to the operator (who most likely noticed the error in the viewfinder) or director of photography, and may ask for another take if another wasn't already planned.
Traditionally, the focus puller used only his marks and his own well-developed sense of distance estimation to achieve good results. Over the last decade, the increased use of digital cameras, higher-resolution video taps and/or on-camera monitors have provided focus pullers with additional tools to help maintain proper focus. A high-definition monitor can be particularly | 11,812 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
useful when a fast-paced production simply does not allow time for the focus puller to set and check all marks that may be needed, or if no rehearsal will be provided.
Professional 1st ACs have many tricks for pulling focus in difficult situations or when accurate measurement is impossible. Often, before a scene is even rehearsed or established, the 1st AC will take surveying measurements of the general environment in order to have a good idea of the distance between reference points, such as patterns on the floor or walls, furniture, and whatever else might be around. These reference measurements can be used to quickly establish rough distances between the camera and the subject in chaotic | 11,813 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
shooting circumstances.
In addition to keen eyesight, reflexes, and intuition, the focus puller's primary tools are a cloth or fiberglass tape measure, steel tape measure, laser rangefinder, and in some cases an on-camera ultrasonic rangefinder which provides a real-time distance readout mounted on the side of the mattebox or camera body. In setups where the focus puller cannot touch the camera, such as on steadicam or crane shots, he or she will use a remote follow focus system, though some focus pullers prefer using a remote system at all times.
# Other duties.
At the end of a successfully shot scene, the focus puller will be called upon to "Check the gate". This involves removing the lens | 11,814 |
512131 | Focus puller | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus%20puller | Focus puller
ens and inspecting, with the aid of a flashlight and magnifying glass, the aperture to which the film is held during exposure. The focus puller is looking for any foreign bodies, e.g. hair, bits of broken film, fluff etc., that would show on the film and therefore ruin the scene that has just been filmed. This obviously is only relevant to shooting on film: however, a similar task is required for digital movie cameras (although not nearly as often) which involves checking the sensor.
The 1st AC reports to the director of photography, works alongside the camera operator, and oversees the 2nd assistant camera (also known as the "clapper loader") and any other members of the camera department. | 11,815 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
TWA Flight 847
Trans World Airlines Flight 847 was a flight from Cairo to San Diego with en route stops in Athens, Rome, Boston, and Los Angeles. On the morning of Friday, June 14, 1985, Flight 847 was hijacked shortly after take off from Athens. The hijackers were seeking the release of 700 Shi'ite Muslims from Israeli custody. Later Western analysis considered them members of the Hezbollah militant group, but Hezbollah rejects that conclusion.
The passengers and crew endured a three-day intercontinental ordeal. Some passengers were threatened and some beaten. Passengers with Jewish-sounding names were moved apart from the others. United States Navy diver Robert Stethem was murdered, and his | 11,816 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
body was thrown onto the apron. Dozens of passengers were held hostage over the next two weeks until released by their captors after some of their demands were met.
# Hijacking events.
Flight 847 was operated with a Boeing 727-200, registration The flight originated in Cairo on the morning of June 14. After an uneventful flight from Cairo to Athens, a new crew boarded Flight 847. The new crew in Athens were Captain John Testrake, First Officer Phil Maresca, Flight Engineer Christian Zimmermann, flight service manager Uli Derickson, and flight attendants Judy Cox, Hazel Hesp, Elizabeth Howes, and Helen Sheahan.
At 10:10, Flight 847 departed Athens for Rome. It was commandeered shortly after | 11,817 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
takeoff by two Arabic-speaking Lebanese men who had smuggled a pistol and two grenades through the Athens airport security. One was later identified as Mohammed Ali Hamadi, who was later captured and sentenced to life imprisonment in Germany. Hamadi is an alleged member of Hezbollah.
## To Beirut, then Algiers.
The plane was diverted from its original destination of Rome, in airspace over Greece, to the Middle East and made its first stop, for several hours, at the Beirut International Airport in Lebanon, where 19 passengers were allowed to leave in exchange for fuel. Shortly before landing, air traffic control initially refused to let them land in Beirut. Captain Testrake argued with air | 11,818 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
traffic control until they relented. He said at one point, "He has pulled a hand-grenade pin and he is ready to blow up the aircraft if he has to. We must, I repeat, we must land at Beirut. We must land at Beirut. No alternative."
At the time, Lebanon was in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War, and Beirut was divided into sectors controlled by different Shia Amal militia and Hezbollah. That afternoon, the aircraft continued on across the Mediterranean to Algiers, where 20 passengers were released during a five-hour stop before heading back to Beirut that night.
## Back to Beirut.
Beirut International Airport was surrounded by a Shia neighborhood. It had no perimeter security, which had been | 11,819 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
over-run by Islamic militias, and nearby residents could simply drive onto the runway.
The hijackers had systematically and regularly beaten all the military passengers, but during this stop, they selected U.S. Navy diver, Robert Stethem, beat him, shot him in the right temple, and dumped his body out of the plane onto the ramp and shot him again, seeking permission from other Shia Muslims operating the control tower to obtain more fuel. Seven American passengers, alleged to have Jewish-sounding surnames, were taken off the jet and held hostage in a Shia prison in Beirut.
## Algiers, Beirut again.
Nearly a dozen well-armed men joined the hijackers before the plane returned to Algiers the | 11,820 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
following day, Saturday, 15 June, where an additional 65 passengers and all five female cabin crew members were released. The hijackers wished to fly to Tehran, but mysteriously returned to Beirut for a third time on Sunday afternoon, 16 June, and remained there for unknown reasons.
The initial demands of the hijackers included:
- Release of the "Kuwait 17", those involved in the 1983 bombing of the U.S. embassy in Kuwait
- Release of all 766 mainly Lebanese Shias transferred to Israel's Atleat Prison in conjunction with immediate withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon
- International condemnation of Israel and the United States
The Greek government released the accomplice, | 11,821 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
Ali Atwa, and in exchange the hijackers released eight Greek citizens, including Greek pop singer Demis Roussos, to be flown by a Greek government business jet from Algiers back to Athens.
By Monday afternoon, June 17, the 40 remaining hostages had been taken from the plane and held hostage throughout Beirut by the Hezbollah. Nabih Berri was the chief of the Amal militia and the minister of justice in the fractured Lebanon cabinet. One of the hostages was released when he developed heart trouble. The other 39 remained captive until intervention by U.S. President Ronald Reagan with Lebanese officials on 30 June, when they and the pilots held captive on the airplane were collected in a local | 11,822 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
schoolyard and met with international journalists, then driven to Syria by the International Red Cross to the Sheraton Hotel and a press conference in Damascus.
The hostages then boarded a U.S. Air Force C-141B Starlifter cargo plane and flew to Rhein-Main AB, West Germany, where they were met by U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush, debriefed, and given medical examinations, then flown by TWA Captain Alan Rehbock to Andrews Air Force Base and welcomed home by the president. Over the next several weeks, Israel released over 700 Shia prisoners, while maintaining that the prisoners' release was not related to the hijacking.
# Aftermath.
The iconic image of this hijacking was a photograph showing | 11,823 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
a gun being held to a pilot's head, sticking out of the cockpit window, while all three pilots were being interviewed by reporters. The scene was interrupted by one of the French-speaking Hezbollah guards left by the hijackers to hold the crew after most passengers and the cabin crew had been released in Algiers, and the remaining men were held in captivity elsewhere in Beirut. The young militiaman may have unloaded the gun before crashing the scene, as he primarily wanted to be on television.
Flight attendant Uli Derickson was credited with calming one of the hijackers during a fuel-quantity incident during the first leg to Beirut, because she spoke German, the only European language which | 11,824 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
either hijacker spoke. Notably, she interrupted an attempt to end the hijacking in Algiers when airport officials refused to refuel the plane without payment by offering her own Shell Oil credit card, which was used to charge about $5,500 for 6,000 gallons of jet fuel, for which she was reimbursed. She also refused to cooperate with the hijackers in identifying for them the passports of any passengers with Jewish-sounding names so they could not be singled out.
, an commissioned in 1995, was named in honor of Robert Stethem. The aircraft involved in the hijacking was put back into service. It remained in service for TWA until the aircraft was retired on September 30, 2000. It ceremoniously | 11,825 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
operated the airline's final revenue flight of their Boeing 727 fleet. The aircraft was later scrapped in May of 2002.
## Alleged perpetrators.
Hezbollah specialist Magnus Ranstorp of the University of St. Andrews credits "leading" Hezbollah members Hassan Izz-Al-Din (later involved in the Kuwait Airways Flight 422 hijacking in 1988) and Mohammed Ali Hammadi, whose brother was one of the heads of the Hezbollah Special Security Apparatus, with assisting Hezbollah operatives in the "supervision and planning of the incident itself and as an active participant in the defusion and resolution."
On October 10, 2001, in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, three of the alleged hijackers, Imad Mugniyah, | 11,826 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
Ali Atwa, and Hassan Izz-Al-Din, having been earlier indicted in United States district courts for the 1985 skyjacking of the American airliner, were among the original 22 fugitives announced by President George W. Bush to be placed on the newly formed FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list. Rewards of $5 million for information leading to the arrest and conviction of Atwa and Izz-Al-Din are still being offered by the United States.
Mohammed Ali Hammadi was arrested in 1987 in Frankfurt, Germany (then West Germany), while attempting to smuggle liquid explosives, two years after the TWA Flight 847 attack. In addition to the West German charge of illegal importation of explosives, he was tried and convicted | 11,827 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
of Stethem's 1985 murder and was sentenced to life in prison. However, he was paroled and released by German officials on December 20, 2005, and returned to Lebanon. There has been speculation that his parole was granted as part of a covert prisoner swap, in exchange for the release of Susanne Osthoff. Taken hostage in Iraq a month prior, Osthoff was released the week of Hammadi's parole. On February 14, 2006 the United States formally asked the Lebanese government to extradite Mohammed Ali Hammadi for Stethem's murder. On February 24, 2006, he appeared as well on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list, under the name Mohammed Ali "Hamadei" (sic). He was among the second group of indicted fugitives | 11,828 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
to be named by the FBI to the list.
Several news outlets reported the announcement by Hezbollah of the death of Imad Mugniyah in a car bomb explosion in Syria on February 13, 2008. The remaining three fugitives from TWA Flight 847 remain on the list, and at large.
Hezbollah reportedly denies culpability in the TWA Flight 847 hijacking, among its denials of numerous other attacks that have been attributed to the group.
# Film.
- "The Delta Force" film of 1986 is based on the TWA 847 hijacking.
- "" is a 1988 TV movie based on the incident focusing on the role of flight attendant Uli Derickson (played by Lindsay Wagner).
# External links.
- FBI Most Wanted Terrorists at fbi.gov web site
- | 11,829 |
512123 | TWA Flight 847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA%20Flight%20847 | TWA Flight 847
lah of the death of Imad Mugniyah in a car bomb explosion in Syria on February 13, 2008. The remaining three fugitives from TWA Flight 847 remain on the list, and at large.
Hezbollah reportedly denies culpability in the TWA Flight 847 hijacking, among its denials of numerous other attacks that have been attributed to the group.
# Film.
- "The Delta Force" film of 1986 is based on the TWA 847 hijacking.
- "" is a 1988 TV movie based on the incident focusing on the role of flight attendant Uli Derickson (played by Lindsay Wagner).
# External links.
- FBI Most Wanted Terrorists at fbi.gov web site
- Top Hezbollah militant slain
- John Testrake, 68, TWA pilot who became hero in hijacking | 11,830 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
New River (Kanawha River tributary)
The New River is a river which flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge, West Virginia. Part of the Ohio River watershed, it is about long.
The origins of the name are unclear. Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, an Indian name meaning "new waters", or the surname of an early settler. Despite its name, the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically. However this claim is disputed by the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey and the National Park | 11,831 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
Service.
This low-level crossing of the Appalachians, many millions of years old, has long been a biogeographical corridor allowing numerous species of plants and animals to spread between the lowlands of the American East Coast and those of the Midwest; other unusual kinds of plants occur on the gorge's cliffs or rim-top ledges. Portions of this corridor are now also used by various railroads and highways, and some segments of the river have been dammed for hydroelectric power production.
The New River Gorge is not only quite scenic, but also offers numerous opportunities for white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking. Many open ledges along the rim of the gorge offer popular views, | 11,832 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
with favorites including Hawks Nest State Park and various overlooks on lands of the New River Gorge National River.
The New River Gorge and the U.S. 19 bridge crossing it are shown on the West Virginia State Quarter, minted in 2005.
# Course.
This ancient river begins in the mountains of North Carolina near the Tennessee state line, flows generally northeastward across the Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Appalachian Valley, Ridge and Valley Province, and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia, before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia, where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau (in the New River Gorge) to meet the Gauley River and | 11,833 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia. The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Much of the river's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops, particularly in its gorge in West Virginia.
The New River is formed by the confluence of the South Fork New River and the North Fork New River on the Ashe County-Alleghany County line in North Carolina. It then flows through Alleghany County into southwestern Virginia, passing near Galax, Virginia. It is impounded by three small dams between Galax and Ivanhoe: at Fries, by Byllesby Dam, and by Buck Dam. Continuing north, the river enters Pulaski County, Virginia, where it is impounded by | 11,834 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
Claytor Dam, creating Claytor Lake. North of the dam the New River accepts the Little River and passes the city of Radford, Virginia before passing through Walker Mountain via a narrow water gap. After flowing north through Giles County, Virginia and the town of Narrows, the river crosses into West Virginia.
# Dams and bridges.
The New River is impounded by Bluestone Dam, creating Bluestone Lake in Summers County, West Virginia. The Bluestone River tributary joins the New River in Bluestone Lake. Just below the dam the Greenbrier River joins the New River, which continues its northward course into the New River Gorge. Near the end of the gorge the river flows by the town of Fayetteville, West | 11,835 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
Virginia. A few miles northwest of Fayetteville, much of the New River's flow is diverted through the Hawks Nest Tunnel for use in power generation. The water re-enters the river just upstream of Gauley Bridge, where the New merges with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River. The Kanawha is a tributary of the Ohio River, which in turn is a tributary of the Mississippi River.
Few highways cross the gorge, with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19, a steel arch bridge spanning , with the roadway above the average level of the river. This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world, and is also the world's twenty-third-highest vehicular | 11,836 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
bridge, and the fourth highest in the Americas.
# Geology.
Ironically, the New River is considered by some geologists to be one of the oldest rivers in the world. and certainly one of the oldest rivers in North America. The New River flows in a generally south-to-north course, at times cutting across the southwest-to-northeast-trending ridges and geological texture of the Appalachian Mountains, and flows directly across the Appalachian Plateau, contrasting with the west-to-east flow of most other major rivers to the east and northeast in Virginia and North Carolina, and on the west side of the Appalachians on the Plateau.
It may have been in its present course for at least 65 million years. | 11,837 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
In the geologic past, the New River was a much longer stream. Geologists have named it the Teays. The last advance of Pleistocene continental glacial ice buried most of this river. At that time, the waters of the New were diverted into rivers (the present-day Ohio & Kanawha Rivers) created by the glaciers.
# Natural history.
On its journey through the New River Gorge, the New River passes through an extensive geological formation. Emergent rocks, rock outcrops, trails and coal mines are found to provide diverse habitat producing rich and abundant flora and fauna species. In the gorge, there is typically a 1000 feet difference in elevation between the river bottom and the adjacent plateau. | 11,838 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
The New River dissects all physiographic provinces of the Appalachian Mountains, and therefore is believed to be a corridor facilitating the movement of southern plant and animal species into West Virginia. In addition to serving as a refuge for some species, New River Gorge provides a geographical barrier that limits the east-west distribution of other species.
Because the New River is so old, its habitats and wildlife have been able to achieve a form of stability. Millions of years of available passage have allowed many species of plants and animals to move in and persist in the area. Since the New River cuts from east to west across the Appalachians, we find species that are typically Atlantic | 11,839 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
coastal plain and piedmont, such as melic grass, living with northern mountain species. Because time has favored the new River Gorge, certain unique species have been able to carve their own niches here. Several species of fish have evolved that are endemic (found nowhere else) to this river.
## Plants.
New River Gorge lies at the core of the largest remaining block of relatively unfragmented, mid-latitude forest in the world. The gorge section of New River supports the most diverse plant assemblage of any river gorge in the central and southern Appalachians. This is due, in part, to the moisture gradient extremes that exist between the rim and river. This portion of southern West Virginia | 11,840 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
falls within the Mixed Mesophytic Forest Region. Recognized forest types include oak-hickory, mixed oak, oak-maple, oak-yellow pine, hemlock-hardwoods, northern hardwoods, cove hardwoods, and bottomland and floodplain hardwoods.
Also located in the gorge is the rare Appalachian Flatrock plant community which includes sedges, cedars and pines. This plant assemblage occurs on flat sandstone ledges along the New River and is dependent on the scouring caused by occasional flooding for its long-term integrity.
## Animals.
A wide variety of animals live in and around the New River, the Gorge, and the surrounding forests. The New River has long served as a migration corridor for both plants and | 11,841 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
animals. For this reason, animals more commonly found much farther south may reach the northern extent of their range in the New River Gorge area. Likewise, animals more commonly associated with the northern forests may reach the southern extent of their range in this area. Other animals are found only in the New River area. These species, called endemics, were isolated from similar populations by the steep, rugged terrain of New River Gorge and/or the tumultuous rapids and waterfalls of New River. Thus isolated, these animals evolved to be adapted to the unique circumstances of New River Gorge.
Approximately 65 species of mammals are known to occur in the New River Gorge area, such as beaver, | 11,842 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
mink, muskrat, river otter. Continuous forest, abandoned mine portals, rivers and streams provide habitat for a diverse variety of amphibians like hellbenders (large aquatic salamanders). There are nearly 40 species of reptiles like the eastern fence lizard, five-lined skinks, copperhead snake, black rat snake, river cooter, stinkpot turtles (common musk turtle) and snapping turtles. And many Benthic Macroinvertebrates including worm, crustaceans and immature forms of aquatic insects such as dragon fly, stonefly and mayfly nymphs.
The New River and the gorge area provides critical habitat for birds such as bald eagles, osprey, great blue herons, kingfishers, numerous ducks and migrating waterfowl | 11,843 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
like loons, cormorants, hooded mergansers and other migratory birds including the Cerulean warbler, a species in decline elsewhere in its range.
## Fish.
The New River basin has seven endemic species of fish, which are the: Appalachia darter, bigmouth chub, bluestone sculpin, candy darter, Kanawha darter, Kanawha minnow, and New River shiner.
# History.
The fur trading Batts and Fallam expedition of 1671, sent by Colonel Abraham Wood, was the first recorded exploration of the river. Variant names of the New River include "Wood River" and "Wood's River", after Abraham Wood. Mary Draper Ingles traversed the gorge during her 1755 escape from captivity among the Shawnees. Hiking or driving through | 11,844 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
New River Gorge today will provide glimpses of old stone walls, foundations of homes and buildings, coal mine entrances, and coke ovens decaying alongside the railroad tracks.
The New River and its Gorge and Valley have been turned into protected parks and recreation areas along much of the river. Congress has designated the New River Gorge the "New River Gorge National River". The choice of national river designation came about through a long series of discussions among interested parties. A grassroots coalition formed and pleaded the case for protection of the area in Congress. The initial goal, however, was not protective designation of the gorge in West Virginia, but stopping an engineering | 11,845 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
project on the Virginia-North Carolina border. Plans had been proposed in the early 1960s to dam the New River in Virginia, backing up water into North Carolina for pumped storage, the production of hydroelectric power, and the regular flushing of pollution downstream. Proponents called it the Blue Ridge Pumped Storage Project. Many citizens in West Virginia felt that such a dam would negatively affect the gorge. Water flow and quality were major concerns. These West Virginia opponents to the dam joined those in Virginia and North Carolina and helped block the dam before shifting attention toward protection of the New River in West Virginia. The coalition ultimately chose a designation for the | 11,846 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
New River Gorge that would have a chance of success in Congress. That designation passed Congress in 1978.
# Recreation.
The New River is spanned by the New River Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia, which is open for BASE jumping on Bridge Day. It is also a very popular river for white water rafting (class II-IV in season, IV-V during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips. Those willing to brave the colder water of spring will be rewarded with a more challenging big-water experience. Near the bridge, there are over 1400 single pitch sport climbs and trails suitable for hiking and mountain biking.
# Parks, forests, and trails.
Listed | 11,847 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
from upstream to downstream:
- Pisgah National Forest (on the South Fork)
- Elk Knob State Park (on the North Fork)
- New River State Park, North Carolina
- New River Trail State Park, Virginia
- Shot Tower Historical State Park, Virginia
- Claytor Lake State Park, Virginia
- Jefferson National Forest
- Appalachian National Scenic Trail
- Bluestone Wildlife Management Area
- Bluestone State Park, West Virginia
- New River Gorge National River
- Babcock State Park, West Virginia
- Hawks Nest State Park, West Virginia
# Environmental factors and climate change.
Much of the river's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National River, and the New River | 11,848 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
is one of the nation's American Heritage Rivers. In 1975, North Carolina designated a segment of the river as "New River State Scenic River", by including it in the state's Natural and Scenic Rivers System. The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year.
The quality of the surface water resources of the New River has been studied in recent years by both the State of West Virginia and New River Gorge Park Resource Management staff. Data from these studies suggest the presence of metals, organic contaminants and influx of raw sewage are common in many tributaries of the New River. Metals contamination, resulting from mining activities and or urban surface | 11,849 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
flows, are present in most tributaries. Other sources of pollutants within park boundaries include unlined landfills, illegal dumps, pesticide sprayed directly into the New River, agricultural runoff, road salt runoff, direct discharge of residential sewage, inadequate municipal sewage treatment facilities, recreation waste streams, and industrial discharges. Pollution of rural streams by fecal coliform bacteria is a widespread issue. Since fecal coliform bacteria live in the gut of warm-blooded animals, fecal contamination of rural streams can come not only from humans, but also from livestock, pets, and wildlife (including birds). Several research efforts have been made to understand the role | 11,850 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
of these various potential sources of bacteria. One of these studies was conducted in New River Gorge by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service. The results indicate that human-caused wastewater pollution is present in each of the four New River Gorge tributaries sampled. The report also found other sources of contamination in some streams.
Most of the original deciduous forest stands and understory species have been impacted by past and current activities associated with timbering, mining, agriculture, transportation, utilities, and the exclusion of fire. Internal development projects, increasing recreational activities, and expanding commercial and residential | 11,851 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
influences on the boundary continue to put pressure on a highly fragmented base resource. Power lines and rights-of-way present additional problems. There is currently only limited information on all such areas throughout the park. Right-of-ways are routinely maintained with herbicides application or mechanically treated. There are currently no Special Use Permits in place to regulate this activity. Herbicides are managed through the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. The park lies directly in the path of the leading edge of gypsy moth infestation. Baseline data on the condition of resources, which would be the indicators of the effects of defoliation, does not exist. Critical documents, | 11,852 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
such as the Environmental Assessment for gypsy moth management, require detailed information and hard scientific data in order to justify management actions.
Many areas within New River Gorge have been impacted by either strip or deep mining for coal, as well as by oil and gas operations. The park has completed an Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory (AML Inventory) that identifies 115 sites that are abandoned. Many of these sites were abandoned prior to the 1977 Surface Mining Reclamation Act (SMCRA), and are completely or partially unreclaimed. Since 1987, the National Park Service and the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) have worked together to mitigate the most severe safety hazards identified | 11,853 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
on this inventory.
Air pollution sources resulting from activities within the park includes windblown soil and dust from construction activities, smoke from residential wood burning, automobile emissions, and forest fires. A significant issue for the park is solid waste management. Hundreds of illegal dumps and roadside trash create both aesthetic and health and safety problems. Hazardous waste is also an issue.
The area has active rail lines and abandoned mine operations. There is great potential for hazardous material spills to occur within the gorge. Also, some potential development sites within the New River Gorge have been surveyed during preliminary development concept planning. Asbestos | 11,854 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
has been found in several historic structures within the park, and this has lengthened the time and costs involved in renovation of these buildings.
Over time, the New River Gorge has provided a refuge for plants and animals as habitats have shifted with changing weather patterns. As global climate change progresses, the New River Gorge will provide critical habitat for species displaced from warmer climates.
# Variant names.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, the New River has also been known as:
- Conhaway River
- Great Konhaway River
- Kanawha River
- Kunhaway River
- Mon-don-ga-cha-te
- Wood River
- Wood's River
- Woods River
# See also.
- New River Gorge | 11,855 |
512078 | New River (Kanawha River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New%20River%20(Kanawha%20River%20tributary) | New River (Kanawha River tributary)
ver
- Great Konhaway River
- Kanawha River
- Kunhaway River
- Mon-don-ga-cha-te
- Wood River
- Wood's River
- Woods River
# See also.
- New River Gorge National River
- New River Gorge Bridge
- Sandstone, West Virginia
- List of North Carolina rivers
- List of Virginia rivers
- List of West Virginia rivers
# References.
## Further reading.
- provides an informal, personal account of the river's natural history and local culture
- "DeLorme Atlas & Gazetteer" of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.
- Rice, Otis K. (1984), "History of the New River Gorge Area", West Virginia Institute of Technology.
# External links.
- Geology of the New River Gorge in West Virginia | 11,856 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
CFB Kingston
Canadian Forces Base Kingston (also CFB Kingston) is a Canadian Forces Base operated by the Canadian Army located in Kingston, Ontario.
# History.
The Barriefield Military Camp, commonly called Camp Barriefield, was established as a military base at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 on the east bank of the Cataraqui River opposite the city of Kingston in the village of Barriefield. Located north of King's Highway 2, the name of the military base and village was in honour of the Royal Navy's Rear-Admiral Sir Robert Barrie who served during the War of 1812.
In 1937 the base expanded to the south side of King's Highway 2 with the opening of the Vimy Barracks, named in | 11,857 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
honour of the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The Vimy Barracks became home to the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals which relocated to the Barriefield Military Camp from the Borden Military Camp. The Signal Training Centre, later renamed the Royal Canadian School of Signals was also established at the base.
The Barriefield Military Camp continued to expand as one of Canada's largest training bases when the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps established a training centre during the Second World War. Following the war, the original part of Barriefield Military Camp on the north side of the King's Highway 2 was renamed the McNaughton Barracks in honour of the Canadian Army's General A.G.L. McNaughton who served | 11,858 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
during the First and Second World Wars. From 1945-1969 the McNaughton Barracks were host to the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers School.
The base was renamed to Canadian Forces Base Kingston (CFB Kingston) in 1966 in the lead-up to the February 1968 unification of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force to form the Canadian Armed Forces. CFB Kingston was placed under Training Command and was responsible for providing a training facilities and support services to its integral units and lodger units.
In September 1975, Training Command was disbanded and the base was transferred to Canadian Forces Training System. The Royal Military College of Canada, | 11,859 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
the National Defence College, the Canadian Land Force Command and Staff College and the Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics were some of the units supported by the base and under the authority of the commander of CFB Kingston. On September 1, 1988, the 1st Canadian Division Headquarters was established to serve as a staging base for the deployment of troops and materiel on active operations; in this role it supported Operation Friction which was Canada's support to the United Nations for the Persian Gulf War in 1991.
On March 30, 1995, responsibility for CFB Kingston was transferred to Land Force Command, now known as the Canadian Army (since August 2011).
On June 26, | 11,860 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
1997, Air Command reorganized by disbanding the 10 Tactical Air Group and replacing this unit with the newly formed 1 Wing. The headquarters for 1 Wing was relocated to CFB Kingston, however, the unit's 6 tactical helicopter squadrons flying the CH-146 Griffon were spread out at Canadian Forces bases across the country.
# Lodger units.
Primarily a training base, CFB Kingston is home to the following lodger units:
- Canadian Army
- Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre (CADTC)
- 1st Canadian Division, Headquarters
- Peace Support Training Centre (PSTC)
- Princess of Wales' Own Regiment (PWOR)
- Communications and Electronics Branch
- Canadian Forces School of Communications and | 11,861 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
Electronics (CFSCE)
- Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment
- 21 Electronic Warfare Regiment
- 772 Electronic Warfare Squadron
- 2 Electronic Warfare Squadron
- Canadian Forces Crypto Maintenance Unit
- Royal Canadian Air Force
- 1 Wing (commonly referred to as 1 Wing Kingston)
- Royal Canadian Navy
- CSTC HMCS Ontario - Sea Cadet Summer Training Centre
- Canadian Forces Joint Operations Group
- Canadian Forces Joint Support Group
- Canadian Defence Academy
- Canadian Forces National Counter-Intelligence Unit Detachment Kingston
- 1 Dental Unit — Detachment Kingston
- 33 Canadian Forces Health Services Centre
- Military Post Office 305 Vimy Post Office
- Civilian Human Resources | 11,862 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
Office
- Kingston Garrison Learning and Career Centre
- Dispute Resolution Centre
- Canadian Forces Housing Agency
- 2 Military Police Regiment Detachment Kingston
- Military Communications and Electronics Museum
- Royal Military College of Canada; CFB Kingston is the base designated to support RMC, located nearby at Point Frederick
- Garrison Golf and Curling Club
- Kingston Military Community Sports Center (PSP)
# Architecture.
CFB Kingston includes several recognized and classified federal heritage buildings on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.
- McNaughton Barracks
- Canadian Forces Health Services Clinic, Building MB-62 Recognized - 2002
- Lewis Hall, | 11,863 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
Building MB39 Recognized - 1996
- Sherman Hall, Building MB37 Recognized - 1996
- Vimy Barracks
- Barracks Block, Building VB-7 Recognized - 2002
- Beament Hall, Building VB-2 Recognized - 1996
- Carruthers Hall, Building VB-1 Recognized - 1996
- Forde Building VB-16 Recognized - 1997
- McKee Hall, Building VB-6 Recognized - 1996
- Officer's Mess Building VC1 Recognized - 1996
# Awards.
CFB Kingston received an award from the Ontario Power Authority's for their leadership in pursuing energy efficiency. CFB Kingston and Direct Energy partnered in 2005 to create the largest Federal Building Initiative project ever conducted in Canada, resulting in a $21-million energy performance contract | 11,864 |
512128 | CFB Kingston | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFB%20Kingston | CFB Kingston
ario Power Authority's for their leadership in pursuing energy efficiency. CFB Kingston and Direct Energy partnered in 2005 to create the largest Federal Building Initiative project ever conducted in Canada, resulting in a $21-million energy performance contract (EPC) expected to save the base more than $2 million annually in utility costs. At CFB Kingston, energy efficiency measures cover a number of base-wide initiatives, such as lighting upgrades, improved building controls and water conservation.
# External links.
- Department of National Defence Canada - CFB Kingston
- Official site for 1 Wing Kingston
- Military Communications and Electronics Museum
- Peace Support Training Centre | 11,865 |
512133 | Justus Perthes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus%20Perthes | Justus Perthes
Justus Perthes
Johann Georg Justus Perthes (11 September 1749, Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – 2 May 1816, Gotha, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg) was a German publisher and founder of the publishing house that bears his name.
# Life.
He was born in the Thuringian town of Rudolstadt, the son of a Schwarzburg court physician. From 1778 he worked as a bookseller in nearby Gotha, where he founded the cartographic publishing firm "Justus Perthes Geographische Anstalt Gotha" in 1785. In this, he was joined in 1814 by his son Wilhelm Perthes (1793–1853), who had been in the publishing house of Justus's nephew Friedrich Christoph Perthes at Hamburg. On Justus' death in Gotha, Wilhelm took over the firm | 11,866 |
512133 | Justus Perthes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus%20Perthes | Justus Perthes
and laid the foundation of the geographical branch of the business for which it is chiefly famous, by the first publishing of the "Hand-Atlas" from 1817–1823 after Adolf Stieler (1775–1836).
Wilhelm Perthes engaged the collaboration of the most eminent German geographers of the time, including Stieler, Heinrich Berghaus (1797–1884), Christian Gottlieb Reichard (1758–1837), who was associated with Stieler in the compilation of the atlas, Karl Spruner (1803–1892), and Emil von Sydow (1812–1873).
The business passed to his son Bernhardt Wilhelm Perthes (1821–1857), who was associated with August Heinrich Petermann under whose direction the well-known periodical "Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen" | 11,867 |
512133 | Justus Perthes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus%20Perthes | Justus Perthes
was first edited in 1855, and Bruno Hassenstein (1839–1902); and in next generation to his son Bernhard Perthes (1858–1919), who was born after his father Bernhardt Wilhelm had died.
Since 1785 the firm also issued the Almanach de Gotha, a statistical, historical and genealogical annual (in German and French) of the various countries of the world (first published by Carl Wilhelm Ettinger, Gotha, in 1763); and in 1866 the elaborate "Geographisches Jahrbuch" was produced under the editorship of Ernst Behm (1830–1884), on whose death it was continued under that of Professor Hermann Wagner.
# External links.
- See an 1872 map by August Petermann, published by Justus Perthes, [https://archive.today/20121215040630/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2469 | 11,868 |
512133 | Justus Perthes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus%20Perthes | Justus Perthes
"[Map of Texas, Indian Territory, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas] / bearbeitet v. H. Habenicht."] hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- The 1875 Stieler Hand-Atlas, and many other maps and atlases, are viewable online at DavidRumsey.com
- More information about the history and the current situation of the huge archive (map archive, bibliothèque) of 'Justus Perthes Geographische Anstalt Gotha' (including 'VEB Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha', publishing firm in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1955 to 1991, and 'Justus Perthes Geographische Verlagsanstalt Darmstadt', publishing firm in Darmstadt from 1953 to 1994), as well as about the current publishing | 11,869 |
512133 | Justus Perthes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus%20Perthes | Justus Perthes
online at DavidRumsey.com
- More information about the history and the current situation of the huge archive (map archive, bibliothèque) of 'Justus Perthes Geographische Anstalt Gotha' (including 'VEB Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha', publishing firm in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1955 to 1991, and 'Justus Perthes Geographische Verlagsanstalt Darmstadt', publishing firm in Darmstadt from 1953 to 1994), as well as about the current publishing house 'Ernst Klett Verlag GmbH, Zweigniederlassung Gotha, Programmbereich Klett-Perthes' available online at perthes.de (German language)
- More information about 'Almanach de Gotha' (English) online at perthes.de | 11,870 |
512143 | Clapper loader | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper%20loader | Clapper loader
Clapper loader
A clapper loader or second assistant camera (2nd AC) is part of a film crew whose main functions are that of loading the raw film stock into camera magazines, operating the clapperboard (slate) at the beginning of each take, marking the actors as necessary, and maintaining all records and paperwork for the camera department. The name "clapper loader" tends to be used in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth, while "second assistant camera" tends to be favored in the United States, but the job is essentially the same whichever title is used. The specific responsibilities and division of labor within the department will almost always vary depending on the circumstances of the shoot.
# | 11,871 |
512143 | Clapper loader | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper%20loader | Clapper loader
Functions.
Clapper loaders have a very important role as practically the only people on set who directly and physically oversee the state of the undeveloped negative. The loader – the only person who actually handles the negative between the manufacturer and the laboratory – thus can easily render an entire day's work useless if the film is handled improperly. Additionally, the loader usually controls all records with regard to the film stock – from when it is received until when it is sent out to the lab; if this information is miscommunicated or missing, this too can destroy an expensive shoot. Furthermore, the loader usually has much more to do in addition to these tasks. Noted director | 11,872 |
512143 | Clapper loader | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper%20loader | Clapper loader
of photography Oliver Stapleton has written on his website:
# Duties.
A full description of the job duties includes the following (although different shoots may often not always require all of these):
- generally assisting the rest of the camera crew (focus puller, camera operator, director of photography)
- utilizing the camera trainee, film loader, and/or camera runner if one has been brought onto the production
- keeping inventory of all equipment, film, and expendables
- requesting film stock as needed
- securing the equipment
- unloading/loading equipment off/on the camera truck daily if necessary
- checking loading materials and spaces to prevent light leaks
- cleaning and keeping | 11,873 |
512143 | Clapper loader | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper%20loader | Clapper loader
clean the magazines and the loading environment
- organizing and cleaning the equipment space
- maintaining and cleaning the equipment
- loading and unloading of film stock from and to the magazines
- labelling of equipment, boxes, magazines, and storage spaces
- marking actors and props (leaving a marker of their positions as the scene is blocked for the purpose of measuring distance from the camera so that its focus can be adjusted throughout the scene)
- marking and operating the clapperboard properly
- keeping meticulous and accurate camera notes
- writing negative report sheets in detail
- interfacing with continuity in order to note which takes to print
- charging of batteries | 11,874 |
512143 | Clapper loader | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper%20loader | Clapper loader
terfacing with continuity in order to note which takes to print
- charging of batteries for camera and accessories
- preparation of film to be sent to the lab
- keeping records of time, per diems, and expenses for the entire camera crew
- liaising regularly with production, rental houses, editing, laboratories, and unions
- recordkeeping of all camera-related paperwork, including negative reports, daily stock reports, film inventory reports, lab orders, rental contracts, and expendable orders
- ensuring that all instructions from the director of photography are passed along properly to labs and post houses
- relaying reports from the lab about the rushes to the director of photography | 11,875 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Bertram Turetzky
Bertram Jay Turetzky (born February 14, 1933) is a contemporary American double bass (contrabass) soloist, composer, teacher, and author of "The Contemporary Contrabass" (1974, 1989), a book that looked at a number of new and interesting ways of playing the double bass including featuring it as a solo performance vehicle with no other instrumental accompaniment.
# Career.
Turetzky has performed and recorded more than 300 pieces written by and for him. He is a composer whose music has achieved some prominence, as have his interpretations of early music and composers like Domenico Dragonetti. Music critic Michael Steinberg has praised his continuo playing. Turetzky has appeared | 11,876 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
as a featured soloist in the major music centers of the world and is the most widely recorded solo doublebass player with seven albums on Advance, Ars Nova, Nonesuch, Takoma, Desto and Finnadar music labels.
Turetzky is a versatile musician, conversant in chamber music, baroque music, classical, jazz, renaissance music, improvisational music and many different genres of world music. He has also developed a special affinity for klezmer music.
In addition to "The Contemporary Contrabass", Turetzky has co-edited a book series called "The New Instrumentation"; seven of a planned eight volumes have been finished. Turetzky wrote an introduction to "The Autobiography of Pops Foster: New Orleans Jazz | 11,877 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Man" which spoke to the early development of jazz bass playing.
Bernard Jacobson of the Chicago Daily News described Turestzky as "a virtuoso of caliber unsurpassed by any other practitioner of his instrument today."
# Biography.
Turetzky was born in Norwich, Connecticut, United States, and grew up there. He received a master's degree in music history from the University of Hartford. In his youth, he was drawn to classic jazz music, playing professionally in that style at his first performances. His aspiration to be a jazz player was encouraged by many of the older swing stars. Turetzky continues to play classic jazz, and appears regularly at jazz festivals.
Turetzky first recorded in 1964, | 11,878 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
featuring the work of American composers George Perle, Edgard Varèse, Donald Martino, Kenneth Gaburo, Ben Johnston, and an early instrument and tape piece by Charles Whittenburg. Recording activities continued with records on labels Nonesuch, Son Nova, Ars Antigua, and Desto. He has worked with Charles Mingus, and has made a series of recent recordings on the Nine Winds label with improvisational musicians George Lewis, Vinny Golia, Wadada Leo Smith, Mike Wofford and others.
Turetzky is a Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Music at the University of California, San Diego.
His former students include bass virtuosos Mark Dresser and Karl E. H. Seigfried; Dresser now holds Turetzky's former | 11,879 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
UCSD faculty position, while Seigfried is working with Turetzky on the latter's autobiography.
He is married to flutist Nancy Turetzky, and they have two sons and a daughter, and live in Del Mar, California.
He also plays the guitar, piano, and banjo.
# Selected discography.
- Recording (solo LP), Bertram Turetzky, "Contrabassist," in a Recital of New Music, Advance FGR-1, 1964.
- Recording (solo LP), Bertram Turetzky, The Virtuoso Double Bass, Medea Records, 1966.
- Recording, Music by Donald Erb, In No Strange Land, Nonesuch Records, 1968.
- Recording (solo LP), Bertram Turetzky, The New World of Sound, Ars Nova, 1969.
- Recording (solo LP), Bertram Turetzky, The Contemporary Contrabass, | 11,880 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Music of John Cage, Ben Johnson, and Pauline Oliveros, Nonesuch Records, 1969-70.
- Recording, Music for Young Listeners, by Netty Simons, CRI Records, 1973.
- Recording, Gorge, by Phil Winsor, at Mills College, Oakland, funded by a Ford Foundation Grant, 1973.
- Recording, Dragonetti Lives, Takoma Records, 1975.
- Recording, Strings, Standard School Broadcast: Music Makers, Chevron Research Company, 1975.
- Recording, Spectra, by Feiciano, CRI, 1975.
- Recording, Witold Szalonek Symphonia Concertante, solo contrabass and orchestra, Polska Musykna, 1975.
- Recording, Found Objects II, by Arthur Custer, Serenus, 1976.
- Recording (solo LP), Music by Donald Erb, J.M Mestres-Quadreny, Will | 11,881 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Ogden, Netty Simons, Desto DC7128, 1976.
- Recording, Tree Music (principal soloist), Logs and Logs XVI, by Paul Chihara, CRI SD 269, 1976.
- Recording (solo LP), The Contemporary Contrabass, Nonesuch, 1976.
- Recording (solo LP), New Music for Contrabass, compositions by Charles Mingus, Boguslaw Schaffer, Joseph Julian, Bertram Turetzky and Donald Erb, Finnadar SR 9105, 1976.
- Recording, Piece for Four, by Olly Wilson, CRI SD 264, 1976.
- Recording, Trio for Two, by Donald Erb, and Points-Lines-Circles, by Dorrance Stalvey, ARS NOVA AN-1008, 1976.
- Recording, Modules, by Richard Moryl, Serenus, 1976.
- Recording, Inflections I, by Robert Hall Lewis (for solo contrabass), on New Music | 11,882 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
for Virtuoso/2, New World Records, Recorded Anthology of American Music, Inc., NW 254 Stereo, recorded December 4, 1977, released November 1978.
- Recording for ABC, Works by Hoffman, Turetzky, Mingus, and McCartney-Lennon, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, August 5, 1978.
- Recording for ABC, with Nancy Turetzky, recorded live, NSW Conservatorium, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, August 7, 1978.
- Recording for ABC, Concerto for Bass and Jazz Band, by Donald Hannah, Brian May, Conductor, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, August 8, 1978.
- Recording, Playback, by Barry Cunyngham, The University of Melbourne, for Move Records, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, August 9, 1978.
- Recording, Trio for Violin, Contrabass & Piano, by Leonid Hrabovsky, | 11,883 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
on "20th Century Ukrainian Violin Music" 1987 cassette recording CYFP 2032 by Yevshan Corporation, Canada, Library of Congress Card no. 78-7509959 (first recorded in 1964, 1975 on ORION-ORS 79331), First western recording of music by Ukrainian composer Leonid Hrabovsky, recorded September 1978, released June 1979.
- Recording, Celestial Variations on Charles Ives' Serenity (1919), performed by Turetzky on 16-track tape, summer 1979. (Funded by a National Endowment for the Arts Grant), 1979.
- Recording, A Different View, Turetzky (solo contrabass). Turetzky, contrabass, LP, Folkways Records, New York City, 1982.
- Recording, Turetzky Featured Soloist in Phil Winsor's Gorge, written for Turetzky, | 11,884 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Brewster Records, 1982.
- Recording, Turetzky settings and performance of selections from Sherley Anne Williams, Some Sweet Angel Chile, Blues Economique Records, September 25, 1984.
- Recording, Turetzky settings and performance of Jerome Rothenberg's, Poland 1931 and Dada Suite, Blues Economique Records, September 25, 1984.
- CD, Intersections, Bertram Turetzky and Vinny Golia, 9 Winds Label, NWCD0129 DDD, 1990.
- CD recording of San Diego Symphony Ensemble performing Roger Reynolds' Whispers Out of Time and Transfigured Wind, New World Records, 1990.
- CD, Ricercar a' 3, by Robert Erickson for solo contrabass, for CRI Records, November 1991.
- CD recording of Stuart Saunders Smith's' | 11,885 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Notebook on CD titled Crux, O.O. Discs, USA, 1992.
- Recording, Second Avenue Klezmer Ensemble, Traditions and Transitions Second Avenue Productions, San Diego, 1992.
- CD recording of Stuart Saunders Smith's' Notebook on CD titled Crux, O.O. Discs, USA, 1992.
- CD recording of SONOR Ensemble of the University of California, San Diego, CRI CD 652, 1993.
- CD recording Compositions and Improvisations by Bertram Turetzky, Studio 101, 9 Winds Records, 1993.
- CD recording of Turetzky's Pacific Parable, winner of San Diego Music Award, Studio 101, Orphan Records, June 24, 1993.
- CD recording, Ais by Iannis Xenakis, Neuma Records, 1994.
- CD recording, Inflections I by Robert Hall Lewis, | 11,886 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
New World Records 80541-2, 1998.
- CD recording, Logs by Paul Chihara, CRI CD 815, 1999.
- CD recording, Three Pieces for Double Bass Alone, by Donald Erb, on CD titled Suddenly It's Evening, CRI CD 857, 1999.
# Bibliography.
- Book, The Contemporary Contrabass, by Bertram Turetzky. The New Instrumentation, Vol. I, co-edited by Turetzky and Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1974.
- Book, The Avant Garde Flute by Thomas Howell. The New Instrumentation, Vol. II, co-edited by Turetzky and Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1975.
- Book, The Modern Trombone by Stuart Dempster, The New Instrumentation, Vol. III, co-edited by Turetzky and | 11,887 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1975.
- Book, New Directions for Clarinet by Philip Rehfeldt. The New Instrumentation, Vol. IV, co-edited by Turetzky and Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1976.
- Book, The Contemporary Guitar, by John Schneider. The New Instrumentation, Vol. V, co-edited by Turetzky and Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1982.
- Book, Writing for Pedal Harp, by Lou Anne Neil. The New Instrumentation, Vol. VI, co-edited by Turetzky and Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1985.
- Book, The Contemporary Contrabass, by Bertram Turetzky. The New Instrumentation, Vol. VII, | 11,888 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
co-edited by Turetzky and Barney Childs, Berkeley: The University of California Press, Second Edition, Revised, 1989.
# Notes and references.
- Applebaum, Samuel. "The Way they Play", Paganiniana Publications, 1984.
- Anderson, E. Ruth. "Contemporary American composers. A biographical dictionary", Second edition, G. K. Hall, 1982.
- Larkin, Colin. "The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music", Guinness Publishing, 1992.
- Press, Jaques Cattell (Ed.). "Who's who in American Music. Classical", First edition. R. R. Bowker, New York 1983.
- Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). "The New Grove Dictionary of American Music". Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
# External links.
- from | 11,889 |
512132 | Bertram Turetzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram%20Turetzky | Bertram Turetzky
ay", Paganiniana Publications, 1984.
- Anderson, E. Ruth. "Contemporary American composers. A biographical dictionary", Second edition, G. K. Hall, 1982.
- Larkin, Colin. "The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music", Guinness Publishing, 1992.
- Press, Jaques Cattell (Ed.). "Who's who in American Music. Classical", First edition. R. R. Bowker, New York 1983.
- Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). "The New Grove Dictionary of American Music". Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
# External links.
- from UCSD site
## Interviews.
- Bertram Turetzky interview by Bruce Duffie
- Bertram Turetzky: A Different View Interview
- Bert Turetzky Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2005) | 11,890 |
512147 | 7th Golden Raspberry Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th%20Golden%20Raspberry%20Awards | 7th Golden Raspberry Awards
7th Golden Raspberry Awards
The 7th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 29, 1987, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1986. For the first time, the Razzies had a tie for Worst Picture, between "Howard the Duck" and "Under the Cherry Moon". Recipients are denoted in bold:
# See also.
- 1986 in film
- 59th Academy Awards
- 40th British Academy Film Awards
- 44th Golden Globe Awards
# External links.
- Official summary of awards
- Nomination and award listing at the Internet Movie Database | 11,891 |
512155 | The Suppliants | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Suppliants | The Suppliants
The Suppliants
The Suppliants may refer to:
- The Suppliants (Aeschylus) by Aeschylus, an ancient Greek play where the Danaides seek protection from King Pelasgus
- The Suppliants (Euripides) by Euripides, an ancient Greek play where the mothers of the Seven Against Thebes seek help from Theseus to bury their sons | 11,892 |
512150 | Heracleum (plant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heracleum%20(plant) | Heracleum (plant)
Heracleum (plant)
Heracleum is a genus of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as Ethiopia. Common names for the genus or its species include hogweed and cow parsnip.
The genus name "Heracleum" was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It derives from the Ancient Greek () "of Heracles", referring to the mythological hero.
# Species.
Many species of the genus "Heracleum" are similar in appearance. An outlier is "H. mantegazzianum", the large size of which is exceptional. Common species include:
- "Heracleum mantegazzianum", giant hogweed, native to the western Caucasus region | 11,893 |
512150 | Heracleum (plant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heracleum%20(plant) | Heracleum (plant)
of Eurasia, a serious invasive species in many areas of Europe and North America
- "Heracleum sosnowskyi", Sosnowsky's hogweed, a common weed throughout Europe and Asia
- "Heracleum persicum", Persian hogweed, native to Iran, Iraq, and Turkey
- "Heracleum sphondylium", common hogweed, native to Europe and Asia
- "Heracleum maximum", cow parsnip, native and common in North America
, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 148 species:
# Classification and naming.
Other than size, the related species "H. mantegazzianum", "H. sosnowskyi", and "H. persicum" have very similar characteristics. The common name giant hogweed usually refers to "H. mantegazzianum" alone but in some locales | 11,894 |
512150 | Heracleum (plant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heracleum%20(plant) | Heracleum (plant)
that common name refers to all three species as a group. Both "H. maximum" and "H. sphondylium" are often referred to as cow parsnip. To avoid confusion, these species are sometimes referred to as American cow parsnip and European cow parsnip, respectively.
The morphological similarity of species within the genus "Heracleum" and the difficulty of botanical identification has led to numerous synonyms and naming issues. For example, the classification of the species now widely known as "H. maximum" has been inconsistent. In the literature, the scientific names "H. lanatum", "H. maximum", and others are used interchangeably. Prior to 2000, the former name was most popular, but today the latter | 11,895 |
512150 | Heracleum (plant) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heracleum%20(plant) | Heracleum (plant)
to 2000, the former name was most popular, but today the latter name is in vogue.
# Phototoxic effects.
Most species of the genus "Heracleum" are known to cause phytophotodermatitis. In particular, the public health risks of giant hogweed ("H. mantegazzianum") are well known.
At least 36 species of the genus "Heracleum" have been reported to contain furanocoumarin, a chemical compound that sensitizes human skin to sunlight. Of those, at least 25 species contained a psoralen derivative, either bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) or methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen). Three of those species ("H. mantegazzianum", "H. sosnowskyi", and "H. sphondylium") were found to contain both psoralen derivatives. | 11,896 |
512170 | Saparua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saparua | Saparua
Saparua
Saparua is an island east of Ambon Island in the Indonesian province of Maluku; the island of Haruku lies between Saparua and Ambon. The main port is in the south at Kota Saparua. The island of Maolana is located near its southwestern side and Nusa Laut off its southeastern tip.
Saparua was administered as a single eponymous district ("kecamatan") of Central Maluku Regency ("Kabupaten Maluku Tengah"), but in 2012 an additional district of East Saparua was formed from the eastern peninsula of the original district. Kota Saparua (Saparua town) is the administrative centre of the residual (western) district, while Tuhaha is the administrative centre of the new district.
The island (including | 11,897 |
512170 | Saparua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saparua | Saparua
Maolana) covers a land area of 168.1 sq.km, and had a population of 32,312 as of the 2010 census. The inhabitants of Saparua speak the Saparua language, as well as Indonesian and Ambonese Malay.
Saparua was the location of Indonesian national hero, Pattimura's rebellion against Dutch forces in 1817. It was also the birthplace of G.A. Siwabessy, a prominent politician who was Indonesia's Minister of Health during the 1960s and 1970s.
# Villages on Saparua.
There are 17 administrative villages, listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census; ten comprise the new district of East Saparua, while seven remain with the existing Saparua district
- Saparua (2,680)
- Tiouw (1,443)
- Paperu | 11,898 |
512170 | Saparua | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saparua | Saparua
donesia's Minister of Health during the 1960s and 1970s.
# Villages on Saparua.
There are 17 administrative villages, listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census; ten comprise the new district of East Saparua, while seven remain with the existing Saparua district
- Saparua (2,680)
- Tiouw (1,443)
- Paperu (1,301)
- Booi (919)
- Haria (6,727)
- Portho (2,704)
- Kulur (824)
Saparua Timur
- Ouw (1,588)
- Ullath (1,478)
- Siri-sori Amapatti (1,645)
- Siri-sori Amalatu (1,923)
- Tuhaha (2,222)
- Ihamahu (1,428)
- Iha (339)
- Nolluth-Titasomi (2,856)
- Itawaka (1,820)
- Mahu (578)
# External links.
- Old map of Manipa, Haruku, Saparua and Nusalaut
- Saparua island | 11,899 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.