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573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
of Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE), and the University of Amsterdam's Sub-department for the History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents. A large collection of books on alchemy is kept in the Bibliotheca Philosophica... | 1,400 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
History of Science Society.
# Core concepts.
Western alchemical theory corresponds to the worldview of late antiquity in which it was born. Concepts were imported from Neoplatonism and earlier Greek cosmology. As such, the Classical elements appear in alchemical writings, as do the seven Classical planets and... | 1,401 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
Transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection. The writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus are a primary source of alchemical theory. He is named "alchemy's founder and chief patron, authority, inspiration and guide".
Early alchemists, su... | 1,402 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
literal meanings of 'Alchemical Formulas' were a blind, hiding their true spiritual philosophy. Practitioners and patrons such as Melchior Cibinensis and Pope Innocent VIII existed within the ranks of the church, while Martin Luther applauded alchemy for its consistency with Christian teachings. Both the transm... | 1,403 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
to enlightenment, and the stone represented a hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal. In texts that are written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery of late alchemical works typically contain multiple layers of meanings, allegories, and refe... | 1,404 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
a whitening or leucosis
- "citrinitas", a yellowing or xanthosis
- "rubedo", a reddening, purpling, or iosis
# Modern alchemy.
Due to the complexity and obscurity of alchemical literature, and the 18th-century disappearance of remaining alchemical practitioners into the area of chemistry; the general unders... | 1,405 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
in medieval and early modern texts. At the opposite end of the spectrum, focusing on the esoteric, scholars, such as George Calian and Anna Marie Roos, who question the reading of Principe and Newman, interpret these same decknamen as spiritual, religious, or psychological concepts.
Today new interpretations o... | 1,406 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
or not at all the transformation of laboratory substances", which has contributed to a merger of magic and alchemy in popular thought.
## Traditional medicine.
Traditional medicine can use the concept of the transmutation of natural substances, using pharmacological or a combination of pharmacological and spi... | 1,407 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
de la Nature" and "The Paracelsus Research Society", popularized modern spagyrics including the manufacture of herbal tinctures and products. The courses, books, organizations, and conferences generated by their students continue to influence popular applications of alchemy as a New Age medicinal practice.
## ... | 1,408 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
discovered a direct correlation or parallels between the symbolic images in the alchemical drawings and the inner, symbolic images coming up in dreams, visions or imaginations during the psychic processes of transformation occurring in his patients. A process, which he called "process of individuation". He rega... | 1,409 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
and pored over them. The volumes of work he wrote brought new light into understanding the art of transubstantiation and renewed alchemy's popularity as a symbolic process of coming into wholeness as a human being where opposites brought into contact and inner and outer, spirit and matter are reunited in the "h... | 1,410 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
culture. Jung wrote volumes on alchemy and his magnum opus is Volume 14 of his Collected Works, "Mysterium Conuinctionis. Ralph Metzner, speaking to CG Jung Society of Seattle, 2014, sees the historical emergence of psychedelics in the work of alchemists."
## Literature.
Alchemy has had a long-standing relati... | 1,411 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
still be seen in recent fantasy works like those of Terry Pratchett.
Visual artists had a similar relationship with alchemy. While some of them used alchemy as a source of satire, others worked with the alchemists themselves or integrated alchemical thought or symbols in their work. Music was also present in t... | 1,412 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
characterized as pseudoscience
- Nuclear transmutation
- Outline of alchemy
- Porta Alchemica
- Superseded theories in science
- Synthesis of precious metals
# Further reading.
- Principe, Lawrence. "The Secrets of Alchemy". University of Chicago Press, 2013.
- Principe, Lawrence and William Newman. "Al... | 1,413 |
573 | Alchemy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alchemy | Alchemy
HAC: Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry
- ESSWE: European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism
- Association for the Study of Esotericism
- The Alchemy Website. – Adam McLean's online collections and academic discussion.
- "Dictionary of the History of Ideas": Alchemy
- Book of Secret... | 1,414 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Alabama
Alabama () is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total... | 1,415 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its... | 1,416 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotiv... | 1,417 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
word for a person of Alabama lineage is "Albaamo" (or variously "Albaama" or "Albàamo" in different dialects; the plural form is "Albaamaha"). The suggestion that "Alabama" was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely. The word's spelling varies significantly among historical sources. The first usage appe... | 1,418 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
"Alibamu", "Alabamo", "Albama", "Alebamon", "Alibama", "Alibamou", "Alabamu", "Allibamou".
Sources disagree on the word's meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw "alba" (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and "amo" (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather"). The meaning may have been "clear... | 1,419 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek. Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation.
# History.
## Pre-European settlement.
Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with ... | 1,420 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, which was the center of the culture. Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no ... | 1,421 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama ("Alibamu"), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati. While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages.
## European settlement.
With exploration in the 16th century, the Spanish were the first Europeans to rea... | 1,422 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish ... | 1,423 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
what is today southern Clarke County, northernmost Mobile County, and most of Washington County.
What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783, part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Most... | 1,424 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the Yazoo land scandal. Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams–Onís Treaty officially ceded it t... | 1,425 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention. From July 5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government m... | 1,426 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
for universal suffrage for white men.
Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded. The economy of the central Black Belt (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew ma... | 1,427 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
1846, Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847. A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decat... | 1,428 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
and 2,690 were free people of color. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil ... | 1,429 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army.
Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865. Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred te... | 1,430 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 that created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation. Organized insurgent, resistance groups... | 1,431 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
in 1875, and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools. The same year, legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools. Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891. After disfranchising most African Amer... | 1,432 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a poll tax and literacy test. The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools. By 1903, only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74,000 were litera... | 1,433 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax. By 1941, whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws: 600,000 whites v... | 1,434 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
constitutional rights as citizens.
The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes. Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the R... | 1,435 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas. They often donated land and labor as well.
Beginning in 1913, the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African-American children. A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocati... | 1,436 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South. Reflecting this emigration, the population growth rate in Alabama (see "historical populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920.
At the same t... | 1,437 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order.
Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before... | 1,438 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
base.
Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political... | 1,439 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."
In the United States Supreme Court cases of "Baker v. Carr" (1962) and "Reynolds v. Sims" (1964), the court ruled ruled that the principle of "one man, one vote" needed to be the basis of both houses... | 1,440 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
for more than 60 years. Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts.
African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement, including legal challenges. In 1954, the US Supreme... | 1,441 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
marches. These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress.
Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court. According to "The New York Times", by... | 1,442 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
to increase representation. In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, "Dillard v. Crenshaw County", challenged the at-large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions, including counties and school boards. At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority te... | 1,443 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County. In 1982, limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County. Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women be... | 1,444 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.
Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to t... | 1,445 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
or 67% of total land area. Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.
Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near... | 1,446 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
of Tears National Historic Trail.
Notable natural wonders include: the "Natural Bridge" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville; Cathedral Caverns in Marshall County, named for its cathedral-like appearance, features one of the largest cave entrances and stalagmit... | 1,447 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Stephens Gap Cave in Jackson County boasts a 143 foot pit, two waterfalls and is one of the most photographed wild cave scenes in America; Little River Canyon near Fort Payne, one of the nation's longest mountaintop rivers; Rickwood Caverns near Warrior features an underground pool, blind cave fish and 260 mill... | 1,448 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface. In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry Uni... | 1,449 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler. Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 ... | 1,450 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
inland and weaken.
South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionall... | 1,451 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013. Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities since 1950 than any other state. The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendousl... | 1,452 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
the state—along the Tennessee Valley—is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains.
Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as... | 1,453 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.
Alabama's highest temperature of was recorded on September 5, 1925, in the unincorpor... | 1,454 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity.
Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in ... | 1,455 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species. 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state.
# Demographics.
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama was 4,887,871 on July 1, 2018, which represents an increase of 108,135 or 2.26%, since the 201... | 1,456 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000).
The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside the town of Jemison.
## Ancestry.
According to the 2010 Census, Alabama had a population of 4,779,736. The racial composition of the state was 68.5% Whit... | 1,457 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
groups in Alabama are: African (26.2%), English (23.6%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%). Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama are generally of English or British ancestry; many Anglo-Americans identify as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so ... | 1,458 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
colonies and states, demographers estimated there are more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than self-reported. Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots-Irish but, based on historic immigration and settlement, their ancestors were more likely Protestant Scots-Irish coming fr... | 1,459 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Affairs Commission. Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on... | 1,460 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
also have federal recognition),
- MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians,
- Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks,
- Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama,
- Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama,
- Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians,
- "Ma-Chis" Lower Creek Indian Tribe,
- "Piqua" Shawnee Tribe, and
- "Ani-Yun-Wiya" Nation.
The... | 1,461 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee. In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final /r/, for example the /boyd/ pronunciation of 'bird'. In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland 'arm' and 'barb' rhyming with 'for... | 1,462 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Catholic, with 11% as having no religion. The composition of other traditions is 0.5% Mormon, 0.5% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu.
Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt, a region of numerous Protestant Christians. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states ... | 1,463 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th... | 1,464 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church – 6,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America – 5,000 members and 50 congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and 9 congregations).
In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could na... | 1,465 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, the Bahá'í Faith, and Unitarian Universalism.
Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London. The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mo... | 1,466 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
converts.
Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham, the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham, the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw, a... | 1,467 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan.
The first community of adherents of the Bahá'í Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope. Bahá'í centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham, Huntsville, and Florence.
## Health.
A Centers f... | 1,468 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.
On May 14, 2019, Alabama passed the most restrictive anti-abortion laws in the country, banning the procedure at any stage of pregnancy unless there is a "serious health risk", with no exceptions for rape and incest.... | 1,469 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
economy of the previous century, this was only about 1% of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.
Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in ma... | 1,470 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 12... | 1,471 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
increase came in the area of information. In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.
The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015. This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%.
Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25... | 1,472 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Alabama and observed environmental conditions that he said were poorer than anywhere he had seen in the developed world.
## Largest employers.
The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were:
The next twenty largest employers, , included:
## Agriculture.
Alabama's agricult... | 1,473 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA's ... | 1,474 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports.
Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012. The eight models... | 1,475 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility. ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Out... | 1,476 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville. JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.
The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company ... | 1,477 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
aircraft. Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States. It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction t... | 1,478 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state.
The state is home to various attractions, natural features, parks and events that attract visitors from around the globe, notably the annual Hangout Music Festival, held on the public beaches of Gulf Shores; the Alabama Shakespeare... | 1,479 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
by Southern Living Magazine readers; and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the oldest museum in the state.
Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Mardi Gras celebration in the United States, beginning in 1703. It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the United States... | 1,480 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
visitors. Of the parks and natural destinations, Alabama's Gulf Coast topped the list with 6,700,000 visitors.
Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. Movies filmed in Alabama include: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out... | 1,481 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
having a market share of 84% followed by UnitedHealth Group at 7%.
## Banking.
Regions Financial Corporation and BBVA USA Bank are the largest banks headquartered in Alabama. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based BBVA in September 2007 with the headquarters of BBVA USA remaining i... | 1,482 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation.
## Electronics and communications.
Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has... | 1,483 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction, and B.L. Harbert International, which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International, wh... | 1,484 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. Critics argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature, leaving practically no power in local hands. Most counties do not have home rule. Any policy changes proposed in different are... | 1,485 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a guber... | 1,486 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
districts to reflect the decennial censuses, either. In "Reynolds v. Sims" (1964), the US Supreme Court implemented the principle of "one man, one vote", ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.) Fur... | 1,487 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
decades of underinvestment in such areas. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding. Through the legislative delegations, the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments.
The ... | 1,488 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January.
The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the state's Constitution a... | 1,489 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Party. There are two intermediate appellate courts, the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts.
Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to ... | 1,490 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole (LWOP) that were voted unanimously by juries. This judicial authority was removed in April 2017.
## Taxes.
Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax, depending up... | 1,491 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
cities and counties are also added to purchases. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay an 11% tax on a meal. , sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue, compared... | 1,492 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
families is among the highest in the United States. Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line. Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.
T... | 1,493 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003, Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million.
## County and local governments.
Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in ... | 1,494 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning.
The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission. Legislative delegations retain certain powers over ea... | 1,495 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
counties. The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas.
"The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation... | 1,496 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
of statewide importance."
Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state, meaning that the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state. Twenty-five of the 67 counties are "dry count... | 1,497 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud and intimidation.
After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which dise... | 1,498 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting... | 1,499 |
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