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512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
Observable symptoms may develop such as polydipsia, polyuria, extreme fatigue, or constipation.
## Outdoor animals.
In certain outdoor environments, animals such as horses, pigs, cattle, and sheep experience hypercalcemia commonly. In southern Brazil and Mattewara India, approximately 17 percent of sheep are affected, with 60 percent of these cases being fatal. Many cases are also documented in Argentina, Papua-New Guinea, Jamaica, Hawaii, and Bavaria. These cases of hypercalcemeia are usually caused by ingesting "Trisetum flavescens" before it has dried out. Once "Trisetum flavescens" is dried out, the toxicity of it is diminished. Other plants causing hypercalcemia are "Cestrum diurnum", | 12,400 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
"Nierembergia veitchii", "Solanum esuriale", "Solanum torvum", and "Solanum malacoxylon". These plants contain calcitriol or similar substances that cause rises in calcium ion levels. Hypercalcemia is most common in grazing lands at altitudes above 1500 meters where growth of plants like "Trisetum flavescens" is favorable. Even if small amounts are ingested over long periods of time, the prolonged high levels of calcium ions have large negative effects on the animals. The issues these animals experience are muscle weakness, and calcification of blood vessels, heart valves, liver, kidneys, and other soft tissues, which eventually can lead to death.
# See also.
- Calcium metabolism
- Dent's | 12,401 |
512274 | Hypercalcaemia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypercalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia
". These plants contain calcitriol or similar substances that cause rises in calcium ion levels. Hypercalcemia is most common in grazing lands at altitudes above 1500 meters where growth of plants like "Trisetum flavescens" is favorable. Even if small amounts are ingested over long periods of time, the prolonged high levels of calcium ions have large negative effects on the animals. The issues these animals experience are muscle weakness, and calcification of blood vessels, heart valves, liver, kidneys, and other soft tissues, which eventually can lead to death.
# See also.
- Calcium metabolism
- Dent's disease
- Hypocalcaemia
- Electrolyte disturbance
- Disorders of calcium metabolism | 12,402 |
620912 | WinLinux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinLinux | WinLinux
WinLinux
WinLinux is a Linux distribution with an installer that runs from inside the Windows operating system. It also has a configuration tool that can be run inside of Windows to set up the hardware options of the Linux OS. It is installed to a directory on an existing FAT32 partition, which means it has the ability to share the Windows partition and disk space.
The latest version is WinLinux 2003. It can be launched like a Windows application from a shortcut, which causes the PC to reboot into WinLinux. Exiting out of WinLinux will allow the PC to go back into Windows on the next bootup. It is able to run Linux applications, and ships with KDE as the default desktop. The distribution is | 12,403 |
620912 | WinLinux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinLinux | WinLinux
s from inside the Windows operating system. It also has a configuration tool that can be run inside of Windows to set up the hardware options of the Linux OS. It is installed to a directory on an existing FAT32 partition, which means it has the ability to share the Windows partition and disk space.
The latest version is WinLinux 2003. It can be launched like a Windows application from a shortcut, which causes the PC to reboot into WinLinux. Exiting out of WinLinux will allow the PC to go back into Windows on the next bootup. It is able to run Linux applications, and ships with KDE as the default desktop. The distribution is currently inactive.
# See also.
- Topologilinux
- Xandros Presto | 12,404 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
ATLAS experiment
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is one of the seven particle detector experiments constructed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a particle accelerator at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland. The experiment is designed to take advantage of the unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena that involve highly massive particles which were not observable using earlier lower-energy accelerators. ATLAS was one of the two LHC experiments involved in the discovery of the Higgs boson in July 2012. It was also designed to search for evidence of theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.
The ATLAS detector is 46 metres | 12,405 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
long, 25 metres in diameter, and weighs about 7,000 tonnes; it contains some 3000 km of cable. The experiment is a collaboration involving roughly 3,000 physicists from over 175 institutions in 38 countries. The project was led for the first 15 years by Peter Jenni, between 2009 and 2013 was headed by Fabiola Gianotti, from 2013 to 2017 by David Charlton, and afterwards by Karl Jakobs.
# History.
The ATLAS Collaboration, the group of physicists who built and run the detector, was formed in 1992 when the proposed EAGLE (Experiment for Accurate Gamma, Lepton and Energy Measurements) and ASCOT (Apparatus with Super Conducting Toroids) collaborations merged their efforts to build a single, general-purpose | 12,406 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
particle detector for the Large Hadron Collider. The design was a combination of the two previous experiments, and also benefitted from the detector research and development that had been done for the Superconducting Supercollider. The ATLAS experiment was proposed in its current form in 1994, and officially funded by the CERN member countries in 1995. Additional countries, universities, and laboratories have joined in subsequent years. Construction work began at individual institutions, with detector components then being shipped to CERN and assembled in the ATLAS experiment pit starting in 2003.
Construction was completed in 2008 and the experiment detected its first single beam events on | 12,407 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
10 September of that year. Data taking was then interrupted for over a year due to an LHC magnet quench incident. On 23 November 2009, the first proton-proton collisions occurred at the LHC and were recorded by ATLAS, at a relatively low injection energy of 450 GeV per beam. Since then, the LHC energy has been increasing: 900 GeV per beam at the end of 2009, 3,500 GeV for the whole of 2010 and 2011, then 4,000 GeV per beam in 2012. After a long shutdown in 2013 and 2014, in 2015 ATLAS saw 6,500 GeV per beam.
# Background.
The first cyclotron, an early type of particle accelerator, was built by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1931, with a radius of just a few centimetres and a particle energy of 1 megaelectronvolt | 12,408 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
(MeV). Since then, accelerators have grown enormously in the quest to produce new particles of greater and greater mass. As accelerators have grown, so too has the list of known particles that they might be used to investigate. The most comprehensive model of particle interactions available today is known as the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
With the important exception of the Higgs boson, now detected by the ATLAS and the CMS experiments,
all of the particles predicted by the model had been observed by previous experiments. While the Standard Model predicts that quarks, electrons, and neutrinos should exist, it does not explain why the masses of these particles differ by orders of magnitude. | 12,409 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
Due to this, many particle physicists believe it is possible that the Standard Model will break down at energies at the teraelectronvolt (TeV) scale or higher. If such beyond-the-Standard-Model physics is observed, a new model, which is identical to the Standard Model at energies thus far probed, can be developed to describe particle physics at higher energies. Most of the currently proposed theories predict new higher-mass particles, some of which may be light enough to be observed by ATLAS.
ATLAS is designed to be a general-purpose detector. When the proton beams produced by the Large Hadron Collider interact in the center of the detector, a variety of different particles with a broad range | 12,410 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
of energies are produced. Rather than focusing on a particular physical process, ATLAS is designed to measure the broadest possible range of signals. This is intended to ensure that whatever form any new physical processes or particles might take, ATLAS will be able to detect them and measure their properties. Experiments at earlier colliders, such as the Tevatron and Large Electron-Positron Collider, were designed based on a similar philosophy. However, the unique challenges of the Large Hadron Collider – its unprecedented energy and extremely high rate of collisions – require ATLAS to be significantly larger and more complex than previous experiments.
At 27 kilometres in circumference, the | 12,411 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collides two beams of protons together, with each proton carrying up to 6.5 TeV of energy – enough to produce particles with masses significantly greater than any particles currently known, if these particles exist. ATLAS is designed to detect these particles, namely their masses, momentum, energies, lifetime, charges, and nuclear spins. In order to identify all particles produced at the interaction point where the particle beams collide, the detector is designed in layers made up of detectors of different types, each of which is designed to observe specific types of particles. The different traces that particles leave in each layer of the detector allow for effective | 12,412 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
particle identification and accurate measurements of energy and momentum. (The role of each layer in the detector is discussed below.) As the energy of the particles produced by the accelerator increases, the detectors attached to it must grow to effectively measure and stop higher-energy particles. As of 2017, ATLAS is the largest detector ever built at a particle collider.
# Physics program.
ATLAS investigates many different types of physics that might become detectable in the energetic collisions of the LHC. Some of these are confirmations or improved measurements of the Standard Model, while many others are possible clues for new physical theories.
One of the most important goals of ATLAS | 12,413 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
was to investigate a missing piece of the Standard Model, the Higgs boson. The Higgs mechanism, which includes the Higgs boson, gives mass to elementary particles, leading to differences between the weak force and electromagnetism by giving the W and Z bosons mass while leaving the photon massless. On July 4, 2012, ATLAS — together with CMS, its sister experiment at the LHC — reported evidence for the existence of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson at a confidence level of 5 sigma, with a mass around 125 GeV, or 133 times the proton mass. This new "Higgs-like" particle was detected by its decay into two photons and its decay to four leptons. In March 2013, in the light of the updated | 12,414 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
ATLAS and CMS results, CERN announced that the new particle was indeed a Higgs boson. The experiments were also able to show that the properties of the particle as well as the ways it interacts with other particles were well-matched with those of a Higgs boson, which is expected to have spin 0 and positive parity. Analysis of more properties of the particle and data collected in 2015 and 2016 confirmed this further. In 2013, two of the theoretical physicists who predicted the existence of the Standard Model Higgs boson, Peter Higgs and François Englert were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
The asymmetry between the behavior of matter and antimatter, known as CP violation, is also being investigated. | 12,415 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
Recent experiments dedicated to measurements of CP violation, such as BaBar and Belle, have not detected sufficient CP violation in the Standard Model to explain the lack of detectable antimatter in the universe. It is possible that new models of physics will introduce additional CP violation, shedding light on this problem. Evidence supporting these models might either be detected directly by the production of new particles, or indirectly by measurements of the properties of B- and D-mesons. LHCb, an LHC experiment dedicated to B-mesons, is likely to be better suited to the latter.
The properties of the top quark, discovered at Fermilab in 1995, have so far only been measured approximately. | 12,416 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
With much greater energy and greater collision rates, the LHC produces a tremendous number of top quarks, allowing ATLAS to make much more precise measurements of its mass and interactions with other particles. These measurements will provide indirect information on the details of the Standard Model, with the possibility of revealing inconsistencies that point to new physics. Similar precision measurements will be made of other known particles; for example, ATLAS may eventually measure the mass of the W boson twice as accurately as has previously been achieved.
One theory that is the subject of much current research is supersymmetry. Supersymmetry can potentially solve a number of problems | 12,417 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
in theoretical physics, such as the hierarchy problems within gauge theory, and is present in almost all models of string theory. Models of supersymmetry involve new, highly massive particles. In many cases these decay into high-energy quarks and stable heavy particles that are very unlikely to interact with ordinary matter. The stable particles would escape the detector, leaving as a signal one or more high-energy quark jets and a large amount of "missing" momentum. Other hypothetical massive particles, like those in the Kaluza–Klein theory, might leave a similar signature, but their discovery would certainly indicate that there was some kind of physics beyond the Standard Model.
## Microscopic | 12,418 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
black holes.
Some hypotheses, based on the ADD model, involve large extra dimensions and predict that micro black holes could be formed by the LHC. These would decay immediately by means of Hawking radiation, producing all particles in the Standard Model in equal numbers and leaving an unequivocal signature in the ATLAS detector.
# Components.
The ATLAS detector consists of a series of ever-larger concentric cylinders around the interaction point where the proton beams from the LHC collide. It can be divided into four major parts: the Inner Detector, the calorimeters, the Muon Spectrometer and the magnet systems. Each of these is in turn made of multiple layers. The detectors are complementary: | 12,419 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
the Inner Detector tracks particles precisely, the calorimeters measure the energy of easily stopped particles, and the muon system makes additional measurements of highly penetrating muons. The two magnet systems bend charged particles in the Inner Detector and the Muon Spectrometer, allowing their momenta to be measured.
The only established stable particles that cannot be detected directly are neutrinos; their presence is inferred by measuring a momentum imbalance among detected particles. For this to work, the detector must be "hermetic", meaning it must detect all non-neutrinos produced, with no blind spots. Maintaining detector performance in the high radiation areas immediately surrounding | 12,420 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
the proton beams is a significant engineering challenge.
## Inner Detector.
The Inner Detector begins a few centimetres from the proton beam axis, extends to a radius of 1.2 metres, and is 6.2 metres in length along the beam pipe. Its basic function is to track charged particles by detecting their interaction with material at discrete points, revealing detailed information about the types of particles and their momentum. The magnetic field surrounding the entire inner detector causes charged particles to curve; the direction of the curve reveals a particle's charge and the degree of curvature reveals its momentum. The starting points of the tracks yield useful information for identifying | 12,421 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
particles; for example, if a group of tracks seem to originate from a point other than the original proton–proton collision, this may be a sign that the particles came from the decay of a hadron with a bottom quark (see b-tagging). The Inner Detector has three parts, which are explained below.
The Pixel Detector, the innermost part of the detector, contains three concentric layers and three disks on each end-cap, with a total of 1,744 "modules", each measuring 2 centimetres by 6 centimetres. The detecting material is 250 µm thick silicon. Each module contains 16 readout chips and other electronic components. The smallest unit that can be read out is a pixel (50 by 400 micrometres); there are | 12,422 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
roughly 47,000 pixels per module. The minute pixel size is designed for extremely precise tracking very close to the interaction point. In total, the Pixel Detector has over 80 million readout channels, which is about 50% of the total readout channels of the whole experiment. Having such a large count created a considerable design and engineering challenge. Another challenge was the radiation to which the Pixel Detector is exposed because of its proximity to the interaction point, requiring that all components be radiation hardened in order to continue operating after significant exposures.
The Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT) is the middle component of the inner detector. It is similar in concept | 12,423 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
and function to the Pixel Detector but with long, narrow strips rather than small pixels, making coverage of a larger area practical. Each strip measures 80 micrometres by 12 centimetres. The SCT is the most critical part of the inner detector for basic tracking in the plane perpendicular to the beam, since it measures particles over a much larger area than the Pixel Detector, with more sampled points and roughly equal (albeit one-dimensional) accuracy. It is composed of four double layers of silicon strips, and has 6.3 million readout channels and a total area of 61 square meters.
The Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT), the outermost component of the inner detector, is a combination of a straw | 12,424 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
tracker and a transition radiation detector. The detecting elements are drift tubes (straws), each four millimetres in diameter and up to 144 centimetres long. The uncertainty of track position measurements (position resolution) is about 200 micrometres. This is not as precise as those for the other two detectors, but it was necessary to reduce the cost of covering a larger volume and to have transition radiation detection capability. Each straw is filled with gas that becomes ionized when a charged particle passes through. The straws are held at about −1,500 V, driving the negative ions to a fine wire down the centre of each straw, producing a current pulse (signal) in the wire. The wires with | 12,425 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
signals create a pattern of 'hit' straws that allow the path of the particle to be determined. Between the straws, materials with widely varying indices of refraction cause ultra-relativistic charged particles to produce transition radiation and leave much stronger signals in some straws. Xenon and argon gas is used to increase the number of straws with strong signals. Since the amount of transition radiation is greatest for highly relativistic particles (those with a speed very near the speed of light), and because particles of a particular energy have a higher speed the lighter they are, particle paths with many very strong signals can be identified as belonging to the lightest charged particles: | 12,426 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
electrons and their antiparticles, positrons. The TRT has about 298,000 straws in total.
## Calorimeters.
The calorimeters are situated outside the solenoidal magnet that surrounds the Inner Detector. Their purpose is to measure the energy from particles by absorbing it. There are two basic calorimeter systems: an inner electromagnetic calorimeter and an outer hadronic calorimeter. Both are "sampling calorimeters"; that is, they absorb energy in high-density metal and periodically sample the shape of the resulting particle shower, inferring the energy of the original particle from this measurement.
The electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that interact electromagnetically, | 12,427 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
which include charged particles and photons. It has high precision, both in the amount of energy absorbed and in the precise location of the energy deposited. The angle between the particle's trajectory and the detector's beam axis (or more precisely the pseudorapidity) and its angle within the perpendicular plane are both measured to within roughly 0.025 radians. The barrel EM calorimeter has accordion shaped electrodes and the energy-absorbing materials are lead and stainless steel, with liquid argon as the sampling material, and a cryostat is required around the EM calorimeter to keep it sufficiently cool.
The hadron calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that pass through the EM calorimeter, | 12,428 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
but do interact via the strong force; these particles are primarily hadrons. It is less precise, both in energy magnitude and in the localization (within about 0.1 radians only). The energy-absorbing material is steel, with scintillating tiles that sample the energy deposited. Many of the features of the calorimeter are chosen for their cost-effectiveness; the instrument is large and comprises a huge amount of construction material: the main part of the calorimeter – the tile calorimeter – is 8 metres in diameter and covers 12 metres along the beam axis. The far-forward sections of the hadronic calorimeter are contained within the forward EM calorimeter's cryostat, and use liquid argon as well, | 12,429 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
while copper and tungsten are used as absorbers.
## Muon Spectrometer.
The Muon Spectrometer is an extremely large tracking system, consisting of three parts: (1) a magnetic field provided by three toroidal magnets, (2) a set of 1200 chambers measuring with high spatial precision the tracks of the outgoing muons, (3) a set of triggering chambers with accurate time-resolution. The extent of this sub-detector starts at a radius of 4.25 m close to the calorimeters out to the full radius of the detector (11 m). Its tremendous size is required to accurately measure the momentum of muons, which first go through all the other elements of the detector before reaching the muon spectrometer. It was | 12,430 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
designed to measure, standalone, the momentum of 100 GeV muons with 3% accuracy and of 1 TeV muons with 10% accuracy. It was vital to go to the lengths of putting together such a large piece of equipment because a number of interesting physical processes can only be observed if one or more muons are detected, and because the total energy of particles in an event could not be measured if the muons were ignored. It functions similarly to the Inner Detector, with muons curving so that their momentum can be measured, albeit with a different magnetic field configuration, lower spatial precision, and a much larger volume. It also serves the function of simply identifying muons – very few particles | 12,431 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
of other types are expected to pass through the calorimeters and subsequently leave signals in the Muon Spectrometer. It has roughly one million readout channels, and its layers of detectors have a total area of 12,000 square meters.
## Magnet system.
The ATLAS detector uses two large superconducting magnet systems to bend charged particles so that their momenta can be measured. This bending is due to the Lorentz force, which is proportional to velocity. Since all particles produced in the LHC's proton collisions are traveling at very close to the speed of light, the force on particles of different momenta is equal. (In the theory of relativity, momentum is "not" linear proportional to velocity | 12,432 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
at such speeds.) Thus high-momentum particles curve very little, while low-momentum particles curve significantly; the amount of curvature can be quantified and the particle momentum can be determined from this value.
The inner solenoid produces a two tesla magnetic field surrounding the Inner Detector. This high magnetic field allows even very energetic particles to curve enough for their momentum to be determined, and its nearly uniform direction and strength allow measurements to be made very precisely. Particles with momenta below roughly 400 MeV will be curved so strongly that they will loop repeatedly in the field and most likely not be measured; however, this energy is very small compared | 12,433 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
to the several TeV of energy released in each proton collision.
The outer toroidal magnetic field is produced by eight very large air-core superconducting barrel loops and two end-caps air toroidal magnets, all situated outside the calorimeters and within the muon system. This magnetic field extends in an area 26 metres long and 20 metres in diameter, and it stores 1.6 gigajoules of energy. Its magnetic field is not uniform, because a solenoid magnet of sufficient size would be prohibitively expensive to build. It varies between 2 and 8 Teslameters.
## Detector performance.
The installation of all the above detectors was finished in August 2008. The detectors collected millions of cosmic | 12,434 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
rays during the magnet repairs which took place between fall 2008 and fall 2009, prior to the first proton collisions. The detector operated with close to 100% efficiency and provided performance characteristics very close to its design values.
## Forward detectors.
The ATLAS detector is complemented by a set of detectors in the very forward region. These detectors are located in the LHC tunnel far away from the interaction point. The basic idea is to measure elastic scattering at very small angles in order to produce better measurements of the absolute luminosity at the ATLAS interaction point.
# Data systems and analysis.
The detector generates unmanageably large amounts of raw data: about | 12,435 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
25 megabytes per event (raw; zero suppression reduces this to 1.6 MB), multiplied by 40 million beam crossings per second in the center of the detector. This produces a total of 1 petabyte of raw data per second. The trigger system uses simple information to identify, in real time, the most interesting events to retain for detailed analysis. There are three trigger levels. The first is based in electronics on the detector while the other two run primarily on a large computer cluster near the detector. The first-level trigger selects about 100,000 events per second. After the third-level trigger has been applied, a few hundred events remain to be stored for further analysis. This amount of data | 12,436 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
still requires over 100 megabytes of disk space per second – at least a petabyte each year.
Earlier particle detector read-out and event detection systems were based on parallel shared buses such as VMEbus or FASTBUS.
Since such a bus architecture cannot keep up with the data requirements of the LHC experiments,
all data acquisition system proposals rely on high-speed point-to-point links and switching networks.
People designing the LHC experiments evaluated several such networks, including
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Scalable Coherent Interface, Fibre Channel, Ethernet, and IEEE 1355 (SpaceWire).
Offline event reconstruction is performed on all permanently stored events, turning the pattern | 12,437 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
of signals from the detector into physics objects, such as jets, photons, and leptons. Grid computing is being extensively used for event reconstruction, allowing the parallel use of university and laboratory computer networks throughout the world for the CPU-intensive task of reducing large quantities of raw data into a form suitable for physics analysis. The software for these tasks has been under development for many years, and will continue to be refined even now that the experiment is collecting data.
Individuals and groups within the collaboration are writing their own code to perform further analysis of these objects, searching the patterns of detected particles for particular physical | 12,438 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
models or hypothetical particles.
# Further reading.
- ATLAS Technical Proposal. CERN: The Atlas Experiment. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
- ATLAS Detector and Physics Performance Technical Design Report. CERN: The Atlas Experiment. Retrieved on 2007-04-10
- The Atlas Experiment Monica Lynn Dunford and Peter Jenni, Scholarpedia 9(10):32147.
# External links.
- Official ATLAS Public Webpage at CERN "(The "award winning ATLAS movie" is a very good general introduction!)"
- Official ATLAS Collaboration Webpage at CERN "(Lots of technical and logistical information)"
- ATLAS Cavern Webcams
- Time lapse video of the assembly
- ATLAS section from US/LHC Website
- New York Times article on LHC | 12,439 |
512256 | ATLAS experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATLAS%20experiment | ATLAS experiment
, Scholarpedia 9(10):32147.
# External links.
- Official ATLAS Public Webpage at CERN "(The "award winning ATLAS movie" is a very good general introduction!)"
- Official ATLAS Collaboration Webpage at CERN "(Lots of technical and logistical information)"
- ATLAS Cavern Webcams
- Time lapse video of the assembly
- ATLAS section from US/LHC Website
- New York Times article on LHC and experiments
- United States Department of Energy article on ATLAS
- Large Hadron Collider Project Director Dr Lyn Evans CBE on the engineering behind the ATLAS experiment, "Ingenia" magazine, June 2008
- (Full design documentation)
- LEGO model of ATLAS, by an ATLAS-scientist at the Niels Bohr Institute | 12,440 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
The College at Brockport, State University of New York
The College at Brockport, State University of New York (also known as SUNY Brockport, Brockport State, College at Brockport, or the State University of New York at Brockport) is a four-year liberal arts college in Brockport, Monroe County, New York, United States, near Rochester. A constituent college of the State University of New York, it has been ranked by U.S. News in the first tier of Master's-granting colleges in the Northeast region, and by Kiplinger's among the top 100 "Best Value" public colleges and universities in the United States as well as the worst university in NY for parking and commuter student accommodation. Among its | 12,441 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
faculty are several Fulbright scholars, three Distinguished Professors, and a winner of the 2007 Flannery O'Connor award for fiction.
Over the past decade, The College at Brockport has become one of the most selective of the SUNY comprehensive colleges, with an acceptance rate of 41.9% as of 2007. Average SAT scores have risen from 1,029 ('97) to 1,115 ('06), and high-school averages have increased from 84.4 ('97) to 90.5 ('06). The College offers 42 undergraduate majors, 29 graduate programs and 18 areas of teacher certification, combined bachelor's/master's programs, and has program accreditation in 12 areas. It offers one of the nation's largest Study Abroad programs, a variety of internships | 12,442 |
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with major corporations, 23 NCAA intercollegiate athletic teams, arts and cultural events, and more than 60 clubs and organizations. Ninety percent of freshmen live in residence halls. The campus includes recent multimillion-dollar renovations to Smith-Lennon Science Center, Hartwell Hall, Seymour College Union and Harrison Dining Hall, a newly opened 208-bed townhome facility, and a $44-million Special Events Recreation Center opened in 2012.
Heidi Macpherson began her tenure as The College at Brockport's 7th president on July 16, 2015. Macpherson is the first female president in the College's history.
The Brockport campus played host to the International Special Olympics on August 8–13, | 12,443 |
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1979.
# History.
The College at Brockport opened as the Brockport Collegiate Institute in 1841. It was a private "academy," part of the widespread academy movement of the time. Public schooling only went through the sixth grade, there were few middle or high schools, and fewer colleges. The academies were meant to fill this gap. The Collegiate Institute was open to not only men but women, and people of color. Fannie Barrier Williams Class of 1870, started in the Collegiate Institute for example. Although an innovative educational form, the academies typically struggled financially. When in the 1860s a movement arose in New York to establish more "Normal schools," (specialized teacher training | 12,444 |
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schools, something like junior teachers colleges,) Malcolm MacVicar, the last principal of the Collegiate Institute, was a campaigner for the expansion, and then saw Brockport become selected as one of the new Normals in 1867, thus securing its continued existence.Unlike the old academies, which were multipurpose, Normal schools were meant to be exclusively focused on teacher training. A Normal graduate received a certificate or license to teach in the state public schools when they graduated, not a bachelor's degree. The program of study was at first two years, later lengthened to three years.
The Normal era ended when all the New York Normal schools were expanded into Teachers Colleges in | 12,445 |
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the early 1940s and the first graduates were in 1942. This enhancement of status was due in good part to the efforts of President Ernest Hartwell, who, like Malcolm MacVicar and many other Brockport figures, played a leading role in the education movements of the time. Starting as Brockport State Teachers College, the new school was automatically included in the new SUNY system which was established in 1948.
When Donald Tower became president of the school in 1944, the entire campus was what's now called Hartwell Hall. There were a few hundred students and the faculty and staff numbered under 50 people. The school's purpose was to train elementary school teachers. By the time he (Tower) retired | 12,446 |
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in 1964, there were several thousand students and several hundred faculty and staff members. The campus had expanded greatly, adding residence halls and a college union, and expanding across Kenyon Street and down Holley Street. The purpose and organization of the College had also grown, as it evolved into a liberal arts college with a number of master's degree programs. The first graduate degree was awarded in January 1950. By 1981, there were 1,185 graduate students enrolled in 11 different programs.
In the early years of President Albert Brown (1965–1981), the school's growth rate built to a height of activity, seeing the high-rise residence halls, library and other buildings rise up to | 12,447 |
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make the campus that one sees today. The school continued to evolve in the last years of the 20th century under the leadership of President John Van De Wetering (1981–1997), who launched the MetroCenter, The College at Brockport's classroom complex in downtown Rochester.
From 1997 to 2004, under the leadership of Paul Yu—working closely with faculty, staff and students—The College at Brockport achieved new levels of excellence and recognition, from acquiring the latest information technologies to improving campus communications to increasing admissions standards. Brockport became recognized throughout New York and within the SUNY system both as innovative and dynamic. Noteworthy achievements | 12,448 |
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included: an increase in average SAT scores from 1002 in 1998 to 1071 in 2004, increase in first-year retention rate from 71 percent in 1998 to 83 percent in 2004, and an increase in funded faculty research grants from $3.5 million in 1999 to $5.7 million in 2004.
In August 2005, Dr. John R. Halstead became The College at Brockport's sixth president. Dr. Halstead brought a range of leadership experience to The College at Brockport including a seven-year term as president of Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, several vice president positions and post-doctoral work at Harvard University's Institute of Educational Management. He has met and developed relationships with numerous government, | 12,449 |
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corporate and community leaders to increase The College at Brockport's visibility in the region and formed partnerships to further promote student success. He was inaugurated on April 7, 2006.
In 1978, Dr. Albert W. Brown presented Soviet artist Zurab Tsereteli with an honorary certificate in recognition of his efforts to foster peace and understanding between people of the Soviet Union and the United States. He then was invited to teach a painting course at The College at Brockport. After accepting the invitation, Tsereteli learned about the Fifth International Summer Special Olympics Games, to be held at The College at Brockport in August 1979. He then returned to his native Republic of Georgia. | 12,450 |
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Drawing inspiration from his interest in young people, his concern for Special Olympics and the realization that the United Nations had proclaimed 1979 as the International Year of the Child, Tsereteli began his work. Within a year, Tsereteli constructed two sculptures for the Soviet Government, which were then donated to The College at Brockport in honor of the International Year of the Child and the International Special Olympics. One of the pieces is located in front of the Allen Administration Building, and is titled "Prometheus" (The Greek god who gave fire to man). The other is located in front of the Drake Memorial Library, and is titled "Joy and Happiness to All the Children of the World". | 12,451 |
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The five pillars represent the five continents that would be represented at the Special Olympics Games in 1979. Tsereteli waived his usual royalties which would have amounted to $250,000 because the pieces were for children and students. The two bronze pieces, whose total weight is nearly 30 tons, were shipped overseas to the United States and then loaded into five trucks to be brought to The College at Brockport.
# Undergraduate programs.
Program offers both BA and BS degrees unless otherwise noted.
- Accounting (BS)
- African & Afro-American Studies
- Anthropology
- Studio art (plus BFA)
- Arts for Children (Interdisciplinary)
- Biological Sciences
- Business Administration (BS only)
- | 12,452 |
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Chemistry
- Communication Studies
- Computer science
- Computer Information Systems
- Criminal justice (BS)
- Dance [Minor, BA, BFA, MFA]
- Pre-Dentistry – "See Pre-med"
- Earth science
- Education – "see Teacher Certification Programs for Undergraduates"
- English
- Environmental science and Biology (BS)
- Exercise Science
- Finance
- French
- Geology
- Health science
- History
- International business & Economics (BA)
- International Studies (BA)
- Journalism
- Pre-law – "see Pre-law & Business Administration & Economics"
- Mathematics
- Medical technology (BS)
- Medicine – "see Pre-med"
- Meteorology
- Nursing
- Philosophy
- Physical education
- Physics
- Political | 12,453 |
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science
- Pre-med "(Pre-professional Preparation & Advisement)"
- Psychology
- Recreation and Leisure Studies (BS)
- Social work (BS)
- Sociology
- Spanish
- Sport Management
- Teacher certification for Undergraduates
- Theatre
- Veterinary medicine – "see Pre-med (Pre-professional Preparation and Advisement)"
- Water resources
- Women's studies
# Graduate programs.
- Communication Studies (MA)
- Counselor Education: College Counselor (MSEd)
- Counselor Education: School Counselor (MSEd)
- Dance: Choreography/Performance (MFA)
- Dance Education (K-12) (MA)
- Dance Studies (MA)
- English: Creative Writing (MA)
- Education and Human Development: Bilingual Education (MSEd)
- | 12,454 |
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Education and Human Development: Childhood Curriculum Specialist (preK-6) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Childhood Literacy (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, English (7–12) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, Mathematics (7–12) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, Social Studies (7–12) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, Biology (7–12) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, Chemistry (7–12) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, Earth Science (7–12) (MSEd)
- Education and Human Development: Adolescence Education, | 12,455 |
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Physics (7–12) (MSEd)
- Educational Administration: School Building Leader (CAS)
- Educational Administration: School District Leader (CAS)
- Educational Administration: School Business Administrator (CAS)
- English: Literature (MA)
- Environmental Science and Biology (MS)
- Forensic Accounting (MS)
- Health Science: Health Education (K-12) (MSEd)
- Health Science: Community Health Education (MSEd)
- History (MA)
- Liberal Studies (MA)
- Mathematics (MA)
- Physical Education: Adapted Physical Education (K-12) (MSEd)
- Physical Education: Athletic Administration (MSEd)
- Physical Education: Teacher Education/Pedagogy (K-12) (MSEd)
- Psychology (MA)
- Public Administration: General | 12,456 |
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Public Administration (MPA)
- Public Administration: Health Care Management (MPA)
- Public Administration: Emphasis in Public Safety (MPA)
- Social Work: Family & Community Practice (collaborative program with Nazareth College) (MSW)
- Social Work: Interdisciplinary Health Care (collaborative program with Nazareth College) (MSW)
- Recreation and Leisure Studies: Therapeutic Recreation (MS)
- Recreation and Leisure Studies: Recreation and Leisure Services Management (MS)
- Visual Studies (MFA)
# Clubs and organizations.
## Brockport Greek life.
Brockport has a small Greek life with both fraternities and sororities. Each organization does many events each semester and raises money for | 12,457 |
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many different causes. Currently at Brockport are there is one NIC (National Interfraternity Conference) Fraternity- Pi Kappa Phi (ΠΚΦ), two NPC (National Panhellenic Conference) sororities- Phi Sigma Sigma and Delta Phi Epsilon, and two multicultural Greek organizations- Alpha Phi Alpha and Delta Sigma Theta. Brockport also has a Service Fraternity Alpha Phi Omega when is a co-ed organization.
In 1869, with the help of Professor Charles Donald McLean, the Principal of the school, Gamma Sigma was founded at The Brockport Normal School. Gamma Sigma was the first fraternity formed in the United States, at the high school level. on October 11th of that year, eighteen young men met in the chemistry | 12,458 |
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room to form a society for the purpose of improving themselves in debate, original composition and in other literary exercises. The charter members were: Edward L. Adams, John D. Burns, Charles Cunningham, William K. Dean, Martin L. Deyo, John Norris Drake, A. James Knox, S. E. Loomis, John M. Milne, A. Judson Osborn, Frederick Palmer, George T. Quinby, George Hebert Raymond, William H. Sybrandt, James W. White, Stephen D. Wilbur, Ara Wilkinson, and George F. Yeoman. Mr. Yeoman was elected the first President. James Knox was chairman of the constitution committee.
Of note, Mr. Yeoman in later years took the oath of office as a justice of the Supreme Court for the Seventh Judicial District of | 12,459 |
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the State on November 15, 1893. There is a note printed in the book "Notable Men of Rochester" published in 1902 by Dwight J. Stoddard regarding Mr. Yeoman, who was so well respected.
## Brockport Television.
Funded by BSG, BTV has programs such as, "Brockport Weekly" and "ATV" ("Almost Television", comedy).
"Brockport Weekly" covers news throughout the campus and the community, and includes the "Eagle's Nest" show dedicated to Brockport sports. Every week "ATV" shows a comedy show with skits from several of the campus' comedians. "Brockport Weekly" airs on the hour every hour on the campus television channel 12 and "ATV" every weekday at 7pm.
## Brockport Student Government (BSG).
The | 12,460 |
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Brockport Student Government (BSG), funded by a mandatory student fees, provides extensive programming on campus. BSG's budget totals approximately $1,400,000 annually. Programming events include the Spring Break Challenge where 5 people win $5,000 to go wherever they'd like for spring break. Other events are major concerts (e.g. Big Sean, Gym Class Heroes, Machine Gun Kelly, and Kesha) and lectures (e.g. Abby Wombach). These events are planned out by the Brockport Student Government and the Union Programming Team.
BSG consists of the three traditional branches of government: legislative, judicial, and executive. A
12-member student elected board of directors oversees the legislative operations | 12,461 |
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of the government. Their duties include approving appropriations requests, granting recognition to student-led organizations, and assisting their respective constituencies (e.g. on-campus, off-campus, clubs) with issues they may have.
The Judicial Branch consists of a 5-member student court of which a Chief Justice is elected from the membership. Functioning similarly to an actual court of law – the student court reviews cases brought before it and issues binding decisions.
The Executive Branch includes the Office of the President, Vice President, Treasurer, and the various departments necessary for the day-to-day operation of the government.
## Delta College Student Association.
Association | 12,462 |
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for Delta College students.
## "The Stylus".
The student weekly newspaper of The College at Brockport, funded by the BSG Mandatory Fee, whose circulation is 5,000.
## WBSU 89.1 The Point.
89.1 The Point is the student-run radio station located in the Seymour College Union, funded by the Brockport Student Government. The Point broadcasts to as many as 500,000 people throughout the Western New York region and reaches from west Rochester towards Buffalo. The Point has several communications majors as members but also invites non-communication majors to join the station. The Point has several departments: FM, Sports, News, Production, Circuit, Public Relations, Website, Engineering, and Sales. | 12,463 |
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The Point is involved in the community and helps with the Hilton Apple Fest in the fall, Coats for Kids in the winter, and more events in the local community! The Point's objective is to provide a "working classroom" for students and to build the community. The station is open to the public Monday through Friday from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM.
# Athletics.
Brockport fields 23 athletic teams competing at the NCAA Division III level.
# Buildings on campus.
Allen Administration Building
The Allen Administration Building was built in 1973 and named after Gordon F. Allen who was an education professor, dean and then acting president from 1964 to 1965. It is used for both administrative and academic | 12,464 |
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purposes. It is home to the Office of the President, central administration, as well as some instructional classrooms.
Albert W. Brown Building (Formerly the Faculty Office Building)
Albert W. Brown (1965–1981) presided over The College at Brockport during a period of rapid change and expansion, as the college grew from 3,000 students to a record of 11,000 students. The Faculty Office Building was one of the major construction projects completed during Brown's tenure. Campus growth at that time included the addition of new library, office, academic, athletic and high-rise residence hall buildings.
The Albert W. Brown Building is connected by pedestrian bridge to the Drake Memorial Library | 12,465 |
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and the Allen Administration building. It houses offices for the deans and associate deans of the School of Letters and Sciences, School of Professions and School of Arts and Performance, as well as faculty offices for 15 academic departments. The Albert W. Brown Building is home to an extensive art collection of paintings, sculpture and photographs on display throughout the building within its .
Alumni House
This Victorian era home was built in the 1860s and bought by the state in 1898 for use as a residence by the principal. Before the house was bought, the principals had lived in an apartment in the school building. David Smith was the first principal to live in the house, and the last | 12,466 |
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was Donald Tower who retired in 1964. In a collection of reminiscences of the house published in the AlumNews in 1985 the following memories were shared. Mrs. Clyde Walters, class of 1918, recalled her friendship with Principal Thompson's daughter Miriam and attending Miriam's wedding which was held in the house. Mrs. Fletcher Garlock, granddaughter of Thompson, mentioned that she was born in the house and remembered roller-skating in the kitchen! Both Wilbur McCormick '37 and Bruce Schlageter '47 recalled as undergraduates visiting with Dr. Hartwell in the house to chat about school affairs. After 1964 the building was used for office space and other purposes until in 1976 the Alumni Association | 12,467 |
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acquired the building. The house has been restored and is the site of many alumni and community functions.
Benedict Hall
Benedict Hall was built in 1965 and named after Edgar Benedict (1905–1990) who was a longtime member of the Board of Trustees (1945–1962). Benedict Hall, along with Gordon, Dobson, and Harmon Halls, is a dormitory complex that was designed to accommodate over 600 students. This three-story dormitory is styled in a suite manner, with two bedrooms connected by a living room, and a bathroom shared by four student residents. Benedict Hall currently houses freshmen students.
Bramley Hall
Bramley Hall was built in 1968 and named after Herbert Bramley (1867–1945), a longtime | 12,468 |
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member of the Board of Trustees from 1935 to 1945, and a prominent local business person. Bramley Hall, considered one of the high-rise dormitories along with Briggs, Perry, and Mortimer Halls, is home to upperclass students. This dorm was designed to have four suites of six students on each floor. The six students share three bedrooms, a living area, and a bathroom.
Briggs Hall
Briggs Hall was built in 1968 and named after Elizabeth Briggs (1885–1965) who was a Campus School history teacher at Brockport from 1910 to 1943. Briggs Hall is part of the high-rise dormitory complex along with Bramley, Perry, and Mortimer Halls, located at the west end of campus. This upperclass student dorm was | 12,469 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
designed to have four suites of six students on each floor. The six students share three bedrooms, a living area, and a bathroom.
Brockway Hall
Brockway Hall was built in 1966 and named after Hiel Brockway, a co-founder of Brockport, New York who in 1836 donated the land on which Hartwell Hall now stands.
Today, the Brockway building serves as a dining hall for student who live in the traditional style dormitories. Brockway Hall also houses the BASC offices and is where new students can receive their photo identification.
Cooper Hall
Cooper Hall was built in 1965 and named after Charles Cooper, the head of the "training" school at Brockport from 1911 to 1936.
Cooper's background included | 12,470 |
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Millersville State Normal in Pennsylvania and a bachelor's degree from Bucknell University, eventually supplemented by a master's from the Teacher's College at Columbia University. Cooper was intensely interested in the Training School and the athletic program of the Normal School.
Cooper Hall was the home to the Campus School, and was designed with elementary students in mind. However, the Campus School closed in 1981, and today the building serves many functions. The elementary classrooms are still filled with young children, as one wing of the building is home to the Brockport Child Development Center, a NAEYC accredited daycare and preschool. Other classrooms and offices are utilized by | 12,471 |
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the Anthropology Education, and Military Science departments, and other wings belong to the Delta College, Honors Program, and McNair Program.
Dailey Hall
Dailey Hall was built in 1967 and named after Vincent Dailey, a Brockport native and the Chairman of the New York State Democratic Party who played a decisive role in obtaining funds for the construction of Hartwell Hall.
Dailey Hall was constructed as one of three dining halls during the building boom of the late 1960s. In 1992, it became the new home of Academic Computing Services and is the main computer lab on campus today. Its centralized location on campus made the building the logical choice for the primary computer facility, and | 12,472 |
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smaller computer labs. Staff in Cooper and Drake Library were consolidated into the new Dailey Hall facility.
Dobson Hall
Dobson Hall was built in 1965 and named after Thomas Dobson (1852–1930) who served on the Board of Trustees from the 1890s until 1930. Dobson was appointed Secretary for the Board of Trustees in 1892, as the successor to Daniel Holmes. He was a druggist by occupation, served as Mayor of the Village and was extremely active in church affairs of St. Luke's and the Masons. Mr. Dobson supported student activities like the lecture series and performances and allowed tickets for these events to be sold in his store.
Dobson Hall, along with Gordon, Benedict, and Harmon Halls, | 12,473 |
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is a dormitory complex that was designed to accommodate over 600 students. This three-story tall dormitory is styled in a suite manner, with two bedrooms connected by a living room, and a bathroom shared by four student residents. Dobson Hall currently houses new freshmen students.
Drake Memorial Library
In the beginning the library was a little collection of books housed in a room open only a few hours per week, and was largely used by faculty for reference purposes. It also included a textbook collection and the school's laboratory equipment. As teacher training education became more sophisticated, so did the library.
In the last years of the 1890s, Jeanette Reynolds, who had been a secretary | 12,474 |
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at the school, became the librarian. In 1899 she cataloged the collection according to the then new Dewey Decimal system. Affectionately remembered by alumni as "Jenny Wren," she laid the foundations of a modern library. The library she presided over was in the central part of the old Normal School building, and included such things as a "pen writing room," for writing with the fountain pens of that era – only pencils were allowed in the library proper!
In Fall 1939 construction began on the building we know as Hartwell Hall, replacing the old Normal School building. The library in Hartwell was on the second floor, in the center of the building. From the 1940s on the school began to expand, | 12,475 |
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beginning with the winning of teacher's college status in 1942, which called for the expansion of library collections and staff. Hours were extended, and the tradition of library instruction which dated back to the era of "Jenny Wren" continued.
With the postwar expansion of the college, the library became terribly crowded and staff schedules actually had to be planned around the small number of available work areas.
In 1961 the college opened the first building dedicated exclusively as a library, Drake Memorial Library. It was named after two unrelated college staff members, Bernard Drake and Ruth Drake. Bernard Drake was an administrator, Education professor and the dean of students from | 12,476 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
1936 to 1957. He graduated from the Normal School at Fredonia and received his master's degree from Columbia. Drake worked in public schools as Supervising Principal or Superintendent of school in New York communities including Celeran, Silver Creek and Babylon. Prior to his arrival at Brockport, he had been working toward his doctorate at Columbia. Drake initiated a study on the existing structured curriculum of the college in 1948, which resulted in the offering of a greater selection of courses to students.
The name also pays homage to Ruth Drake, who was a member of the faculty for 31 years. Ms. Drake was born in Evanston, Illinois and graduated from Wellesley College in 1926. She entered | 12,477 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Brockport as a Kindergarten instructor in 1928, and later earned her master's degree from Columbia in 1946, and a degree in Library Science from Western Reserve University. After several years as the campus Kindergarten Critic, Ms. Drake became the Campus School Librarian until her retirement in 1959.
This new building would serve as the home of the library until 1974, when the library moved to its current location on the south side of campus next to Allen. The old building, now named Rakov, serves as home to many of the school's enrollment and business offices.
Edwards Hall
Edwards Hall was built in 1968 and named after Aletta Edwards and William Edwards, no relation. Aletta Edwards (?-1939) | 12,478 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
was an English professor and chair of the department from 1908 to 1934. She graduated from the former State Normal School at Brockport and received her Bachelor of Philosophy degree from Syracuse University. She received her master's degree at the University of Rochester and did advanced work toward her doctorate at the University of Wisconsin, and at Cambridge University, England.
William Edwards (1902–1959) was chair of the Social Sciences Department from 1941 to 1959. He was born in Washington Court House, Ohio and attended both the University of Chicago and Ohio State University, where he received his bachelor's and master's of history in the same year. After doing graduate work at the | 12,479 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
University of Minnesota and Brookings Institution of Washington, DC, he returned to Ohio State for his PhD During his term at Brockport, Edwards did an exchange professorship with the University of Madras in India, where he taught politics.
Edwards Hall is the main lecture hall on campus and holds the Blue Room, the largest instructional room at Brockport.
Bob Boozer Field at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium
Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium (formerly Special Olympics Stadium) is the largest on-campus Division III football stadium in the NCAA.
Faculty Office Building
See "Albert W. Brown Building".
Gordon Hall
Gordon Hall was built in 1966 and named after Ida and Luther Gordon. The Gordon | 12,480 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
family was prominent locally and Ida Gordon (1854–1946) was one of two women appointed to the board of trustees in 1917. Luther Gordon (1822–1881) was a successful business person who supported the school at a crucial financial point just after the Civil War.
Luther Gordon was a lumber dealer in the village, and a political force in the Republican Party. Mr. Gordon, along with other town members, refused to pay the Normal School taxes, and he instituted a suit in the Supreme Court against the village for seizing lumber. The court declared the village actions legal, and the tax was paid. Yet afterwards, Mr. Gordon bought half the bonds issued to construct the new Normal building.
Gordon Hall, | 12,481 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
along with Benedict, Dobson, and Harmon Halls, is a dormitory complex that was designed to accommodate over 600 students. This three-story tall dormitory is styled in a suite manner, with two bedrooms connected by a living room, and a bathroom shared by four student residents. Gordon Hall currently offers a substance-free floor, 24-hour quiet floors, and a returning scholars' floor.
Harmon Hall
Harmon Hall was built in 1966 and named after George Harmon Jr. (1880–?), a local business person who, as leader of the "Committee on One Hundred," headed the fight of the later 1930s to get a new building for Brockport.
George Harmon Jr. was in the marble business prior to becoming a local insurance | 12,482 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
agent. He served as Mayor, Secretary of the Agricultural Society, was an honorary member of the Board of Managers, and Secretary of the NYS Association of Town Fairs.
Harmon Hall, along with Benedict, Dobson, and Gordon Halls, is a dormitory complex that was designed to accommodate over 600 students. This three-story tall dormitory is styled in a suite manner, with two bedrooms connected by a living room, and a bathroom shared by four student residents.
Harrison Hall
Harrison hall was built in 1967 and named after Henry Harrison, a member of the Board of Trustees from 1891 to 1935 and an active and influential supporter of the school.
Henry Harrison was one of the village's most distinguished | 12,483 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
citizens. He served as President of the Local Board of Managers for 44 years. From 1896 to 1898, he represented the 45th district in the State Senate and later was Collector of Customs in Rochester. Harrison also served as the chairperson of the Monroe County Draft Board during World War I, and was active in the Red Cross, University Club, and the Chamber of Commerce in Rochester.
Harrison Hall serves as a dining center for the high-rise dorms and suite dorms. This building is located on the western end of the campus and offers traditional meals on the second floor. On the first floor there is a fast food eatery called Trax, and a small convenience store called the Eagles Nest.
In October | 12,484 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
2007, Harrison re-opened after receiving a multimillion-dollar renovation.
Hartwell Hall
Construction on Hartwell Hall was initiated in 1938, and completed in 1941. This building is named after Ernest Hartwell (1884–1965). Hartwell Hall, a lovely Georgian Colonial style brick building, stands at the historic heart of the campus. It is the oldest building on campus after the Alumni House. When finished, it made up the entire school, including classrooms, offices, swimming pool, and library.
Hazen Health Center
Hazen Health Center was built in 1967 and named after Dr. John Hazen (?-1946), a local physician who served the college for many years up until 1946. This building remains today as | 12,485 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
the Health Center, and is located in between Holmes and Dailey Halls.
Holmes Hall
Holmes Hall was built in 1967 and named for Daniel and Mary Jane Holmes. Daniel Holmes (1828–?) was on the Board of Trustees from 1854 to 1919, and wrote the Quarter Centennial in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Brockport State Normal School. His wife Mary Jane was a very popular fiction writer who catered to her female readers by writing wholesome stories dwelling on domestic life in exotic surroundings. These backgrounds were inspired by the extensive world traveling done by Mary Jane and her husband. As Brockport's solitary literary celebrity and because of her own forceful personality, | 12,486 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Mrs. Holmes held a very special niche in the heart of the village.
Holmes Hall is home to the Psychology and Communications departments, and was the former hub for the Brockport Stylus, the student paper. This three level building holds offices, classrooms, and labs and is an important academic building for Brockport students.
Lathrop Hall
Lathrop Hall was built in 1951 and served as the college union for eighteen years. It contained two large lounges, four meeting rooms of various sizes, two listening rooms, two guest rooms, a snack bar, a large dining room seating 250 people, a small dining room designed to seat 50, the offices for student publication, the alumni association office, and | 12,487 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
an apartment for the manager of the union. By the late sixties, the new Seymour Union facility was built to meet the growing enrollment of the student body. Lathrop has also served as the home to the Dance department, but today is the location of University Police.
Lathrop Hall was named after Henry Lathrop, a professor of mathematics at the college from 1912 to 1935. He came to Brockport as a Mathematics teacher, and eventually rose to the Head of that department, a position he occupied until his retirement in 1935. Mr. Lathrop was also advisor to the yearbook Saga staff, was active in civic affairs, and was a charter member of the Brockport Kiwanis club. Lathrop was fondly referred to as | 12,488 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
"Daddy Lathrop" by his students, and it is in his memory that Lathrop Hall stands.
Lennon Hall
Lennon Hall was built in 1964 and renovated in 2005. It has been the permanent home of the science departments (Biology, Environmental Science, Earth Science) and held many large classrooms and laboratories.
The building was named after William Lennon, a Science professor and Vice Principal of the school from 1869 to 1911. He graduated from Genesee College in Lima in 1867, and arrived in Brockport two years later as a professor of science. He succeeded to Vice Principal in 1882, and maintained that position until his retirement in 1911.
MacVicar Hall
MacVicar Hall was built in 1961 and is set | 12,489 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
up in the traditional dorm style, with a single room shared by two students. This dorm houses freshman students only.
MacVicar Hall is named after Malcolm MacVicar, the head of the school from 1863 to 1868. Malcolm MacVicar was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, in 1829. He became Vice-President of the college upon his arrival in Brockport in 1858. Ordained as a Baptist minister in 1856, he found his true interest to be in education rather than preaching. He became the first president and "Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy."
MacVicar became Principal of the Collegiate Institute in the spring of 1863, the last principal of the Collegiate Institute in 1866 and the first President of | 12,490 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
the successor Normal School. MacVicar lead the Brockport Collegiate Institute to victory in the fierce competition to become one of the four new state normal schools. The Normal Schools Act which established four Normal Schools was petitioned to the Legislature by Brockport under the activities of MacVicar. The Institute merged with the Normal School in 1866 because of the financial crisis that was threatening the institution's survival. The borrowing of money to upgrade the school to win state acceptance was a source of some local controversy, and he moved on to the Principalship of Potsdam Normal School and other posts of academia.
McFarlane Hall
McFarlane Hall was built in 1963 and named | 12,491 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
after Charles McFarlane, the head of the school from 1901 to 1910.
Charles T. McFarlane came to Brockport from a professorship of Geography at Ypsilanti. He was born in New Berlin, New York and received his education from the College of the City of New York and the New York Normal College in Albany. He did additional graduate work at the University of Vienna and at Harvard University, later receiving both master's and doctoral degrees in Pedagogy from the Michigan State Normal College. His ideology reflected a statewide movement to convert the liberal coursework to more strictly professional classes.
McFarlane Hall serves as a freshman dormitory and was designed in the traditional dorm style, | 12,492 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
with two students sharing a single room.
McLean Hall
McLean Hall was built in 1959 and is a traditional styled dormitory that houses freshman and international students. It was named after Charles McLean, a teacher and then principal of the school from 1865 to 1898.
Charles D. McLean was born in Ireland in 1834 of Scottish parentage. He was brought to New York in 1840 by his widowed mother and in 1856 he accepted a position as teacher at his old alma mater, and became vice principal two years later. In 1869, he became principal of the Normal School, a position he held for the next thirty years. In spite of his short stature and slight build, President McLean was an athlete and hero to most | 12,493 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
of the student athletes at the school. Professor McLean was generous in extending financial aid to students. He was both a rigid disciplinarian and a skillful teacher, especially in Mathematics and Pedagogy. Admired by his faculty and respected by his students, McLean was the dominant figure to the academic life of the school during his tenure as principal.
Morgan Hall
Morgan Hall was built in 1951 and served as a dormitory before undergoing recent renovations. Today it is home to International Education and the Office of Graduate Studies. Morgan Hall was named after a prominent local business person, Gifford Morgan, who was also the head of the board of trustees in the 1920s and 1930s.
Gifford | 12,494 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Morgan succeeded Herbert Bramley as president of the board. He endorsed Dr. Ernest C. Hartwell as the president of the Brockport State Normal School and enthusiastically supported the "Recommended Minimum Standards as a basis of Granting Degrees by the Normal Schools." This included eight minimum standards that continue to exist within the SUNY system.
Mortimer Hall
Mortimer Hall was built in 1970 and is part of the high rise dorm complex that serves the upperclassmen. It is 12 floors, made up of two and three bedroom suites with study areas on each floor, and kitchen facilities on the top floor. There is also a student health club located in this dormitory.
Mortimer Hall was named after | 12,495 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Mary Mortimer, an English immigrant and orphan who was the head of the "female department" of Brockport in the 1840s. She was born in England in 1816 and was brought to this country while still a young child. At age 13, she was orphaned by the sudden death of her parents. Miss Mortimer, along with her good friend Clarissa Thurston, served as the first preceptresses of the Female Department. Mortimer's deeply religious nature colored all of her teaching and her conviction that women were as educable as men was evidenced during her Brockport years. She later founded the Milwaukee Female Seminary.
Neff Hall
Neff Hall was built in 1951 and named after Grace Neff, a first grade teacher critic at | 12,496 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
the campus demonstration school from 1912–1943. Grace Neff was a graduate of the former State Normal School at Geneseo and also studied at Columbia University.
Perry Hall
Perry Hall was built in 1968 and is part of the highrise dormitory complex that also includes Mortimer, Briggs, and Bramley Halls. Upperclassmen dwell in this suite-styled living environment, which has 207 spaces.
Perry Hall was named after Charles Perry, the head of the education and rural school department from 1910–1937. Charles F. Perry was born in 1878 and graduated from the former State Normal School at Brockport and later graduated Cum Laude from Amherst College in Massachusetts.
Rakov Center for Student Services
The | 12,497 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Rakov Center was built in 1961 and named after Harold Rakov, a professor of Political Science and an administrator from 1949 to 1984. This building originally served as the campus library, but in 1973 began functioning as the hub for student services including Registration and Records, Career Services, Academic Advisement, Admissions, Financial Aid, and the Bursar's Office.
Harold L. Rakov was born in Syracuse, New York. Dr. Rakov attended Oswego Normal School and received his baccalaureate and doctoral degrees from Syracuse University. Prior to beginning his career at Brockport, he taught at both the junior high and collegiate levels in New York State. During his 33 years at the college, Dr. | 12,498 |
512315 | The College at Brockport, State University of New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20College%20at%20Brockport,%20State%20University%20of%20New%20York | The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Rakov's many administrative positions included Director of Admissions, Dean of Students, Director of Graduate Studies, Acting Dean of the College, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Vice President for Student Affairs. However, Dr. Rakov is best remembered for his love of teaching. As a professor, Chairman and Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Dr. Rakov made a lasting difference in the lives of thousands of students, providing motivation, inspiration and challenges. In the words of Dr. Rakov, "If I could write my own epitaph, it would simply be...He was useful. He was useful to people, to the college and to the educational system."
Seymour College Union
The Seymour Union was built | 12,499 |
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