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crisis in funding for science research and for the provision of adequate education, healthcare, transportation and communication infrastructure, and criminal justice and law enforcement.
Leon Lederman, a promoter and advocate from its early days, wrote his 1993 popular science book "" – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of the work which necessitated such a project – in the context of the project's last years and loss of congressional support.
The closing of the SSC had adverse consequences for the southern part of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, and resulted in a mild recession, most evident in those parts of Dallas which lay south of the Trinity River. When the project | 12,300 |
512286 | Superconducting Super Collider | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superconducting%20Super%20Collider | Superconducting Super Collider
was cancelled, of tunnel and 17 shafts to the surface were already dug, and nearly two billion dollars had already been spent on the massive facility.
# Comparison to the Large Hadron Collider.
The SSC's planned collision energy of 2 x 20 = 40 TeV was roughly three times that of the 2 x 6.5 = 13 TeV (as of June 2015) of its European counterpart, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva. However, the planned luminosity was only one tenth of the design luminosity of the LHC.
Although some claimed that the SSC cost was largely due to the massive civil engineering project of digging a huge tunnel underground, that was somewhat of a distortion. The tunneling and conventional facility | 12,301 |
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buildout budget was only about ten percent of the total budgeted cost (1.1 billion dollars out of a total cost of 10 billion). The major cost item was the magnets, still in laboratory development phase, consequently with a higher level of uncertainty attached to the final cost.
The LHC's advantage in terms of cost was the use of the pre-existing engineering infrastructure and 27 km long underground cavern of the Large Electron–Positron Collider, and its use of a different, innovative magnet design to bend the higher energy particles into the available tunnel. The LHC eventually cost the equivalent of about 5 billion US dollars to build. The total operating budget of CERN runs to about $1 billion | 12,302 |
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per year. The Large Hadron Collider became operational in August 2008.
# Current status of site.
After the project was cancelled, the main site was deeded to Ellis County, Texas, and the county tried numerous times to sell the property. The property was finally sold in August 2006 to an investment group led by the late J.B. Hunt.
In 2009, Collider Data Center has contracted with GVA Cawley to market the site as a data center. In 2012, Chemical company Magnablend bought the property and facilities against some opposition from the local community.
# In popular culture.
John G. Cramer's 1997 hard science fiction novel Einstein's Bridge centers around a fictional version of the Superconducting | 12,303 |
512286 | Superconducting Super Collider | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superconducting%20Super%20Collider | Superconducting Super Collider
Super Collider.
# See also.
- DESY
- Large Hadron Collider
- UNK proton accelerator – a similar competing Soviet project discontinued at about the same time in Russia
- Future Circular Collider study - design project (as of 2017) including the concept of a circular collider with a circumference of 100 km
# References.
- Riordan, Michael, Hoddeson, Lillian, and Kolb, Adrienne W. (2015). "Tunnel Visions: The Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider." U. of Chicago Press.
- Lederman, Leon; Teresi, Dick (1994). "The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?". Delta. .
- Wouk, Herman (2004). "A Hole In Texas", fiction. Little, Brown. .
- Sterling, Bruce | 12,304 |
512286 | Superconducting Super Collider | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superconducting%20Super%20Collider | Superconducting Super Collider
niverse Is the Answer, What Is the Question?". Delta. .
- Wouk, Herman (2004). "A Hole In Texas", fiction. Little, Brown. .
- Sterling, Bruce (July 1994). "The Dead Collider". "Fantasy & Science Fiction "Science column. Issue #13, 1994.
- Drell, Sidney D., Chair. (May 2004). "The Superconducting Super Collider Project: A Summary" (archive of original. U.S. Department of Energy, "High Energy Physics Advisory Panel's Subpanel on Vision for the Future of High Energy Physics."
- Wienands, H.-Ulrich, ed. (1997). "The SSC Low Energy Booster" IEEE Press.
# External links.
- "The High Water Mark of American Science". (photo tour). American Physical Society Physics Central blog, March 24, 2011. | 12,305 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
Taras Shevchenko
Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko ( – ) was an Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, as well as folklorist and ethnographer. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko is also known for many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.
He was a member of the Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1847 Shevchenko was politically convicted for writing in the Ukrainian language, promoting the independence of Ukraine and ridiculing the members of the Russian Imperial House.
# Life.
## Childhood and | 12,306 |
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youth.
Taras Shevchenko was born on in the village of Moryntsi, Zvenyhorodka county, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (today Zvenyhorodka Raion, Ukraine). He was the third child after his sister Kateryna and brother Mykyta, in family of serf peasants Hryhoriy Ivanovych Shevchenko (1782? – 1825) and Kateryna Yakymivna Shevchenko (Boiko) (1782? – 6 August 1823), both of whom were owned by landlord Vasily Engelhardt. According to the family legends, Taras's forefathers were Cossacks who served in the Zaporizhian Host and had taken part in the Ukrainian uprisings of the 17th and 18th centuries. Those uprisings were brutally suppressed in Cherkasy, Poltava, Kiev, Bratslav, and Chernihiv disrupting | 12,307 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
normal social life for many years afterwards. Most of the local population were then enslaved and reduced to poverty.
In 1816 Shevchenko family moved back to the village of Kyrylivka (today Shevchenkove) in Zvenyhorodka county, where Taras' father, Hryhoriy Ivanovych, had been born. Taras spent his childhood years in the village. On , Taras' sister Yaryna was born, and on – Maria. Once, young Taras went looking for "the iron pillars that hold up the sky" and got lost. Chumaks who met the boy took him with him to Kyrylivka. On Taras' brother Yosyp was born.
In the fall of 1822 Taras started to take some grammar classes at a local precentor (dyak) Sovhyr. At that time Shevchenko became familiar | 12,308 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
with Hryhoriy Skovoroda's works. During 1822-1828 Shevchenko painted horses and soldiers.
On his older sister and nanny Kateryna married Anton Krasytskyi, a serf "from Zelena Dibrova". On Taras' hard working mother died. A month later on his father married a widow Oksana Tereshchenko, a native of Moryntsi village, who already had three children of her own. She treated her step children and, particularly, little Taras, with great cruelty.
On Taras's half-sister Maria from the second marriage of Hryhoriy Ivanovych was born. In 1824 Taras, along with his father, became a traveling merchant (chumak) and traveled to Zvenyhorodka, Uman, Yelizavetgrad (today Kropyvnytskyi). At the age of eleven Taras | 12,309 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
became an orphan when, on , his father died as a serf in corvée. Soon his stepmother along with her children returned to Moryntsi.
Taras went to work for precentor (dyak) Bohorsky who had just arrived from Kiev in 1824. As an apprentice, Taras carried water, heated up a school, served the precentor, read psalms over the dead and continued to study. At that time Shevchenko became familiar with some works of Ukrainian literature. Soon, tired of Bohorsky's long term mistreatment, Shevchenko escaped in search of a painting master in the surrounding villages. For several days he worked for deacon Yefrem in Lysianka, later in other places around in southern part of Kiev Governorate (villages Stebliv | 12,310 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
and Tarasivka). In 1827 Shevchenko was herding community sheep near his village. He then met Oksana Kovalenko, a childhood friend, whom Shevchenko mentions in his works on multiple occasions. He dedicated the introduction of his poem "Mariana, the Nun" to her.
As a hireling for the Kyrylivka priest Hryhoriy Koshytsia, Taras was visiting Bohuslav where he drove the priest's son to school, while also taking apples and plums to market. At the same time he was driving to markets in the towns of Burta and Shpola. In 1828 Shevchenko was hired as a serving boy to a lord's court in Vilshana for permission to study with a local artist. When Taras turned 14, Vasily Engelhardt died and the village of | 12,311 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
Kyrylivka and all its people became a property of his son, Pavlo Engelhardt. Shevchenko was turned into a court servant of his new master at the Vilshana estates. On Pavlo Engelgardt caught Shevchenko at night painting a portrait of Cossack Matvii Platov, a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. He boxed the ears of the boy and ordered him being whipped in the stables with rods. During 1829–1833 Taras copied paintings of Suzdal masters.
For almost two and a half years, from fall of 1828 to start of 1831, Shevchenko stayed with his master in Vilno (Vilnius). Details of the travel are not well known. Perhaps, there he attended lectures by painting professor Jan Rustem at the University of Vilnius. | 12,312 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
In the same city Shevchenko could also have witnessed the November Uprising of 1830. From those times Shevchenko's painting "Bust of a Woman" survived. It indicates almost professional handling of the pencil.
After moving from Vilno to Saint Petersburg in 1831, Engelgardt took Shevchenko along with him. To benefit from the art works (since it was prestigious to have own "chamber artist"), Engelgardt sent Shevchenko to painter Vasiliy Shiriayev for four-year study. From that point and until 1838 Shevchenko lived in the Khrestovskyi building (today Zahorodnii prospekt, 8) where Shiriayev rented an apartment. In his free time at night, Shevchenko visited the Summer Garden where he portrayed statues. | 12,313 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
In Saint Petersburg he also started writing his poems.
In 1833 Shevchenko painted a portrait of his master (National museum of Taras Shechenko).
In his novel "Artist" Shevchenko described that during the pre-academical period he painted such works as "Apollo Belvedere", "Fraklete", "Heraclitus", "Architectural barelief", "Mask of Fortune". He participated in painting of the Big Theatre as artist apprentice. He created a composition "Alexander of Macedon shows trust towards his doctor Philip". The drawing was created for a contest of the Imperial Academy of Arts, announced in 1830.
## Out of Serfdom.
In Saint Petersburg Shevchenko met Ukrainian artist Ivan Soshenko, who introduced him to | 12,314 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
other compatriots such as Yevhen Hrebinka and Vasyl Hryhorovych, and to Russian painter Alexey Venetsianov. Through these men Shevchenko also met famous painter and professor Karl Briullov, who donated his portrait of Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky as a lottery prize. Its proceeds were used to buy Shevchenko's freedom on 5 May 1838.
## First successes.
Shevchenko was accepted as a student into the Academy of Arts in the workshop of Karl Briullov in the same year. The following year he became a resident student at the "Association for the Encouragement of Artists". During annual examinations at the Imperial Academy of Arts, Shevchenko won the Silver Medal for landscape painting. In 1840 he again | 12,315 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
received the Silver Medal, this time for his first oil painting, "The Beggar Boy Giving Bread to a Dog".
Shevchenko began writing poetry while still being a serf, and in 1840 his first collection of poetry, "Kobzar", was published. According to Ivan Franko, a renowned Ukrainian poet in the generation after Shevchenko, "["Kobzar"] was "a new world of poetry. It burst forth like a spring of clear, cold water, and sparkled with a clarity, breadth and elegance of artistic expression not previously known in Ukrainian writing".
In 1841, the epic poem "Haidamaky" was released. In September 1841, Shevchenko was awarded his third Silver Medal for "The Gypsy Fortune Teller". Shevchenko also wrote plays. | 12,316 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
In 1842, he released a part of the tragedy "Mykyta Haidai" and in 1843 he completed the drama "Nazar Stodolia".
While residing in Saint Petersburg, Shevchenko made three trips to Ukraine, in 1843, 1845, and 1846. The difficult conditions Ukrainians had made a profound impact on the poet-painter. Shevchenko visited his siblings, still enserfed, and other relatives. He met with prominent Ukrainian writers and intellectuals Yevhen Hrebinka, Panteleimon Kulish, and Mykhaylo Maksymovych, and was befriended by the princely Repnin family, especially Varvara.
In 1844, distressed by the condition of Ukrainian regions in the Russian Empire, Shevchenko decided to capture some of his homeland's historical | 12,317 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
ruins and cultural monuments in an album of etchings, which he called "Picturesque Ukraine".
## Exile.
On 22 March 1845, the Council of the Academy of Arts granted Shevchenko the title of a non-classed artist. He again travelled to Ukraine where he met with historian Nikolay Kostomarov and other members of the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a clandestine society also known as "Ukrainian-Slavic society" and dedicated to the political liberalization of the Empire and its transformation into a federation-like polity of Slavic nations. Upon the society's suppression by the authorities, Shevchenko's wrote a poem "Dream", that was confiscated from the society's members and became one | 12,318 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
of the major issues of the scandal.
Shevchenko was arrested along with other members of the society on 5 April 1847. Tsar Nicholas read Shevchenko's poem, "Dream". Vissarion Belinsky wrote in his memoirs that, Nicholas I, knowing Ukrainian very well, laughed and chuckled whilst reading the section about himself, but his mood quickly turned to bitter hatred when he read about his wife. Shevchenko had mocked her frumpy appearance and facial tics, which she had developed fearing the Decembrist Uprising and its plans to kill her family. After reading this section the Tsar indignantly stated "I suppose he had reasons not to be on terms with me, but what has she done to deserve this?" In the official | 12,319 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
report of Orlov Shevchenko was accused in using "Little-Russian language" (archaic Russian name for Ukrainian language) of outrageous content instead of being grateful to be redeemed out of serfdom. In the report Orlov claimed that Shevchenko was expressing a cry over alleged enslavement and disaster of Ukraine, glorified the Hetman Administration (Cossack Hetmanate) and Cossack liberties and "with incredible audacity poured slander and bile on persons of Imperial House".
While under investigation, Shevchenko was imprisoned in Saint Petersburg in casemates of the 3rd Department of Imperial Chancellery on Panteleimonovskaya Street (today Pestelia str., 9). After being convicted, he was exiled | 12,320 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
as a private to the Russian military garrison in Orenburg at Orsk, near the Ural Mountains. Tsar Nicholas I, confirming his sentence, added to it, "Under the strictest surveillance, without the right to write or paint."
He was subsequently sent on a forced march from Saint Petersburg to Orenburg where, at the suggestion of fellow serviceman Bronisław Zaleski, General Perovsky assigned him to Karl Ernst von Baer, a Baltic-German naturalist. Von Baer was a rising star in the Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and was becoming increasingly influential in the exploration of the new Russian territories, specializing in lakes and fisheries. He had been selected to undertake the first scientific | 12,321 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
expedition of the Aral Sea on the ship "Konstantin", under the command of Lieutenant Butakov. Although officially a common sailor, Shevchenko was tasked to sketch various landscapes around the coast of the Aral Sea, including the local Kazakhs nomads, and was effectively treated as an equal by the other members of the expedition. After 18-month voyage (1848–49) Shevchenko returned with his album of drawings and paintings to General Perovsky at Orenburg, who was impressed with his work and sent a positive report to Saint Petersburg hoping to obtain some amelioration in Shevchenko's punishment. However Perovsky was reprimanded and Shevchenko's punishment was increased to imprisonment. He was then | 12,322 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
sent to one of the worst penal settlements, the remote fortress of Novopetrovsk in the mouth of the Syr Darya, where he spent six terrible years of mental and physical torment.
In 1857 Shevchenko finally returned from exile after receiving amnesty, though he was not permitted to return to St. Petersburg and was ordered to Nizhniy Novgorod. In May 1859, Shevchenko got permission to return to Ukraine. He intended to buy a plot of land close to the village of Pekariv. In July, he was again arrested on a charge of blasphemy, but then released and ordered to return to St. Petersburg.
## Death.
Taras Shevchenko spent the last years of his life working on new poetry, paintings, and engravings, as | 12,323 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
well as editing his older works, however after difficult years in exile his illnesses took too much. Shevchenko died in Saint Petersburg on 10 March 1861, the day after his 47th birthday.
He was first buried at the Smolensk Cemetery in Saint Petersburg. However, fulfilling Shevchenko's wish, expressed in his poem "Testament" (""Zapovit""), to be buried in Ukraine, his friends arranged the transfer of his remains by train to Moscow and then by horse-drawn wagon to his homeland. Shevchenko was re-buried on 8 May on the "Chernecha hora" (Monk's Hill; today Taras Hill) near the Dnipro River and Kaniv. A tall mound was erected over his grave, now a memorial part of the Kaniv Museum-Preserve.
Dogged | 12,324 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
by terrible misfortune in love and life, the poet died seven days before the Emancipation of Serfs was announced. His works and life are revered by Ukrainians throughout the world and his impact on Ukrainian literature is immense.
# Artwork.
835 works survived into modern times in original form and partly in prints engraved on metal and wood by Russian and other foreign engravers, while some works survived as copies done by painters while Shevchenko still lived. There is data on over 270 more works which were lost and have not been found yet. Painted and engraved works at the time of completion are dated 1830-1861 and are territorially related to Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. The genres | 12,325 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
are - portraits, compositions on mythological, historical and household themes, architectural landscapes and scenery. The techniques used for that were oil painting on canvas, watercolor, sepia, inking, lead pencil, as well as etching on separate sheets of white, colored and tinted paper of different sizes and in five albums. A significant part of Shevchenko's artistic heritage consists of completed paintings, however there are also sketches, etudes and outlines which are no less valuable for understanding Shevchenko's methods and artistic path. Of all Shevchenko's paintings only a small part has any authorial signatures or inscriptions and even smaller part has dates.
## "Testament" ("Zapovit").
Shevchenko's | 12,326 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
"Testament", ("Zapovit", 1845), has been translated into more than 150 languages and set to music in the 1870s by H. Hladky. The poem enjoys a status second only to Ukraine's national anthem.
# Family.
Shevchenko never married. He had six siblings and at least three step-siblings, of whom only Stepan Tereshchenko (1820?–unknown) is known. Some sources connect him to the Tereshchenko family of Ukrainian industrialists.
- 1. Kateryna Hryhorivna Krasytska (Shevchenko) (1806–1850) married Anton Hryhorovych Krasytsky (1794–1848)
- 1. Yakym Krasytsky
- 2. Maksym Krasytsky (unknown–1910)
- 3. Stepan Krasytsky
- 4. Fedora Krasytska (1824?–unknown), known painter
- 2. Mykyta Hryhorovych Shevchenko | 12,327 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
(1811–1870?)
- 1. Iryna Kovtun (Shevchenko)
- 2. Prokop Shevchenko
- 3. Petro Shevchenko (1847–1944?)
- 3. Maria Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1814?–unknown) (His twin sister)
- 4. Yaryna Hryhorivna Boiko (Shevchenko) (1816–1865) married Fedir Kondratievych Boiko (1811–1850)
- 1. Maryna Boiko
- 2. Ustyna Boiko (1836–unknown)
- 3. Illarion Boiko (1840–unknown)
- 4. Lohvyn Boiko (1842–unknown)
- 5. Ivan Boiko (1845–unknown)
- 6. Lavrentiy Boiko (1847–unknown)
- 5. Maria Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1819–1846)
- 6. Yosyp Hryhorovych Shevchenko (1821–1878) married Matrona Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1820?–unknown), a distant relative
- 1. Andriy Shevchenko
- 2. Ivan Shevchenko
- 3. Trokhym Shevchenko | 12,328 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
(20 September 1843–unknown)
# Heritage and legacy.
## Impact.
Taras Shevchenko's writings formed the foundation for the modern Ukrainian literature to a degree that he is also considered the founder of the modern written Ukrainian language (although Ivan Kotlyarevsky pioneered the literary work in what was close to the modern Ukrainian in the end of the 18th century.) Shevchenko's poetry contributed greatly to the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness, and his influence on various facets of Ukrainian intellectual, literary, and national life is still felt to this day. Influenced by Romanticism, Shevchenko managed to find his own manner of poetic expression that encompassed themes and | 12,329 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
ideas germane to Ukraine and his personal vision of its past and future.
In view of his literary importance, the impact of his artistic work is often missed, although his contemporaries valued his artistic work no less, or perhaps even more, than his literary work. A great number of his pictures, drawings and etchings preserved to this day testify to his unique artistic talent. He also experimented with photography and it is little known that Shevchenko may be considered to have pioneered the art of etching in the Russian Empire (in 1860 he was awarded the title of Academician in the Imperial Academy of Arts specifically for his achievements in etching.)
His influence on Ukrainian culture | 12,330 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
has been so immense, that even during Soviet times, the official position was to downplay strong Ukrainian nationalism expressed in his poetry, suppressing any mention of it, and to put an emphasis on the social and anti-Tsarist aspects of his legacy, the Class struggle within the Russian Empire. Shevchenko, who himself was born a serf and suffered tremendously for his political views in opposition to the established order of the Empire, was presented in the Soviet times as an internationalist who stood up in general for the plight of the poor classes exploited by the reactionary political regime rather than the vocal proponent of the Ukrainian national idea.
This view is significantly revised | 12,331 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
in modern independent Ukraine, where he is now viewed as almost an iconic figure with unmatched significance for the Ukrainian nation, a view that has been mostly shared all along by the Ukrainian diaspora that has always revered Shevchenko.
He inspired some of the protestors during the Euromaidan.
### Contribution to Russian literature.
Some of Shevchenko's prose (a novel, diary, plays "Nazar Stodolya" and "Nikita Gayday", many letters), as well as some of his poems were written in Russian, thus, some researchers consider Shevchenko as a notable Russian writer.
# Monuments and memorials.
There are many monuments to Shevchenko throughout Ukraine, most notably at his memorial in Kaniv and | 12,332 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
in the center of Kiev, just across from the Kiev University that bears his name. The Kiev Metro station, Tarasa Shevchenka, is also dedicated to Shevchenko. Among other notable monuments to the poet located throughout Ukraine are the ones in Kharkiv (in front of Shevchenko Park), Lviv, Luhansk and many others.
The first statues of Shevchenko were erected in the Soviet Union as part of their Ukrainization-policy's. The first one was revealed in Romny on 27 October 1918 when the city was located in the Ukrainian state. The following were erected in Moscow (29 November 1918) and Petrograd (1 December 1918). The monuments in Moscow and Petrograd did not survive because they were made of inferior | 12,333 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
materials. The concrete statue in Romny also began to decay, but was remade in bronze and re-unveiled in 1982. The original Romny statue is currently located in Kiev's Andriyivskyy Descent.
After Ukraine gained its independence in the wake of the 1991 Soviet Collapse, some Ukrainian cities replaced their statues of Lenin with statues of Taras Shevchenko and in some locations that lacked streets named to him, local authorities renamed the streets or squares to Shevchenko. There is also a bilingual Taras Sevchenko high school in Sighetu Marmatiei, Romania.
Outside of Ukraine and the former USSR, monuments to Shevchenko have been put up in many countries, usually under the initiative of local | 12,334 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
Ukrainian diasporas. There are several memorial societies and monuments to him throughout Canada and the United States, most notably the monument in Washington, D.C., near Dupont Circle. The granite monument was carved by Vincent Illuzzi of Barre, Vermont. There is also a monument in Soyuzivka in New York State, Tipperary Hill in Syracuse, New York, a park is named after him in Elmira Heights, N.Y. and a street is named after him in New York City's East Village. A section of Connecticut Route 9 that goes through New Britain is also named after Shevchenko.
There is a statue of Taras Shevchenko at Ukraine Square in Curitiba, Brazil.
A monument to Shevchenko was put up in Zagreb, Croatia on May | 12,335 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
21, 2015.
There is also a statue of Taras Shevchenko in the central park near the St. Krikor Lusavorich Cathedral in Yerevan, Armenia.
# See also.
- Legacy of Taras Shevchenko
- List of things named after Taras Shevchenko
- Taras Shevchenko Place, a street in New York City
- Izbornyk, contains collection of his works (free access)
- Shevchenko National Prize, Ukrainian State literary and artistic award.
# Footnotes.
a. At the time of birth of Taras Shevchenko metrical books in village Moryntsi were carried out in Russian language (official language of the Russian Empire) and he was recorded as Taras (""). At that time serfs' patronymic names were not identified in documents (for example, | 12,336 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
see text of a "free-to-go" document from 22 April 1838: «»). During Shevchenko's lifetime in Ukrainian texts were used two variants: «» (see the letter of Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko from October 23, 1840: «») and «» (the letter of same author from April 29, 1842: «»). In Russian it is accepted to write «Тарас Григорьевич Шевченко», in Ukrainian — «Тарас Григорович Шевченко», in other languages - transliterating from the Ukrainian name, for example «"Taras Hryhorovich Shevchenko"".
b. Note #10 in metric book of Moryntsi for 1814 (preserved in the Shevchenko National Museum in Kiev): «»
c. This episode is described in the Taras Shevchenko's novel "Princess". It is also retold by Oleksandr Konysky | 12,337 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
in his book "Taras Shevchenko-Hrushivsky" claiming that the first who told the story of "iron pillars" was .
d. Metric book of village Moryntsi for 1823, note #16. Preserved at the Shevchenko National Museum in Kiev.
e. see article on Oksana Antonivna Tereshchenko in the Shevchenko dictionary.
# Further reading.
- Magazine Osnova, 1862.
- Cherkasy Regional Archives.
- Magazine Kyivan Past, 1882.
- Magazine "Odesa Herald", 1892.
- Central State Historic Archives of the Ukrainian SSR. Kyiv.
- Shevchenko, T. Documents and materials. Kyiv: Derzhpolitvydav URSR, 1963.
- Shevchenko, T. Complete collection of works in ten volumes. Kyiv: Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 1951-1964.
- | 12,338 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
Victor Pogadaev. Taras Shevchenko: Jubli ke-200. - in: Pentas, Jil. 9, Bil. 1 - Mac 2014. Kuala Lumpur: Istana Budaya, 45-49 (in Malay)
- Shevchenko, T. Kobzar (The Complete English Edition with Illustrations). London: Glagoslav Publications, 2013. ,
- Zinaida Tulub. The Exile (Biographical fiction about Taras Shevchenko). London: Glagoslav Publications, 2015.
# Tributes.
- "Відповідь на молитву / Answer to prayer", short film by , 2009
# External links.
- "Taras Shevchenko: Poet, Artist, Icon" (Video)
- Shevchenko, Taras in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko in the Library of Congress: A Bibliography
- Shevchenko in English translations
- Interactive biography of Taras | 12,339 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
Shevchenko in various languages including English
- Poems by Taras Shevchenko for reading online in Ukrainian
- The Ukrainian poet Shevchenko T.G. (Ural marble 0,38x0,35x1,38) is Author, known sculptor Shmat'ko
- Infoukes.com – Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada
- Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada — Detailed biography
- Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada — English Translations of the Poetry of Taras Shevchenko
- Self portraits of Taras Shevchenko
- Shevchenko's paintings and Ukrainian art songs by Ukrainian composers on Shevchenko's poetry. Audio files.
- Taras Shevchenko Museum & Memorial Park Foundation
- Video Tour: Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto (Музей Тараса Шевченка, Торонто).
- | 12,340 |
512244 | Taras Shevchenko | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras%20Shevchenko | Taras Shevchenko
– Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada
- Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada — Detailed biography
- Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada — English Translations of the Poetry of Taras Shevchenko
- Self portraits of Taras Shevchenko
- Shevchenko's paintings and Ukrainian art songs by Ukrainian composers on Shevchenko's poetry. Audio files.
- Taras Shevchenko Museum & Memorial Park Foundation
- Video Tour: Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto (Музей Тараса Шевченка, Торонто).
- Website dedicated to the Kobzar of Taras Shevchenko in English, with illustrations
Monuments
- Infoukes.com — Shevchenko Monument In Oakville, ON, Canada
- Pbase — Shevchenko Monument in Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. | 12,341 |
512301 | Karl Davydov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Davydov | Karl Davydov
Karl Davydov
Karl Yulievich Davydov (; ) was a Russian cellist of great renown during his time, and described by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky as the "czar of cellists". He was also a composer, mainly for the cello.
# Biography.
Davydov was the son of a physician from Courland Governorate. His elder brother August Davydov was a noted mathematician and educator, and his nephew Alexei Davidov also became cellist and composer and also a businessman.
In his youth Davydov studied mathematics at Moscow State University, and then pursued a career as a composer, studying with Moritz Hauptmann at the Leipzig Conservatory. He became a full-time cellist in 1850 while continuing to compose in his spare time. | 12,342 |
512301 | Karl Davydov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Davydov | Karl Davydov
He later became head of the St Petersburg Conservatory. He had many students, including Aleksandr Verzhbilovich.
In 1870 Count Wilhorsky, a patron of the arts, presented Davydov with a Stradivarius cello constructed in 1712. This cello, now known as the "Davidov Stradivarius", was owned by Jacqueline du Pré until her death and is currently on loan to cellist Yo-Yo Ma.
He intended to write an opera on the subject of "Mazeppa". Viktor Burenin wrote a libretto for this purpose in 1880, but when Davydov proved unable to find the time to compose, Burenin offered the libretto to Tchaikovsky.
Although closely associated with Tchaikovsky, Karl Davydov was not related to the Davydov clan into which | 12,343 |
512301 | Karl Davydov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Davydov | Karl Davydov
Tchaikovsky's sister Alexandra married. Davydov died in Moscow on 26 February 1889. Anton Arensky dedicated his first piano trio to Davydov's memory.
# Cello Transcriptions.
Davydov (also appeared in different spellings: Davidoff / Davidov) transcribed and arranged Chopin's solo piano works for violoncello and piano accompaniment. Transcription albums of Walzer and Mazurkas published by Breitkopf & Härtel. Another transcription album is a selection of Nocturnes and others solo piano works published by Edition Peters.
# Works with Opus number.
- Opus 5, Cello Concerto No. 1 in B minor (1859)
- Opus 6, "Souvenir de Zarizino": 2 salon pieces (Nocturne – Mazurka) for cello and piano
- Opus | 12,344 |
512301 | Karl Davydov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Davydov | Karl Davydov
7, Fantasie from a Russian folk song for cello and orchestra
- Opus 11, Concert Allegro in A minor for cello and orchestra or cello and piano
- Opus 14, Cello Concerto No. 2 in A minor (1863)(1860?)
- Opus 16, 3 Salon pieces ("Mondnacht", "Lied", "Märchen") for cello and piano
- Opus 17, "Souvenirs d'Oranienbaum" (Adian – Barcarolle)
- Opus 18, Cello Concerto No. 3 in D major (1868)
- Opus 20, 4 Pieces for Cello and Piano
- Opus 23, "Romance sans Paroles" in G major
- Opus 25, Ballade for cello and orchestra or piano in G major (1875)
- Opus 30, 3 salon pieces
- Opus 31, Cello Concerto No. 4 in E minor (1878)
- Opus 35, String Sextet
- "Poltawa", Opera after Pushkin (1876, unfinished)
- | 12,345 |
512301 | Karl Davydov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Davydov | Karl Davydov
pus 11, Concert Allegro in A minor for cello and orchestra or cello and piano
- Opus 14, Cello Concerto No. 2 in A minor (1863)(1860?)
- Opus 16, 3 Salon pieces ("Mondnacht", "Lied", "Märchen") for cello and piano
- Opus 17, "Souvenirs d'Oranienbaum" (Adian – Barcarolle)
- Opus 18, Cello Concerto No. 3 in D major (1868)
- Opus 20, 4 Pieces for Cello and Piano
- Opus 23, "Romance sans Paroles" in G major
- Opus 25, Ballade for cello and orchestra or piano in G major (1875)
- Opus 30, 3 salon pieces
- Opus 31, Cello Concerto No. 4 in E minor (1878)
- Opus 35, String Sextet
- "Poltawa", Opera after Pushkin (1876, unfinished)
- Opus 40, Quintet for Piano and Strings in G minor (1884) | 12,346 |
512310 | Disorders of calcium metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorders%20of%20calcium%20metabolism | Disorders of calcium metabolism
Disorders of calcium metabolism
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium sensing receptor. Disorders in calcium metabolism can lead to hypocalcemia, decreased plasma levels of calcium or hypercalcemia, elevated plasma calcium levels.
# Hypocalcemia.
Hypocalcemia is common and can occur unnoticed with no symptoms or, in severe cases, can have dramatic symptoms and be life-threatening. Hypocalcemia | 12,347 |
512310 | Disorders of calcium metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorders%20of%20calcium%20metabolism | Disorders of calcium metabolism
can be parathyroid related or vitamin D related. Parathyroid related hypocalcemia includes post-surgical hypoparathyroidism, inherited hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism. Post-surgical hypoparathyroidism is the most common form, and can be temporary (due to suppression of tissue after removal of a malfunctioning gland) or permanent, if all parathyroid tissue has been removed. Inherited hypoparathyroidism is rare and is due to a mutation in the calcium sensing receptor. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is maternally inherited and is categorized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Finally, pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism is paternally inherited. Patients | 12,348 |
512310 | Disorders of calcium metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorders%20of%20calcium%20metabolism | Disorders of calcium metabolism
display normal parathyroid hormone action in the kidney, but exhibit altered parathyroid hormone action in the bone.
Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function. Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone). Symptoms of hypocalcemia include numbness in fingers and toes, muscle cramps, irritability, impaired mental capacity and muscle twitching.
# Hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia is suspected to occur in approximately 1 in 500 adults in the general adult population. Like hypocalcemia, | 12,349 |
512310 | Disorders of calcium metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorders%20of%20calcium%20metabolism | Disorders of calcium metabolism
hypercalcemia can be non-severe and present with no symptoms, or it may be severe, with life-threatening symptoms. Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism and by malignancy, and less commonly by vitamin D intoxication, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and by sarcoidosis. Hyperparathyroidism occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women. Hyperparathyroidism can be caused by a tumor, or adenoma, in the parathyroid gland or by increased levels of parathyroid hormone due to hypocalcemia. Approximately 10% of cancer sufferers experience hypercalcemia due to malignancy. Hypercalcemia occurs most commonly in breast cancer, lymphoma, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, | 12,350 |
512310 | Disorders of calcium metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorders%20of%20calcium%20metabolism | Disorders of calcium metabolism
myeloma, and colon cancer. It may be caused by secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide by the tumor (which has the same action as parathyroid hormone), or may be a result of direct invasion of the bone, causing calcium release.
Symptoms of hypercalcemia include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, lethargy, depression, confusion, polyuria, polydipsia and generalized aches and pains.
# Plasma Calcium.
The amount of biologically active calcium varies with the level of serum albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of "ionized calcium" are better measures than a "total calcium"; however, one can correct a "total calcium" if the albumin | 12,351 |
512310 | Disorders of calcium metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorders%20of%20calcium%20metabolism | Disorders of calcium metabolism
lcium varies with the level of serum albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of "ionized calcium" are better measures than a "total calcium"; however, one can correct a "total calcium" if the albumin level is known.
- A normal "ionized calcium" is 1.12-1.45 mmol/L (4.54-5.61 mg/dL).
- A normal "total calcium" is 2.2-2.6 mmol/L (9-10.5 mg/dl).
- "Total calcium" of less than 8.0 mg/dL is hypocalcaemia, with levels below 1.59 mmol/L (6 mg/dL) generally fatal.
- "Total calcium" of more than 10.6 mg/dL is hypercalcaemia, with levels over 3.753 mmol/L (15.12 mg/dL) generally fatal.
# See also.
- calcium metabolism
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Milk-alkali syndrome | 12,352 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
Rick Mears
Rick Ravon Mears (born December 3, 1951 in Wichita, Kansas), also known by the nickname "Rocket Rick", is a retired American race car driver. He is one of three men to win the Indianapolis 500 four times (1979, 1984, 1988, 1991), and is the current record-holder for pole positions in the race with six (1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991). Mears is also a three-time Indycar series/World Series champion (1979, 1981 and 1982).
# Biography.
## Early years.
Mears was raised in Bakersfield, California, and began his racing career in off-road racing. He switched to Indy Car racing in the late 1970s, making his debut for the small Art Sugai team, driving an Eagle-Offenhauser. His speed | 12,353 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
attracted the attention of Roger Penske. Although at the time Penske Racing had the services of Mario Andretti and Tom Sneva, Andretti was also racing in Formula One with Lotus, and Penske wanted another young driver who would focus exclusively on American racing. For 1978, Mears was offered a part-time ride in nine of the 18 championship races, filling in when Andretti was overseas. The arrangement also included a ride at the Indianapolis 500.
In his rookie appearance at Indy, Mears qualified on the front row, and was the first rookie to qualify over 200 mph. When the race began, Mears discovered his helmet was not strapped on tight enough and he had to pit to get it safely secured. He did | 12,354 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
not lead a lap and retired at 104 laps with a blown engine. He ended up sharing "Rookie of the Year" honors with Larry Rice. Two weeks later, at the Rex Mays 150, he won his first race. He added another win a month later at Atlanta and rounded off the year with his first road course win at Brands Hatch.
## 1979.
In 1979 the National Championship sanction changed from the USAC to CART. At Indianapolis he won his first "500", staying at the front of the field, taking advantage when Bobby Unser fell out of contention with mechanical trouble. Three wins and four second places in the eleven CART-eligible races won Mears his first championship. His worst finish in the season was seventh in Trenton's | 12,355 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
second heat.
## 1980.
In 1980 the ground effect Chaparral was technologically more advanced than the other chassis, and Johnny Rutherford drove it to his 3rd Indianapolis 500 win, going on to dominate the season. Mears finished in fourth place in the points with one win, scored at Mexico City.
In 1980 Mears had tested a Formula One Brabham and he declined an offer.
## 1981–1982.
The 1981 and 1982 seasons saw two more championships for Mears. Despite facial burns during a pit fire in the 1981 Indianapolis 500, Mears' ten race victories in the two-year span were enough for another two Indycar championship titles. At the 1982 Indianapolis 500 he came within 0.16 of a second of adding a second | 12,356 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
Indy win. With less than 20 laps to go, during Mears' final pit stop, the crew filled the entire tank rather than giving him only the amount he needed to finish. The delay left him more than 11 seconds behind Gordon Johncock. Mears made up the difference when Johncock suffered handling problems, but failed to secure the win. The photo-finish would stand for 10 years as the closest finish to an Indy 500. The photo-finish also muffled out the controversial pace-lap crash with teammate Kevin Cogan who appeared to have spun out for no apparent reason; fellow drivers such as Gordon Johncock, Johnny Rutherford, and Bobby Unser, charged Mears with causing the crash by bringing the field down at a slow | 12,357 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
pace.
## 1983–1984.
For 1983 the Penske team would acquire the Pennzoil sponsorship with its yellow paint scheme. Teammate Al Unser took that year's title. The team switched to the March chassis for the 1984 Indianapolis 500 after the Penske chassis proved unsuccessful in the first two races of the year. Mears scored his second Indy win that May but suffered severe leg injuries later in the year in a crash at Sanair Super Speedway. The March chassis, like most contemporary open-wheel racing cars, sat the driver far forward in the nose, with little protection for the legs and feet.
## 1985–1987.
After the Sanair crash, Mears was slowed by the injuries to his right foot that affected him throughout | 12,358 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
the remainder of his career. Over the next three seasons, he won only two races. He completed a comeback from his injuries by winning the 1985 Pocono 500. In 1986, he won the pole position for the Indy 500, but finished only 3rd. He also won the 1987 Pocono 500.
## 1988–1990.
In 1988, after several years using the March chassis, the Penske team utilized a new car, the PC-17, with a Chevrolet racing engine. Mears used the new car to win the Indy 500. A year later, he took a record-setting fifth pole position at Indy, but retired from the race with mechanical problems. Emerson Fittipaldi took the 500 and also beat Mears to the Championship in the last race at Laguna Seca Raceway, despite Mears | 12,359 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
winning that race. Also, that last race of 1989 set Mears apart from all other Indycar racers as he broke a tie with Bobby Rahal for race wins and became the most successful Indycar racer of the 1980s. In his winner's circle interview, when asked about breaking his road course dry spell when his specialty has been ovals through the years, he replied to Jack Arute, "Well, I guess there is hope for us old circle track drivers after all."
Fittipaldi joined Mears at Penske for 1990, but the year belonged to Al Unser, Jr., who scored six wins. 1990 would be Mears' last in the Pennzoil paint scheme as Marlboro took over as sponsor of the team, and Jim Hall re-entered Indycar.
## 1991–1992.
In 1991 | 12,360 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
during a practice session Mears hit the wall at Indianapolis for the first time in his career. The next day, he climbed into his backup car and claimed his record 6th career pole position. Twenty laps from the end of the 500, it looked like Mears was set to be the runner-up behind Michael Andretti. However, when a subsequent yellow flag period erased Andretti's 15-second lead, Mears gained the lead as Andretti opted to pit for fuel. It would be a short-lived lead as Andretti passed Mears around the outside into the first turn. A lap later Mears regained the lead, using the same move Andretti had. Turning up his turbocharger, he then pulled away to win a fourth Indy 500, making him one of only | 12,361 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
three individuals to do so. In August 1991, at Michigan, he won his last race. At the 1992 Indy 500 Mears broke a wrist in a crash during practice and then crashed out of the race for the first time in his career as he could not avoid Jim Crawford's spinning car in turn 1. He raced only four more times in 1992, and then announced his retirement from racing Indycars at the Penske team's Christmas party. No one except Penske himself and Rick's wife, Chris, knew of his plans to retire. He had just turned 41 years old.
As of 2016, Rick Mears continues to work as a consultant and spotter for Hélio Castroneves and Penske Racing, the team with which he won all of his Indycar races.
# Personal life.
Mears | 12,362 |
512299 | Rick Mears | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick%20Mears | Rick Mears
41 years old.
As of 2016, Rick Mears continues to work as a consultant and spotter for Hélio Castroneves and Penske Racing, the team with which he won all of his Indycar races.
# Personal life.
Mears is the brother of Roger Mears, father of off-road and open-wheel racer Clint Mears, and the uncle of former NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series driver Casey Mears.
# Awards.
- In 1997, he was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.
- Mears was inducted into the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 1998.
- He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1998.
- Inducted into Team Penske Hall of Fame on May 25, 2017
# External links.
- The Greatest 33 | 12,363 |
512305 | Linaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linaria | Linaria
Linaria
Linaria is a genus of 150 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantaginaceae.
# Taxonomy.
"Linaria" was traditionally placed in the family Scrophulariaceae. Phylogenetic analysis has now placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae.
Closely related genera include the "Nuttallanthus" (American toadflaxes, recently split from "Linaria"), "Antirrhinum" (snapdragons) and "Cymbalaria" (ivy-leaved toadflaxes).
# Cultivation.
Several "Linaria" species are cultivated as garden plants, notably "L. alpina" (alpine toadflax), | 12,364 |
512305 | Linaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linaria | Linaria
"L. maroccana" (Moroccan toadflax), "L. purpurea" (purple toadflax) and "L. vulgaris" (common toadflax).
## Species.
Some of the more familiar "Linaria" include:
- Common toadflax or butter-and-eggs ("Linaria vulgaris"), a European species which is widely introduced elsewhere and grows as a common weed in some areas.
- Broomleaf toadflax or Dalmatian toadflax ("Linaria genistifolia", syn. "L. dalmatica"), a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of North America.
- Purple toadflax ("Linaria purpurea"), a species native to the Mediterranean region grown as a garden plant for its dark purple or pink flowers.
- Pale toadflax ("Linaria repens"), a species from western Europe | 12,365 |
512305 | Linaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linaria | Linaria
similar to "L. purpurea", but with paler flowers.
## Etymology.
The members of this genus are known in English as toadflax, a name shared with several related genera. The 'toad' in toadflax may relate to the plants having historically been used to treat bubonic plague, a false link having been drawn between the words 'bubo' and 'Bufo'. The scientific name "Linaria" means "resembling "linum"" (flax), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.
# Distribution and habitat.
The genus is native to temperate regions of Europe, northern Africa and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.
# Ecology.
Some "Linaria" are regarded as noxious weeds. They | 12,366 |
512305 | Linaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linaria | Linaria
are likely toxic to livestock, but ruminants generally avoid them.
# Uses.
Toadflaxes are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the mouse moth ("Amphipyra tragopoginis") and the common buckeye ("Junonia coenia").
"L. vulgaris" has been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of many illnesses and conditions, including cancer, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, scrofula, and scurvy. It has been used as an astringent, an emollient and a laxative.
# Bibliography.
- A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences. Mario Fernández-Mazuecos, José Luis Blanco-Pastor, and Pablo | 12,367 |
512305 | Linaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linaria | Linaria
s an astringent, an emollient and a laxative.
# Bibliography.
- A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences. Mario Fernández-Mazuecos, José Luis Blanco-Pastor, and Pablo Vargas. "International Journal of Plant Sciences", Vol. 174, No. 2 (February 2013), pp. 234–249 Published by: The University of Chicago Press, Article DOI: 10.1086/668790
- Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. "Plant Systematics and Evolution" 249:151–172. | 12,368 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
The Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) is a state political party in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Founded as the "All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference" by Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas in 1932 in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, the organisation renamed itself to "National Conference" in 1939 in order to represent all the people of the state. It supported the accession of the princely state to India in 1947. Prior to that, in 1941, a group led by Ghulam Abbas broke off from the National Conference and revived the old Muslim Conference.
Since 1947, the National Conference was in power in Jammu and Kashmir in one | 12,369 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
form or another till 2002, and again between 2009–2015. It implemented land reforms in the state, ensured the state's autonomy under the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, and formulated a separate Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir in 1957. Sheikh Abdullah's son Farooq Abdullah (1981–2002, 2009–present) and grandson Omar Abdullah (2002–2009) have led the party after Sheikh Abdullah's death.
# History.
## The pre-independence period.
In October 1932, Sheikh Abdullah founded the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, in collaboration with Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas. On 11 June 1939 it was renamed as the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference. The National Conference | 12,370 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
was affiliated to the All India States Peoples Conference. Sheikh Abdullah was elected its president in 1947. In 1946, the National Conference launched an intensive agitation against the state government. It was directed against the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh. The slogan of the agitation was "Quit Kashmir".
## The post-independence period.
In the elections held in September 1951, National Conference won all 75 seats of the Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah remained the Prime Minister until his dismissal in August 1953 on the grounds of conspiracy against the state of India. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became the Prime minister of the state and Sheikh Abdullah | 12,371 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
was arrested on 9 August 1953.
In 1965 the National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress (INC) and became the Jammu and Kashmir branch of the Indian National Congress. Sheikh Abdullah was again arrested in 1965 until 1968 for conspiracy against the state. Sheikh Abdullah's splinter Plebiscite Front faction later appropriated the name of the original party when Abdullah was allowed to return to power in February 1975 after striking a deal with the central government. In 1977, National Conference led by him won the state assembly elections, and Sheikh Abdullah became the chief minister. His son Farooq Abdullah succeeded him as the Chief Minister on his death on 8 September 1982. | 12,372 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
In June 1983 elections, the JKNC led by Farooq Abdullah again won a comfortable majority. In July 1984 Farooq's brother-in-law Ghulam Mohammad Shah split the party. Acting on the behest of the central government, the Governor dismissed Farooq as a Chief Minister and installed Ghulam Mohammad Shah in his place. His government was dismissed in March 1986 and President's rule was imposed. In 1987 contested state assembly elections, the JKNC, which formed an alliance with the INC, was claimed to have won the majority and Farooq Abdullah again became the Chief Minister and under Abdullah's watch, an insurgency against the State government and India began. Abdullah was dismissed again in 1990 by the | 12,373 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
Union Government and President's rule was imposed in the state. In 1991 the state elections were cancelled due to a revolt by the people.
## 1996 onwards.
In Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections in 1996, the JKNC led by Abdullah was awarded the election yet again winning 57 seats out of a total 87. This election like its predecessors has been deemed to be rigged and Abdullah stepped down in 2000. His son, Omar Abdullah then took up the reins of power in the state. But in 2002 state assembly elections, the JKNC won only 28 seats, with the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP) emerging in the Kashmir Valley as a contender for power. In the December 2008 state assembly elections, | 12,374 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
no single party was able to get the majority. The JKNC led by Farooq's son Omar Abdullah emerged as a single largest party, winning 28 seats. After the elections, on 30 December 2008 the JKNC formed an alliance with the INC which had won 17 seats. Omar Abdullah became the Chief Minister of this coalition government on 5 January 2009.
JKNC and INC contested 2009 general election in alliance. INC won all the two seats of Jammu region but lost Ladakh seat to NC rebel who contested as an independent candidate. NC won all the three seats of the Kashmir Valley in 2009.
During this period the JKNC has experienced increasing controversies over the Accession of Kashmir to India. Protests against the | 12,375 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
government in 2010 when approximately 100 protesters (one as young as 11) were killed as the result of live ammunition being fired by state paramilitary forces. A torture scandal was exposed by the WikiLeaks, revelations which were subsequently aired on Channel 4.
In the 2014 general election, the NC contested the election in an alliance with Indian National Congress but did not win a single seat. Out of six seats in the state, PDP and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won three each.
During 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, INC broke its alliance with JKNC. JKNC contested all the assembly seats but won only 15 seats, a decrease of 13 seats. PDP won 28 seats and became the largest | 12,376 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
party in the assembly followed by BJP winning 25 seats. Omar Abdullah resigned as a chief minister on 24 December 2014.
# Heads of Government.
- Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
- Sheikh Abdullah
- First term (5 March 1948 – 9 August 1953).
- Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad
- First term (9 August 1953 – 12 October 1963).
- Khwaja Shamsuddin
- First term (12 October 1963 – 29 February 1964).
- Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
- Sheikh Abdullah
- First term (25 February 1975 – 26 March 1977).
- Second term (9 July 1977 – 8 September 1982)
- Farooq Abdullah
- First term (8 September 1982 – 2 July 1984).
- Second term (7 November 1986 – 19 January 1990).
- Third term (9 October 1996 – 18 | 12,377 |
512306 | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu%20&%20Kashmir%20National%20Conference | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
Sheikh Abdullah
- First term (25 February 1975 – 26 March 1977).
- Second term (9 July 1977 – 8 September 1982)
- Farooq Abdullah
- First term (8 September 1982 – 2 July 1984).
- Second term (7 November 1986 – 19 January 1990).
- Third term (9 October 1996 – 18 October 2002).
- Omar Abdullah
- First term (5 January 2009 – 8 January 2015).
# See also.
- Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
# External links.
- Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Party Website
- Chowdhary, Rekha. ""Electoral Politics in the Context of Separatism and Political Divergence: An Analysis of 2009 Parliamentary elections in Jammu & Kashmir"". "South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal", 3, 2009. | 12,378 |
620909 | Man, Economy, and State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man,%20Economy,%20and%20State | Man, Economy, and State
Man, Economy, and State
Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles is a 1962 book of Austrian School economics by Murray Rothbard.
When originally published in 1962, the final eight chapters were removed by the publisher; these were later published as "Power and Market" in 1970. The 2009 edition published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute combines both books in a single volume which provides a discussion of both microeconomics and macroeconomics.
# Publishing history.
## English.
- "Man, Economy & State with Power and Market (The Scholar's Edition)". Ludwig von Mises Institute. February 2004. 1,441 pages plus introduction. .
- Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. | 12,379 |
620909 | Man, Economy, and State | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man,%20Economy,%20and%20State | Man, Economy, and State
Institute. 1993. One volume in softcover. 987 pages. .
- New York, N.Y.: Institute for Humane Studies New York University Press. 1981. hardcover. . Also: softcover.
- Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Company with the William Volker Fund. 1962. Two volumes in hardcover.
## Japanese.
- Tokyo, Japan: Tuttle-Mori Agency, Inc. with the Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2001. Softcover. .
## Czech.
- Prague, Czech Republic: 2005, .
## Polish.
- Warsaw, Poland: "Ekonomia wolnego rynku". Fijorr Publishing. 2007. Three volumes in softcover.
# External links.
- Complete text of "Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market", by Murray N. Rothbard
- "Man, Economy, and State" – Book Review/Summary | 12,380 |
620911 | Pet Your Friends | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet%20Your%20Friends | Pet Your Friends
Pet Your Friends
Pet Your Friends is the debut album by American alternative rock band Dishwalla. It was released in 1995 on A&M Records. The album produced the hit single "Counting Blue Cars" (the third single off the album and only one to gain widespread success), which was a Top 40 favorite. However, the song also caused the group to gain somewhat of a one-hit wonder status because of it. Still, the album's fourth single, "Charlie Brown's Parents", was quite popular at concerts, although it was not a very successful single in terms of sales. An acoustic version of "Counting Blue Cars" which featured an extended bridge was also popular on radio.
The image used for the cover of the album is | 12,381 |
620911 | Pet Your Friends | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet%20Your%20Friends | Pet Your Friends
taken from the August 23, 1948 "Life Magazine" cover. The cover story talks about a seventeen-year-old girl who became friends with a friend's pet deer while swimming one day.
# Personnel.
- Dishwalla
- J.R. Richards – lead vocals, keyboards, piano, organ, Hammond Organ, Roland Juno 60
- Rodney Browning – guitar, backing vocals
- Scott Alexander – bass, backing vocals, tabla, bells, Roland Juno 60
- George Pendergast – drums, percussion, backing vocals
- Additional personnel
- Ian Cross - Asst Engineer
- Andy Kravitz - Programming, Additional Production, Engineer
- Bob Ludwig - Mastering
- Phil Nicolo - Programming, Producer, Engineer, Mixing
- David Young - Executive Producer
- | 12,382 |
620911 | Pet Your Friends | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet%20Your%20Friends | Pet Your Friends
tar, backing vocals
- Scott Alexander – bass, backing vocals, tabla, bells, Roland Juno 60
- George Pendergast – drums, percussion, backing vocals
- Additional personnel
- Ian Cross - Asst Engineer
- Andy Kravitz - Programming, Additional Production, Engineer
- Bob Ludwig - Mastering
- Phil Nicolo - Programming, Producer, Engineer, Mixing
- David Young - Executive Producer
- Dishwalla - Programming, Producer
- Eric Flickinger - Assistant Engineer
- Michael Lavine - Photography
- Dirk Grobelny - Engineer
- Mark Mazzetti - Executive Producer, A&R
- Sunja Park - Art Direction
- Tulio Torrinello, Jr. - Assistant Engineer
- Jone Pedersen - Cover Model
- Jon Brenneis - Photography | 12,383 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia, also spelled hypercalcemia, is a high calcium (Ca) level in the blood serum. The normal range is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemia. Those with a mild increase that has developed slowly typically have no symptoms. In those with greater levels or rapid onset, symptoms may include abdominal pain, bone pain, confusion, depression, weakness, kidney stones or an abnormal heart rhythm including cardiac arrest.
Most cases are due to primary hyperparathyroidism or cancer. Other causes include sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Paget disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), vitamin D toxicity, familial | 12,384 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and certain medications such as lithium and hydrochlorothiazide. Diagnosis should generally include either a corrected calcium or ionized calcium level and be confirmed after a week. Specific changes, such as a shortened QT interval and prolonged PR interval, may be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG).
Treatment may include intravenous fluids, furosemide, calcitonin or pamidronate in addition to treating the underlying cause. The evidence for furosemide use, however, is poor. In those with very high levels, hospitalization may be required. Haemodialysis may be used in those who do not respond to other treatments. In those with vitamin D toxicity, steroids may be | 12,385 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
useful. Hypercalcemia is relatively common. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs in 1–7 per 1,000 people, and hypercalcaemia occurs in about 2.7% of those with cancer.
# Signs and symptoms.
The neuromuscular symptoms of hypercalcaemia are caused by a negative bathmotropic effect due to the increased interaction of calcium with sodium channels. Since calcium blocks sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers, increased calcium raises the threshold for depolarization. This results in diminished deep tendon reflexes (hyporeflexia), and skeletal muscle weakness. There is a general mnemonic for remembering the effects of hypercalcaemia: "Stones, Bones, Groans, Moans, Thrones | 12,386 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
and Psychiatric Overtones"
- Stones (kidney or biliary) (see calculus)
- Bones (bone pain)
- Groans (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting)
- Moans (other non-specific symptoms)
- Thrones (polyuria) resulting in dehydration due to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus from nephrocalcinosis
- Muscle tone (hypotonicity, muscle weakness, hyporeflexia)
- Psychiatric overtones (Depression 30–40%, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia, coma)
Other symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias (especially in those taking digoxin), fatigue, nausea, vomiting (emesis), anorexia, abdominal pain, constipation, & paralytic ileus. If renal impairment occurs as a result, manifestations can include polyuria, nocturia, | 12,387 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
and polydipsia. Psychiatric manifestation can include emotional instability, confusion, delirium, psychosis, & stupor. Limbus sign seen in eye due to hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia can result in an increase in heart rate and a positive inotropic effect (increase in contractility).
Symptoms are more common at high calcium blood values (12.0 mg/dl or 3 mmol/l). Severe hypercalcaemia (above 15–16 mg/dl or 3.75–4 mmol/l) is considered a medical emergency: at these levels, coma and cardiac arrest can result. The high levels of calcium ions decrease the neuron membrane permeability to sodium ions, thus decreasing excitability, which leads to hypotonicity of smooth and striated muscle. This explains | 12,388 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
the fatigue, muscle weakness, low tone and sluggish reflexes in muscle groups. The sluggish nerves also explain drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, stupor and / or coma. In the gut this causes constipation. Hypocalcaemia causes the opposite by the same mechanism.
# Causes.
Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy account for about 90% of cases of hypercalcaemia.
## Parathyroid function.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Solitary parathyroid adenoma
- Primary parathyroid hyperplasia
- Parathyroid carcinoma
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1 & MEN2A)
- Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
- Lithium use
- Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia/familial benign hypercalcemia
## Cancer.
- | 12,389 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
Solid tumour with metastasis (e.g. breast cancer or classically squamous cell carcinoma, which can be PTHrP-mediated)
- Solid tumour with humoral mediation of hypercalcaemia (e.g. lung cancer, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer or kidney cancer, phaeochromocytoma)
- Haematologic cancers (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia)
- Ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type
## Vitamin-D disorders.
- Hypervitaminosis D (vitamin D intoxication)
- Elevated 1,25(OH)D (see calcitriol under Vitamin D) levels (e.g. sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis)
- Idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy
- rebound hypercalcaemia after rhabdomyolysis
## High bone-turnover | 12,390 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
rates.
- Hyperthyroidism
- Multiple myeloma
- Prolonged immobilization
- Paget's disease
- Thiazide use
- Vitamin A intoxication
## Kidney failure.
- Severe secondary hyperparathyroidism
- Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
- Aluminium intoxication
- Milk-alkali syndrome
## Other.
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
# Diagnosis.
## ECG changes.
Abnormal heart rhythms can also result, and ECG findings of a short QT interval suggest hypercalcaemia. Significant hypercalcaemia can cause ECG changes mimicking an acute myocardial infarction. Hypercalcaemia has also been known to cause an ECG finding mimicking hypothermia, known as an Osborn wave.
# Treatments.
The goal | 12,391 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
of therapy is to treat the hypercalcaemia first and subsequently effort is directed to treat the underlying cause.
## Fluids and diuretics.
Initial therapy:
- hydration, increasing salt intake, and forced diuresis.
- hydration is needed because many patients are dehydrated due to vomiting or kidney defects in concentrating urine.
- increased salt intake also can increase body fluid volume as well as increasing urine sodium excretion, which further increases urinary potassium excretion.
- after rehydration, a loop diuretic such as furosemide can be given to permit continued large volume intravenous salt and water replacement while minimizing the risk of blood volume overload and pulmonary | 12,392 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
oedema. In addition, loop diuretics tend to depress calcium reabsorption by the kidney thereby helping to lower blood calcium levels
- can usually decrease serum calcium by 1–3 mg/dL within 24 hours
- caution must be taken to prevent potassium or magnesium depletion
## Bisphosphonates and calcitonin.
Additional therapy:
- bisphosphonates are pyrophosphate analogues with high affinity for bone, especially areas of high bone-turnover.
- they are taken up by osteoclasts and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption
- current available drugs include (in order of potency): (1st gen) etidronate, (2nd gen) tiludronate, IV pamidronate, alendronate (3rd gen) zoledronate and risedronate
- all people | 12,393 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
with cancer-associated hypercalcaemia should receive treatment with bisphosphonates since the 'first line' therapy (above) cannot be continued indefinitely nor is it without risk. Further, even if the 'first line' therapy has been effective, it is a virtual certainty that the hypercalcaemia will recur in the person with hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Use of bisphosphonates in such circumstances, then, becomes both therapeutic and preventative
- people in kidney failure and hypercalcaemia should have a risk-benefit analysis before being given bisphosphonates, since they are relatively contraindicated in kidney failure.
- Calcitonin blocks bone resorption and also increases urinary calcium excretion | 12,394 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
by inhibiting calcium reabsorption by the kidney
- Usually used in life-threatening hypercalcaemia along with rehydration, diuresis, and bisphosphonates
- Helps prevent recurrence of hypercalcaemia
- Dose is 4 international units per kilogram via subcutaneous or intramuscular route every 12 hours, usually not continued indefinitely due to quick onset of decreased response to calcitonin
## Other therapies.
- rarely used, or used in special circumstances
- plicamycin inhibits bone resorption (rarely used)
- gallium nitrate inhibits bone resorption and changes structure of bone crystals (rarely used)
- glucocorticoids increase urinary calcium excretion and decrease intestinal calcium absorption
- | 12,395 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
no effect on calcium level in normal or primary hyperparathyroidism
- effective in hypercalcaemia due to osteolytic malignancies (multiple myeloma, leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, carcinoma of the breast) due to antitumour properties
- also effective in hypervitaminosis D and sarcoidosis
- dialysis usually used in severe hypercalcaemia complicated by renal failure. Supplemental phosphate should be monitored and added if necessary
- phosphate therapy can correct the hypophosphataemia in the face of hypercalcaemia and lower serum calcium
# Hypercalcaemic crisis.
A hypercalcaemic crisis is an emergency situation with a severe hypercalcaemia, generally above approximately 14 mg/dL (or 3.5 mmol/l).
The | 12,396 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
main symptoms of a hypercalcaemic crisis are oliguria or anuria, as well as somnolence or coma. After recognition, primary hyperparathyroidism should be proved or excluded.
In extreme cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, removal of the parathyroid gland after surgical neck exploration is the only way to avoid death. The diagnostic program should be performed within hours, in parallel with measures to lower serum calcium. Treatment of choice for acutely lowering calcium is extensive hydration and calcitonin, as well as bisphosphonates (which have effect on calcium levels after one or two days).
# Other animals.
Research has led to a better understanding of hypercalcemia in non-human animals. | 12,397 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
Often the causes of hypercalcemia have a correlation to the environment in which the organisms live. Hypercalcemia in house pets is typically due to disease, but other cases can be due to accidental ingestion of plants or chemicals in the home. Outdoor animals commonly develop hypercalcemia through vitamin D toxicity from wild plants within their environments.
## Household pets.
Household pets such as dogs and cats are found to develop hypercalcemia. It is less common in cats, and many feline cases are idiopathic. In dogs, lymphosarcoma, addison’s disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic renal failure are the main causes of hypercalcemia, but there are also environmental causes usually | 12,398 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
unique to indoor pets. Ingestion of small amounts of calcipotriene found in psoriasis cream can be fatal to a pet. Calcipotriene causes a rapid rise in calcium ion levels. Calcium ion levels can remain high for weeks if untreated and lead to an array of medical issues. There are also cases of hypercalcemia reported due to dogs ingesting rodenticides containing a chemical similar to calcipotriene found in psoriasis cream. Additionally, ingestion of household plants is a cause of hypercalcemia. Plants such as "Cestrum diurnum", and "Solanum malacoxylon" contain ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol which cause the onset of hypercalcemia. Consuming small amounts of these plants can be fatal to pets. | 12,399 |
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