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620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
cooling system.
- Direct Chill - In a standard direct chill system, water is passed through a stainless steel coil that is in contact with a copper evaporator that circulates refrigerant gas. The refrigeration system is attached outside of the coil and the cold transfers through the pipe walls to chill the water in the coil through conduction. When the taps are operated, the chilled water is dispensed at mains pressure. The water never comes into contact with the atmosphere as the cold temperature emitted by the refrigerant gas is transferred through the copper coil which transfers the cold temperatures to water passing through the stainless steel coil without touching each other. This allows | 12,600 |
620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
the water to get cold more quickly again at the expense of having a lower volume of cold water available.
- Ice-bank Cooling System - A pressurized stainless steel coil and a copper coil is immersed in a reservoir full of pre-chilled water. The copper coil containing the refrigerant gas freezes the water contained within the reservoir producing a cold supply, which in turns cools the drinking water flowing through stainless steel coil.
### Thermoelectric cooling.
Thermoelectric cooling is a green alternative to HFC refrigerant that uses a solid state device that acts as a heat pump to transfer heat from one side of the device to another using the Peltier effect. It is made up of numerous | 12,601 |
620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
pairs of semiconductors enclosed by ceramic wafers. Thermoelectric coolers use direct current power rather than refrigerant gas and a compressor and have no moving parts or complex assemblies.
## Heating.
Some versions also have a second dispenser that delivers room-temperature water or even heated water that can be used for tea, hot chocolate or other uses. The water in the alternate hot tap is generally heated with a heating element and stored in a hot tank (much like the traditional hot water heaters used in residential homes). Additionally, the hot tap is usually equipped with a push-in safety valve to prevent burns from an accidental or inadvertent pressing of the lever.
# Additional | 12,602 |
620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
features.
## Bottle Filler.
Newer variants of water coolers include an additional dispenser designed to fill water bottles directly on wall-mounted units. This is increasingly common in public water coolers as they have also been spotted in public places such as airports and railway stations. These bottle filling units also indicate the number of single-use plastic bottles saved as part of an ongoing public effort to reduce plastic pollution.
## Carbonation.
Modern variants of water coolers have been equipped with options for sparkling water as a result of increasing demand for carbonated beverages and also a greater awareness to healthy living, resulting in preference for carbonated water | 12,603 |
620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
over sweetened carbonated beverages. This works with the addition of a mixer tank filled with compressed CO located inside the cooling tank. This brings the temperature of the CO gas down to the temperature of the cooling tank. As carbonated water is dispensed, the mixer tank is automatically refilled with cold water and carbon dioxide, ensuring a continuous supply of carbonated water is readily available.
# Maintenance.
All bottled water coolers need to be periodically cleaned to prevent mineral build-up inside the heating tank, also known as scaling. The frequency of the cleaning can be determined by the concentration of the minerals and the amount of water used. Descaling agents such as | 12,604 |
620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
citric acid can be used for this cleaning process.
Heating tanks will require cleaning when normal hot water flow appears to be restricted or when noisy heating cycles can be heard during operation. Additional symptoms include water coming from the cooling tank is very warm as well as a change of taste in the water resulting from mineral build-up.
# Water cooler effect.
A water cooler effect is a phenomenon, occurring when employees at a workplace gather around the office water cooler and chat. It is a synonym for gathering and connecting people in a certain environment (e.g. the office). When a television program, like a soap-opera or series, is talked about among many people (mostly related | 12,605 |
620957 | Water dispenser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water%20dispenser | Water dispenser
tank is very warm as well as a change of taste in the water resulting from mineral build-up.
# Water cooler effect.
A water cooler effect is a phenomenon, occurring when employees at a workplace gather around the office water cooler and chat. It is a synonym for gathering and connecting people in a certain environment (e.g. the office). When a television program, like a soap-opera or series, is talked about among many people (mostly related to guessing what will happen in the next episode) it can be said that the program has a water cooler effect.
# See also.
- Drinking fountain
- Instant hot water dispenser
- Soda fountain
- Vending machine
- International Bottled Water Association | 12,606 |
620962 | Oatlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oatlands | Oatlands
Oatlands
Oatlands may refer to the following places:
# Australia.
- Oatlands, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
- Oatlands, Tasmania
- Oatlands Primary School, Narre Warren, Victoria
# Ireland.
- Oatlands College
# United Kingdom.
- Oatlands, Glasgow, Scotland
- Oatlands, North Yorkshire, England
- Oatlands, Surrey, England
- Oatlands railway station, Cumbria, England
# United States of America.
- Oatlands, Virginia
- Oatlands Plantation, Leesburg, Virginia | 12,607 |
620965 | Unleashed Memories | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unleashed%20Memories | Unleashed Memories
Unleashed Memories
Unleashed Memories is the second studio album by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil. The album was released 20 March 2001 through Century Media Records and is the first release to feature the classic lineup as Marco Biazzi joined the band. American releases append the "Halflife" EP to this album.
# Track listing.
## Reissue Enhanced CD content.
- 1. Photo gallery and Wallpapers
# Personnel.
## Band members.
- Andrea Ferro - male vocals
- Cristina Scabbia - female vocals
- Marco "Maus" Biazzi - lead guitar
- Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore - rhythm guitar
- Marco Coti Zelati - bass, keyboards
- Cristiano "CriZ" Mozzati - drums, percussion
## Production.
- Waldemar | 12,608 |
620965 | Unleashed Memories | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unleashed%20Memories | Unleashed Memories
ia Records and is the first release to feature the classic lineup as Marco Biazzi joined the band. American releases append the "Halflife" EP to this album.
# Track listing.
## Reissue Enhanced CD content.
- 1. Photo gallery and Wallpapers
# Personnel.
## Band members.
- Andrea Ferro - male vocals
- Cristina Scabbia - female vocals
- Marco "Maus" Biazzi - lead guitar
- Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore - rhythm guitar
- Marco Coti Zelati - bass, keyboards
- Cristiano "CriZ" Mozzati - drums, percussion
## Production.
- Waldemar Sorychta - production, engineering, mixing
- Matthias Klinkmann, Siggi Bemm - engineering
- Carsten Drescher - layout design
- Volker Beushausen - photography | 12,609 |
620963 | Seattle Metropolitans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle%20Metropolitans | Seattle Metropolitans
Seattle Metropolitans
The Seattle Metropolitans were a professional ice hockey team based in Seattle, Washington which played in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association from 1915 to 1924. They won the Stanley Cup in 1917, becoming the first American team to do so, eleven years before the NHL's American franchise, the New York Rangers did so in 1928. The Metropolitans played their home games at the Seattle Ice Arena.
# History.
The Metropolitans were formed in 1915 as an expansion team by Frank and Lester Patrick, the owners of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. To stock the team, the Patricks offered lucrative salaries to players from the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association | 12,610 |
620963 | Seattle Metropolitans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle%20Metropolitans | Seattle Metropolitans
(NHA). The Blueshirts had won the Stanley Cup in 1914 and this provided Seattle with an immediately competitive squad. The Blueshirts' players who moved to Seattle were Eddie Carpenter, Frank Foyston, Hap Holmes, Jack Walker and Cully Wilson. The name was derived from the Metropolitan Building Company, the entity which owned the land and built the Seattle Ice Arena where the team played.
## First U.S. Stanley Cup.
Seattle won the 1917 championship by defeating the National Hockey Association's Montreal Canadiens three games to one by a combined score of 23 to 11. Fourteen of Seattle's goals were scored by Bernie Morris (including six in game four alone). Games one and three were played under | 12,611 |
620963 | Seattle Metropolitans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle%20Metropolitans | Seattle Metropolitans
PCHA rules, i.e., seven players per side, forward passing in the neutral zone, and no substitution for penalized players. Games two and four were played under NHA rules, i.e., six players per side, no forward passing, substitutions allowed.
## Later years in PCHA.
After winning the 1917 Stanley Cup the Metropolitans also played in the Stanley Cup finals in 1919 (which was cancelled due to the Spanish flu pandemic after five games, with the series tied 2-2-1) and 1920, when they lost to the Ottawa Senators.
In the 1919 cancelled Stanley Cup finals, two brilliant performances by Seattle players were recorded, one by Hap Holmes keeping the last played game scoreless resulting in the referee | 12,612 |
620963 | Seattle Metropolitans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle%20Metropolitans | Seattle Metropolitans
declaring a tie and another by Frank Foyston, who scored 8 goals in the first 4 games of the series.
During the 1920 Stanley Cup finals, the Ottawa Senators would don solid white Jerseys to avoid confusion with Seattle's barber pole style of green, red and white (Ottawa traditionally wore black red and white pole style jerseys). The 1920 Series was subsequently relocated from Ottawa to Toronto's mutual artificial ice surface at Toronto's Mutual Street Arena due to poor ice conditions.
The PCHA consisted of four teams for the 1915-16 and 1916-17 seasons, while operating under only three teams from 1917-18 until its final season in 1923-1924. From 1922-23, games against the Western Canada Hockey | 12,613 |
620963 | Seattle Metropolitans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle%20Metropolitans | Seattle Metropolitans
League (WCHL) counted in the PCHA standings. This allowed Seattle to have a losing record yet still win the league regular season championship in 1924. In 1924, the Seattle team folded and the PCHA ceased to operate. In its final season, the team had an average of 1000 fans per game in attendance. Arena owners subsequently did not renew the team's lease. The remaining teams of Vancouver and Victoria joined the WCHL for the 1924-1925 season.
On December 5, 2015, the Seattle Thunderbirds held a special "Seattle Metropolitans Night" to celebrate 100 years of Seattle hockey. During the game, the team wore replicas of the original Metropolitans jersey and temporarily changed the team name to the | 12,614 |
620963 | Seattle Metropolitans | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle%20Metropolitans | Seattle Metropolitans
etropolitans Night" to celebrate 100 years of Seattle hockey. During the game, the team wore replicas of the original Metropolitans jersey and temporarily changed the team name to the Seattle Metropolitans. The final score was a 3-2 Metropolitans win over the Tri-City Americans.
# Season-by-season record.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"
# Hall of Famers.
Five honored members of the Hockey Hall of Fame are recognized as part of the Seattle Metropolitans team.
# See also.
- Seattle NHL team – Expansion National Hockey League team to begin play in 2021.
# External links.
- Page with Seattle Metropolitans history | 12,615 |
620980 | Lewis Powell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis%20Powell | Lewis Powell
Lewis Powell
Lewis Powell may refer to:
- Lewis F. Powell Jr. (1907–1998), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Lewis Powell (conspirator) (1844–1865), conspirator with John Wilkes Booth
- Lewis Powell (MP) (1576–1636), Welsh politician
- Lewis W. Powell (1882–1942), American lawyer and politician
# See also.
- Louis Powell (1902–1995), cricket player | 12,616 |
620991 | Plummer model | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plummer%20model | Plummer model
Plummer model
The Plummer model or Plummer sphere is a density law that was first used by H. C. Plummer to fit observations of globular clusters. It is now often used as toy model in N-body simulations of stellar systems.
# Description of the model.
The Plummer 3-dimensional density profile is given by
where "M" is the total mass of the cluster, and "a" is the Plummer radius, a scale parameter which sets the size of the cluster core. The corresponding potential is
where "G" is Newton's gravitational constant. The velocity dispersion is
The distribution function is
if formula_5 and formula_6 otherwise, where formula_7 is the specific energy.
# Properties.
The mass enclosed within radius | 12,617 |
620991 | Plummer model | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plummer%20model | Plummer model
formula_8 is given by
Many other properties of the Plummer model are described in Herwig Dejonghe's comprehensive paper.
Core radius formula_10, where the surface density drops to half its central value, is at formula_11.
Half-mass radius is formula_12
Virial radius is formula_13
The radial turning points of an orbit characterized by specific energy formula_14 and specific angular momentum formula_15 are given by the positive roots of the cubic equation
where formula_17 so that formula_18. This equation has three real roots for formula_19, two positive and one negative given that formula_20, where formula_21 is the specific angular momentum for a circular orbit for the same energy. Here | 12,618 |
620991 | Plummer model | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plummer%20model | Plummer model
formula_22 can be calculated from single real root of the discriminant of the cubic equation which is itself another cubic equation
where underlined parameters are dimensionless in Henon units defined as formula_24, formula_25, and formula_26.
# Applications.
The Plummer model comes closest to representing the observed density profiles of star clusters, although the rapid falloff of the density at large radii (formula_27) is not a good description of these systems.
The behavior of the density near the center does not match observations of elliptical galaxies, which typically exhibit a diverging central density.
The ease with which the Plummer sphere can be realized as a Monte-Carlo model | 12,619 |
620991 | Plummer model | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plummer%20model | Plummer model
h is itself another cubic equation
where underlined parameters are dimensionless in Henon units defined as formula_24, formula_25, and formula_26.
# Applications.
The Plummer model comes closest to representing the observed density profiles of star clusters, although the rapid falloff of the density at large radii (formula_27) is not a good description of these systems.
The behavior of the density near the center does not match observations of elliptical galaxies, which typically exhibit a diverging central density.
The ease with which the Plummer sphere can be realized as a Monte-Carlo model has made it a favorite choice of N-body experimenters, in spite of the model's lack of realism. | 12,620 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
Doppelmayr USA
Doppelmayr USA, Inc is an aerial lift manufacturer based in Salt Lake City, Utah, and a subsidiary of the worldwide Doppelmayr Garaventa Group. The United States company was formed in 2002 after the merger of Garaventa of Goldau, Switzerland, and Doppelmayr of Wolfurt, Austria. Between 2002 and 2010, the company was named Doppelmayr CTEC. From 2011 the company has operated using the Doppelmayr brand name, in common with most other Doppelmayr Garaventa Group subsidiaries. Its only competitor is Leitner-Poma of America.
# CTEC before merger.
CTEC, which stands for Cable Transportation Engineering Company, was the successor to Thiokol, a company which built 41 ski lifts between | 12,621 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
1971 and 1977. By 1977, Thiokol had decided to stop producing ski lifts and sold their designs to two employees, Jan Leonard and Mark Ballantyne.
CTEC's first lift produced as an independent manufacturer was at Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Pennsylvania, in 1978. Leonard oversaw engineering at the company's Salt Lake City facility while manufacturing was performed in Sacramento, California, where Ballantyne worked. CTEC slowly grew to become one of three major lift manufacturers in North America along with European-owned Doppelmayr USA and Poma of America. In 1989, CTEC partnered with Von Roll to build its first detachable chairlift at Solitude Mountain Resort, Utah.
From 1990 onwards, CTEC | 12,622 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
used detachable grips built by the Swiss company Garaventa. In 1992, CTEC and Garaventa merged and the new company was named Garaventa CTEC. Prior to the merger, Garaventa had built only a few lifts in North America, including Aerial Trams at Snowbird, Utah, and Squaw Valley Ski Resort, California. The combined company utilized the designs and manufacturing facilities of CTEC since Garaventa never had much of a presence in North America besides supplying parts to CTEC. CTEC's growing reputation combined with the European ownership and parts supply of Garaventa allowed it to win contracts for large lifts such as the Gold Coast Funitel at Squaw Valley, Placer County, California, gondolas at Telluride | 12,623 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
Ski Resort and Vail Ski Resort, and Steamboat Springs Ski Resort in Colorado, and Deer Valley, Utah. In 1999, Ballantyne left the company to form a window and door distribution company but Leonard remained president.
# Doppelmayr USA before merger.
Doppelmayr was a world-renowned Austrian ropeway manufacturer that began exporting surface lifts to North America in the 1950s under the name "Alpine Lift." The first Doppelmayr chairlift in North America was installed at Marmot Basin, Alberta, in 1968. Doppelmayr's first North American manufacturing facility in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, opened in 1978.
Unlike its competitors, Doppelmayr used exclusively European designs in North America. The company | 12,624 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
built the world's first detachable high speed quad chairlift in 1981 at Breckenridge Ski Resort in Colorado. As detachable lifts became increasingly popular, Doppelmayr's market share and reputation increased.
In 1996, Doppelmayr's European holding company purchased the ropeway department of Von Roll, a Swiss manufacturer which had been making lifts in North America since the mid-1980s. More importantly, Von Roll owned Hall Ski-Lift, an American company that produced more than 400 lifts from 1960 to 1985. Doppelmayr now controlled all the spare parts sales for Doppelmayr, Von Roll, and Hall brand lifts.
# Merger of Doppelmayr and Garaventa CTEC.
In 2002, Garaventa of Switzerland merged with | 12,625 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
Doppelmayr of Austria, forming the world's largest aerial lift manufacturer. The new company would be known as the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in Europe and Doppelmayr CTEC in North America. Consolidation resulted in the closure of CTEC's Sacramento manufacturing facility and Doppelmayr's Golden, Colorado, office. Functions were consolidated into an expanded Salt Lake City headquarters.
Starting in 2003, Doppelmayr CTEC produced a new line of products that combined the best designs of Doppelmayr and CTEC. The Uni-GS detachable chairlift terminal design was specifically designed for the North American market and incorporated elements of Garaventa CTEC's Stealth line and Doppelmayr's Uni line. | 12,626 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
Many of CTEC's fixed grip designs were kept. Today, manufacturing of fixed grip chairlift terminals and all tower tubes and chairs is done at Doppelmayr CTEC's Salt Lake City factory, while all line equipment and detachable terminals are made in the Quebec plant. Jan Leonard, president of Garaventa CTEC became president of the new company, and Doppelmayr USA's Mark Bee became Executive VP.
# After the merger.
In 2003, the company installed its first UNI-GS detachable chairlift, the Panorama Quad, at Gunstock Mountain Resort in Gilford, New Hampshire.
In 2003, the company was selected to design, fabricate, install and maintain the Portland Aerial Tram at a cost of $57 million.
In 2005, the | 12,627 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
company purchased Partek, a small chairlift manufacturer based in Pine Island, New York. Also included in the purchase were Partek's rights to Borvig lifts.
Jan Leonard stepped down as president of the company in October 2007 to start a new company, Skytrac Lifts. He was replaced by VP Mark Bee.
In 2007 and 2008, Doppelmayr CTEC constructed two notable lifts at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and Whistler Blackcomb, British Columbia. The new tram at Jackson Hole cost $31 million and replaced the iconic original Jackson Hole Tram. Whistler-Blackcomb's Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the largest lift of its kind in the world, breaking multiple world records and costing CDN $52 million.
On January 1, 2011, the | 12,628 |
620976 | Doppelmayr USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppelmayr%20USA | Doppelmayr USA
notable lifts at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and Whistler Blackcomb, British Columbia. The new tram at Jackson Hole cost $31 million and replaced the iconic original Jackson Hole Tram. Whistler-Blackcomb's Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the largest lift of its kind in the world, breaking multiple world records and costing CDN $52 million.
On January 1, 2011, the company dropped CTEC from its name to become Doppelmayr USA. Subsequently, chairlifts built since 2011 have utilized the Doppelmayr logo used prior to the 2002 merger.
# See also.
- Doppelmayr (disambiguation)
- List of aerial lift manufacturers
# External links.
- Doppelmayr's North American website
- Doppelmayr Garaventa Group's website | 12,629 |
621008 | Air cooling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20cooling | Air cooling
Air cooling
Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by expanding the surface area or increasing the flow of air over the object to be cooled, or both. An example of the former is to add cooling fins to the surface of the object, either by making them integral or by attaching them tightly to the object's surface (to ensure efficient heat transfer). In the case of the latter, it is done by using a fan blowing air into or onto the object one wants to cool. The addition of fins to a heat sink increases its total surface area, resulting in greater cooling effectiveness.
In all cases, the air has to be cooler than the object or surface from which it is expected to remove heat. This | 12,630 |
621008 | Air cooling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20cooling | Air cooling
is due to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat will only move spontaneously from a hot reservoir (the heat sink) to a cold reservoir (the air).
# Derating at high altitude.
When operating in an environment with lower air pressure like high altitude or airplane cabins, the cooling capacity has to be derated compared to that of sea level.
A rule-of-thumb formula 1 - (h/17500) = derating factor. Where "h" is the height over sea level in meters. And the result is the factor that should be multiplied with the cooling capacity in [W] to get the cooling capacity at the specified height over sea level.
# See also.
- Computer cooling
- Computer fan
- Deep water air cooling
- | 12,631 |
621008 | Air cooling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20cooling | Air cooling
cooling
- Computer fan
- Deep water air cooling
- Evaporative cooling
- Water cooling
- Oil cooling
- Heat pipe cooling
- Peltier cooling
- Heater core
# References.
- P V Lamarque, "The design of cooling fins for Motorcycle Engines", Report of the Automobile Research Committee, Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine, March 1943 issue, and also in "The Institution of Automobile Engineers Proceedings, Session 1942-1943, pp 99-134 and 309-312.
- Julius Mackerle, "Air-Cooled Motor Engines". Charles Griffin & Company Ltd., London 1972
- Anish Gokhale et al.: "Optimization of Engine Cooling through Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Analysis of Fins"; SAE Paper 2012-32-0054 | 12,632 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
Kaija Saariaho
Kaija Anneli Saariaho (; née "Laakkonen", born 14 October 1952) is a Finnish composer based in Paris, France.
Saariaho studied composition in Helsinki, Freiburg, and Paris, where she has lived since 1982. Her research at the Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music (IRCAM) marked a turning point in her music away from strict serialism towards spectralism. Her characteristically rich, polyphonic textures are often created by combining live music and electronics.
During the course of her career, Saariaho has received commissions from the Lincoln Center for the Kronos Quartet and from IRCAM for the Ensemble Intercontemporain, the BBC, the New York Philharmonic, | 12,633 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
the Salzburg Music Festival, the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, and the Finnish National Opera, among others.
# Life and work.
Saariaho was born in Helsinki, Finland. She studied at the Sibelius Academy under Paavo Heininen. After attending the Darmstadt Summer Courses, she moved to Germany to study at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg under Brian Ferneyhough and Klaus Huber. She found her teachers' emphasis on strict serialism and mathematical structures stifling, saying in an interview:
In 1980, Saariaho went to the Darmstadt Summer Courses and attended a concert of the French spectralists Tristan Murail and Gerard Grisey. Hearing spectral music for the first time marked a profound shift | 12,634 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
in Saariaho's artistic direction. These experiences guided her decision to attend courses in computer music that were being given by IRCAM, the computer music research institute in Paris, by David Wessel, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, and Marc Battier.
In 1982, she began work at IRCAM researching computer analyses of the sound-spectrum of individual notes produced by different instruments. She developed techniques for computer-assisted composition, experimented with "musique concrète", and wrote her first pieces combining live performance with electronics. She also composed new works using IRCAM's CHANT synthesiser. Each of her Jardin Secret trilogy was created with the use of computer programs. | 12,635 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
"Jardin secret I" (1985), "Jardin secret II" (1986), and "Nymphea (Jardin secret III)" (1987). Her works with electronics were developed in collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Barrière, a composer, multimedia artist, and computer scientist who directed the IRCAM's department of musical research from 1984 to 1987. Saariaho and Barrière married in 1982. They have two children.
In Paris, Saariaho developed an emphasis on slow transformations of dense masses of sound. Her first tape piece, "Vers Le Blanc" from 1982, and her orchestral and tape work, "Verblendungen", are both constructed from a single transition: in "Vers Le Blanc" the transition is from one pitch cluster to another, while in "Verblendungen", | 12,636 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
it is from loud to quiet. "Verblendungen" also uses a pair of visual ideas as its basis: a brush stroke which starts as a dense mark on the page and thins out into individual strands, and the word "verblendungen" itself, which means "dazzlements".
Her work in the 1980s and 1990s was marked by an emphasis on timbre and the use of electronics alongside traditional instruments. "Nymphéa (Jardin secret III)" (1987), for example, is for string quartet and live electronics and contains an additional vocal element: the musicians whisper the words of an Arseny Tarkovsky poem, "Now Summer is Gone". In writing "Nymphea", Saariaho used a fractal generator to create material. Writing about the compositional | 12,637 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
process, Saariaho said:
Saariaho has often talked about having a kind of synaesthesia, one that involves all of the senses, saying:
Another example is "Six Japanese Gardens" (1994), a percussion piece accompanied by a prerecorded electronic layer of the Japanese nature, traditional instruments, and chanting of Buddhist monks. During her visit to Tokyo in 1993, she expanded her original percussion conception into a semi-indeterminate piece. It consists of six movements that each represent a garden composed of traditional Japanese architecture, by which she was inspired rhythmically. Especially in movement IV and V, she explored many possibilities of complex polyrhythm in liberated instrumentation. | 12,638 |
620970 | Kaija Saariaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaija%20Saariaho | Kaija Saariaho
She said:
In her book on Saariaho, musicologist Pirkko Moisala writes about the indeterminate nature of this composition:
On 1 December 2016, the Metropolitan Opera gave its first performance of "L'Amour de loin", the first opera by a female composer to be staged by the company since 1903, and the second opera by a female composer ever to be presented at the Metropolitan Opera. The subsequent transmission of the opera to cinema on 10 December 2016 as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD series marked the first opera by a female composer, and the first opera conducted by a female conductor (Susanna Mälkki), in the series.
# Awards and honours.
- 1986 – Kranichsteiner Prize at Darmstädter | 12,639 |
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Ferienkurse
- 1988 – Prix Italia for "Stilleben"
- 1989 – Prix Ars Electronica for "Stilleben" and "Io"; one-year residency at the University of San Diego
- 2000 - Nordic Council Music Prize for "Lonh"
- 2003 – Doctor of Philosophy "honoris causa" by the Faculty of Arts, University of Turku
- 2003 – Doctor of Philosophy "honoris causa" by the Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki
- 2003 – University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for "L'Amour de loin"
- 2008 – "Musical America" "Musician of the Year 2008"
- 2009 – Wihuri Sibelius Prize
- 2010 – invited by Walter Fink to be the 20th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival; the second female | 12,640 |
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composer after Sofia Gubaidulina.
- 2011 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize
- 2011 – Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording ("L'amour de loin")
- 2013 – Polar Music Prize
- 2017 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Contemporary Music
# Selected works.
- "Verblendungen" (1984; orchestra, electronics)
- "Lichtbogen" (1986; flute, percussion, piano, harp, strings, live electronics)
- "Io" (1987; large ensemble, electronics)
- "Nymphéa" (1987; string quartet, electronics)
- "Petals" (1988; cello, electronics)
- "Du cristal..." (1989; orchestra, live electronics)
- "...à la Fumée" (1990; solo alto flute and cello, orchestra)
- "NoaNoa" (1992; flute, live electronics)
- "Graal | 12,641 |
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théâtre" (1994; violin, orchestra)
- "Oltra Mar" (1999; chorus and orchestra)
- "L'Amour de loin" (2000; opera)
- "Orion" (2002; orchestra)
- "Adriana Mater" (2005; opera)
- "Asteroid 4179: Toutatis" (2005; orchestra)
- "La Passion de Simone" (2006; oratorio/opera)
- "Adriana Mater" (2006; opera, libretto by Amin Maalouf)
- "Notes on Light" (2006; cello concerto)
- "Terra Memoria" (2007; string quartet)
- "Laterna Magica" (2008; orchestra)
- "Émilie" (2010; opera)
- "D'Om le Vrai Sens" (2010; clarinet concerto)
- "Circle Map" (2012; orchestra)
- "Maan varjot" ("Earth's Shadows") (2013; organ and orchestra)
- "True Fire" (2014; baritone and orchestra)
- "Trans" (2015; harp concerto)
- | 12,642 |
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"Only The Sound Remains" ("Always Strong" and "Feather Mantle")
# Selected recordings.
- "Graal Théâtre" – Gidon Kremer; BBC Symphony Orchestra; Esa-Pekka Salonen – Sony SK60817
- "L'Amour de loin" – Gerald Finley; Dawn Upshaw; Finnish National Opera; Esa-Pekka Salonen – Deutsche Grammophon DVD 00440 073 40264
- "Nymphéa" – Cikada String Quartet – ECM New Series 472 4222
# External links.
- Kaija Saariaho's homepage
- Saariaho, Kaija (1952–) at National Biography of Finland
- Chester Music Composer's homepage
- CompositionToday – Saariaho article and review of works
- Kaija Saariaho – Virtual International Philharmonic
- 2003 – Kaija Saariaho. Grawemeyer Foundation page on Kaija Saariaho.
- | 12,643 |
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Today – Saariaho article and review of works
- Kaija Saariaho – Virtual International Philharmonic
- 2003 – Kaija Saariaho. Grawemeyer Foundation page on Kaija Saariaho.
- 2003 honorary degree recipients at University of Turku
- English language biography of Jean-Baptiste Barrière
- Iitti, Sanna: "Kaija Saariaho: Stylistic Development and Artistic Principles." "International Alliance for Women in Music Journal", 2001.
- Seter, Ronit: Saariaho's L'amour de loin: First Woman Composer in a Century at the Metropolitan Opera. "Musicology Now" (American Musicological Society's blog), 15 June 2016.
- Seter, Roni Getting Close with Saariaho and L'amour de loin. "NewMusicBox", 2 December 2016. | 12,644 |
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Exploitation film
An exploitation film is a film that attempts to succeed financially by exploiting current trends, niche genres, or lurid content. Exploitation films are generally low-quality "B movies". They sometimes attract critical attention and cult followings. Some of these films, such as "Night of the Living Dead" (1968), set trends and become historically important.
# History.
Exploitation films may feature suggestive or explicit sex, sensational violence, drug use, nudity, gore, the bizarre, destruction, rebellion, and mayhem. Such films were first seen in their modern form in the early 1920s, but they were popularized in the 60s and 70s with the general relaxing of censorship and | 12,645 |
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cinematic taboos in the U.S. and Europe. The Motion Picture Association of America (and the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America before it) cooperated with censorship boards and grassroots organizations in the hope of preserving the image of a "clean" Hollywood, but the distributors of exploitation film operated outside of this circuit and often welcomed controversy as a form of free promotion. Their producers used sensational elements to attract audiences lost to television. Since the 1990s, this genre has also received attention in academic circles, where it is sometimes called paracinema.
"Exploitation" is very loosely defined, and has more to do with the viewer's perception | 12,646 |
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of the film than with the film's actual content. Titillating material and artistic content often coexist, as demonstrated by the fact that art films that failed to pass the Hays Code were often shown in the same grindhouses as exploitation films. Exploitation films share the fearlessness of acclaimed transgressive European directors such as Derek Jarman, Luis Buñuel, and Jean-Luc Godard in handling "disreputable" content. Many films recognized as classics contain levels of sex, violence, and shock typically associated with exploitation films; examples are Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange", Tod Browning's "Freaks", and Roman Polanski's "Repulsion". Buñuel's "Un Chien Andalou" contains elements | 12,647 |
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of the modern splatter film. It has been suggested that if "Carnival of Souls" had been made in Europe, it would be considered an art film, while if "Eyes Without a Face" had been made in the U.S., it would have been categorized as a low-budget horror film. The audiences of art and exploitation film are both considered to have tastes that reject the mainstream Hollywood offerings.
Exploitation films have often exploited news events in the short-term public consciousness that a major film studio may avoid because of the time required to produce a major film. "Child Bride" (1938), for example, tackled the issue of older men marrying very young women in the Ozarks. Other issues, such as drug use | 12,648 |
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in films like "Reefer Madness" (1936), attracted audiences that major film studios would usually avoid in order to keep their respectable, mainstream reputations. With enough incentive, however, major studios might become involved, as Warner Bros. did in their 1969 anti-LSD, anti-counterculture film "The Big Cube". The film "Sex Madness" (1938) portrayed the dangers of venereal disease from premarital sex. "Mom and Dad", a 1945 film about pregnancy and childbirth, was promoted in lurid terms. "She Shoulda Said No!" (1949) combined the themes of drug use and promiscuous sex. In the early days of film, when exploitation films relied on such sensational subjects as these, they had to present them | 12,649 |
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from a very conservative moral viewpoint to avoid censorship, as movies then were not considered to enjoy First Amendment protection.
Several war films were made about the Winter War in Finland, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War before the major studios showed interest. When Orson Welles' radio production of "The War of the Worlds" from "The Mercury Theatre on the Air" for Halloween in 1938 shocked many Americans and made news, Universal Pictures edited their serial "Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars" into a short feature called "Mars Attacks the World" for release in November of that year.
Some Poverty Row low-budget B movies often exploit major studio projects. Their rapid production schedule | 12,650 |
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allows them to take advantage of publicity attached to major studio films. For example, Edward L. Alperson produced William Cameron Menzies' film "Invaders from Mars" to beat Paramount Pictures' production of director George Pal's "The War of the Worlds" to the cinemas, and Pal's "The Time Machine" was beaten to the cinemas by Edgar G. Ulmer's film "Beyond the Time Barrier". As a result, many major studios, producers, and stars keep their projects secret.
# Grindhouses and drive-ins.
Grindhouse is an American term for a theater that mainly showed exploitation films. It is thought to stem from the defunct burlesque theaters on 42nd Street, New York, where "bump n' grind" dancing and striptease | 12,651 |
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used to be on the bill. In the 1960s these theaters were put to new use as venues for exploitation films, a trend that continued strongly throughout the 1970s in New York City and other urban centers, mainly in North America, but began a long decline during the 1980s with the advent of home video.
As the drive-in movie theater began to decline in the 1960s and 1970s, theater owners began to look for ways to bring in patrons. One solution was to book exploitation films. Some producers from the 1950s to the 1980s made films directly for the drive-in market, and the commodity product needed for a weekly change led to another theory about the origin of the word: that the producers would "grind" | 12,652 |
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films out. Many of them were violent action films that some called "drive-in" films.
# Subgenres.
Exploitation films may adopt the subject matter and styling of regular film genres, particularly horror films and documentary films, and their themes are sometimes influenced by other so-called exploitative media, such as pulp magazines. They often blur the distinctions between genres by containing elements of two or more genres at a time. Their subgenres are identifiable by the characteristics they use. For example, Doris Wishman's "Let Me Die A Woman" contains elements of both shock documentary and sexploitation.
## 1930s and 1940s cautionary films.
Although they featured lurid subject matter, | 12,653 |
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exploitation films of the 1930s and 1940s evaded the strict censorship and scrutiny of the era by claiming to be educational. They were generally cautionary tales about the alleged dangers of premarital sexual intercourse and the use of recreational drugs. Examples include "Marihuana" (1936), "Reefer Madness" (1938), "Sex Madness" (1938), "Child Bride" (1943), "Mom and Dad" (1945), and "She Shoulda Said No!" (1949). An exploitation film about homosexuality, "Children of Loneliness" (1937), is now believed lost.
## Biker films.
In 1953 "The Wild One", starring Marlon Brando, was the first film about a motorcycle gang. A string of low-budget juvenile delinquent films featuring hot-rods and motorcycles | 12,654 |
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followed in the 1950s. The success of American International Pictures' "The Wild Angels" in 1966 ignited a more robust trend that continued into the early 1970s. Other biker films include "Motorpsycho" (1965), "Hells Angels on Wheels" (1967), "The Born Losers" (1967), "Angels from Hell" (1968), "Easy Rider" (1969), "Satan's Sadists" (1969), "Naked Angels" (1969), "The Sidehackers" (1969), "Nam's Angels" (1970), and "C.C. and Company" (1970). "Stone" (1974) "Mad Max" (1979) and "1%" (2017).
## Blaxploitation.
Black exploitation films, or "blaxploitation" films, are made with black actors, ostensibly for black audiences, often in a stereotypically African American urban milieu. A prominent theme | 12,655 |
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was African Americans overcoming hostile authority ("The Man") through cunning and violence. The first examples of this subgenre were "Shaft" and Melvin Van Peebles' "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song". Others are "Black Caesar", "Black Devil Doll", "Blacula", "Black Shampoo", "Boss Nigger", "Coffy", "Coonskin", "Cotton Comes to Harlem", "Dolemite", "Foxy Brown", "Hell Up in Harlem", "The Mack", "Mandingo", "The Spook Who Sat by the Door", "Sugar Hill", "Super Fly", "T.N.T. Jackson", "The Thing with Two Heads", "Truck Turner", "Willie Dynamite" and "Cleopatra Jones".
Modern homages of this genre include "Jackie Brown", "Black Dynamite", "Black Panther" and "BlacKkKlansman". The 1973 Bond film | 12,656 |
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"Live and Let Die" uses blaxploitation themes.
## Cannibal films.
Cannibal films are graphic, gory movies from the early 1970s to the late 1980s, primarily made by Italian and Spanish moviemakers. They focus on cannibalism by tribes deep in the South American or Asian rainforests. This cannibalism is usually perpetrated against Westerners that the tribes held prisoner. As with mondo films, the main draw of cannibal films was the promise of exotic locales and graphic gore involving living creatures. The best-known film of this genre is the controversial 1980 "Cannibal Holocaust", in which six animals are killed. Others include "Cannibal Ferox", "Eaten Alive!", "Cannibal Women in the Avocado | 12,657 |
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Jungle of Death", "The Mountain of the Cannibal God", "Last Cannibal World", and the first film of the genre, "The Man From Deep River". Famous directors in this genre include Umberto Lenzi, Ruggero Deodato, Jesús Franco, and Joe D'Amato.
"The Green Inferno" (2013) is a modern homage to the genre.
## Canuxploitation.
"Canuxploitation" is a neologism that was coined in 1999 by the magazine "Broken Pencil", in the article "Canuxploitation! Goin' Down the Road with the Cannibal Girls that Ate Black Christmas. Your Complete Guide to the Canadian B-Movie", to refer to Canadian-made B-movies. Most mainstream critical analysis of this period in Canadian film history, however, refers to it as the | 12,658 |
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"tax-shelter era".
The phenomenon emerged in 1974, when the government of Canada introduced new regulations to jumpstart the then-underdeveloped Canadian film industry, increasing the Capital Cost Allowance tax credit from 60 per cent to 100 per cent. While some important and noteworthy films were made under the program, including "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz" and "Lies My Father Told Me", and some film directors who cut their teeth in the "tax shelter" era emerged as among Canada's most important and influential filmmakers of the era, including David Cronenberg, William Fruet, Ivan Reitman and Bob Clark, the new regulations also had an entirely unforeseen side effect: a sudden rush | 12,659 |
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of low-budget horror and genre films, intended as pure tax shelters since they were designed not to turn a conventional profit. Many of the films, in fact, were made by American filmmakers whose projects had been rejected by the Hollywood studio system as not commercially viable, giving rise to the Hollywood North phenomenon.
Notable examples of the genre include "Cannibal Girls", "Deathdream", "Deranged", "The Corpse Eaters", "Black Christmas", "Shivers", "Death Weekend", "The Clown Murders", "Rituals", "Cathy's Curse", "Deadly Harvest", "Starship Invasions", "Rabid", "I Miss You, Hugs and Kisses", "The Brood", "Funeral Home", "Terror Train", "The Changeling", "My Bloody Valentine", "Prom | 12,660 |
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Night", "Happy Birthday to Me", "Scanners", "Ghostkeeper", "Visiting Hours", "Highpoint", "Humongous", "Deadly Eyes", "Class of 1984", "Videodrome", "Curtains", "Self Defense", "Spasms", and "Def-Con 4".
The period ended in 1982, when the Capital Cost Allowance was reduced to 50 per cent, although films that had entered production under the program continued to be released for another few years afterward. However, at least one Canadian film blog extends the "Canuxploitation" term to refer to any Canadian horror, thriller or science fiction film made up to the present day.
## Carsploitation.
Carsploitation films feature scenes of cars racing and crashing, featuring the sports cars, muscle | 12,661 |
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cars, and car wrecks that were popular in the 1970s and 1980s. They were produced mainly in the United States and Australia. The quintessential film of this genre is "Vanishing Point" (1971). Others include "Two-Lane Blacktop" (1971), "The Cars That Ate Paris" (1974), "Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry" (1974), "Gone in 60 Seconds" (1974), "Death Race 2000" (1975), "Race with the Devil" (1975), "Cannonball" (1976), "Mad Max" (1979), and "Dead End Drive-In" (1986).
"Baby Driver" (2017) and "Death Proof" (2007) are modern tributes to this genre (containing some references to "Vanishing Point"), the latter also being a tribute to slasher films and the films of Russ Meyer.
## Chambara films.
In the 1970s, | 12,662 |
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a revisionist, non-traditional style of samurai film achieved some popularity in Japan. It became known as "chambara", an onomatopoeia describing the clash of swords. Its origins can be traced as far back as Akira Kurosawa, whose films feature moral grayness and exaggerated violence, but the genre is mostly associated with 1970s samurai manga by Kazuo Koike, on whose work many later films would be based. Chambara features few of the stoic, formal sensibilities of earlier "jidaigeki" films – the new "chambara" featured revenge-driven antihero protagonists, nudity, sex scenes, swordplay, and blood. Well-known chambara films include "Hanzo the Razor", "Lady Snowblood", "Lone Wolf and Cub", and | 12,663 |
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"Sex & Fury".
## Giallo films.
Giallo films are Italian-made slasher films that focus on cruel murders and the subsequent search for the killers. They are named for the Italian word for yellow, "giallo", the background color featured on the covers of the pulp novels by which these movies were inspired. The progenitor of this genre was "The Girl Who Knew Too Much". Other examples of Giallo films include "Four Flies on Grey Velvet", "Deep Red", "The Cat o' Nine Tails", "The Bird with the Crystal Plumage", "The Case of the Scorpion's Tail", "A Lizard in a Woman's Skin", "Black Belly of the Tarantula", "The Strange Vice of Mrs. Wardh", "Blood and Black Lace" and "Tenebrae". Dario Argento, Lucio | 12,664 |
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Fulci, and Mario Bava are the best-known directors of this genre.
## Mockbusters.
Mockbusters, sometimes called "remakesploitation films", are copycat movies that try to cash in on the advertising of heavily promoted films from major studios. Production company the Asylum, which prefers to call them "tie-ins", is a prominent producer of these films. Such films have often come from Italy, which has been quick to latch on to trends like Westerns, James Bond movies, and zombie films. They have long been a staple of directors such as Jim Wynorski ("The Bare Wench Project", and the "Cliffhanger" imitation "Sub Zero"), who make movies for the direct-to-video market. Such films are beginning to attract | 12,665 |
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attention from major Hollywood studios, who served the Asylum with a cease and desist order to try to prevent them from releasing "The Day the Earth Stopped" to video stores in advance of the release of "The Day the Earth Stood Still" to theaters.
The term "mockbuster" was used as early as the 1950s (when "The Monster of Piedras Blancas" was a clear derivative of "Creature From The Black Lagoon"). The term did not become popular until the 1970s, with "Starcrash" and the Turkish "Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam" and "Süpermen dönüyor". The latter two used scenes from "Star Wars" and unauthorized excerpts from John Williams' score.
## Mondo films.
Mondo films, often called shockumentaries, are quasi-documentary | 12,666 |
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films about sensationalized topics like exotic customs from around the world or gruesome death footage. The goal of mondo films, as of shock exploitation, is to shock the audience by dealing with taboo subject matter. The first mondo film is "Mondo Cane" ("A Dog's World"). Others include "Shocking Asia", "Africa Blood and Guts", "Goodbye Uncle Tom", and "Faces of Death".
## Monster movies.
These "nature-run-amok" films focus on an animal or group of animals, far larger and more aggressive than usual for their species, terrorizing humans while another group of humans tries to fight back. This genre began in the 1950s, when concern over nuclear weapons testing made movies about giant monsters | 12,667 |
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popular. These were typically either giant prehistoric creatures awakened by atomic explosions or ordinary animals mutated by radiation. Among them were "Godzilla", "Them!", and "Tarantula". The trend was revived in the 1970s as awareness of pollution increased and corporate greed and military irresponsibility were blamed for destruction of the environment. "Night of the Lepus", "Frogs", and "Godzilla vs. Hedorah" are examples. After Steven Spielberg's 1975 film "Jaws", a number of very similar films (sometimes regarded as outright rip-offs) were produced in the hope of cashing in on its success. Examples are "Alligator", "Cujo", "Day of the Animals", "Great White", "Grizzly", "Humanoids from | 12,668 |
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the Deep", "Monster Shark", "Orca", "The Pack", "Piranha", "Prophecy", "Razorback", "Blood Feast", "Tentacles", and "Tintorera". Roger Corman was a major producer of these films in both decades. The genre has experienced a revival in recent years, as films like "Mulberry Street" and Larry Fessenden's "The Last Winter" reflected concerns about global warming and overpopulation.
The Sci-Fi Channel (now known as SyFy) has produced several films about giant and/or hybrid mutations whose titles are sensationalized portmanteaus of the two species; examples include "Sharktopus" and "Dinoshark".
## Nazisploitation.
Nazi exploitation films, also called "Nazisploitation" films, or "il sadiconazista", | 12,669 |
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focus on Nazis torturing prisoners in death camps and brothels during World War II. The tortures are often sexual, and the prisoners, who are often female, are nude. The progenitor of this subgenre was "Love Camp 7" (1969). The archetype of the genre, which established its popularity and its typical themes, was "Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS" (1974), about the buxom, nymphomaniacal dominatrix Ilsa torturing prisoners in a Stalag. Others include "Fräulein Devil" ("Captive Women 4", or "Elsa: Fraulein SS", or "Fraulein Kitty"), "La Bestia in Calore" ("SS Hell Camp", or "SS Experiment Part 2", or "The Beast in Heat", or "Horrifying Experiments of the S.S. Last Days"), "L'ultima orgia del III Reich" | 12,670 |
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("Gestapo's Last Orgy", or "Last Orgy of The Third Reich", or "Caligula Reincarnated as Hitler"), "Salon Kitty" and "SS Experiment Camp". Many nazisploitation films were influenced by art films such as Pier Paolo Pasolini's famous "Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma" ("Salò or The 120 Days of Sodom") and Liliana Cavani's "" ("The Night Porter") .
"Inglourious Basterds" (2009) and "The Devil's Rock" (2011) are modern homages to the subgenre.
## Nudist films.
Nudist films originated in the 1930s as films that skirted the Hays Code restrictions on nudity by purportedly depicting the naturist lifestyle. They existed through the late 1950s, when the New York State Court of Appeals ruled in the case | 12,671 |
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of "Excelsior Pictures vs. New York Board of Regents" that onscreen nudity is not obscene. This opened the door to more open depictions of nudity, starting with Russ Meyer's 1959 "The Immoral Mr. Teas", which has been credited as the first film to place its exploitation elements unapologetically at the forefront instead of pretending to carry a moral or educational message. This development paved the way for the more explicit exploitation films of the 1960s and 1970s and made the nudist genre obsolete—ironically, since the nudist film "Garden of Eden" was the subject of the court case. After this, the nudist genre split into subgenres such as the "nudie-cutie", which featured nudity but no touching, | 12,672 |
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and the "roughie", which included nudity and violent, antisocial behavior.
Nudist films were marked by self-contradictory qualities. They presented themselves as educational films, but exploited their subject matter by focusing mainly on the nudist camps' most beautiful female residents, while denying the existence of such exploitation. They depicted a lifestyle unbound by the restrictions of clothing, yet this depiction was restricted by the requirement that genitals should not be shown. Still, there was a subversive element to them, as the nudist camps inherently rejected modern society and its values regarding the human body. These films frequently involve a criticism of the class system, | 12,673 |
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equating body shame with the upper class, and nudism with social equality. One scene in "The Unashamed" makes a point about the artificiality of clothing and its related values through a mocking portrayal of a group of nude artists who paint fully clothed subjects.
## Ozploitation.
The term "Ozploitation" refers broadly to Australian horror, erotic or crime films of the 1970s and 1980s. Reforms to Australia's film classification systems in 1971 led to the production of a number of such low-budget, privately funded films, assisted by tax exemptions and targeting export markets. Often an internationally recognised actor (but of waning notability) would be hired to play a lead role. Laconic characters | 12,674 |
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and desert scenes feature in many Ozploitation films, but the term has been used for a variety of Australian films of the era that relied on shocking or titilating their audiences. A documentary about the genre was "". Such films address themes concerning Australian society, particularly in respect of masculinity (especially the ocker male), male attitudes towards women, attitudes towards and treatment of Indigenous Australians, violence, alcohol, and environmental exploitation and destruction. They typically have rural or outback settings, presenting the Australian landscape and environment as an almost spiritually malign force that alienates white Australians and frustrates both their personal | 12,675 |
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ambitions and activities and their attempts to subdue it.
Notable examples include "Mad Max", "Alvin Purple", "Patrick", "Turkey Shoot", "Road Games", "Wolf Creek", "The Man from Hong Kong", "Scobie Malone", "Wake in Fright", "The Adventures of Barry McKenzie", "Long Weekend", "Dark Age", "Dying Breed" and "Animal Kingdom".
## Rape and revenge films.
This genre contains films in which a person is raped, left for dead, recovers and then exacts a graphic, gory revenge against the rapists. The most famous example is "I Spit on Your Grave" (also called "Day of the Woman"). It is not unusual for the main character in these films to be a successful, independent city woman, who is attacked by a | 12,676 |
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man from the country. The genre has drawn praise from feminists such as Carol J. Clover, whose 1992 book "Men, Women, and Chainsaws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film" examines the implications of its reversals of cinema's traditional gender roles. This type of film can be seen as an offshoot of the vigilante film, with the victim's transformation into avenger as the key scene. Author Jacinda Read and others believe that rape–revenge should be categorized as a narrative structure rather than a true subgenre, because its plot can be found in films of many different genres, such as thrillers ("Ms. 45"), dramas ("Lipstick"), westerns ("Hannie Caulder"), and art films ("Memento"). One instance of | 12,677 |
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the genre, the original version of "The Last House on the Left", was an uncredited remake of Ingmar Bergman's "The Virgin Spring", recast as a horror film featuring extreme violence. "Deliverance", in which the rape is perpetrated on a man, has been credited as the originator of the genre. Clover, who restricts her definition of the genre to movies in which a woman is raped and gains her own revenge, praises rape–revenge exploitation films for the way in which their protagonists fight their abuse directly, rather than preserve the status quo by depending on an unresponsive legal system as in rape–revenge movies from major studios, such as "The Accused (1988)".
## Redsploitation.
The Redsploitation | 12,678 |
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genre concerns Native American characters almost always played by white actors, usually exacting their revenge on their white tormentors. Examples are "Billy Jack", "The Ransom", The "Thunder Warrior" Trilogy, "The Manitou", "Prophecy", Avenged (aka "Savaged"), "Scalps" and "Clearcut".
## Sexploitation.
Sexploitation films resemble softcore pornography. Films in this genre are an excuse for showing scenes involving nude or semi-nude women. Many movies contain vivid sex scenes, but sexploitations are more graphic than mainstream films. When sexploitations are plot-driven, most of the plot could include killers, slavery, fem-dom, martial-arts, similar style and lines from glamour and screwball | 12,679 |
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comedies, features love interests and flirtation akin to romance films, over-the-top direction, like cheeky homages, fan service and caricatures, and broad performances that may contain sleazy teasing and alluding to foreplay or kink. Extending the sequences or showing full frontal nudity are typical genre techniques. Films such as "Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!" and "Supervixens", by Russ Meyer, the work of Armando Bó with Isabel Sarli, "Emmanuelle" series, "Showgirls", and "Caligula". "Caligula" is unusual among exploitation films for its high budget and eminent actors (Malcolm McDowell, John Gielgud, Peter O'Toole and Helen Mirren).
Casting pornstars and hardcore actresses is semi-common. | 12,680 |
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Sexploitation may contain sex shows to shock or tantalize their audiences.
## Slasher films.
Slasher films focus on a psychopath stalking and violently killing a sequence of victims. Victims are often teenagers or young adults. Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho (1960)" is often credited with creating the basic premise of the genre, though Bob Clark's Black Christmas (1974) is usually considered to have started the genre while John Carpenter's "Halloween" (1978) was responsible for cementing the genre in the public eye. "Halloween" is also responsible for establishing additional tropes which would go on to define the genre in years to come. The masked villain, a central group of weak teenagers with | 12,681 |
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one strong hero or heroine, the protagonists being isolated or stranded in precarious locations or situations, and either the protagonists or antagonists - or possibly both - experiencing warped family lives or values were all tropes largely founded in "Halloween".
The genre continued into and peaked in the 1980s with well-known films like "Friday the 13th" (1980) and "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (1984). Many 1980s slasher films used the basic format of "Halloween", for example "My Bloody Valentine" (1981), "Prom Night" (1980), "The Funhouse" (1981), "Silent Night, Deadly Night" (1984) and "Sleepaway Camp" (1983), many of which also used elements from the 1974 film, "Black Christmas".
The genre | 12,682 |
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experienced a mainstream revival in the 1990s with the success of "Scream", which both mocked and paid homage to traditional slasher conventions. Slasher films often prove popular and spawn sequels, prequels and remakes that continue to the present day. Adam Green's "Hatchet" and Ryan Nicholson's "Gutterballs" bill themselves as throwbacks to the slasher films of the 1980s.
## Spacesploitation.
A subtype featuring space, science fiction and horror in film.
## Spaghetti westerns.
Spaghetti westerns are Italian-made westerns that emerged in the mid-1960s. They were more violent and amoral than typical Hollywood westerns. These films also often eschewed the conventions of Hollywood studio Westerns, | 12,683 |
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which were primarily for consumption by conservative, mainstream American audiences.
Examples of the genre include "Death Rides a Horse", "Django", "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly", "Navajo Joe", "The Grand Duel", "The Great Silence", "For a Few Dollars More", "The Big Gundown", "Day of Anger", "Face to Face", "Duck, You Sucker!", "A Fistful of Dollars" and "Once Upon a Time in the West". Quentin Tarantino directed a tribute to the genre, "Django Unchained".
## Splatter films.
A splatter film, or gore film, is a horror film that focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and violence. It began as a distinct genre in the 1960s with the films of Herschell Gordon Lewis and David F. Friedman, whose | 12,684 |
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most famous films include "Blood Feast" (1963), "Two Thousand Maniacs!" (1964), "Color Me Blood Red" (1965), "The Gruesome Twosome" (1967) and "The Wizard of Gore" (1970).
The first splatter film to popularize the subgenre was George A. Romero's "Night of the Living Dead" (1968), the director's attempt to replicate the atmosphere and gore of EC's horror comics on film. Initially derided by the American press as "appalling", it quickly became a national sensation, playing not just in drive-ins but at midnight showings in indoor theaters across the country. Foreign critics were kinder to the film; British film magazine "Sight & Sound" included it on its "Ten Best Films of 1968" list. George A. | 12,685 |
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Romero coined the term "splatter cinema" to describe his film "Dawn of the Dead".
Later splatter films, such as Sam Raimi's "Evil Dead" series, Peter Jackson's "Bad Taste" and "Braindead" (released as "Dead Alive" in North America) featured such excessive and unrealistic gore that they crossed the line from horror to comedy.
## Women in prison films.
Women in prison films emerged in the early 1970s and remain a popular subgenre. They usually contain nudity, lesbianism, sexual assault, humiliation, sadism, and rebellion among captive women. Examples are Ted V. Mikel's "10 Violent Women", Roger Corman's "Women in Cages" and "The Big Doll House", "Bamboo House of Dolls", Jesus Franco's "Barbed | 12,686 |
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Wire Dolls", Bruno Mattei's "Women's Prison Massacre", Pete Walker's "House of Whipcord", Tom DeSimone's "Reform School Girls", and Jonathan Demme's "Caged Heat".
## Minor subgenres.
- Actionploitation: Parody of 70s action films, usually a high-octane power fantasy, macho pride, low-brow humor, cringe humor, features bumbling and screwball buddy cops, martial-arts, western boxing or street fighting, exaggerated rapport and/or bonding between villain and protagonist, intermittent melodrama and romance, plot elements that may be dropped and picked up again at random times to emphasize protagonist or villain's brilliant planning and concludes with a drawn out final fight sequence. Such films | 12,687 |
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as Megaforce, Full Contact, Deathstone, Crank and Rage to Kill. Recently Samurai Cop 2 and Kung Fury is restoring 80s actionsploitation to the small screen and big screen.
- Britsploitation: exploitation films set in Great Britain, sometimes in homage to the Hammer Horror range of films. Examples are "The Living Dead at Manchester Morgue" (1974) and the Academy Award winning American film "An American Werewolf in London" (1981).
- Bruceploitation: films profiting from the death of Bruce Lee, with look-alike actors who often took similar names, like Bruce Li and Bruce Le. Examples include "Enter Three Dragons" and "Re-Enter the Dragon".
- Category III films: Hong Kongese films aimed at audiences | 12,688 |
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18 years or older, named after the age certificates they would receive in Hong Kong. These films are estimated to make up 25% of Hong Kong's film industry, and as in exploitation film itself, every genre of filmmaking is represented. Films made in the west, such as "Wild Things" and "Eyes Wide Shut", often receive the Category III rating. Category III films are grouped into three classes based on censorship criteria: "quasi-pornographic" softcore pornography such as "Sex and Zen", "genre films" that present adult-oriented versions of every genre of Hong Kong filmmaking, and "pornoviolence" films such as "The Untold Story", which depict sexual violence and are often based on actual police cases.
- | 12,689 |
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Chopsocky: Martial arts movies made primarily in Hong Kong and Taiwan during the 1960s and 1970s, such as "Hand of Death", "Master of the Flying Guillotine", "Five Deadly Venoms" and "Legend of Shaolin Temple".
- Christploitation: Exploitation films with overtly Christian themes. Whereas films such as "The Passion of Joan of Arc" and "The Gospel According to St. Matthew" are serious, thoughtful examinations of faith and spirituality, the Christploitation film delivers its themes through condescension and heavy-handed delivery, the purpose of which is to make the non-Christian viewer feel guilty for not believing in Jesus. Christploitation films have existed for many decades, but only recently | 12,690 |
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have achieved wider viewership. Modern examples include the sequels to "God's Not Dead" and the Nichols Cage remake of "Left Behind".
- Gothsploitation: A small number of films generally from the year 2000 onwards featuring members of the Alternative or Goth subcultures of the UK, usually London, such as "Learning Hebrew: A Gothsploitation Movie" showing situations such as drug use, unusual sexual practises and wild parties, often with a heavily intellectual plot.
- Hippie exploitation: 1960s films about the hippie counterculture, showing stereotypical situations such as marijuana and LSD use, sex, and wild psychedelic parties. Further examples are "The Love-Ins", "Psych-Out", "The Trip" (1967), | 12,691 |
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and "Wild in the Streets".
- Martial arts films: action films or historical dramas that are characterized by extensive fighting scenes employing martial arts. The genre was originally associated with Asia but gained international popularity owing to Bruce Lee. Examples include "The Street Fighter" and "Sister Street Fighter" series, and the Bruce Lee films "The Big Boss", "Fist of Fury", "Way of the Dragon", and "Enter the Dragon".
- Mexican sex comedies film genre: the Mexican sex comedies film genre, generally known as "ficheras" film, is a genre of sexploitation films that were produced and distributed in Mexico between the middle 1970s and the late 1980s. They were characterized by the | 12,692 |
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language game called "albures" (comparable to "playing the dozens" in English), and their sexual tone was considered "risque," though they weren't always particularly explicit.
- Mexploitation: films about Mexican culture and portrayals of Mexican life, often dealing with crime, drug trafficking, money and sex. Hugo Stiglitz is a famous Mexican actor of this genre, as are Mario and Fernando Almada, brothers who made hundreds of movies on the same theme.
- Ninja films: these are a subgenre of martial arts films that center on the historically inaccurate stereotype of the ninja's costume and arsenal of weapons, often including fantasy elements such as ninja magic. Many such movies were produced | 12,693 |
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by splicing stock ninja fight footage with footage from unrelated film projects.
- Nunsploitation: films featuring nuns in dangerous or erotic situations, such as "The Devils", "Killer Nun", "School of the Holy Beast", "The Sinful Nuns of Saint Valentine", and "Nude Nuns with Big Guns".
- Pinku eiga (pink films): Japanese sexploitation films popular throughout the 70s, often featuring softcore sex, rape, torture, BDSM and other unconventional sexual subjects.
- Pornochanchada: Brazilian naïve softcore pornographic films produced mostly in the 1970s.
- Rumberas film: Musical film genre that flourished in the called "Golden Age of Mexican cinema" in the 1940s and 1950s, and whose plots were | 12,694 |
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developed mainly in tropical environments and the cabaret. His main stars were the actresses and dancers known as "Rumberas" (Afro-Caribbean rhythms dancers).
- Sharksploitation films: a subgenre about sharks. The most popular film in this genre is "Jaws", and the subsequent Jaws (franchise) but many other films have been released. The sharksploitation films "Sharknado", "The Shallows", "Bait 3D", "The Reef", "Shark Night", "The Meg", "Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus" and its sequels, "Deep Blue Sea", & "Open Water" are all examples of recent films in this genre. Sharksploitation films have been accused of spreading misinformation about sharks causing inflated fear of the animal, contributing | 12,695 |
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to the worldwide decline of sharks
- Stoner film or Stonersploitation: a subgenre that features the explicit use of marijuana, typically in a comical and positive light. Cheech & Chong collaborations are a good example; a more recent series in this genre is Harold & Kumar. Other movies in this genre include: Pineapple Express (film), Knocked Up, The Big Lebowski, Half Baked, Dude, Where's My Car?, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Super Troopers, & Get Him to the Greek.
- Swimsploitation: a subgenre of the sports film genre which focuses on water sports. An early example includes Bathing Beauty, the acclaimed documentaries The Endless Summer and Big River Man as well as the cult classic film | 12,696 |
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The Swimmer.
- Teensploitation: the exploitation of teenagers by the producers of teen-oriented films, with plots involving drugs, sex, alcohol and crime. The word "teensploitation" first appeared in a show business publication in 1982 and was included in "Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary" for the first time in 2004. "River's Edge", inspired by the murder of Marcy Renee Conrad, is a highly acclaimed instance, featuring early performances by Crispin Glover and Keanu Reeves and a cameo appearance by Dennis Hopper. The Larry Clark films "Bully", "Ken Park" and "Kids" are well-known teensploitation films. American International Pictures made films for the teenage market from the 1950s on.
- | 12,697 |
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Turksploitation: Turksploitation is a tongue-in-cheek label given to a great number of unauthorized Turkish film adaptations of best-selling Hollywood movies and television series, produced mainly in the 1970s and 1980s. Filmed on a shoestring budget with often comically simple special effects and no regard for copyright, Turksploitation films substituted exuberant inventiveness and zany plots for technical and acting skill, although noted Turkish actors did feature in some of these productions. Examples of this genre have gained popularity in Turkey, such as "Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam" ("The Man Who Saved The World"), colloquially "Turkish Star Wars" (1982), which includes footage from "Star Wars" | 12,698 |
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and music from many sci-fi films; or "Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde" ("Little Ayşe and the Magic Dwarves in the Land of Dreams", 1971), based on "The Wizard of Oz".
- Vigilante films: films in which a person breaks the law to exact justice. These films were rooted in 1970s unease over government corruption, failure in the Vietnam War, and rising crime rates. They reflect the rising political trend of neoconservatism. The genre is believed to have originated with the 1970 film "Joe". The classic example is the "Death Wish" series, starring Charles Bronson. Vigilante films often deal with individuals who cannot find help within the system, such as the Native American protagonist | 12,699 |
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